南昌大学2013-2014学年第一学期研究生英语试卷
南昌大学2013-2014学年第一学期研究生英语试卷
Final Test for Postgraduate Students of Grade 2013
Part I. Vocabulary ( 20%)
a.Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined one.
1.During the past decades, the international community, usually under the auspices
of the United Nations, has struggled to negotiate global standards that can help us achieve many essential goals.
A.With the advance of
B.with the addition of
C.with the view of
D.with the help of
2.The mortality rate of children under five years old is an important indication of the
situation of children in a country.
A.growth
B.birth
C.death
D.injury
3. The utilities contend that this reduced capacity will result in curtailed service and higher prices some years down the road.
A. by the way
B.along the street
C.in the past
D.in the future
4. Stability at that level angurs well for the market, analysts say, while a plunge through it could spark renewed selling of stocks.
A. fall
B.hurdle
C.leap
D.lead
5. Most successful companies all over the world have well-established and identifiable lines of organization.
A. complicated
B.confusing
C.recognizable
D.formidable
6. Milk chocolates have a less pronounced taste of chocolate and they are sweeter than dark chocolate and have a lighter color.
A.distinct
B.spoken
C.articulated
D.uttered
7. Prepare yourself for immersion into a diverse learning environment in which you’ll be asked to challenge your pre-conceived notions about your own identity and abilities.
A.rinsing
B.drying
C.shrinking
D.involvement
8. With the convenient online shopping services, customers can design and order apparel directly from the virtual shops.
A.appliances
B.merchandise
C.utilities
D.clothes
9. Meanwhile, a poll of Wall Street strategists found that not a single pundit was predicting that American shares would fall this year.
A.broker
B.authority
C.shareholder
D.scholarship
10.The computer will play the pivotal role either in the basic medicine teaching or in the experimental teaching.
A.important
B.crucial
C.necessary
D.irreplaceable
b.Cloze
Choose an appropriate word from the box to fill in each of the following blanks. Change the form where necessary. You may not use any of the words in the box more than once.
query aerial cognition
expression attest robotics meld cover vital arise guideline deploy recapitulate endow collection In the journal Science, Professor Sharkey calls for ethical guidelines to (1)_______ all aspects of robotic technology, not just in the home and workplace, but also on the battelfield, where lethal robots such as the missile-armed Predator drones used in Iraq and Afghanistan are already (2) _______ with lethal effect. The US Future Combat Systems project aims to use robots as “force multipliers”, with a single soldier initiating large-scale ground and (3)_______ attacks by a robot droid army. “Robots for care and for war represent just two of many ethically problematic areas that will soon (4)________ from the rapid increase and spreading diversity of robotics applications, ” Professor Sharkey said, “Scientists and engineers working in robotics must be mindful of the potential dangers of their work, and public and international discussion is (5)_____ in order to set policy guidelines for ethical and safe application beford the guidelines set themselves.”
The call for controls over robots goes back to the 1940s when the science-fiction author Isaac Asimov drew up his famous three laws of (6)_______. The first rule stated that robots must not harm people; the second that they must obey the commands of people provided they does not conflict with the first law; and the third law was that robots must attempt to avoid harming themselves provided this was not in conflict with the two other laws.
Asimov wrote a (7)______ of science fiction sories called I, Robot which exploited the issue of machines and morality. He wanted to counter the long history of fictional accounts of dangerous automatons --- from the Jewish Golem to Mary Shelly’s Frankenstein --- and used his three laws as a literary device to exploit the ethical issues arising from the human interaction with non-human, intelligent beings. But late 20th –century prdictions about the rise of machines (8) ______ with superior artificial intelligence have not been realized, although robot scientists have given their mechanical proteges (门客) quasi-intelligent (准智能的) traits such as simple speech recognition, emotional (9) ________ and face recognition.
Professor Starkey believe that even dumb robots need to be controlled. “I’m not suggesting like Asimov to put ethical rules into robots, but to just to have (10)______ on how robots are used, ” he said. “Current robots are not bright enough even to be called stupid. If I even thought they would be superior in intelligence, I would not have these concerns. They are dumb machines not much brighter thatn the average washing machine, and that’s the problem.”
Part II: Reading comprehension ( 20%)
In this part, you will read four passages. You are required to choose the best answer to each question according to the passage and then mark your answer on the Answer Sheet by blacking the letter in the brackets.
