英语语言学模拟试题
英语语言学试题（8）
语言学试题
第一部分选择题
一、单项选择题(本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分)在每小题列出的四个选项中只有一个选项是符合题目要求的，请将正确选项前的字母填在题后的括号内。
1.The famous quotation from Shakespeare's play “Romeo and Juliet” …A rose by any other name would smell as sweet? well illustrates _______.()
A.the conventional nature of language
B.the creative nature of language
C.the universality of language
D.the big difference between human language and animal communication
2.Of the following sound combinations, only _______ is permissible according to the sequential rules in English.( )
A.kibl
B.bkil
C.ilkb
D.ilbk
3.The sentence that has a NP and a VP can be shown in a _______ formula "S→NP VP".()
A.hierarchical
B.linear
C.tree diagram
D.vertical
4.It is the _______ on Case assignment that states that a Case assignor and a Case recipient should stay adjacent to each other.( )
A.Case Condition
B.parameter
C.Adjacent Condition
D.Adjacent Parameter
5.Predication analysis is a way to analyze _______ meaning.
A.phoneme
B.word
C.phrase
D.sentence
6.According to Searle,those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action are called _______.( )
https://www.360docs.net/doc/166108993.html,misives
B.directives
C.expressives
D.declaratives
7.The term _______ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages.
A.synchronic
B.diachronic
https://www.360docs.net/doc/166108993.html,parative
D.historical comparative
8.The way in which people address each other depends on their age, sex, social group, and personal relationship. The English system of address forms frequently used includes first name, last name, title+last name, _______,and kin term.
A.title+first name
B.title+title
C.title alone
D.first name+last name+title
https://www.360docs.net/doc/166108993.html,nguage and thought may be viewed as two independent circles overlapping in some parts. When language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other, we may regard thought as "subvocal speech," and speech as "_______".( )
A.vocal thought
B.subvocal thought
C.covert thought
D.overt thought
10.Whcih of the following best states the behaviorist view of child language acquisition?_______.( )
https://www.360docs.net/doc/166108993.html,nguage acquisition is a process of habit formation
https://www.360docs.net/doc/166108993.html,nguage acquisition is the species-specific property of human beings
C.Children are born with an innate ability to acquire language
D.Humans are equipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use
第二部分非选择题
二、填空题(本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分。)
11.In the course of time, the study of language has come to establish close links with other branches of s________ studies, such as sociology and psychology.
12.Clear ［1］and dark［］are allophones of the same one phoneme /1/.They never take the same position in sound combinations, thus they are said to be in c________ distribution.
13.A r________ is often seen as part of a word, but it can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning.
14.A c________ sentence contains two or more clauses, one of which is incorporated in the other.
15.That the denial of one member of two words implies the assertion of the other is the characteristic of c________ antonyms.
16.While the meaning of a sentence is abstract and decontextualized, that of an u________ is concrete and context-dependent.
17.Phonological rules may move phonemes from one place in the string to another. For example, Modern English verb ask was Old English askian, with the /k/preceding the/s/.Sound change as a result of sound movement is known as m________.
18.In many societies of the world, we find a large number of people who speak more than one language. As a characteristic of societies, b________ inevitably results from the coming into contact of people with different cultures and different languages.
19.The brain's neurological specialization for language is called linguistic I ________, which is specific to human beings.
20.In order to acquire a second language, learners will subconsciously us e their first language knowledge in learning a second language. This is know as language t________.
三、判断说明题(本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分。)判断下列各题正误，正者在括号内写“T”，误者在括号内写“F”，并说明理由。
( )21.In the history of any language the writing system always came into being before the spoken form.
( )22.In English, long vowels are also tense vowels because when we pronounce a long vowel such as/i:/,the larynx is in a state of tension.
( )23.A compound is the combination of only two words.
( )24.“The student” in the sentence “The student liked the linguistic lecture.”,and “The linguistic lecture” in the sentence “The linguistic lecture liked the student.”belong to the same syntactic category. ( )25.Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations while linguistic forms with the same reference always have the same sense.
( )26.An important difference between presupposition and entailment is that presupposition, unlike entailment, is not vulnerable to negation. That is to say, if a sentence is negated, the original presupposition is still true.
( )27.The division of English into Old English, Middle English, and Modern English is nonconventional and not arbitrary.
( )https://www.360docs.net/doc/166108993.html,nguage reflects sexism in society. Language itself is not sexist, just as it is not obscene; but it can connote sexist attitudes as well as attitudes about social taboos or racism.
( )29.If a child is deprived of linguistic environment, he or she is unlikely to learn a language successfully later on.
