启航考研2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题解析(2013考研英语真题)

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2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

Section IUse of English

Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that 1 the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by 2 factors. But Dr Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big 3 was leading decision makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with. 4, he theorised that a judge 5 of appearing too soft6 crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 7 he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.

To 8 this idea, he turned to the university admissions process. In theory, the 9 of an applicant should not depend on the few others 10 randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was 11.

He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews 12 by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had 13 applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale 14 numerous factors into consideration. The scores were 15 used in conjunction with an applicant’s score on the Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMA T, a standardised exam which is 16 out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.

Dr Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one 17 that, then the score for the next applicant would 18 by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to 19 the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMA T points than would otherwise have been 20.

1. ［A］grants［B］submits［C］transmits［D］delivers

2. ［A］minor［B］external［C］crucial［D］objective

3. ［A］issue［B］vision［C］picture［D］moment

4. ［A］Above all［B］On average［C］In principle［D］For example

5. ［A］fond［B］fearful［C］capable［D］thoughtless

6. ［A］in［B］for［C］to［D］on

7. ［A］if［B］until［C］though［D］unless

8. ［A］test［B］emphasize［C］share［D］promote

9. ［A］decision［B］quality［C］status［D］success

10. ［A］found［B］studied［C］chosen［D］identified

11. ［A］otherwise［B］defensible［C］replaceable［D］exceptional

12. ［A］inspired［B］expressed［C］conducted［D］secured

13. ［A］assigned［B］rated［C］matched［D］arranged

14. ［A］put［B］got［C］took［D］gave

15. ［A］instead［B］then［C］ever［D］rather

16. ［A］selected［B］passed［C］marked［D］introduced

17. ［A］below［B］after［C］above［D］before

18. ［A］jump［B］float［C］fluctuate［D］drop

19. ［A］achieve［B］undo［C］maintain［D］disregard

20. ［A］necessary［B］possible［C］promising［D］helpful

Section ⅡReading Comprehension

Part A

Directions:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)

Text 1

In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada, Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her. Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to department stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.

This top down conception of the fashion business couldn’t be more out of date or at odds with the feverish world described in Overdressed, Elizabeth Cline’s three year indictment of “fast fashion.”In the last decade or so, advances in technology have allowed mass market labels such as Zara, H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent releases, and more profit. These labels encourage style conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable—meant to last only a wash or two, although they don’t advertise that—and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks. By offering on trend items at dirt cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking an industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.

The victims of this revolution, of course, are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a

MYM5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2,300plus stores around the world, it must rely on low wage overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amounts of harmful chemicals.

Overdressed is the fashion world’s answer to consumer activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan’s The Omnivore’s Dilemma. “Mass produced clothing, like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non durable and wasteful,”Cline argues. Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year—about 64 items per person—and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste.

Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named Sarah Kate Beaumont, who since 2008 has made all of her own clothes—and beautifully. But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; her example can’t be knocked off.

Though several fast fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment—including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection line—Cline believes lasting change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford not to.

21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for her

［A］lack of imagination.

［B］poor bargaining skill.

［C］obsession with high fashion.

［D］insensitivity to fashion.

22. According to Cline, mass market labels urge consumers to

［A］combat unnecessary waste.

［B］shop for their garments more frequently.

［C］resist the influence of advertisements.

［D］shut out the feverish fashion world.

23. The word “indictment”(Line 3, Para. 2) is closest in meaning to

［A］accusation.

［B］enthusiasm.

［C］indifference.

［D］tolerance.

24. Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?

［A］Vanity has more often been found in idealists.

［B］The fast fashion industry ignores sustainability.

［C］Pricing is vital to environment friendly purchasing.

［D］People are more interested in unaffordable garments.

25. What is the subject of the text?

［A］Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.

［B］Challenge to a high fashion myth.

［C］Criticism of the fast fashion industry.

［D］Exposure of a mass market secret.

Text 2

An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted—the trouble is, no one knows which half. In the internet age, at least in theory, this fraction can be much reduced. By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim “behavioural”ads at those most likely to buy.

In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads? Or should they have explicit permission?

In December 2010 America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC) proposed adding a “do not track”(DNT) option to internet browsers, so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed. Microsoft’s Internet Explorer and Apple’s Safari both offer DNT; Google’s Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and the Digital Advertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on responding to DNT requests.

On May 31st Microsoft set off the row. It said that Internet Explorer 10, the version due to appear with Windows 8, would have DNT as a default.

Advertisers are horrified. Human nature being what it is, most people stick with default settings. Few switch DNT on now, but if tracking is off it will stay off. Bob Liodice, the chief executive of the Association of National Advertisers, says consumers will be worse off if the industry cannot collect information about their preferences. People will not get fewer ads, he says. “They’ll get less meaningful, less targeted ads.”

It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Getting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft’s default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.

Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. After all, it has an ad business too, which it

says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on advertising, it has chosen an indirect method: There is no guarantee that DNT by default will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for Windows 8—though the firm has compared some of its other products favourably with Google’s on that count before. Brendon Lynch, Microsoft’s chief privacy officer, blogged: “We believe consumers should have more control.”Could it really be that simple?

26. It is suggested in Paragraph 1 that “behavioural”ads help advertisers to

［A］lower their operational costs.

［B］ease competition among themselves.

［C］avoid complaints from consumers.

［D］provide better online services.

27. “The industry”(Line 6, Para. 3) refers to

［A］online advertisers.

［B］e commerce conductors.

［C］digital information analysts.

［D］internet browser developers.

28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default

［A］goes against human nature.

［B］fails to affect the ad industry.

［C］will not benefit consumers.

［D］may cut the number of junk ads.

29. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 6?

［A］Advertisers are willing to implement DNT.

［B］DNT may not serve its intended purpose.

［C］DNT is losing its popularity among consumers.

［D］Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioural ads.

30. The author’s attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of

［A］appreciation.

［B］understanding.

［C］indulgence.

［D］skepticism.

Text 3

Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largely—though by no means uniformly—glowingly positive. Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading to lives of fulfilment and opportunity for all.

Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climate change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.

But such gloominess is misplaced. The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years—so why shouldn’t we? Take a broader look at our species’place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years. Look up Homo sapiens in the “Red List”of threatened species of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and you will read: “Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there

are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline.”

So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organisations are now thinking seriously about that question. For example, the Long Now Foundation has as its flagship project a mechanical clock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence.

Perhaps willfully, it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of today’s technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it’s perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. That’s one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future.

But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance. As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.

This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad. To be sure, the future is not all rosy. But we are now knowledgeable enough to reduce many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come.

31. Our vision of the future used to be inspired by

［A］our desire for lives of fulfillment.

［B］our faith in science and technology.

［C］our awareness of potential risks.

［D］our belief in equal opportunity.

32. The IUCN’s “Red List”suggests that human beings are

［A］ a misplaced race.

［B］ a sustained species.

［C］the world’s dominant power.

［D］ a threat to the environment.

33. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5?

［A］The interest in science fiction is on the rise.