Passage One
Archaeology（考古学） is a source of history, not just a humble auxiliary discipline. Archaeological data are historical documents in their own right, not mere
illustrations to written texts. Just as much as any other historian, an archaeologist studies and tries to reconstitute the process that has created the human world in which we live—and us ourselves in so far as we are each creatures of our age and social environment. Archaeological data are all changed in the material world resulting from human action or ,more succinctly, the fossilized results of human behavior. The sum total of these constitute what may be called the archaeological record. This record exhibits peculiarities and deficiencies the consequences of which produce a rather superficial contract between archaeological history and the more familiar kind based upon written records.
Not all human behavior fossilizes. The words I utter and you hear as vibrations in the air are certainly human changes in the material world and may be of great historical significance. Yet they leave no sort of trace in the archaeological records unless they are captured by a Dictaphone or written down by a clerk. The movement of troops on the battlefield may “change the course of history,” but this is equally ephemeral from the archaeologist’s standpoint. What is perhaps worse, most organic material are perishable . Everything made of wood, hide, wool, linen, grass, hair, and similar materials will decay and vanish in dust in a few years or centuries, save under very exceptional conditions. In a relatively brief period the archaeological record is reduced to more scraps of stone, bone, glass, metal, and earthenware. Still modern archaeology, by applying appropriate techniques and comparative methods, aided by a few lucky finds from peat bogs deserts, and frozen soil is able to fill up a good deal of the gap.
1.What is the author’s main purpose in the passage?
A．To point out the importance of recent advances in archaeology.
B．To describe an archaeologist’s education.
C．To explain how archaeology is a source of history.
D．To encourage more people to become archaeologists.
2. The word “succinctly” in line 6 is closest in meaning to___
A． concisely. B．briefly. C． clearly. D． appropriately.
3. According to the passage, the archaeological record consists of ____
A．spoken words of great historical significance.
B．the fossilized results if human activity.
C． organic materials
D． ephemeralideas.
4. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an example of an organic material?
A． stone. B．wool. C．grass. D． hair.
5. The paragraph following the passage most probably discusses_____
A．techniques for recording oral histories.
B．certain battlefield excavation methods.
C．some specific archaeological discoveries.
D．building materials of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
Passage Two
The modern age is age of electricity. People are so used to electric lights, radio, televisions, and telephones that it is hard to imagine what life would be like without them. When there is a power failure, people grope about in flickering candlelight, cars hesitate in the streets because there are no traffic light to guide them, and food spoils in silent refrigerators.
Yet, people began to understand how electricity works only a little more than two centuries ago, Nature has apparently been experimenting in this field for millions of years. Scientists are discovering more and more that the living world may hold many interesting secrets of electricity that could benefit humanity.
All living cells send out tiny pulses of electricity. As the heart beats, it sends out pulses of recorded, they form an electroencephalogram , which a doctor can study to determine how well the heart is working. The brain, too, sends out brain waves of electricity, which can be recorded in an electroencephalogram. The electric currents generated by most living cells are extremely small-often so mall that sensitive instruments are needed to record them. But in some animals, certain muscle cells have become so specialized as electrical generators that they do not work as muscle cells at all. When large numbers of these cells are linked together, the effects can be astonishing.
The electric eel is an amazing storage battery. It can send a jolt of as much as eight hundred volts of electricity through the water in which it lives (An electric house current is only one hundred twenty volts). As many as four-fifth of all the cells in the electric eel’s body are specialized for generating electricity, and the strength of the shock it can deliver corresponds roughly to the length of its body.
1.What is the main idea of the passage?
A.Electric eels are potentially dangerous.
B.Biology and electricity appear to be closely related.
C.People would be at a loss without electricity.
D.Scientists still have much to discover about electricity.
2.The phrase “grope about” inline 3 could best be replaced by______.
