谢孟媛_初级英文文法_讲义!全!!

初级英文文法Ⅰ

初级英文文法ⅠUnit 1 名词、冠词---------------------1

1.名词的种类

2.名词的数

3.名词的所有格

4.冠词

Unit 2 be 动词、一般动词的现在式--------------------3

1.be动词的现在式-am、are、is

2.一般动词的现在式

3.一般动词的否定句

Unit 3 be动词、一般动词的过去式--------------------------5

1.be动词的过去式

2.be动词(过去式)的否定句

3.be动词(过去式)的疑问句

4.一般动词的过去式

5.一般动词(过去式)的否定句

6.一般动词(过去式)的疑问句

Unit 4 代名词------------------------7

1.人称代名词

2.所有代名词

3.反身代名词

4.指示代名词

5.不定代名词

Unit 5 时态--------------------12

1.现代简单式

2.过去简单式

3.现在进行式

4.过去进行式

5.未来式

Unit 6 WH问句、祈使句、感叹句-------------------15

1.WH问句

2.祈使句

3.感叹句

Unit 1 名词、冠词

名词，用来表示人或事物、动物，能做为主语、补语、受词。其中可计数的，称为可数名词；不可计数的，称为不可数名词。

1. 名词的种类

表示具有一定形状的个体，为可数名词，有单数/复数之分。

例：book(书)、pencil(铅笔)、dog(狗)、spaceship(太空船)等。

表示一个单位的群体，或者表示被视做整体的人、事、物的集合体。

例：class(班级；班上的同学)、family(家庭；家人)、audience(听众)等。

例 1. My family is large. 我家是一个大家庭。

2. My family are all early risers. 我的家人都起得早。

如人名、地名等，用来表示其一特定的名称。无冠词，第一个字母须大写。

例：Bob(鲍伯)、Smith(史密斯)、April(四月)、London(伦敦)……等。

※下列专有名词需要加上定冠词the 。

例the United States(美国)、The United Nations(联合国)

表示不具有一定形状的物质名词，如材料、食物、气体、液体等。一律用单数，但前面不加a

或an。

例：glass(玻璃)、wood(木头)、paper(纸)、butter(奶油)、fruit(水果)、meat(肉)、sugar(糖)、air(空气)、gas(瓦斯)、water(水)等。

※物质名词在计算数量时，用容器或度量衡的单位来表示。即：数字+容器(度量衡)+of+物质名词例：1. a loaf of bread (一条面包) 2. a cup of coffee (一杯咖啡)

3. a sheet of paper (一张纸)

4.a spoonful of sugar (一匙糖)

表示观念、性质、动作、过程、状态等。原则上与“数”无关。前面不加a或an，没有复数形

式。

例：beauty(美丽)、honesty(诚实)、love(爱)、patience(耐心)、happiness(幸福)、music(音乐)等。

2. 名词的数

表示人或事物的名词中，有一些是可以计数的。个数只有一个的情形，称之为单数；个数超过一个时，称之为复数。

◎名词字尾加S——大部分名词注：有声读有声的音｛z｝无声时读清辅音｛s｝

例：dog{ g }-dogs { z }(狗) book-books{ s } (书) g irl-girls{ z } (女孩)

◎名词字尾为s 、sh、ch、x、o→加es

例：class [klɑ?s] -classes [kla:siz]念iz (班级) bus-buses (公交车) dish[d??]-dishes['di?iz](盘子)

bench[ben(t)?] -benches (长凳) box[b?ks] -boxes ['b?ks?z] (盒子)

注意：名词字尾为辅音+o 时，复数名词加es ，如tomatoes [t ?'m ɑ?t??z] (蕃茄)。但有例外，如photos ['f ??t ??z] (照片)，pianos(钢琴)等。 ◎名词字尾为辅音+y →去y+ies

例：baby-babies (婴儿)

story-stories (故事)

city-cities (城市)

lady-ladies (女士)

◎名词字尾为f 或fe →去f 或fe+ves

例：leaf-leaves (叶子)

wife-wives (老婆)

knife-knives (刀子)

※handkerchiefs ['h??k?t ??f] (手帕)，chiefs(领袖)，roofs(屋顶)

◎名词字尾加en ，ren

例：ox-oxen (公牛) child-children (小孩) ◎改变元音

例：man-men (男人) woman-women (女人)

goose-geese (鹅)

tooth-teeth (牙齿) mouse-mice (老鼠)

◎单复数同形

例：fish-fish (鱼)

deer-deer (鹿)

sheep-sheep (绵羊)

Chinese-Chinese (中国人) Japanese-Japanese(日本人) 3. 名词的所有格

◎单数名词→名词's

例：the boy's schoolbag (男孩的书包) Joan's dress (Joan 的洋装) ◎复数名词→名词s'

例：a girls' school (一所女校) these students' teacher (这些学生的老师)

◎字尾非S 的复数名词→名词's

例：children's playground (小孩的游乐园) women's activities (女性的活动)

◎共同所有格及个别所有格

...'s 's 's ...'s →+++→+++??