( )30.When children learn to distinguish between the sounds of their language and the sounds that are not part of the language, they can acquire any sounds in their native language once their parents teach them.
四、名词解释题(本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分。)
31.cultural transmission (as a defining feature of human language)
32.phonic medium of language
33.voicing
34.inflectional morphemes
35.reference
36.locutionary act
37.protolanguage
38.ethnic dialect
39.registers
40.acculturation
五、论述题(本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分。)
41.Why do we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structure in analyzing the constituent relationship among linguistic elements? Support your statement with examples.
42.Describe the process of language perception, comprehension and production.
语言学试题参考答案
一、单项选择题(本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分)
1.A
2.A
3.B
4.C
5.D
6.A
7.B
8.C
9.D 10.A
二、填空题(本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分)
11.social https://www.360docs.net/doc/166108993.html,plementary
13.root https://www.360docs.net/doc/166108993.html,plex
https://www.360docs.net/doc/166108993.html,plementary 16.utterance
17.metathesis 18.bilingualism
https://www.360docs.net/doc/166108993.html,teralization 20.transfer
三、判断改错题(本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分)
21.F
The contrary is true. The writing system is always a later invention.
22.T
23.F
Some compounds contain more than two words.
24.T
25.F
It is false because linguistic forms with the same reference might differ in sense. A case in point is the two expressions "morning star" and " evening star." They refer to the same star but differ in sense.
26.T
27.F
The division of English into Old English, Middle English, and Modern English is conventional and somewhat arbitrary.
28.T
29.T
30.F
Children first acquire the sounds found in all languages of the world, no matter what language they are exposed to ,and in later stages acquire the " more difficult" sounds.
四、名词解释题(本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分)
31.One of the major defining features of human language.Humans are born with the ability to acquire
a language, but different from animals, the actual use of human language is not genetically transmitted, rather it is culturally transmitted, i.e.it has to be taught and learnt.
32.The limited range of sounds that are used in human language communication, i.e.the speech sounds.
33.Voicing is a phonetic feature of some sounds.It is caused by the vibration of the vocal cords.
34.Inflectional morphemes are morphemes that are used to indicate the grammatrcal relations and
categories,such as-ed,-(e)s,-est in English.
35.Reference is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world; it is a matter of the relationship between the form and the reality.For example ,if we say, "The dog is barking," we must be talking about a certain dog known to both the speaker and the hearer in the situation.The actual dog the word "dog" refers to in this particular situation is the reference of the word "dog".
36.Locutionary act refers to the act of uttering words, phrases, and clauses.It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology. For example, by saying "Y ou have left the door wide open",the locutionary act performed by the speaker is that he has uttered all the words and expressed what the words literally mean.
37.A protolanguage is the original form of a language family that has ceased to exist.The proto form can be reconstructed by identifying and comparing similar linguistic forms with similar meanings across related languages.
38.An ethnic dialect is a social dialect of a language,often cutting across regional differences. It is spoken mainly by a less privileged population that has experienced some form of social isolation, such as racial discrimination or segregation.
39.Registers are language varieties appropriate for use in particular speech situations,in contrast to language varieties that are associated with the social or regional grouping of their customary users. For this reason, registers are also known as situational dialects.
40.Acculturation refers to a process of adapting to the culture and value system of the second language community.
五、论述题(本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分)
41.In addition to revealing a linear order, a constituent structure tree has a hierarchical structure that groups words into structural constituents and shows the syntactic category of each structural constituent, and consequently is believed to most truthfully illustrate the constituent relationship among linguistic elements.
For example, the phrase " the old men and women" may have two interpretations, i.e.the adjective "old”may modify the noun "men", or the following two nouns "men and women".Linear order analysis cannot tell this difference, so it is ambiguous.Whereas,the constituent or tree diagrams analysis can make this difference clear.So,we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structure analysis.
NP NP
NP NP NP NP
The old men and the women the old men and the old women
42.From the perspective of psycholinguistic analysis,language use in terms of perception,comprehension and production follows a certain pattern which involves the coordination of various language centers.
When we speak,words are drawn from Wernicke's area and transferred to Broca's area, which determines the details of their form and pronunciation.The appropriate ins tructions are then sent to the motor area which controls the vocal tract to physically articulate the words.
When we hear something and try to comprehend it,t he stimulus from the auditory cortex is transmitted to Wernicke's area,where it is then interpreted.
When we perceive a visual image,a message is sent to the angular gyrus,where it is converted into a visual pattern.