A. feel about
B. move about
C. flicker
D. run away
3. The author mentions all of the following as results of a blackout EXCEPT_____.
A. refrigerated food items may go bad.
B. traffic light do not work.
C. people must rely on candlelight.
D. elevators and escalators do not function.
4. Why does the author mention electric eels?
A. To warn the reader to stay away from them.
B. To compare their voltage to that used in houses.
C. To give an example of a living electrical generator.
D. To describe a new source of electrical power.
5. It can be inferred from the passage that the longer an eel is the ______.
A. more beneficial it will be to science
B. more powerful will be its electrical charge
C. easier it will be to fid
D. tougher it will be to eat
Passage Three
The difference between a liquid and a gas is obvious under the conditions of temperature and pressure commonly found at the surface of the Earth. A liquid can be kept in an open container and fills it to the level of a free surface. A gas forms no free surface but tends to diffuse throughout the space available, it must therefore be kept in a closed container or held by a gravitational field, as in the case of a planet’s atmosphere. The distinction was a prominent feature of early theories describing the phase of matter. In the nineteenth century , for example，one theory maintained that a liquid could be “dissolved” in a vapor without losing its identity, and another theory held that the two phases are made up of different kids of molecules: liquidond and gasons. The theories now prevailing take a quite different approach by emphasizing what liquids and gases have in common. They are both forms of matter that have no permanent structure and they both flow readily. They are fluids.
The fundamental similarity of liquids and gases becomes clearly apparent when the temperature and pressure are raised somewhat. Suppose a closed container partially filled with a liquid is heated .The liquid expands, or in other words becomes less dense as the evaporated molecules are added to it. The combination of temperature and pressure at which the densities become equal is called the critical point. Above the critical point the liquid and the gas can no longer be distinguished; there is single, undifferentiated fluid phase of uniform density.
1. According to the passage ,the difference between a liquid and a gas under normal conditions on Earth is that the liquid______.
A. is affected by changes in pressure
B. has a permanent structure
C. forms a free surface
D. is considerably more common
2. It can be inferred from the passage that the gases of the Earth’s atmosphere are contained by_________.
A. a closed surface
B. the gravity of the planet
C. the field of space
D. its critical point
3. According to the passage, in the nineteenth century some scientists viewed liquidons and gasons as ________.
A. fluids
B. dissolving particles
C. heavy molecules
D. different types of molecules
4. According to the passage , what happened when the temperature is increased in a closed container holding a liquid?
a. the liquid and gas phases become more similar.
b. the liquid and the gas become less dense.
c. the container expands.
d. the liquid evaporates out of the container.
5. According to the passage, which of the following is the best definition of the critical point?
a. when the temperature and the pressure are raised
b. when the densities of the two phases are equal.
c. when the pressure and the temperature are combine
d.
d. when the container explodes.
Passage Four
You are in a supermarket deciding what you want to buy. The tomatoes and corn look especially delicious, but wait! Do you stop and wonder if these vegetables are genetically modified? Wouldn’t you want to know before you b ought them? Should they be labeled so that you have the right to choose? What are genetically modified foods? Genes are the blueprints. Scientists can transfer the desirable genes of one organism to another., altering its genetic make-up. Scientists now are routinely using genes from bacteria, viruses, insects, fish, and animals to modify food crops.
Supporters of genetically modified foods want crops that are resistant to herbicides (除草劑) plant killing chemicals that farmers use to kill unwanted weeds and plants. Supporters also say that these new genetically altered crops, such as corn, potatoes, soy beans are more resistant to certain bacteria, viruses and insects. Other claim that in the future, scientists will develop foods that are more nutritious and able to prevent disease.
Opponents of genetically modified foods are worried the dangers and they list many. They claim that we don’t know what the long-term effects of producing genetically modified foods will be. And once changes are made in the genetic structure of organisms, they cannot be reversed.
At the very least, opponents of genetically modified foods wants producers and retailers to clearly mark products that contain genetically modified ingredients. Will all the technology result in better crops and healthier food ? Or is there a risk to humans and environment that should not be ignored?
Questions：
1.What is the passage meanly talking about?
2.Scientists can transfer the desirable genes of one organism to another________.
3.What do the scientists use to modify food crops?
4.Why do some people support genetic modified foods?
5.What are the producers and retailers urged to do by the opponents?
Part III Translation ( 20%)
a.Translate the following paragraph into English.
巴斯德通过大量科学实验证明，如果生奶加工时温度超过85℃，则其中的营养物质和生物活性物质会被大量破坏，但如果低于85℃时，则其营养物质和生活活性物质被保留，并且有害菌大部分被杀灭，有些有益菌却被存留。所以，将低于85℃的消毒法称作巴氏消毒法，可以说，这是新鲜牛奶最科学、最好的加工工艺。采用巴氏灭菌法生产的鲜奶，其营养价值与新鲜原奶基本相同。但经巴氏消毒后，仍保留了小部分无害或有益、较耐热的细菌，因此巴氏消毒牛奶要在4℃左右的温度下保存，且只能保存3-10天。
b.Translate the following paragraph into Chinese.