?共同所有格名词名词名词个别所有格名词名词名词 例：1. Harry and Bill's father is a scientist. (Harry 和Bill 的父亲是一位科学家。)

2. Harry's and Bill's fathers are scientists. (Harry 和Bill 的父亲都是科学家。)

◎(无)生物所有格：A 的B →B of A

例：1. 桌子的脚

the legs of the table 2. 车门(车子的门)

the door of the car 3. 女孩的名字 the girl's name the name of the girl

◎所有格之后的名词，如在句中非常容易理解时，可以省略。

例：1. She's going to the dentist's. (她要去看牙。)

2. I met him at barber's. (我在理发院遇到他。)

3. We like to eat lunch at McDonald's. (我们喜欢去麦当劳吃午餐。)

4. 冠词

冠词可分为不定冠词a(an)及定冠词the ，它通常放在名词之前，用来修饰名词。

()a+a an an+→??

?

字音开头的单数名词

的用法母音开头的单数名词例：a book(一本书) a girl(一个女孩) a young man(一位年轻人)

an apple(一个苹果)

an umbrella(一把伞) an old woman(一个老女人)

◎a(an)的发音

一般来说a[?]，an[?n]，但强调“一个”时，特别加重语气可读成a[e]，an[?n]

1. I read a novel.

2. I read a novel, not two.

[?]

[e]

定冠词the 可用来限定可数名词及不可数名词，可表示单数及复数。也可用来限定形容词。其

在元音前，读[ei]；辅音前则读[e?]。 例：1. Please shut the door. (请关门。)

2. The rich aren't always happy. (有钱人并非是快乐的。)

※the+形容词泛指"……的人"，代表复数。

比较：

Unit 2 be 动词·一般动词的现在式

be 动词的现在式—am 、are 、is

a .是(表状态) 例：We are happy. (我们很高兴。)

b.在(表存在)

例：She is in America. (她在美国。)

主词+be动词

主词be动词例句

第一人称am I am a boy.

第二人称are You are my sons.

第三人称.单数名词is He is my student.

※含有be动词(am、are、is)的肯定句变为否定句时，在be动词之后加not(不)即可。

肯定句：主词+am(are、is)….

否定句：主词+ am(are、is)+not….

例：He is a good baseball player. (他是位好的棒球员。)

(否定句)He is not a good baseball player. (他不是位好的棒球员。)

= He's not a good baseball player.

=He isn't a good baseball player.

※含有be动词(am、are、is)的肯定句变为疑问句时，将be动词拿到主词前，句尾加(?)即可。

肯定句：主词+am(are、is)….

疑问句：Am(Are、Is)+主词…?

例：l. That is his camera. (那是他的照相机。)

(疑问句) Is that his camera? (那是他的照相机吗？)

2. The girl is a junior high school student. (那女孩是国中生。)

(疑问句) Is the girl a junior high school student? (那女孩是国中生吗？)

※be动词开头的疑问句，可用yes或no回答。而答句中的主词，须用代名词。

(问句) Am (Are、Is)+主词…？

(答句) Yes,主词+am(are、is)

No,主词+am(are、is)

例：1. Is that man your math teacher? (那个人是你们的数学老师吗？)

(答句) Yes, he is. / No, he's not.

(是，他是。/ 不，他不是。)

2. Are you eating your lunch? (你正在吃你的午餐吗？)

(答句) Yes, I am. / No, I'm not.

(是，我是。/ 不，我不是。)

一般动词的现在式

(1) 一般动词的含义

举凡日常生活中具体的动作，(如：吃饭→eat，走路→walk...等)及抽象的动作，(如：喜欢→like，思考→think...等)皆为一般动词。

(2) 主词+一般动词

现在式的句子中，主词为第三人称单数时，一般动词须加s或es。

人称数单数复数

第一人称I like dogs. We like dogs.

第二人称You like dogs. You like dogs.

第三人称He likes dogs. They like dogs.

※一般动词加s或es的方法：

◎大部分动词加s，其发音为[s]或[z]

例：works、plays

[ks] [eiz]

◎一般动词字尾为o、s、sh、ch时，加es。

例：goes [ɡ??z]

washes [w??iz]watches [w?t?s]

◎一般动词字尾为辅音加y时，须去y再加ies。

例：cry→cries [kra?z]

study→studies ['st?d?z]

※have和has

have(有；吃)的单数动词为has

1. They have a lot of money. (他们有许多钱。)

2. He has a lot of money. (他有许多钱。)

一般动词的否定句

※含有一般动词的肯定句变为否定句时，不可直接在一般动词之后加not，必须使用助动词do或does。而do或does之后必定出现原形动词。

do→用于主词为I、you、复数。

does→用于主词为第三人称单数。

肯定句：主词+一般动词…

否定句：主词+do/ does + not +原形动词…

例：l. The twin brothers go to school by bus. (这对双胞胎兄弟搭公交车上学。)

(否定句) The twin brothers do not go to school by bus.