［B］Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies.

［C］Technology offers solutions to social problems.

［D］Our immediate future is hard to conceive.

34. To ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial to

［A］draw on our experience from the past.

［B］adopt an optimistic view of the world.

［C］explore our planet’s abundant resources.

［D］curb our ambition to reshape history.

35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?

［A］Uncertainty about Our Future

［B］Evolution of the Human Species

［C］The Ever bright Prospects of Mankind

［D］Science, Technology and Humanity

Text 4

On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona’s immigration law Monday—a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration. But on the more important matter of the Constitution, the decision was an 80 defeat for the Administration’s effort to upset the balance of power between the federal government and the states.

In Arizona v. United States, the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona’s controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigration law. The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to “establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization”and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial. Arizona had attempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones.

Justice Anthony Kennedy, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court’s liberals, ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun. On the overturned provisions the majority held that Congress had deliberately “occupied the field,”and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal’s privileged powers.

However, the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement. That’s because Congress has always envisioned joint federal state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.

Two of the three objecting Justices—Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas—agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute. The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia, who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the Alien and Sedition Acts.

The 80 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as “a shocking assertion of federal executive power.”The White House argued that Arizona’s laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities, even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter. In effect, the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with.

Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship and the borders is among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status, it could. It never did so. The Administration was in essence asserting that because it didn’t want to carry out Congress’s immigration wishes, no state should be allowed to do so either. Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.

36. Three provisions of Arizona’s plan were overturned because they

［A］overstepped the authority of federal immigration law.

［B］disturbed the power balance between different states.

［C］deprived the federal police of Constitutional powers.

［D］contradicted both the federal and state policies.

37. On which of the following did the Justices agree, according to Paragraph 4?

［A］States’independence from federal immigration law.

［B］Federal officers’duty to withhold immigrants’information.

［C］States’legitimate role in immigration enforcement.

［D］Congress’s intervention in immigration enforcement.

38. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that the Alien and Sedition Acts

［A］violated the Constitution.

［B］stood in favor of the states.

［C］supported the federal statute.

［D］undermined the states’interests.

39. The White House claims that its power of enforcement

［A］outweighs that held by the states.

［B］is established by federal statutes.

［C］is dependent on the states’support.

［D］rarely goes against state laws.

40. What can be learned from the last paragraph?

［A］Immigration issues are usually decided by Congress.

［B］The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.

［C］Justices wanted to strengthen its coordination with Congress.

［D］Justices intended to check the power of the Administration.

Part B

Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 4145, choose the most suitable one from the list A G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

The social sciences are flourishing. As of 2005, there were almost half a million professional social scientists from all fields in the world, working both inside and outside academia. According to the World Social Science Report 2010, the number of social science students worldwide has swollen by about 11% every year since 2000.

Yet this enormous resource is not contributing enough to today’s global challenges, including climate change, security, sustainable development and health. (41) Humanity has the necessary agro technological tools to eradicate hunger, from genetically engineered crops to artificial fertilizers. Here, too, the problems are social: the organization and distribution of food, wealth and prosperity.

(42) This is a shame—the community should be grasping the opportunity to raise its influence in the real world. To paraphrase the great social scientist Joseph Schumpeter: there is no radical innovation without creative destruction.

Today, the social sciences are largely focused on disciplinary problems and internal scholarly debates, rather than on topics with external impact. Analyses reveal that the number of papers including the keywords “environmental change”or “climate change”have increased rapidly since 2004. (43)

When social scientists do tackle practical issues, their scope is often local: Belgium is interested mainly in the effects of poverty on Belgium, for example. And whether the community’s work contributes much to an overall accumulation of knowledge is doubtful.

The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding. (44) This is an adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the right direction. Social scientists who complain about a lack of funding should not expect more in today’s economic climate.

The trick is to direct these funds better. The European Union Framework funding programs have long had a category specifically targeted at social scientists. This year, it was proposed that the system be changed: Horizon 2020, a new program to be enacted in 2014, would not have such a category. This has resulted in protests from social scientists. But the intention is not to neglect

social science; rather, the complete opposite. (45) That should create more collaborative endeavors and help to develop projects aimed directly at solving global problems.

［A］It could be that we are evolving two communities of social scientists: one that is

discipline oriented and publishing in highly specialized journals, and one that is problem oriented and publishing elsewhere, such as policy briefs.

［B］However, the numbers are still small: in 2010, about 1,600 of the 100,000 social sciences papers published globally included one of these keywords.

［C］The idea is to force social scientists to integrate their work with other categories, including health and demographic change; food security; marine research and the bio economy; clean, efficient energy; and inclusive, innovative and secure societies.

［D］The solution is to change the mindset of the academic community, and what it considers to be its main goal. Global challenges and social innovation ought to receive much more attention from scientists, especially the young ones.

［E］These issues all have root causes in human behavior: all require behavioral change and social innovations, as well as technological development. Stemming climate change, for example, is as much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is about developing clean energy.

［F］Despite these factors, many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems. And in Europe, some are up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social science research and to integrate it within cross cutting topics of sustainable development.

［G］During the late 1990s, national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage of all research and development funds—including government, higher education, non profit and corporate—varied from around 4% to 25%; in most European nations, it is about 15%.

Part C

Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. （10 points）

It is speculated that gardens arise from a basic human need in the individuals who made them: the need for creative expression. There is no doubt that gardens evidence an irrepressible urge to create, express, fashion, and beautify and that self expression is a basic human urge; (46) yet when one looks at the photographs of the gardens created by the homeless, it strikes one that, for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression.

One of these urges has to do with creating a state of peace in the midst of turbulence, a “still point of the turning world,”to borrow a phrase from T. S. Eliot. (47) A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which is a distinctly animal need. This distinction is so much so that where the latter is lacking, as it is for these unlikely gardeners, the former becomes all the more urgent. Composure is a state of mind made possible by the structuring of one’s relation to one’s environment. (48) The gardens of the homeless, which are in effect homeless gardens, introduce form into an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such. In so doing they give composure to a segment of the inarticulate environment in which they take their stand.

Another urge or need that these gardens appear to respond to, or to arise from, is so intrinsic that we are barely ever conscious of its abiding claims on us. When we are deprived of green, of plants, of trees, (49) most of us give in to a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions, until one day we find ourselves in a garden and feel the oppression vanish as if by magic. In most of the homeless gardens of New York City the actual cultivation of plants is unfeasible, yet even so the compositions often seem to represent attempts to call forth the spirit of plant and animal life, if only symbolically, through a clumplike arrangement of materials, an introduction of colors, small pools of water, and a frequent presence of petals or leaves as well as of stuffed animals. On display here are various fantasy elements whose reference, at some basic level, seems to be the natural world. (50) It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of the word garden, though in a “liberated”sense, to describe these synthetic constructions. In them we can see biophilia—a yearning for contact with nonhuman life—assuming uncanny representational forms.