1 One of the main features of our human language is arbitrariness .Can you briefly explain what is this feature refers to ? Give examples if necessary(10 points). <北师大2003年试题）
2 In english we can describe a story as "a successful story" or "a success story ".Do you think they mean the same ? Please explain and give your reasons(10 points) ,<同上》
3 Expain the following terms ,giv ing examples where necessary.(50 points) <中山2003》design feature macrolinguistics vowel minimal pair folk etymology aspect anopho r error analysisr metaphor
4 Language can change through blending ,metanalysis ,back-formation, analogical creation and borrowing.Give two english words for each of them (
5 points) 清华2000年试题
5 Answer the following question briefly.clearly,grammatically and correctly.(10 Points ) 湖南师大2003年
What is it wrong to assume that the meaning of a sentence is the sum of the meaning of the words which compose it ?
7 Define the following terms.(10 points) 中国海洋大学1999
Phoneme ,consonant,morpheme,lexicon,syntax,endocentric construction,semantics,hyponymy ,language ,design feature
8 Define the following terms .(20 points) 苏州大学1997
allophone morpheme assimilation internal authority interlanguage phatic communion
closed-class word government semantica triangic lingua franca
What is the main grammatical difference between a sentence and a clause ? 同上
6 Translate into chinese and exemplify each of the following.(10 points )
Example : dialectal synonyms
Answer , 方言同义词，Fall and autumn are dialectal synonyms .
homography homophony gradable opposites endocentric constuction exocentric construction
9 大连外国语学院1992年语言学全部试题100 POINTS
List the six important characteristics of human language .
What are the types of morphemes ?
Illustrate the deep and surface structures .
What do u know about the semantic features ?
How does language change ?
10 Words in our mental lexicon are known to be related to one another .Discuss the relationships between words ,using examples from the english language .(15 points ) 北
外2003年试题
11 What do you think are the similarities and dissimilarities between learning a first and a second language? ( 30 points) 同上
英语语言学试题及答案
英语语言学试题（1） I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%) 1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior, it is said to be ___. A、prescriptive B、sociolinguistic C、descriptive D、psycholinguistic 2、Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible. A、mouth B、lips C、tongue D、vocal cords 3、The morpheme "vision" in the common word "television" is a(n) ___. A、bound morpheme B、bound form C、inflectional morpheme D、free morpheme 4、A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause. A、coordinator B、particle C、preposition D、subordinator 5、"Can I borrow your bike?" _____ "You have a bike." A、is synonymous with B、is inconsistent with C、entails D、presupposes 6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___. A、semantics B、pragmatics C、sociolinguistics D、psycholinguistics 7、Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes, which are ___ or generalization. A、elaboration B、simplification C、external borrowing D、internal borrowing 8、___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication. A、Lingua franca B、Creole C、Pidgin D、Standard language 9、Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ___ . A、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrus B、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortex C、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neurons D、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area 10、According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations. A、learning B、competence C、performance D、acquisition II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%) 11、Chomsky defines "competence" as the ideal user's k_______ of the rules of his language. 12、The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b______ . 13、M_______ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. 14、A s______ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command. 15、Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances are called c______ synonyms. 16、The illocutionary point of r_____ is to commit the speaker to something's being the case, to the truth of what has been said. 17、Words are created outright to fit some purpose. Such a method of enlarging the vocabulary is known as word c______.
2016-英语语言学期末试题练习-+答案
英语语言学练习题 Ⅰ. Matching Match each of the following terms in Column A with one of the appropriate definitions in Column B. Column A 1.displacement https://www.360docs.net/doc/166108993.html,ngue 3.suprasegmental feature 4.deep structure 5.predication analysis 6.idiolect 7.pidgin 8.mistakes 9.interlanguage 10.motivation 11.arbitrariness https://www.360docs.net/doc/166108993.html,petence 13.broad transcription 14.morphology 15.category 16.errors https://www.360docs.net/doc/166108993.html,ponential analysis 18.context 19.blending 20.culture 21.learning strategies 22.selectional restrictions 23.phrase structure rules 24.culture diffusion Column B A.Learners’ independent system of the second language, which is of neither the native language nor the second language, but a continuum or approximation from his native language to the target language. 9 B.Learner’s attitudes and affective state or learning drive, having a strong impact on his efforts n learning a second language. 21 C.The rules that specify the constituents of syntactic categories. 23 D.Through communication, some elements of culture A enter culture B and become part of culture B. 24 E. A personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age variations. 