=The twin brothers don't go to school by bus. (这对双胞胎兄弟不搭公交车上学。)

2. Sam has dinner at the restaurant. (Sam在那家餐厅吃晚餐。)

(否定句) Sam does not have dinner at the restaurant.

=Sam doesn't have dinner at the restaurant. (Sam不在那家餐厅吃晚餐。)

※比较→否定句

a. be动词：He is my boyfriend. (他是我男朋友。)

He isn't my boyfriend. (他不是我男朋友。)

b. 一般动词：He likes dogs. (他喜欢狗。)

He doesn't like dogs. (他不喜欢狗。)

一般动词的疑问句

※含有一般动词的肯定句变为疑问句时，不可将一般动词拿到主词前，必须使用助动词do或does。而do 或does之后，必定出现原形动词。

肯定句：主词+一般动词…

疑问句：Do/Does+主词+原形动词…？

例：l. You visit your grandmother on Sundays. (你每逢假日探访你祖母。)

(疑问句) Do you visit your grandmother on Sundays? (你每逢星期日探访你祖母吗？)

2. He comes from England. (他来自英国。)

(疑问句) Does he come from England? (他来自英国吗？)

※助动词do或does开头的疑问句，Yes或No之后，也须用do或does做简答。

(问句) Do / Does+主词+原形动词…？

(答句) Yes, 主词+do/does.

No, 主词+don't/doesn't.

例：Does the little boy go to school? (这小男孩上学了吗？)

(答句) Yes, he does. / No, he doesn't.

(是，他是。/ 不，没有。)

※比较→疑问句

a. be动词：She is beautiful. (她是美丽的。)

Is she beautiful? Yes, she is.

(她美丽吗？) (是的，她是。)

b.一般动词： She loves tennis. (她喜欢网球。)

Does she love tennis? Yes, she does.

(她喜欢网球吗？) (是，她喜欢。)

Unit 3 be动词·一般动词的过去式

be动词的过去式

was和were

现在式过去式

be动词am

was is

are were

过去式be动词表示''过去时间中发生的状态"。

1. (现在式) He is busy now.(他现在很忙。）

(过去式) He was busy then.(他那时很忙。)

2. (现在式) My parents are at home now.(我父母现在在家。)

(过去式) My parents were at home yesterday.(我父母昨天在家。)

※时间副词改变，动词也必须改变

be动词(过去式)的否定句

含有be动词(was、were)的肯定句变为否定句时，在be动词之后加not (不)即可。

肯定句：主词+was(were)...

否定句：主词+was(were)+not...

例：1. Mr. Brown was a vet. (Brown先生是一位兽医。）

(否定句) Mr. Brown was not a vet. (Brown先生不是兽医。）

= Mr. Brown wasn't a vet.

2. Joe and Brian were in the living room at that time. (那时Joe和Brain在客厅。）

(否定句) Joe and Brain were not in the living room at that time.

= Joe and Brain weren't in the living room at that time. (那时Joe和Bram不在客厅。）

be动词(过去式)的疑问句

含有be动词(was、were)的肯定句变为疑问句时，将be动词放到主词前，句尾加问号(?)即可。

肯定句：主词+was(were)...

疑问句：Was(Were)+主词…?

例：1. Wendy was in the seventh grade last year. (Wendy去年是七年级。)

(疑问句) Was Wendy in the seventh grade last year? (Wendy去年读七年级吗？)

※be动词开头的疑问句，可用yes或no回答。而答句中的主词，须用代名词。

(问句) Was(Were)+主词…?

(答句) Yes, 主词+was(were).

No, 主词+was(were)+not.

例：Were you a pianist? (你是钢琴家吗？)

(答句)Yes, I was. / No, I wasn't.

(是，我是。/ 不，我不是。)

一般动词的过去式

一般动词的过去式，分为规则变化及不规则变化。

(1) 规则变化→…ed

例：help→helped (帮忙) spell→spelled (拼字) want→wanted (想要)

例：love→loved (爱) dance→danced (跳舞)

例：stop→stopped (停止) plan→planned (计划)

例：study→studied (读书) cry→cried(哭).