Section ⅢWriting

Part A

51.Directions:

Write an e mail of about 100 words to a foreign teacher in your college, inviting him/her to be a judge for the upcoming English speech contest.

You should include the details you think necessary.

You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.

Do not sign your own name at the end of the e mail. Use “Li Ming”instead.

Do not write the address. (10 points)

Part B

52.Directions:

Write an essay of 160200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should

1) describe the drawing briefly,

2) interpret its intended meaning, and

3) give your comments.

You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)

选择2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

答案及解析Section ⅠUse of English

Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

【命题出处】

本文节选自2012年7月16日《经济学家》（The Economist）上一篇题为《一个关于判断的问题：面试官先入为主》（A Question of Judgment: Interviewers Favour Those Seen First）的文章。

【命题风格】

2013年完型填空文章选自《经济学家》这本杂志。第一，文章选材的难度在向考研英语的阅读理解题目靠拢。第二，文章题材仍以说明文和议论文为主。2013年完型的文章话

题是心理学中的做决定的问题，作者的观点非常鲜明，而且论证特别有条理，作者运用了通常的论证手法，比如举例论证、数据论证。第三，题目的设置以考察实词为主。2013年的20个完型题目中，其中15个全部考察的是实词，考核的重点指向实词的词义辨析、搭配，以及从整个语篇的角度理解词汇的意义，从一定程度上讲，测试了考生整体的理解能力以及对基础知识的运用能力。第四，分析答案得出，答案分布规律比较稳固，每个选项出现的概率接近百分之五十，这也是考生解题的一个小技巧所在。

【文章导读】

本文主要指出没有综观全局的能力会使人在做判断时产生偏见。

【全文精译】

总的说来，人们在做个人决定时不善于考虑背景信息。乍一看，这似乎是一种优势，这种优势(1)赋予你不受(2)外界因素的影响而做出客观判断的能力。但是，乌里·西蒙松博士推测，没有综观(3)全局的能力会使决策者受他们日常所使用的信息样本的影响而产生偏见。

(4)例如，他从理论上说明，(7)如果一位(5)担心(6)对犯罪行为表现得太心慈手软的法官那天已经仅判处五六个其他被告强制社区服务，那么他更可能把某人关进监狱。

为了(8)验证这一想法，他将注意力转向大学招生程序。按理说，申请者是否(9)被录取不应该指望同一天随机(10)被选中参加面试的少数其他申请者，但是西蒙松博士怀疑，事实(11)并非如此。

他研究了由31位招生负责人(12)进行的9323场工商管理硕士（MBA）的面试结果。面试官按1到5级为申请者(13)评定等级。等级的评定(14)考虑了多种因素。(15)然后，等级评定分数会与申请者的管理研究生入学考试［简称GMAT，一种(16)满分为800分的标准化考试］的分数一起用以决定他或她是否被录取。

西蒙松博士发现，每天一连串的面试者中，如果前一个申请者的分数比其(17)前面的面试者的分数高0.75分或更高，那么下一个申请者的分数会平均(18)减少0.075分。这个分值听起来很小，但是申请者要想(19)消除减少的这个分值带来的影响，其GMAT分数要比原本(20)需要的分数再多30分。

【逻辑结构】

开篇部分：开篇点题，引入全文要论证的观点。

正文部分：指出乌里·西蒙松博士为验证自己的观点而进行的研究及发现。

【答案精解】

1.【答案】［A］

【解析】语义衔接+词义辨析题。文章首句指出一种普遍现象：人们在做个人决定时不善于考虑背景信息。第2句承接首句，指出表面上看，这似乎是一种优势，其后that引导的定语从句指出这一优势…做出判断的能力。浏览四个选项，只有［A］grants能与后面的the ability形成合理的动宾搭配，表示“赋予做出判断的能力”，符合文意，故答案为［A］。

将［B］submits，［C］transmits，［D］delivers三个选项代入原文，分别表示“这个优点提交/传送/宣布一种能力”，均不符合语义逻辑关系，故均可排除。

2.【答案】［D］

【解析】语义衔接+词义辨析题。根据第1小题答案，空格所在句指出“这种优势赋予你不受…因素影响做出客观判断的能力”，空格处应填入一个形容词，修饰factors。将［D］external代入后，意为“不受外部因素的影响”，符合文意，故为答案。

将［A］minor代入后，意为“不受次要因素影响做出客观判断的能力”，能否做出客观判断与次要因素关系不大，故可排除；将［B］objective代入后，造成语义重复，故可排除；将［C］crucial代入后，意为“不受决定性因素影响做出客观判断的能力”，不合文意，故可排除。

3.【答案】［C］

【解析】语义衔接+词义辨析题。空格所在句指出西蒙松博士的一种推测，“没有考虑…的能力会使决策者受他们日常所使用的信息样本的影响而产生偏见”，与文章首句相照应，首句指出“人们在做个人决策时不善于考虑背景信息”，因此，the big 3 与background information对应，能表示“背景信息”的只有［C］picture，the picture的英文释义为the general situation concerning sb./sth.，意为“状况，形势”，the big picture有“整体情况，大局”的意思，代入后意为“综观全局的能力”，符合文意，故答案为［C］。

其他三个选项均可以和前面的the big构成搭配。将［A］issue,［D］moment代入后分别意为“没有考虑大问题的能力”，“没有考虑重要时刻的能力”，语义不通，故可排除。将［B］vision代入后，意为“没有考虑远景的能力”，此处强调“全局”而非“远见”，故可排除。

4.【答案】［A］

【解析】逻辑衔接题。空格处应填入一个副词短语，作状语，体现空格所在句与第3句之间的逻辑关系。第3句提出西蒙松博士的一种推测。第4句中，西蒙松博士指出法官可能受之前判决的影响而重判某人，显然，西蒙松博士是在例证上一句中自己的推测，选项中表示例证关系的只有［A］For example。

［B］On average意为“平均；普遍”，表示一种普遍的情况，一个法官的判决属于个体行为，并不代表全部法官都这样判决，故可排除；［C］In principle意为“大体上；原则上”，该句并不是阐释一种大体上的情况，故可排除；［D］Above all意为“最重要的是”，该句并未强调西蒙松博士阐释的力度，故可排除。

5.【答案】［B］

【解析】语义衔接+词义辨析题。本题可采用排除法作答。空格所在句中，that引导的宾语从句作theorised的宾语，该宾语从句的主干结构为a judge…might be more likely to send someone to prison…，空格处应填入一个形容词，构成形容词短语作后置定语，修饰a judge。be fond of doing sth.意为“喜爱（尤指长期喜爱的事物）；喜欢（做令人不快的事情）”，将［A］fond代入后，意为“一位法官喜欢对犯罪行为表现得太心慈手软”，显然与法官的职责相冲突，故可排除；be fearful of doing sth.意为“担心；忧虑”，将［B］fearful代入后，意为“一位法官担心对犯罪行为表现得太心慈手软”，符合文意，也是法官在判处五六个被告人强制社区服务后更可能把某人关进监狱的原因，故正确。

be capable of doing sth.意为“有能力做某事”，将［C］capable代入后，意为“一位法官有能力对犯罪行为表现得太心慈手软”，不符合语义逻辑，故可排除；［D］thoughtless 常指说话欠考虑、行为轻率，该词没有be ~ of doing sth.的用法，故可排除，综上所述，故答案为［B］。