6 F. A special language variety that mixes or blends languages and it is used by people who speak different languages for restricted purposes such as trading. 7 G.The kind of analysis which involves the breaking down of predications into their constituents- ---- arguments and predicates. 5 H.They refer to constraints on what lexical items can go with what others. 22 I.The structure formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’s subcategorization properties. 4 J.The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. 3 K.The study of the internal structure of words, and the rules that govern the rule of word formation. 14 L.The abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. 2 https://www.360docs.net/doc/166108993.html,nguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. It is one of the distinctive features of human language. 1 N.Learner’s conscious, goal-oriented and problem-solving based efforts to achieve learning efficiency. 10 O.The total way of life of a people, including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and language that characterizes the life of the human community. 20 P.The common knowledge shared by both the speaker and hearer. 18
2021复旦大学英语语言文学考研参考书真题经验
复旦大学 英语语言文学考研经验
从决定考研开始就一直查各种资料和各种考验心得，经常在high研看师哥师姐们的热血经历，也得到了很多师哥师姐们的帮助，在这里先谢谢大家了。 我准备考研比较早，元旦左右就开始了，因为大三课比较多，所以前期复习时间较短，速度有点慢，因此，如果大家已经有目标，建议越早开始越好The early bird catches the worm! 政治： 暑假开始复习政治，一直到最后都是跟着肖秀荣老师的书在走，1000题很重要，可以抓很多细节性的知识，建议不要在书上直接写，方便后期反复利用。暑假期间可以先看去年大纲，大概有个印象，最后冲刺时四八套题一定要好好背，今年肖老师大题基本都中了。政治最好每天都分配一定的时间，这一科记得快忘的也快。 考研政治每门课都是一个庞大的体系，有着大量的内容。因此需要建构每门课的大体系框架，通过一个框架把整门课连接起来，背李凡政治新时器就够了。以中国近现代史纲要为例，以时间顺序可以把中国近现代史纲要分为两部分，即以1949年10月为分界限的中国近代史和中国现代史。 中国近代史又可分为两部分，即以“五四运动”为界限的旧民主主义运动和新民主主义运动两部分。在这两个阶段有一条非常明显的主线：列强对中国的侵略和中华民族各个阶层为了中国的独立所做出的努力。 根据这条主线旧民主主义运动又可以分为几个部分，即地主阶级、资产阶级维新派、资产阶级革命派、农民阶级做出的尝试，分别是“洋务运动”“戊戌变法”“辛亥革命”“太平天国运动”和“义和团运动”。“五四运动”后的新民主主义运动也可根据主线分为几个阶段，即第一次国内革命战争时期，国共十年对峙时期，抗日战争时期，解放战争时期。 中国现代史就是新中国的建设史，可以根据这条主线分为几个阶段，即1949~1956年的过渡时期，1956~1966年的社会主义建设时期，1966~1976年的“十年文革”时期，1976以后的社会主义建设新时期。 二外法语： 本科学校教材是新大学法语，我复习用过的资料有：考研必备，二外法语考研综合（肖红），和圣才出版的名校历年二外真题，不过这些书提供的答案有些
英语专业英语语言学期末复习总结.docx
英语语言学 一、名词解释 第一课 l.Synchronic 共时性：Said of an approach that studies language at a theoretical “poinL in timeA A kind of description which takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, the present), as its point of observation. Most grammars are of this kind? 2>Langue 语言：The abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community? 3>Language: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbol used for human communication. ^Arbitrariness 任意性：One design feature of human language, which refers to the face that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. 第二课 1.Phoneme 音位：Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning? The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit that is of distinctive value. 2
英语语言学试题库
英语语言学 Ⅰ.Directions：Read each of the following statements carefully，Decide which of the four choices completes the statement and put the letter A,B,C or D in the brackets. 1.There are ( )main areas of phonetic study. A.2 B.3 C.4 D.5 ANSWER:B 2.The term( )linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages. A.synchronic B.diachronic https://www.360docs.net/doc/166108993.html,parative D.historical comparative ANSWER:B 3.Foreign language learning always contain ( ) A language historical process learning B.input and language learning C inter language in language learning D.grammar and language learning ANSWER:BCD 4.The way in which people address each other depends on their age, sex, social group, and personal relationship. The English system of address forms frequently used includes first name, last name, title+ last name, ( )and kin term. A title+ first name B title+ title
英语专业考研 语言学复习题附答案
英语专业考研语言学复习题附答案 Chapter I Introduction I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: 1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 2.Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general. 3. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks. 4. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and checked against the observed facts. 5. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole. 6. General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other areas, studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study. 7. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication. 8. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaningful sentences. 9. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is called morphology. 10. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only studies the morphemes, but also the combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences. 11. The study of meaning in language is known as semantics. 12. Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings. 13. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies meaning not in isolation, but in context. 14. Social changes can often bring about language changes. 15. Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society. 16. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive. 17. Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar. 18. A diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point in time. 19 Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the written language. 20. The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by F. de Saussure. II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given: 21. Ch omsky defines “ competence” as the ideal user’s k__________ of the rules of his language. https://www.360docs.net/doc/166108993.html,ngue refers to the a__________ linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules. 23.D_________ is one of the design features of human language which refers to the phenomenon that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless
英语语言学期末考试试卷及答案
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英语语言学试题（2） 一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序号填在题干的括号内。每小题2分，共20分) 1. The pair of words “lend”and “borrow” are ___. A. gradable opposites B. relational opposites C. co-hyponyms D. synonyms 2. The discovery of Indo-European language family began with the work of the British scholar____ . A. Jacob Grimm B. Rasmus Rask C. Franz Bopp D. Sir William Jones 3. A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as ___. A. unusual B. something to be feared C. abnormal D. natural 4. ___produce fast and fluent speech with good intonation and pronunciation but the content of their speech ranges from mildly inappropriate to complete nonsense, often as unintelligible. A. Broca's aphasic B. The linguistic deprivation C. The damage on the angular gyrus D. Wernicke's aphasic 5. Some Southern learners of English in China tend to say “night” as “light”. This shows:___ A. They cannot pronounce/n/ B. Interlangue interference because there is not the sound /n/in their mother tongue C. The teachers do not have a good teaching method D. They do not like to pronounce nasal sounds 6. A word with several meanings is called __word. A. a polysemous B. a synonymous C. an abnormal D. a multiple 7. The function of the sentence “A nice day, isn't it?” is __. A. informative B. phatic C. directive D. performative 8. The most recognizable differences between American English and British English are in __ and vocabulary. A. usage B. grammar C. pronunciation D. structure 9.__deals with the way in which a language varies through geographical space. A. Linguistic geography B. Lexicology C. Lexicography D. Sociolinguistics 10.The semantic c omponents of the word “gentleman” can be expressed as __. A. +animate, +male, +human,-adult B. +animate, +male, +human, +adult C. +animate, -male, +human,-adult D. +animate,-male,+ human, +adult 二、填空题(每空1分，共10分) 11. A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of w________ to form a complete statement, q ________or command. 12. In sociolinguistic studies, speakers are treated as members of s____ g________. 13. Utterance is based on ________ ________ ;it is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context. 14. To many people, a linguist is the same as a ________, one who can speak several languages fluently. 15. Consonant sounds can be either v ________or v____, while all vowel sounds are v________. 三、判断说明题(判断下列各小题，正确的在题后括号内写“T”，错的写“F”，并说明理由。每小题2分，共20分) 16. All words may be said to contain a root morpheme.( ) 17. Tense and reference are two terms often encountered in the study of meaning.( ) 18. Linguistics is the course of language.( ) 19. The part of a sentence which comprises an infinite verb or a verb phrase is grammatically called
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I. Fill in the blanks. 1. The features that define our human languages can be call ed ______ features. (北二外2006研) 2. Linguistics is usually defined as the ______study of language. (北二外2003研) 3. Language, broadly speaking, is a means of______ communication. 4. In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usually ter med______ 5. Linguistics is the scientific study of______. 6. Modern linguistic is______ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe. 7. One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of ______ over writing. 8. The branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns of a language is called ______. (北二外2003研) 9. The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words is called______ . (北二外2004研) 10. ______mainly studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. (北二外2005研) 11. Semantics and ______investigate different aspects of linguistic meaning. (北二外2007研) 12. In linguistics, ______ refers to the study of the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a language, or simply, the study of the formation as sentence. (中山大学2008研) 13. ______can be defined as the study of language in use. Sociolinguistics, on the other hand, attempts to show the relationship between language and society. 14. The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of sentence is called _______. (北二外2008研) 15. Saussure distinguished the linguistic competence of the speaker and the actual ph enomena or data of linguistics (utterances) as and . The former refers to the abstract linguistic linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and the latter is the concrete manifestation of language either through speech or through writing. (人大2006研) 16. The description of a language as it changes through time is a ______ study. 17. Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure’s langue and Chomsky’s______. 18. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is ______ and parole. The former is the French word for “language”,which is the abstract knowledge necessary for s peaking，listening， writing and reading. The latter is concerned about the actual use of language by peop le in speech or writing. Parole is more variable and may change according to contextu al factors. 19. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is and performance. (人大2006研) 20. Chomsky initiated the distinction between ______ and performances. (北二外2007研) II. Multiple Choice 1.Which of the following is NOT a frequently discussed design feature? (大连外国语学院 2008研) A. Arbitrariness B. Convention C. Duality of the following words is entirely arbitrary? (西安交大2008研) A. tree B. crash C. typewriter D. bang