(2) 不规则变化

例：eat→ate (吃) read→read (读) ride→rode (骑) come→came (来)

go→went (去) have→had (有; 吃) see→saw (看) teach→taught (教)

give→gave (给) take→took (拿)

例：1. I walk to school every day. (我每天走路上学。)

(过去式)I walked to school yesterday.(我昨天走路上学。

2. Mother goes to a supermarket every morning. (妈妈每天上超巿。)

(过去式) Mother went to a supermarket yesterday morning. (妈妈昨天早上上超巿。)

※主词为第三人称单数时，过去式动词不须加s

※含有一般动词(过去式)的肯定句变为否定句时，不可直接在一般动词之后加not，必须使用过去式助动词did(不分人称)。而did之后，必定出现原形动词。

肯定句：主词+一般动词(过去式)…

否定句：主词+did not+原形动词…

例：l. He called you last night. (他昨晚打电话给你。)

(否定句) He did not call you last night. (他昨晚没打电话给你。)

= He didn’t call you last night.

2. My sister and I watched TV all day yesterday. (我姊姊昨天和我看了一整天的电视。)

(否定句) My sister and I did not watch TV all day yesterday.

= My sister and I didn't watch TV all day yesterday. (我姊姊昨天和我并没有整天看电视。)

比较：否定句(过去式)

a. be动词：She was at home. (她在家。)

She wasn't at home. （她不在家。）

b. 一般动词：She studied English. (她学英语。)She didn't study English. (她没学英语。)

一般动词(过去式)的疑问句

※含有一般动词(过去式)的肯定句变为疑问句时，不可将一般动词拿到主词前，必须使用过去式助动词did。而did之后，必定出现原形动词。

肯定句：主词+一般动词(过去式)…疑问句：Did+主词+原形动词...?例：1. His friends went to that movie last week. (他的朋友上星期去看了那部电影。)(疑问句) Did his friends go to that movie last week? (他的朋友上星期看了那部电影吗？)(答句) Yes, they did. / No, they didn't.

(是的，他们看了。/ 不，他们没看。)

2. Grace wrote a letter to David. (Grace写了一封信给David。)(疑问句) Did Grace write a letter to

David? (Grace写信给David了吗？)(答句) Yes, she did. / No, she didn't.(是，她写了。/ 没，她没有。) 比较：疑问句(过去式)

a. be动词：He was sick. (他病了。)Was he sick? (他病了吗？)

b. 一般动词：He did his homework. (他做功课了。)Did he do his homework? (他做功课了吗？)

Unit 4代名词

人称代名词

数

格人称

单数复数

主语

形容词性

物主代词

宾格主语

形容词性

物主代词

宾格

第一人称I my me we our us 第二人称you your you you your you

第三人称he his him

they their them she her her

it its it

※第一人称→说话者第二人称→听话者第三人称→第一人称及第二人称话题中提到者

主语+动词所有格+名词一般动词+宾语/介系词+宾语

例：1. He likes sports. (他喜欢运动。)2. His friends are over there. (他的朋友们在那里。)3. The girl loves him very much. (那女孩非常爱她。)

◎it可表示天候、时间、距离

例：l. It rains a lot in Taipei in spring. (it表天候)(台北春天下很多雨。)2. It was two o'clock when he came back home. (it表时间)

(他两点回到家。)3. It is five kilometers from here to the airport. (it表距离)(从这里到机场距离是5

公里。)

◎it表示某一状况→此时多半是说话的人及听话的人都能了解的特定状况。

例：1. A: Who knocked at the door? (谁敲门？)B: I thought it was Jack. (我想是Jack。)2. It's all up to you. (一切由你决定。)3. I like it here. (我喜欢这里。)4. I don't feel like it. (我不想。)

◎It可以当假主词→代替一件事

例：1. It is difficult to learn Spanish. (西班牙文很难学。)

(假主词)

2. It's important that you should tell the truth. (你该说实话，这很重要。)

(假主词)

3. It's no use telling him about it.(告诉他这件事是没用的。)

(假主词)

例：1. We had a heavy rain yesterday. (昨天下了一场大雨。)

2. You don't see many Chinese there. (在那里看不到许多中国人。)

3. They speak English in Canada. (在加拿大说英语。)

所有代名词

数

格人称

单数复数

形容词性

物主代词

名词性物主

代词

形容词性

物主代词

名词性物主

代词

第一人称my mine our ours 第二人称your yours your yours

第三人称his his

their

theirs

her hers

its its

◎所有代名词=所有格+名词

例：1. Your house is bigger than mine (=my house). (你家比我家大。)2. My bicycles are here and his (=his bicycles) are there. (我的脚踏车在这里，而他的在那里。)

※所有代名词所代替的名词，要与前者提到的名词单、复数相同。

◎伴随双重所有格：

→

??

??

??