6.【答案】［B］

【解析】固定搭配题。本题考查be soft on sth.的固定搭配用法，意为“不（够）严厉的；态度偏软的；（对…）心慈手软的”，将［B］on代入空格后，表示“法官担心对犯罪行为表现得太心慈手软”，符合文意，故为答案。

［A］in，［C］to和［D］for均不能和soft构成固定搭配，故可排除。

7.【答案】［A］

【解析】逻辑衔接题。空格前面是that引导的宾语从句的主干部分，意为“一位担心对犯罪行为表现得太心慈手软的法官更可能把某人关进监狱”，空格后面的句子意为“那天他已经判处五六个被告人强制社区服务”，显然空格前后存在假设关系，四个选项中只有［A］if表示假设，故为答案。

［B］until表时间，［C］though表让步，［D］unless表条件，均不符合上下文的逻

辑衔接关系，故可排除。

8.【答案】［D］

【解析】空格所在的不定式短语作目的状语，空格处应填入一个动词，与后面的this idea构成合理的动宾搭配，this idea即指代第1段中西蒙松博士的观点：没有综观全局的能力会使决策者产生偏见。空格所在句的意思为：为了…这个想法，他将注意力转向大学招生程序。下文均围绕大学招生程序中的相关内容展开，由此可知，西蒙松博士是以大学招生程序中“因不能综观全局而产生偏见”的情况为例验证自己的想法，浏览四个选项，只有［D］test可表示“验证，检验”的意思，故为答案。

将［A］promote代入后，意为“为了推动这个想法”，表示西蒙松想在大学招生程序中推动自己的想法，显然不合常理，故可排除；将［B］emphasize代入后，意为“为了强调这个想法”，西蒙松博士的这个想法只是一种推测，并不成熟，强调这个想法的做法不合逻辑，故可排除；将［C］share代入后，意为“为了分享这个想法”，这个想法仅是西蒙松博士的推测，并未得到证实，因此，“分享”用在这里不恰当，故可排除。

9.【答案】［D］

【解析】空格所在句意为“一个申请者的…不应该指望少数其他申请者”，由上一句可知，内容的展开开始转向大学招生程序，此处的applicant显然指想进入某高校的申请者，申请者是否被录取不应该指望少数其他申请者，这是从理论上讲得通的，浏览四个选项，能表示申请者是否被录取的只有［D］success，代入后符合文意，故为答案。

将［A］decision代入后，表示“申请者的决定”，作为某大学的申请者表明其已经做好了决定，用在此处重复，故可排除；［B］quality通常指事物的质量，此处修饰人，只能取其“人品，素质”的含义，代入后表示“申请者的人品”，一个人的人品是长期所形成的一种品质，大学录取主要的衡量标准还是分数，而非品质，故可排除；将［C］status代入后，表示“申请者的身份地位”，身份地位并非大学招生的标准，故可排除。

10.【答案】［A］

【解析】空格处应填入一个动词的过去分词形式，作后置定语，修饰others。空格所在的部分意为“同一天随机…参加面试的少数其他人”，根据常识可知，申请者哪天参加面试是面试官选择的，［A］chosen表示“被挑选出来的；精选的”，符合文意，故为答案。

将［B］studied代入后，表示其他申请者成了面试的研究对象，显然不合常理，故可排除；将［C］found代入后，表示其他申请者是被随机发现的，不符合语义逻辑，故可排除；将［D］identified代入后，表示申请者被随机确认，显然不符合大学录取的严格标准，故可排除。

11.【答案】［D］

【解析】空格所在句是并列句，第1个分句意为“按理说，申请者是否被录取不应该指望同一天随机被选中参加面试的少数其他申请者”，第2个分句意为“但是西蒙松博士怀疑，事实…”，由but可知，空格前后的两个分句存在语义上的转折关系，因此，空格填入的形容词应能体现否定的意思，只有［D］otherwise表示否定，意为“不那样的”，代入后意为“事实并非如此”，符合文意，故为答案。

［A］exceptional表示人“杰出的，优秀的”，不能用来形容the truth，故可排除；将［B］defensible代入后，表示“事实是合乎情理的”，与文意恰好相反，故可排除；将［C］replaceable代入后，表示“事实是可替代的”，不能体现转折的否定意味，故可排除。

12.【答案】［C］

【解析】本题的考查方式和第10小题相同，空格处应填入一个动词的过去分词形式，作后置定语，修饰interviews。空格所在句意为，他研究了9323场MBA的面试结果，这些面试是由31位招生负责人…的。由此可知，空格处填入的动词能与interviews构成逻辑上

的动宾搭配，浏览四个选项，能与interviews构成合理搭配的只有［C］conducted，代入后表示进行面试，符合语义逻辑，故为答案。

［A］inspired和［B］expressed代入后，分别表示“激励面试”、“表示面试”，语义不通，故可排除；将［D］secured代入后，表示招生负责人获得面试，显然与招生负责人进行面试的意思相反，故可排除。

13.【答案】［B］

【解析】空格所在句意为“面试官按1到5级为申请者…”，由空格后的on a scale of one to five可知，面试官将申请者评定为5个等级，而表示评定等级的选项只有［B］rated，故为答案。

assign表示“分派，布置”时，通常的用法为assign sb. sth.“给某人布置（工作、任务等）”，而表示“指定，指派”时，通常的用法为assign sb. to/as sth.，这两种用法用在此处均不合适，故可排除［A］assigned；match后面接sb.时，通常的用法为match sb. to sb./sth.，意为“找相称（或相关）的人（或物）”，用在此处也不合适，故可排除［B］matched；arrange 后面不能直接跟sb.，故可排除［D］arranged。

14.【答案】［D］

【解析】本题考查take sth. into consideration的固定用法，意为“考虑到，顾及”，将［D］took代入后，意为“等级的评定考虑了多种因素”，符合文意，故为答案。

其他三项均不符合此处的固定搭配用法，故可排除。

15.【答案】［B］

【解析】空格所在句的主干结构为The scores were…used…to make a decision on whether to accept him or her，意为“分数用以决定是否录取他或她”，而录取与否取决于两个分数：由等级评定获得的分数和GMA T分数。上文指出面试官为申请者评定等级，显然空格所在句和上一句存在时间逻辑上的顺承顺序，［B］then可表示“然后”，符合上下文的逻辑关系，故为答案。

［A］instead表示“相反”的转折，［C］ever常用于否定句或疑问句，也可表示进行比较时加强语气，［D］rather与动词连用时用以减弱语气，表示“稍微，有点儿”，这三项均不符合上下文的逻辑关系，故可排除。