Friends you can count on
You spend your time tweeting, friending, liking, poking, and in the few minutes left, cultivating friends in the flesh. Yet sadly, despite all your efforts, you probably have fewer friends than most of your friends have. But don’t despair — the same is true for almost all of us. Our friends are typically more popular than we are.Studies of offline social networks show the same trend. It has nothing to do with personalities; it follows from basic arithmetic. This phenomenon has been called the friendship paradox. Understanding that pattern will help you feel better about some of life’s little annoyances.
Part IV. Writing ( 20%)
In this part, you are going to write a descriptive composition of not less than 200 words.
The tabel below gives information about change in modes of travel in England between 2000 and 2012. Describe the information and make comparisons where relevant.
Average distance in miles travelled per person per year, by mode of travel
南昌大学研究生学籍管理实施细则
南昌大学研究生学籍管理实施细则
南昌大学研究生学籍管理实施细则 昌大校发［2005］130号 (2005年11月8日校长办公会审议通过) 第一章总则 第一条为全面贯彻执行党和国家的教育方针，维护我校研究生正常的教育教学 秩序，规范研究生学籍管理活动，依据《中 华人民共和国教育法》、《中华人民共和 国高等教育法》、教育部《普通高等学校 学生管理规定》和《南昌大学学生管理暂 行规定》，结合我校的具体情况，制定本 细则。 第二条本细则适用于具有南昌大学入学资格或学籍的全日制博士、硕士研究生。 第二章入学与注册 第三条按国家招生规定录取的新生，持录取通知书（入学前为在职人员的研究生还应有工资关系迁移证，委托培养和定向培养研究生不需迁移户口和工资关系），按学校要求在规定的期限到校办理入学手续。因故不能按期入学者，应当向学校请
假，请假时间不超过两周。未请假或者请假逾期者，除不可抗力等正当事由以外，视为放弃入学资格。 第四条新生入学后，学校在三个月内按照国家招生规定对其进行复查。复查合格者予以注册，取得学籍。复查不合格者，由学校区别情况，予以处理，直至取消入学资格。 凡属弄虚作假、徇私舞弊取得学籍者，一经查实，学校取消其学籍。触犯法律的，移送有关主管部门或司法机关处理。 第五条对患有疾病的新生，经学校指定的二级甲等以上医院诊断不宜在校学习的，或由于其他原因不宜在校正常学习的，可以保留入学资格一年。保留入学资格的新生应当在两周内办理离校手续，回家疗养或回原单位治疗，户口迁回原籍，无故不办理离校手续者，取消其保留的入学资格。保留入学资格者不具有学籍，不享受在校学生待遇。在保留入学资格期内经治疗康复，并经学校指定的二级甲等以上医院复查合格后，在下一届研究生入学时持有关证明，向学校申请入学，重新办理入学手续。复查不合格或者逾期未办理入学手续者，取消入学资格。
全国在职研究生考试英语二卷
二卷模拟答案 Section A Directions:Translate the following passage into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET. Discoveries in science and technology are thought by many to come in blinding flashes or as the result of dramatic accidents: Sir Isaac Newton noticed the falling apple in his garden and came forth with the gravitation law. This notion is obviously not true. Sir Alexander Fleming did not, as legend would have it, look at the mold on a piece of cheese and get the idea for penicillin there and then. In fact, he had experimented with antibacterial substances for nine years before he made his discovery. Inventions and innovations almost always come out of laborious trial and error. Innovation, as well as inventions, is like soccer; even the best players miss the goal and have their shots blocked much more frequently than they score. Section B Directions:Translate the following passage into English. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET. 自然界开始了一次新的实验。人类不再只是能适应某一特定的环境，而是获得了能适应 任何环境的能力。他们分散到世界各地，在迁移中不断变化，直到成为在地球上分布最广的 物种。人类在身体和文化方面都适应于他们迁入的新环境。居住在赤道附近的人为了在强烈 日光下保护自己，渐渐地有了黑色皮肤。迁移到寒冷地带的人为了利用阳光合成维生素D， 渐渐地有了较为白皙的皮肤。住在寒冷而干燥地区的人们长得矮胖，以便保存热量；住在干 燥而炎热地区的人们长得高瘦，以便使热量容易散发。 答案： Section A 很多人认为科技发现是灵光一闪，或戏剧化事件的产物：艾萨克·牛顿爵士在花园中注意到了苹果落地，从而发现了万有引力定律。很显然，这一观点并不正确。弗莱明爵士并不如传闻所言那样，看到一片奶酪上的霉菌，在当时当地就想到（发明）了抗生素盘尼西林。事实上，他做了九年之久的抗细菌物质的实验，终于才有了他的发现。发现和革新总是来自于勤勉的“试误”实验。革新和发明就像是足球赛，即使是最好的选手也会射不进球，他们射门受阻的次数远远大于射门得分的次数。 Section B Nature began a new experiment. Instead of adapting to a specific environment, man has the capacity to adapt himself to any specific environment. They spread throughout the globe, changing as they moved, until they became the most widely distributed species on the earth. Man adapted physically as well as culturally to the new surroundings into which he moved. People who lived near equator developed dark skin to protect themselves from strong sunlight; people who moved to colder climates developed light skin to take advantage of the sunlight for the synthesis of vitamin D; people in cold dry climates became stocky to conserve heat. People in hot dry climates tended to become tall and thin to dissipate heat.