冠词、所有格

不可同时放在名词前

指示形容词、不定形容词

例：I met one of my old friends on the way home. (我在回家途中遇到我的一位老朋友。)

= an old friend of mine

◎名词的所有代名词=所有格

例：My dog is black, and Jason's is white. (我的狗是黑的，而Jason的是白的。)

= Jason's dog

反身代名词

第一、二人称→所有格+ self(单数) / selves(复数)

第三人称→宾语+ self(单数) / selves(复数)

单数复数

第一人称myself ourselves

第二人称yourself yourselves

第三人称himself

themselves herself

itself

例：l. You always talk to yourself. (你老是自言自语。)2. The little girl hurt herself. (这小女孩受伤了。)3. He can do it by himself. (他能够独自做这件事。)(强调句:He himself can do it.)4. I saw the singer himself. (我看见那位歌手本人。)

指示代名词

用来指示人或事物的代名诃，称之为指示代名词。

◎一般用法

用于人或事物。离说话者距离近者用this(these)；距离远者用that(those)。

例：1. This is my mask, and that is Mary's. (这是我的面具，而那是Mary的。)2. Who is this? (你是谁？)→电话用语。Who was that on the telephone? (电话上那人是谁？)3. Things are easier these days. (这几天事情简单多了。)

◎代替用法

代替已经叙述过的字。代替单数名词用that；代替复数名词用those。但this(these)无此用法。

例：1. The weather in Taipei is cooler than the weather in Kaohsiung. =The weather in Taipei is cooler than that in Kaohsiung. (台北的天气比高雄凉爽。)2. Her interests are different from the interests of her childhood. =Her interests are different from those of her childhood. (她现在的兴趣和她童年时的不同。)

作为动词的受词或补语，指前面出现过的字或是句子。

例：l. A: Will it be fine tomorrow. (明天天气好吗？)B: I hope so. (我希望如此。)(=I hope that it will be fine tomorrow.)2. Do you still feel sick? If so, you must see the doctor.(你仍然不舒服吗？如果是的话，你必须看医师。)3. Nancy can play the violin, and so can I. (Nancy会拉小提琴，而我也会。)=and I can ,too.

※She is smart. So she is. (她很聪明。她的确如此。So后面的主语与主句相同的时候，是加强语气的，强调的是她的确很聪明)

She is smart. So is he. (她很聪明。他也是。) 这种情况要使用倒装句式，动词使用与主句相同

有“那样的事物(人)”之意，可当代名词、形容词，也可用于单复数。

例：1. They will plant flowers such as roses, sunflowers. (他们将种些花，例如玫瑰，向日葵。)2. I don't know such a man. (我不认识这样的人。)

※such(+a)(+形容词)+名词

3. Have you tasted any such food before? (你以前曾经尝试过任何这样的食物吗？)

※such前可接all、other、another、any、few、every、no等。

一般都加the，表示“相同的……(事物)”之意。

例：l. A: Can I have a cup of coffee, please? (请给我杯咖啡好吗？)B: Give me the same, please. (我也要咖啡。)2. He uses the same typewriter as I do. (他使用和我相同的打字机。)

不定代名词

表示不特定的人或物，或者是表示非一定数量的代名词，称作不定代名词。有时也具有形容词的用法。

例：1. Some of the boys like English. (这些男孩当中有些喜欢英文)

(代名词)

2. Some boys like English. (有些男孩喜欢英文)

(形容词)

one等于a/an+单数名词，用来指不特定的人或物。如果不特定的人或物是多数时，则用ones。

例：1. I have lost my watch and I have to buy one (=a watch). (我弄丢了我的表，我必须再买一只。)

2. I like small cars better than large ones (cars). (我喜欢小车胜于大车。)

※one = a/an+单数名词it = the+单数名词

例：1. Here are some apples. Take one. (这里有些苹果。拿一个吧！)

2. I bought a good camera. I'll lend it (=the camera) to you. (我买了一台相机。我会把它借给你。)

用法：both(两者都)，用于二个人或二个东西，常用作复数。

All(全部；所有的)可用于人及事物。代表可数名词时，总数为三以上。也可代表不可数名词。

位置：be动词或助动词之后。

一般动词之前。

定冠词(the)、所有格、数词、形容词之前。

例：1. Both of her children went to New York. (她的两个小孩都去了纽约。)

2. I've read both these papers. (我看过这两份报纸了。)

3. All of my money was stolen. (我的钱都被偷了。)

4. You may take all these toys. (你可以拿所有的玩具。)

You may take them all.

注意：both、all出现于否定句，表示“部分否定”。

例：1. I do not know both of her parents. (她的父母亲我并非都认识。)

= I know just one of her parents.