16.【答案】［C］

【解析】空格所在的部分作同位语，解释说明GMAT，其中包含which引导的定语从句，修饰exam，空格处应填入一个动词的被动语态形式，可以和exam构成逻辑上的动宾搭配。out of 800 points意为“总分为800分”，可见，空格处要填入的动词应该表示“打分”的意思，故［C］marked为答案。其他三项代入后均不能表示“打分，评分”，故均可排除。

17.【答案】［A］

【解析】空格所在的部分作同位语，解释说明GMAT，其中包含which引导的定语从句，修饰exam，空格处应填入一个动词的被动语态形式，可以和exam构成逻辑上的动宾搭配。out of 800 points意为“总分为800分”，可见，空格处要填入的动词应该表示“打分”的意思，故［C］marked为答案。

其他三项代入后均不能表示“打分，评分”，故均可排除。

18.【答案】［C］

【解析】空格处应填入一个不及物动词，表示分数的增加或减少，四个选项中表示增加或减少的只有［A］和［C］，［A］jump表示“增加”的意思时，英文释义为to rise suddenly by a large amount，而空格后面的0.075分只是一个极小的分差，将［A］代入后，表达的意思与该单词本身的含义不符，故可排除；将［C］drop代入后，表示“下一个面试者的分数将平均下降0.075分”，符合上下文的语义逻辑，另外，根据文章末句中的decrease可知，

空格处要填入的词应该表示“减少”的意思，故答案为［C］。

［A］已经在详解部分排除；［B］float与the score不能构成合理的主谓关系，故可排除；［D］fluctuate指在某范围内波动，空格后并未涉及分数范围，故可排除。

19.【答案】［B］

【解析】空格所在句是并列句，第1个分句意为“这个分值可能听起来很小”，第2个分句意为“要…减少的分值带来的影响，申请者的GMAT分数需要再多30分”，由but 可知，前后两个分句存在语义上的转折关系，可见，整个句子的意思为“0.075分虽然很少，但造成了很大的影响”。空格所在的不定式短语作第2个分句的主语，表示想要达到的目的，显然，面试者想消除减少的分值带来的影响，四个选项中，只有［B］undo有“消除影响”的意思，故为答案。

将［A］achieve和［C］maintain代入后，表示“要达到/维持减少的分值带来的影响”，语义逻辑前后矛盾，故可排除；将［D］disregard代入后，表示“不理会减少的分值带来的影响”，不合文意，故可排除。

20.【答案】［C］

【解析】空格所在的部分是than引导的定语从句，修饰points，此处的than相当于than what，空格所在部分意为“但是要想消除减少的分值带来的影响，申请者的GMAT分数要比原本…的分数再多30分”。显然，减少的0.075分要靠GMA T分数的增加来弥补，即比原本需要的分数增加30分，故［C］necessary正确。

［A］promising和［D］helpful代入后，分别表示“要比原本有希望的分数再多30分”和“要比原本有用的分数再多30分”，不符合语义逻辑，故可排除；将［B］possible 代入后，表示“要比原本能取得的分数再多30分”，考试具有不确定性，分数的取得不能确定，故可排除。

Section ⅡReading Comprehension

Part A

Directions:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)

Text 1

【全文精译】

①2006年，根据《穿普拉达的女王》改编的电影中，由梅里尔·斯特里普扮演的米兰达·普瑞斯特利责备她不起眼的助理，因为助理认为高级时装不会对她产生影响。②普瑞斯特利解释了这个助理毛衣的深蓝色这些年来是如何从时装秀流行到百货商店再到廉价商品处理区的，而这个穷女孩多半就是在那里发现的这件衣服。

①时尚行业的这种自上而下的观念已经太过时了，或者与《过度着装》中描写的那个狂热的世界格格不入，《过度着装》这本书描写了伊丽莎白·克莱因3年来对“快时尚”的谴责。②在过去的大约10年里，科技的进步已经使像Zara、H&M和Uniqlo这样的大众市场品牌对潮流趋势反应更快，对需求预测得更准。③更快的周转意味着更少的库存浪费，更频繁的新品发布以及更高的利润。④那些品牌促使有时尚意识的消费者将服装看成是穿完就可以丢弃的物品——意味着只洗一两水，尽管它们没有这样宣传——并且每隔几周就更新他们的全部衣物。⑤克莱因认为，这些品牌通过以特别低的价格销售潮流服装操纵了时尚周期，动摇了这个长久以来适应了季节周期的产业。

①当然，这场变革的受害者不仅限于设计师。②H&M要想在它全球所有的2300多家商店里以5.95美元的价格销售针织迷你裙的话，就必须依赖廉价的海外劳动力，大量订购消耗自然资源的原材料和使用大量的有害化学物质。

①《过度着装》是时尚界对像迈克尔·波伦的《杂食者的困境》这样为消费者维权的畅

销书的回应。②克莱因说：“像快餐一样，批量生产的服装满足了饥渴和需求，然而却不持久，而且是一种浪费。”③她发现，美国人每年大约购买200亿件服装——平均每人大约64件——无论他们捐赠了多少出去，这种过度消费会导致浪费。

①《过度着装》接近结尾处，克莱因介绍了她自己心目中的理想人物，一位来自布鲁克林区、名叫萨拉·凯特·博蒙的妇女，她自从2008年以来一直动手为自己做衣服——并且做得非常漂亮。②但是，正如克莱因是第一个指出的那样，博蒙花费了几十年的时间才使自己技术熟练；她的范例无法一蹴而就。

①尽管几家快时尚公司努力控制其对劳动力和环境的影响——包括使用“环保意识系列时装生产线”的H&M——克莱因认为，只有消费者才可以产生持久的改变。②她展示了与许多可持续发展倡导者所共有的理想主义，不管这种理想主义是食品行业的还是能源行业的。③虚荣是常态；当人们负担不起不可持续购物时，他们才会开始进行可持续购物。

【答案精解】

21.【答案】［B］

【解析】细节辨识题。根据题干中的Priestly criticizes her assistant定位到第1段第1句。该句中for imagining...表示原因，即普瑞斯特利因为助理认为自己不受高级时装的影响而批评了她。［B］中的insensitivity对应原文中的imagining that...，故为答案。第2句中的the bargain bin是指“廉价商品处理区”，与bargaining skill所指不同，故可排除［A］；［C］与第1句中的high fashion doesn’t affect her直接相反，故可排除；第1句中的imagining表示“认为；料想”，与［D］中的imagination（想象力）不同，故可排除。

22.【答案】［D］

【解析】细节辨识题。根据题干中的mass market labels，consumers定位到第2段第4句。该句中的Those labels指代第2句中的mass market labels。该句指出，这些大众市场品牌使有时尚意识的消费者把服装看做是穿完就可以丢弃的物品，并且使他们每隔几个周就更新自己的全部衣物。［D］中的shop for their garments对应原文中的renew their wardrobe；more frequently对应原文中的every few weeks，故为答案。第4句指出，这些大众市场品牌使消费者将服装看做是穿完就可以丢弃的物品，很明显能产生浪费，［A］与此相反，故可排除；消费者每隔几个周就更新自己的全部衣物表明他们深受时尚的影响，［B］与此相反，故可排除；第4句中的they don’t advertise that中的they指的是Those labels；that指的是“消费者将服装看做是穿完就可以丢弃的物品”，［C］是根据advertise设置的干扰，故可排除。