南昌大学研究生英语复试口语话题
南昌大学研究生英语复试口语话题 1. 谷歌事件:In my opinion, it is necessary to regulate the Internet according to law. Google is useful. I often used it to study. for its exit, I'm sorry. Teacher, this is some of my ideas. 2. 世博会: This is an exciting thing. It is an important and a long history of event. It will display cultural and scientific achievements and so on. I am proud of our country to hold such an event. Teacher, this is some of my ideas. 3. 当前中国教育制度: China's education system is examination-oriented education. Therefore, the scores become very important and leading students to rigid. I hope that our country can improve this aspect .Teacher, this is some of my ideas. 4. 犀利哥现象: He was just a poor man. If it is not because of the media reports, he may have been begging. Poor man like him, there are many needs to be concerned. I hope that our country can improve this aspect. Teacher, this is some of my ideas. 5. 男女平等: This is a difficult topic for us. But, I think that women want to be equal. it is not enough that Just a man to respect a woman. Women should be independent. Teacher, this is some of my ideas. 6. 留学: If they go abroad in order to knowledge, I support it. And I hope that they will be able to serve China. If it is for fame, I feel that there is no need to go abroad. Teacher, this is some of my ideas. 7. 出国: This is a difficult topic for me. But, I think that everyone has their own ideas. If he wants to go abroad, we do not have the right to oppose. He can do what they want to do. Teacher, this is some of my ideas. 8. 减肥: We all love beautiful, especially the women like to lose weight. it is good that as long as they do not affect health . Weight loss is not wrong, but there should be an good means. Teacher, this is some of my ideas. 9. 关于广告: There are a lot of false advertising. And these ads are vulgar. I do not understand that TV still play them every day. I hope that our country can improve this aspect .Teacher, this is some of my ideas. 10. 上网: Network is a tool. It is good or bad, the key lies in how we use it. Network is useful, if it is used to learn .But many people indulge online games and neglect their studies. I hope that our country can improve this aspect .Teacher, this is some of my ideas. 11. 人生目标:My ideal is that I can become a Doctor. I hope I can serve the community and realize self-value. In addition, I wish I could have a happy family. Everyone is healthy. Teacher, this is some of my ideas. 12. 电视节目: So far, I have a long time did not watch TV. Because I do not like those programs .Many TV programs are boring .And there are too many vulgar advertisement on TV. Teacher, this is some of my ideas. 13. 朋友: For us, friends are very important. There may be some misunderstanding between friends, so we need to understand each other. I think it is not important that how many friends you have. but that how many good friends you have. Teacher, this is some of my ideas. 14. 体育: I know that sports is very good, but I still do not like it. My friends like play basketball. Sometimes I play badminton. Teacher, this is some of my ideas. 15. 生态问题: I have heard the news that the southern drought is very serious. This is the consequence of destroying the ecological environment. "Earth Hour" is just a show. I hope that there is a practical action .I hope that our country can improve this aspect.
在职硕士英语试题及答案
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