2. Not all of them come from England. (他们并非都来自英国。)

=Just some of them come from England.

either: 指"两者中不论哪一个都可以但是只选其中一个"之意。

neither:为both的否定。表"两者都不…"意指全部否定。本身为否定字，不可和not同时出现。

例：1. Do you know either of the visitor? (你认识这两位访客中的任何一位吗？)

2. I don't like both hats. (这两顶帽子我并非都喜欢。)

I like neither of the hats. (这两顶帽子我都不喜欢。)

※either, neither也有副词用法。

例：Bill didn't come to my party, and ken didn't, either. (=and neither did Ken.)

(Bill没来参加我的派对，而Ken也没有。)

一般而言，some用于肯定句，any用于否定句，疑问句及条件句。可代替可数名词及不可数名词。

例：1. Some of the boys were late. (这些男孩当中有些迟到了。)

2. Some of my money was stolen from my purse. (我皮夹里有些钱被偷了。)

3. Please lend me some money if you have any. (如果你有钱的话，请借我一点。)

4. Do you have any magazines to read? (你有杂志可读吗?)

other: 表"其它(人、事物)"之意，其复数为others。

another: 从an + other衍生而来，表示不特定的"另一个别的人、事物"，无复数形。

例：1. I have two students. (我有两个学生。)

One is short; the other is tall. (一位矮个子；另一个高个子。)

2. I have three flowers. (我有三朵花。)

One is red; the others are yellow. (一朵红的；其它黄的。)

One is red; another is yellow; the other is pink. (一朵红的；另一朵黄的；还有一朵粉红的。)

3. I don't like this one;

show me another. (让我看另一个。)

show me the other.(“两个之中”让我看另一个。)

4. Some of the boys are here, but where are the others? (有些男孩在这里，但其它人呢？)

5. Some people said yes and others said no. (有些人说是，其它的说不。)

比较：

其它：none…等

none：可表示人或事物，可用于可数名词及不可数名词。

several：表示“数个(物)，数个(人)”，只用于可数名词的复数。

most：表示“大部分人(事物)”，可用于可数名词的复数, 或不可数名词，通常前面不加冠词the。

例：1. None of the telephones is (或are) working. (这些电话中没有一支可用。)

2. Several of my friends attended the meeting. (我的朋友中有几位参加了会议。)

3. Most of it is true. (大部分是眞的。)

4. Most of the people know it. (大部分人都知道这件事。)

※most可当形容词，为many, much的最高级，前面可加冠词the。

例：1. Who got the most New Year's cards? （谁收到最多新年卡？）

2. She is the most beautiful girl that I've ever seen. (她是我看过最美的女孩。)

Ⅲ.几组常用不定代词的区别： 1.代词比较one，that 和it

one表示泛指，指名称相同的另一物，或所提到的人或物中的一个。that和it 表示特指。that与所指名词为同类，但不是同一个，而it 与所指名词为同一个。 I can't find my hat. I think I must buy one.

The hat you bought is bigger than that I bought. I can't find my hat. I don' t know where I put it.

2. some与any的区别

1）some多用于肯定句，表示“一些，几个”作形容词时，后面可以接

①不可数名词+单数动词；②可数名词+复数动词。 Look! Some of the students are cleaning the library. Some rice in the bag has been sold out.

2）any多用于疑问句、条件句和否定句中，表示“一些，任何”用作形容词时，后面可以接

①不可数名词+单数动词；②可数名词+复数动词。 Have you got any tea?

If you have any questions, please ask me. There isn't any orange in the bottle.

3）any和some也可以作代词用，表示“一些”。any多用于疑问句或否定句中，some多用

于肯定句中。

---How many people can you see in the picture? ---I can't see any.

If you have no money, I'll lend you some.

注意：与some, any结合的词如something, somebody, someone, anything, anyone, anybody在肯定句、否定句、疑问句、条件句中的用法，大致和some, any的用法相同。

注意：something, everything, nothing, anything, somebody, everybody, nobody（=no one）, anybody，none 3. few, a few, little, a little在用法上的区别

1) (a) few + 可数名词, (a) little + 不可数名词 2) a few / a little 为肯定含义，还有一点 3) few / little 为否

定含义，没有多少了。 He has a few friends. 他有几个朋友。 He has few friends. 他几乎没有朋友。 We still have a little time. 我们还有点时间。 There is little time left.几乎没剩下什么时间了。 4) 固定搭配:

only a few (=few) not a few (=many) quite a few (=many) many a (=many)

Many books were sold. Many a book was sold.

5）a little和little也可以用作副词，a little表示“有点，稍微”，little表示“很少”。 I'm a little hungry. (修饰形容词hungry) Let him sleep a little. (修饰动词sleep)

Mary, go a little faster, please. (修饰副词比较级) She slept very little last night.

1）other可以作形容词用，后面可以跟单数或复数名词，意思是“其他的、别的”。

Where are his other books?