23.【答案】［A］

【解析】语义理解题。根据题干可直接定位到第2段第1句。该句中of fast fashion 修饰indictment，因此理解克莱因对fast fashion的态度便可弄清indictment的意思。该段第2、3句分别介绍了快时尚形成的原因和快时尚对商家的有利影响。但第4、5句则分别指出了快时尚对消费者和时尚业的不利影响：使消费者将服装看做是穿完就可以丢弃的物品，并且使他们经常更新自己的全部衣物；动摇了以季节为周期的时尚业。第3段继续指出快时尚对设计者、劳动者和购买者的不利影响。结合这两段内容可推断，克莱因反对fast fashion，［A］与这一语境最为贴切，故为答案。其他三个选项在原文中找不到依据，故可排除。

24.【答案】［D］

【解析】推理判断题。根据题干可直接定位到最后一段。该段第1句指出只有靠消费者才能给时尚业带来改变，即消除时尚业的消极影响，使其向可持续发展的方向变化。第3句中分号后的句子与此对应，该分句指出，当人们负担不起不可持续购物时，他们才会开始进行可持续购物，由此可推断，让人们负担不起不可持续购物是促使人们进行可持续购物的重要因素，［D］中的Pricing（定价）是让人们无法负担的方法之一，故为答案。第3句中

只是提到“虚荣是常态”，表明虚荣心是一种普遍现象，并不是只有理想主义者才有虚荣心，［A］将原文范围缩小，故可排除；第1句中Though引导的让步状语从句表明，一些快时尚公司已经开始努力向可持续发展转变，［B］过于绝对，故可排除；［C］在文中没有提及，故可排除。

25.【答案】［C］

【解析】主旨大意题。文章第1段通过一部电影中的一个情节引入话题。第2~4段讲到文章的主题“快时尚”，并且提到了它的不利影响：造成浪费，破坏时尚周期，动摇时尚产业；对设计者影响不利；使快时尚公司过度依赖海外劳动力、过度使用自然资源，使用大量有害的化学物质。第5、6段针对快时尚的不良影响提出可以采取的解决方法。［C］最能概括本文的主题，故为答案。第2段第5句中的dirt cheap prices表明快时尚是低价的，［A］与此相反；high fashion只在第1段第1句中出现，并不能概括全文，故可排除［B］；文中并没有提到大众市场的秘密，所以更谈不上揭露，故可排除［D］。

Text 2【全文精译】

①老话说得好，一半的广告预算都打了水漂——问题在于没人知道是哪一半。②在互联网时代，被浪费的这一部分至少在理论上可被大幅压缩。③通过查看人们在线搜索、点击和表达的内容，公司可以针对那些最有可能购买它们产品的用户投放“行为”广告。

在过去的几个星期里，一场争论已经显示了这些精细信息对广告商的价值：广告商假定用户乐意被他们追踪,并且乐意接受他们所投放的行为广告，这样合理吗？或者说，广告商应该得到用户明确的许可吗？

①2010年12月，美国联邦贸易委员会建议在浏览器中加入“禁止追踪”选项，通过启用这一功能，用户可以告知广告商他们不希望自己的在线行为被追踪。②微软的IE浏览器及苹果的Safari（游猎）浏览器都有“禁止跟踪”选项；今年，谷歌也将在Chrome（铬黄）浏览器中加入这一功能。③2月份，联邦贸易委员会和数字广告联盟已经达成了一致意见：互联网浏览器行业将着手处理用户提出的“禁止追踪”请求。

5月31日，微软率先作出了反应：微软称在即将与Windows 8系统一起推出的IE 10浏览器中，“禁止追踪”将是默认设置。

①广告商一阵恐慌。②大多数用户都不会修改默认选项，这是人的本性使然。③现在几乎没有人会开启“禁止追踪”功能，但是如果默认就是“禁止追踪”的话，追踪功能将保持关闭状态。④美国国家广告商联合会是数字广告联盟下属的一个组织，其主席鲍勃·利奥狄斯说，如果广告行业无法收集用户的偏好信息，那么这对用户来说将更为不利。⑤他说用户收到的广告并不会减少。⑥“他们收到的广告将更没有意义，更缺少针对性。”

①广告商们会对此作出何种反应仍不清楚。②收到用户的“禁止追踪”信号无法迫使任何一家广告商停止追踪用户的在线行为，尽管有些公司已经承诺不再追踪。③由于无法分辨有的用户是真的反对行为广告还是因为他们只是没有修改微软浏览器的默认设置，一些公司可能会忽略“禁止追踪”信号，继续追踪用户的在线行为。

①此外，为何单单微软会采取这样的措施也不清楚。②毕竟，微软自身也有广告业务，微软称其广告业务将遵从“禁止追踪”请求，不过具体实施方案仍在研究当中。③如果微软想要激怒几乎所有收入都来自广告业务的谷歌的话，那么此举并不是一个直接的方法：没人能保证将“禁止追踪”作为默认设置会成为行业规范。④“禁止追踪”似乎并不是Windows 8很明显的一大卖点——尽管之前基于这一点，微软的其他一些产品比谷歌对应的产品好得多。⑤微软首席隐私官布伦登·林奇在博客中写道：“我们认为用户应该有更大的话语权。”

⑥真的是这么简单吗？

【答案精解】

26.【答案】［B］

【解析】细节辨识题。根据题干可直接定位到第1段。该段第2句指出，在互联网时代，广告商能够减少广告费用的浪费。第3句解释了减少浪费的方式，即通过查看人们搜索、点击和表达的内容，公司可以向那些最有可能购买产品的人投放“行为”广告。由此可知“行为”广告能够帮助广告商减少广告费用的浪费。［B］是对文中this fraction can be much reduced 的同义转述，故为答案。文中并没有提到广告商之间的竞争问题，故可排除［A］；“行为”广告针对的是最有可能购买产品的人，与消费者的抱怨无关，也与在线服务无关，故可排除［C］和［D］。

27.【答案】［D］

【解析】语义理解题。根据题干可直接定位到第3段最后一句。要理解the industry 的所指，就应该掌握整段话的语境。第1句中FTC提议应该在互联网浏览器中添加“禁止追踪”选项；第2句紧接着指出微软、苹果和谷歌的做法：微软和苹果在浏览器中添加了“禁止追踪”选项；谷歌今年打算添加。由此可知本段话主要与互联网浏览器的开发者提供“禁止追踪”选项有关，故答案为［D］。developers对应原文中的Microsoft，Apple和Google。［A］虽然也是本文讨论的重点，但是第3段中并没有提及其相关的信息，故可排除；［B］和［C］两项在第3段中没有提及。