I haven't any other books except this one. 2）other也可以用作代词，与冠词the连用构成“the other”，表示两个人或物中的“另一个”。常与one搭配构成“one ..., the other ...”句型。

He has two brothers. One is 10 years old , the other is 5 years old. She held a ruler in one hand and an exercise-book in the other. 3）other作代词用时，可以有复数“others”，泛指“另外的人或物”。常与some搭配构成“some ...., others ...”句型。

Some went to the cinema, others went swimming. This coat is too large. Show me some others, please. 4）“the others”表示特指某范围内的“其他的人或物”。

We got home by 4 o'clock, but the others didn't get back until 8 o'clock. In our class only Tom is English, the ot hers are Chinese.

5）another可以作形容词用，修饰后面的名词，意为“另一个”，还可以跟代词one. You can see another ship in the sea, can't you?

Mary doesn't want to buy this skirt. Would you please show her another one?

6）another也可以作代词用，表示“另一个”。

I'm still hungry after I've had this cake. Please give me another.

5. every 和each的用法

1) every 强调全体的概念， each强调个体概

念。 Every student in our school works hard. Each student may have one book..

2) every 指三个以上的人或物(含三个)，each指两个以上的人或物 (含两个)。 3) every不可以作状语，each 可作状语。

4) every 有反复重复的意思，如 every two weeks等； each没有。

5) every 与not 连用，表示部分否定； each 和not连用表示全部否定。 Every man is not honest. Each man is not honest.

6. all和both的用法。

1）all和both都表示整体，但all 都，指三者以上。both 都，指两者。在句中都可作主语、宾语、表语、同位语和定语。

All of us like Mr. Pope. 我们都喜欢Pope先生。（作主语） = We all like Mr. Pope. (作同位语)

All the water has been used up. (作主语) That's all for today. (作表语)

Why not eat all (of) the fish? (作宾语)

All the leaders are here./All knowledge comes from practice. (作定语)

2）both 和 all 加否定词是部分否定。如果表示全部否定，要分别用neither和none。 Both of us are not good at singing. Neither of us is good at singing.

All of the teachers are not foreigners. None of the teachers are foreigners. .

注意：all与none用法一样。跟单数名词，用单数动词；跟复数名词，用复数动词。 All of the students are there.

All (of) the milk is there.

7. neither 与 nor的用法

1) 如前句是否定式从句，则主句用neither，而不用 nor。

If you don't do it，neither should I. 如果你不干，我也不干。 2) 如后连续有几个否定句式，则用nor，不用neither。 He can't sing，nor dance，nor skate.

8.neither和either的用法 1）neither 表示“两者都不”，neither…nor…意为“既不…又不…”。 either 表示“两者中的任何一个”，either…or…意为“或是……，或是……”

Neither of the answer is right.

I have neither time nor money to take a trip. Either sentence is right.

You can either go or stay.

9. many, much的用法

Many，much都意为"许多"， many + 可数名词，much + 不可数名词。 How many people are there at the meeting? Many of the workers were at the meeting.

10 . anyone/any one；no one/none的用法 1) anyone 和 any one

anyone仅指人，any one既可指人，也可指物。 2) no one 和none

a) none 后跟of短语，既可指人又可指物，而no one只单独使用，只指人。

b) none 作主语，谓语动词用单，复数均可，而no one作主语谓语动词只能是单数。 None of you could lift it. 你们中没有人可举起它。

---- Did any one call me up just now? --刚才有人打电话给我吗? ---- No one. --没有。

11、代词it的用法：

1）指代前面提到过的事物。如：

Of course , I love junk food too, but I try to eat it only once a week. 2)用来代替指示代词this 或that。如： ---What’s this? ---It’s a pencil.

3）指婴儿或不明身份的人。如：

Someone is knocking at the door, please go and see who it is. 4）指时间和季节。如： ---What’s the time now? ---It’s ten o’clock. 5)表天气。如：

---What’s the weather like today? ---It’s sunny. 6)表距离。如：

How far is it from your home to your school？ 7）用作形式主语，常用于下列句型中： a. It is adj.+(for sb ) to do sth. 如： It is important for us to work hard. b. It’s time to do /for /that…如：It’s time to get up/ for lunch/f that we went home. c. It seems that …

It seems that he is quite happy. d. It’s one’s turn to do …

It’s your turn to answer my question. e. It’s + adj. +that…如：

It’s necessary that you should be present at the meeting.

8）作形式宾语。如：

Do you think it necessary to learn to wait in line?

9)引导强调句型“It is /was + 被强调部分 + that / who + 其他成分”。如： It was yesterday that we went to see a film.

巩固练习：

Ⅰ. Choose the best answer

( ) 1. This is a very old song, so ______ young people know it.

A: few B: little c: a few D: a little

( ) 2. The two fishermen saw ______ in the sky while they were fishing by a river.