28.【答案】［C］

【解析】推理判断题。根据题干中的Bob Liodice定位到第5段第4~6句。这3句指出，将“禁止追踪”设为默认选项会使费者面临的情况更糟；他们接收的广告将更没有意义，更缺少针对性。［C］是根据这3句作出的推断，故为答案。文中并没有提到广告商发送给消费者的“行为”广告是垃圾广告，而且第5句明确指出用户收到的广告并不会减少，故可排除［A］；第4~6句中提到，将“禁止追踪”设为默认值会使广告更没有意义，更缺少针对性，这无疑会对整个广告行业造成影响，［B］与此相反，故可排除；第2句中提到因为人类的本性是“保持原样”，所以他们会坚持使用默认设置，［D］混淆了原文之间的关系，故可排除。

29.【答案】［A］

【解析】推理判断题。根据题干可直接定位到第6段。根据前文可知，“禁止追踪”想要达到的效果是阻止广告商追踪消费者的信息。第2句指出，得到用户的“禁止追踪”信号并不能强迫广告商停止继续追踪；第3句指出，因为无法分辨用户是真的反对“行为”广告还是因为他们只是没有修改微软浏览器的默认设置，所以一些广告商可能会忽视“禁止追踪”信号，并且继续追踪信息。由这2句可知，“禁止追踪”并不能使广告商停止追踪用户的信息，言外之意是它没有达到预期的目的，故答案为［A］。［B］是根据第2句中although 引导的让步状语从句设置的干扰项，通过该句的主句和第3句的主句可知，广告商并不会停止追踪用户的信息，故可排除；第6段主要是从广告商的角度说明他们对“禁止追踪”的态度，与消费者无关，故可排除［C］；由第1段可知，“行为”广告是广告商主动提供的，并且广告商提供“行为”广告也不是本段的内容，故可排除［D］。

30.【答案】［D］

【解析】观点态度题。根据题干中的Brendon Lynch定位到最后一段第5句。该句中布伦登·林奇指出其公司将“禁止追踪”设为默认选项的原因是他们认为消费者应该有更多的话语权。最后一句以一个问句对他的话表示了质疑：微软将“禁止追踪”设为默认选项真的只是因为他们认为消费者应该有更多的话语权吗？言外之意是可能还有其他原因。由此可推断作者对布伦登·林奇的话表示怀疑，故答案为［D］。其他三个选项在原文中找不到依据。

Text 3【全文精译】

①直到几十年前，我们对于未来的畅想大多是乐观积极而又热情洋溢的，尽管绝非整齐

划一。②科技将会消除人类的所有弊病，并给所有人带来满是成就和机遇的生活。

①随着我们对所面临的一系列威胁——从小行星撞击到流感再到气候变化——的认识不断加深，如今乌托邦已经过时。②你甚至可能会不禁认为人类几乎没有可展望的未来了。

①但是这种沮丧是不该有的。②化石记录显示很多物种已经持续存在了数百万年——那么为什么我们不能呢？③更广泛地审视人类在宇宙中的位置，你就会清晰地发现，我们即使不能存活数十万年，也极有可能存活数万年（见《公元100000年：生活在遥远的未来》）。

④如若在国际自然保护联盟濒危物种“红色名录”里查阅一下智人，你将会读到：“列为无危物种，因为该物种分布非常广泛、适应力很强、目前正在增多而且不存在致使其族群数量整体下降的重大威胁。”

①那么我们遥远的未来会是怎样的呢？②越来越多的研究者和机构正在认真思考这一问题。③譬如，总部设在旧金山的今日永存基金会已经开设了一个论坛，思想家和科学家应邀预测他们的思想在很长的期限内可能产生的影响。④其最重要的研究项目是一个旨在数千年以后还能标记时间的机械钟，它被深埋在得克萨斯州的一座山里。

①可能是故意的，或许思考这么漫长的期限的未来要比思考更近的未来要容易得多。②当今科技可能发生的演变及其产生的社会后果极其复杂，或许最好将其留给科幻小说家和未来学家，让他们去探索我们能够想象的诸多可能性。③这就是为什么我们会发行《弧》——一本致力于探讨不远的将来的新出版物。

①但是更长远地来看，我们能够相当自信地说出来的事情多得令人惊讶。②通常来说，过去拥有开启未来的钥匙：我们现在已经发现足够多塑造这个星球和我们这个物种历史的长期模式，能够对我们后代的生存状况作出基于证据的预测。

①这种长远的观点使对我们的前景持有的消极看法看起来更像是昙花一现。②诚然，未来并非总是美好的：虽然我们这一物种可能茁壮成长，但大量物种或许并非如此。③但是如今我们有足够的知识能减少危及早期人类生存的诸多风险，并且改善未来人类的命运。

【答案精解】

31.【答案】［B］

【解析】推理判断题。根据题干中的Our vision定位到第1段。该段第1句中的Up until a few decades ago与题干中的used to对应。该句指出直到几十年前，我们对未来的畅想大多是积极乐观的。第2句解释了原因：人们相信科技会消除人类所有的弊病，并给所有人带来满是成就和机遇的生活。由此可知过去人们对将来的积极乐观的态度是因为相信科技，［B］中的our faith 是根据文中的cure all the ills of humanity...作出的推断，故为答案。第2句中的现在分词短语leading to...表明是科技带给人们这样的生活，而不是人们希望有这样的生活，［A］与此不一致；文中并没有提到过去人们对未来的畅想与潜在的危险之间的关系，也并没有提到平等的机会，故可排除［C］和［D］。

32.【答案】［A］

【解析】推理判断题。根据题干中的IUCN，“Red List”定位到第3段第4句。该句指出国际自然保护联盟的“红色名录”将智人列为无危物种（Least Concern），as引导的原因状语从句解释了原因：这个物种分布非常广泛、适应力很强、目前正在增多而且不存在致使其族群数量整体下降的重大威胁。也就是说智人是一个持续发展的物种，［A］是根据very widely distributed, adaptable...作出的推断，故为答案。第4句中的threatened species是指“红色名录”中记录的受到威胁的物种，而不是说智人对环境有威胁，故可排除［B］；文中并没有提到智人是世界的主导力量，故可排除［C］；第1句指出对未来持有悲观态度是不应该的，［D］将原文信息混淆，故可排除。

33.【答案】［D］

【解析】推理判断题。根据题干可直接定位到第5段。该段第1句指出，思考更遥远

的未来比思考更近的未来更容易一些；第2句解释了原因：当今科技可能发生的演变及其产生的社会后果极其复杂，所以最好让科幻小说家和未来学家去探索我们能够想象的诸多可能性。通过这2句话可知，思考更近的未来更难一些，［D］与第1句对应，故为答案。第3句指出，《弧》致力于研究更近的未来，但并不是限制了对未来的研究范围，故可排除［A］；第2句指出当今的科技可能发生的演变及其产生的社会后果极其复杂，但并没有指出科技能提供社会问题的解决办法，故可排除［B］；第2句中提到让科幻小说家和未来学家去探索我们能够想象的诸多可能性，但这并不代表人们对科幻小说的兴趣在增加，故可排除［C］。

34.【答案】［C］

【解析】推理判断题。根据出题顺序以及the future of mankind定位到第6段。该段第1句表明，我们能够相当自信地说出来的事情多得令人惊讶。第2句解释了原因：过去拥有开启未来的钥匙。冒号后的内容对主句进行了解释，即我们现在已经掌握了足够多塑造这个星球和我们这个物种历史的长期模式，这使我们能对后代的生存状况作出基于证据的预测。也就是说要预测后代的生存状况，需要掌握这个星球和我们这个物种的历史的长期模式。［C］是根据identified enough of the long term patterns shaping the history...作出的推断，故为答案。［A］在文中没有提及；文中并没有提及乐观的世界观与人类未来的关系，故可排除［B］；第2句中提到塑造这个星球和我们这个物种历史的长期模式，但并没有提到遏制重塑历史的野心，故可排除［D］。

35.【答案】［C］

【解析】主旨大意题。文章第1段指出过去人们对未来持有积极乐观的心态；第2段指出现在人们对未来持有消极悲观的心态；第3段对第2段进行了否定，再次表示人们应该对未来持有积极乐观的心态，并解释了理由；第4、5段主要说明为了弄清人类遥远的未来所作出的努力；第6、7段指出人类同样可以思考更近的未来，并且在结尾处指出如今我们有足够的知识能够减少危及早期人类生存的诸多风险，并且改善未来人类的命运，这同样是对未来持有积极乐观的态度，［C］最能概括全文，故为答案。文中提到人们对未来有两种态度：积极乐观的和消极悲观的，并不是不确定的，故可排除［A］；文中并没有提到人类物种的进化这个话题，故可排除［B］；科学和技术只是文章的细节，不能概括全文，故可排除。

Text 4【全文精译】

①周一，最高法院以5:3的投票结果推翻了亚利桑那州移民法的多数条款——这是奥巴马政府的一场小小的政策胜利。②但在更为重要的宪法问题上，美国政府试图打破联邦政府和各州之间的权力平衡的努力以8∶0的投票结果宣告失败。

①在亚利桑那州与美国政府的对抗中，亚利桑那州使州、地方警察有权执行联邦移民法的计划非常有争议，因此4项有争议的条款中有3项都被大多数法官推翻了。②宪法的原则是，只有华盛顿政府拥有“制定一致适用的归化条例”的权力，且各州法律不能凌驾于联邦法律之上，这些原则都是无可非议的。③亚利桑那州曾试图形成与现行联邦政策并驾齐驱的州政策。

①安东尼·肯尼迪法官同首席法官约翰·罗伯茨和法院的自由主义者一起作出了裁决：亚利桑那州飞得离联邦政府这颗太阳太近了。②关于被推翻的条款，大多数法官认为国会故意“占领这一领域”，因此亚利桑那州这样做便侵犯了联邦的特权。

①然而，法官们称准许亚利桑那州警察核查涉嫌非法移民的人的合法身份。②这是因为国会一直想让联邦与各州联合执行移民法，且明确鼓励各州官员与联邦同事分享信息并进行合作。

①3位持反对意见的法官中的2位——塞缪尔·阿利托和克拉伦斯·托马斯——对宪法的这一逻辑表示赞同，却反对亚利桑那州的规定与联邦法规冲突的观点。②仅有的主要反对

声来自法官安东宁·斯卡利亚，他为能追溯到《客籍法和惩治叛乱法案》的州特权提供了更加强有力的辩护。

①以8∶0反对奥巴马总统的结果源于塞缪尔·阿利托法官在其反对陈述中所描述的“对联邦行政权力令人震惊的维护”。②白宫辩称，即使亚利桑那州的法律严格遵守联邦法规，其法律仍与联邦执法优先权相冲突。③实际上，白宫声称它可以使任何其他它所反对的合法州法律作废。

①一些权力的确为联邦政府所特有，其中包括对公民权和边界的控制权。②但是，如果国会想要阻止各州使用它们自己的资源来核查移民身份的话，它可以那么做。③但它却从来没有这样做过。④美国政府本质上是在坚称，因为它并不想实现国会在移民法方面的愿望，所以哪一个州也不应该被准许那样做。⑤所有法官都以正当理由否决了这一显而易见的主张。

【答案精解】

36.【答案】［C］

【解析】推理判断题。根据题干中的Three provisions, overturned定位到第2段。该段第1句中不定式短语to have state and local police...作后置定语，修饰plan，由此可知亚利桑那州的计划是使州和地方警察执行联邦移民法，这一计划的3项条款被否决。第2句解释了最高法院否决的原因：只有华盛顿政府有权“制定一致适用的归化条例”，而且联邦法律先

［C］于州法律。由此可知亚利桑那州提出的3项条款被否决是因为它们凌驾于联邦法律之上，

是根据第2句作出的推断，故为答案。文中只是提到亚利桑那州的计划是使州和地方警察执行联邦移民法，但并没有提到它剥夺了联邦政府警察的权力，故可排除［A］；亚利桑那州的计划涉及州与联邦之间的关系，而不是州与州之间的关系，故可排除［B］；文中并没有提到亚利桑那州的计划违背了州政策，故可排除［D］。

37.【答案】［C］

【解析】细节辨识题。根据题干可直接定位到第4段。该段第1句指出最高法院的法官认为亚利桑那州警察将被允许核查涉嫌非法移民的人的合法身份。第2句解释了原因：国会一直希望联邦政府和各州联合执行移民法，并且明确鼓励各州官员与联邦同事分享信息并进行合作。由此可知各州是有权执行移民法的，故答案为［C］。第4段中并没有提到移民者的信息等相关内容，故可排除［A］；各州有权执行移民法并不表示他们从联邦移民法中独立出来，故可排除［B］；第2句提到了国会的希望，但并没有说它干预了移民法的执行，故可排除［D］。

38.【答案】［D］

【解析】细节辨识题。根据题干可直接定位到第5段。该段主要与3位支持亚利桑那州的法律条款的法官的态度有关。其中第2句中who引导的定语从句表明Antonin Scalia为州特权提供了更有力的辩护。现在分词短语going back to the Alien and Sedition Acts修饰state privileges，由此可知the Alien and Sedition Acts也是支持州特权的，［D］中的stood in favor of the states与原文中的more robust defense of state privileges对应，故为答案。其他三个选项通过现在分词短语going back to...所修饰的state privileges便可排除。

39.【答案】［A］

【解析】推理判断题。根据题干中The White House, claims及出题顺序定位到第6段。该段分析了奥巴马政府的努力被否决的原因，其中由第1句可知，奥巴马政府对联邦行政权力极度维护。第2句指出白宫认为亚利桑那州的移民法与它的执行优先权相冲突。第3句进一步指出，白宫声称它可以使任何其他它所反对的合法州法律作废。由此可推断，白宫认为它的执行权高于州的执行权，如果州违背了这一点，那么它就有权使其法律作废。［A］是根据原文作出的推断，故为答案。第6段第1句和第3句都表明联邦政府凌驾于州政府之上，