A: something strange B: anything strange C: strange something D: strange anything ( ) 3. There aren’t ma ny oranges here, but you can take ______ if you want to. A: few B: a few C: a little D: little

( ) 4. There are twenty teachers in this grade. Eight of them are women teachers and ______ are

men teachers.

A: the other B: the others C: others D: other

( ) 5. My sports shoes are too small. I want to buy ______ pair. A: the others B: the other C: other D: anot her

( ) 6. I didn’t like the cross talk. ______ of the actors was funny. A: Both B: All C: Neither D: Either ( )

7. ______ of us has read the story.

A: Some B: Both C: All D: None

( ) 8. Students are usually interested in sports. Some like running, some like swimming, ______

like ball games.

A: the others B: others C: the other D: other

( ) 9. There are many high-rises on ______ side of Huaihai Road. What a magnificent view! A: either B: nei ther C: both D: all

( ) 10. Shanghai Waihuan tunnel is already open to traffic, so it will take us ______ time to go to

Pudong International Airport.

A: a few B: fewer C: a little D: less

( ) 11. Not long ago, our country set up a rocket with two small satellites into space. One

weighed 204 kilos and ______ 25 kilos.

A: another B: other C: others D: the other\

( ) 12. In order to keep healthy, you should eat ______ fast food, ______ fresh vegetables and

take enough exercise.

A: fewer; fewer B: less; more C: fewer; more D: less; less

( ) 13. Liu Xiang and Yao Ming are world-famous sports stars. ______ of them have set a good

example to us.

A: All B: Neither C: Both D: None

( ) 14. Mr. Smith is quite busy today. He has ______ meetings to attend. A: little B: a little C: few D: a fe w

( ). 15. Obey the traffic rules and learn to protect yourself. ______ is more important than life. A: Nothing B : Something C: Everything D: Anything

( ) 16. Can we do our work better with ______ money and ______ people? A: less, few B: less, fewer C: lit tle;, less D: few, less ( ) 17. He has two flats in London. However, ______ is new. A: both B: neither C: al l D: none

( ) 18. There is ______ with your watch. It gets slower every day.

A: nothing wrong B: something wrong C: wrong something D: wrong nothing ( ) 19. It seems that he has got ______ to show us. Let’s go and enjoy it. A: something interesting B: interesting something

C: nothing something D: interesting nothing

( ) 20. ______ of your answer is right. Please try a third time. A: Neither B: None C: Either D: Both ( ) 21. ______ Kathy ______ Alice ______ at home last Sunday. A: Neither, nor, were B: Both, and, was C: Either, or, was D: Not only, but also, were

( ) 22. ______ of the winners has been awarded a prize. A: Every B: everyone C: Each D: Both

( ) 23. There is ______ ink in my pen. Would you give me ______?

A: little, a little B: a little, little C: few, a few C: a few, few ( ) 24. The days in winter are shorter than ___ ___ in summer. A: those B: that C: these D: them

( ) 25. They don’t go to Europe for holiday, _______.

A: neither will we B: neither do we C: so will we D: so we will ( ) 26. It must be your first time to meet e ach other. Let me do the introduction. ______ is Mr. Smith.

A: He B: There C: This D: That

( ) 27. I’m hungry. I want ______ to eat. ______ can do.

A: something, Something B: anything, Anything

C: something, Anything D: anything, Something

( ) 28. ______ of us likes this song in our class. A: None B: No one C: All D: Both

( ) 29. I have a sister and two brothers. ______ of them are now in Japan. A: Both B: Everyone C: Either D: All ( )30. Is there any water in the bottle? No, ______.

A: none B: nothing C: not many D: quite a few ( ) 31. Her work is better than ______ in our class.

A: anyone B: anyone’s C: anyone’s else D: anyone else’s ( ) 32. Which do you prefer, the red one or the green one? ______.

A: None B: Any C: Either D: Every ( ) 33. ______ is interested in such a silly play.

A: No one B: None of us C: All of us D: We all

Ⅱ. Rewrite the sentences as required

1. Both Tom and Tim are good at sports. （改为否定句）

6

_ ___ Tom _____ Tim _____ good at sports.

2. This problem is so difficult that nobody can work it out. （保持原意）

This problem is ___ _ difficult for __ ____ to work out. 3. All of them are teachers. （改为否定句）

___ ___ of them ______ a teacher.

4. This answer is wrong. That answer is also wrong. （保持句意）

__ ___ this answer ___ ___ that one is right.

三、用some，any，no，every与thing，one，body构成的复合不定代词填空。 1. Don’t worry. There is ____ wrong with you. 2. If you don’t tell ____ about it, ___ will know. 3.—Can you hear ____? —Yes, but I can’t see ___.

4. Please get ___ ready at once. We’ll go at nine o’clock.

5. Would you like ___ to eat?

6. Is there ____ here? I want some help.

7. Listen! ____ is coming.