外文翻译_asp_net概述
毕业设计(论文)外文
资料翻译
题目: https://www.360docs.net/doc/1e11866568.html, 概述
院系名称：信息科学与工程学院
专业班级：计算机科学与技术05级6班
学生姓名：学号：
指导教师：教师职称：
起止时间：地点
附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
指导教师评语：外文资料的选择与毕业设计内容密切相关，文章具
有一定的难度，但译文能够较好的表达出原文的思想。专业术语运用比较
准确，语句通顺，文字数量符合要求。不足之处在于个别语句的翻译缺乏
润色，有些牵强。总之，译文符合要求，反映出学生具有较好的专业外文
阅读和翻译能力。
签名：2009年3 月2 日
https://www.360docs.net/doc/1e11866568.html,概述
当ASP第一次发布时，Web编程还比较困难，因为需要IIS来处理ASP页。后来，https://www.360docs.net/doc/1e11866568.html,2.0和Visual Studio?2005通过引入网站开发模型使一切工作都变得容易了。借助该网站模型，您不必在Visual Studio 中创建新项目，而是可以指向一个目录并开始编写网页和代码。此外，您还可以使用内置的https://www.360docs.net/doc/1e11866568.html, Development Server快速测试站点，https://www.360docs.net/doc/1e11866568.html, Development Server将https://www.360docs.net/doc/1e11866568.html,寄宿在一个本地进程中，并消除了必须安装IIS才能进行开发这一先决条件。下面从不同的方面来介绍https://www.360docs.net/doc/1e11866568.html,2.0技术。
https://www.360docs.net/doc/1e11866568.html,类库
https://www.360docs.net/doc/1e11866568.html,是微软.NET framework整体的一部分,它包含一组大量编程用的类，满足各种编程需要。因为Visual Basic、JScript和C++这些编程语言的很多功能具有重叠性。举例来说，对于每一种语言，你必须包括存取文件系统、与数据库协同工作和操作字符串的方法。此外，这些语言包含相似的编程构造。都能够使用循环语句和条件语句。即使用Visual Basic写的条件语句的语法和用C++的不一样,程序的功能也是相同的。对于多种语言来说维持这一功能需要很大的工作量。那么对所有的语言创建这种功能一次，然后把这个功能用在每一种语言中岂不是更容易。然而.NET类库不完全是那样。它含有大量的满足编程需要的类。举例来说，.NET类库不仅包含处理数据库访问的类和文件协同工作，操作文本和生成图像，而且还包含更多特殊的类用在正则表达式和处理Web协议。此外.NET framework，也包含支持所有的基本变量数据类型的类，比如：字符串、整型、字节型、字符型和数组。
.NET framework是庞大的。它包含数以千计的类。(超过3,400)幸运地是，类不是简单的堆在一起。.NET framework的类被组织成有层次结构的命名空间。
一个命名空间包含一组逻辑的类。举例来说，涉及到与文件系统协同工作的类就集合在System.IO命名空间中。命名空间被组织成一个层次结构(一棵逻辑树)。树根就是SYSTEM命名空间。这个命名空间包含基本的数据类型的所有的类,例如：字符串、数组，还包含提供随机数字和日期的类。
你通过完整的类的命名空间能唯一识别任何的类在.NET framework中的位置。例如,指定找到一个the File class类，按如下操作:
System.IO.文件
System.IO指命名空间，而文件指定特定的类。
在默认情况下，在你的https://www.360docs.net/doc/1e11866568.html,页面中，类被包含在一个选定的命名空间中这些默认的命名空间使你在https://www.360docs.net/doc/1e11866568.html,中最常用到的。
.Net支持C#,https://www.360docs.net/doc/1e11866568.html,,C++和Visual Basic中的任一种语言作为你的编程语言来完成https://www.360docs.net/doc/1e11866568.html,程序编写。但不管你使用什么语言开发https://www.360docs.net/doc/1e11866568.html, 页面，你需要明白https://www.360docs.net/doc/1e11866568.html,在执行前必须编译，这就意味着https://www.360docs.net/doc/1e11866568.html,执行速度非常快。第一次请求https://www.360docs.net/doc/1e11866568.html,页面,页面被编译成一个.NET类,这个类文件被保存在一个特殊的目录下，这个目录的名字叫Temporary https://www.360docs.net/doc/1e11866568.html, Files。对于一个https://www.360docs.net/doc/1e11866568.html,页面一个通信类文件也会出现在Temporary https://www.360docs.net/doc/1e11866568.html, Files目录下。以后不管任何时候你请求那个同样的https://www.360docs.net/doc/1e11866568.html,页面，那个通信类文件就会执行。当https://www.360docs.net/doc/1e11866568.html,页面被编译的时候，它没被直接地被编译成机器码而是被编译成了一个中间语言，名字叫MSIL，所有.NET可用的语言都被编译成这种中间语言。一个https://www.360docs.net/doc/1e11866568.html, 页面不会被编译成本地机器码直到它被一个浏览器访问，在那个时间点包含在Temporary https://www.360docs.net/doc/1e11866568.html, Files目录下的类文件用JIT编译器编译并且执行。这些迷惑的方面体现在整个过程中且都在后台运行，你必须要做的是用资源代码为你的https://www.360docs.net/doc/1e11866568.html,页面创建一个文本文件。
2.用Web服务器控件创建窗体
用几个基本Web控件来代替标准的HTML窗体元素，例如radiobuttons、textboxes, and listboxes.在Web应用程序中可以用这些控件创建用户界面。
3.用验证控件做页面验证
传统地，当增加验证到页面中时，会面临一个严峻的选择。你可以添加窗体页面验证规则到你的服务器端代码，也可以添加验证规则到你的客户端代码。
写验证代码到客户端代码中的优势能够及时反馈到你的用户。例如，一个使用者
忽略输入一个要求检验的字段，你能够及时的显示一个错误信息而不需要返回到服务器端解决。人们喜欢客户端的验证。它能产生一种很好的效果。然而，问题是它不与所有的浏览器兼容。不是所有的浏览器支持JavaScript、不同版本的浏览器的不同版本支持JavaScript，所以客户端验证没有保障。由于这个原因，许多开发者决定添加自定义验证到服务器端。因为服务器端代码能够和任何浏览器协同工作。这样的做法是更有安全保障。同时这些验证控件会自动地产生客户端代码和服务器端代码。如果一个浏览器有能力支持JavaScript，客户端的验证脚本将会自动返回到浏览器。如果一个浏览器不支持JavaScript，那个验证规则会自动在服务器端代码中执行。
控制字段:RequiredFieldValidator控件
你可以用这个控件来检查在一个Web窗体中是否为空，典型地，你和TextBox控件一起使用这个控件。然而，这个控件也可以和其他的输入型控件结合使用，例如：RadioButtonList控件。
验证表达式:RegularExpressionValidator控件
你能使用RegularExpressionValidator控件来验证输入的值是否和定义的正则表达式相匹配。例如：你能使用这控件来检查一个用户是否输入一个合法的电子邮件地址，电话号码，用户名或密码。
比较值:CompareValidator控件
这个CompareValidator 控件用于比较一个输入的数据和另外一个值是否相同。另外一个值可能是固定值，例如：一个特定的数字或者是输入到另一个控件中的一个值。
总结错误:ValidationSummary控件
假想一个页面有50个字段假如你仅仅用上部分讨论的那些验证控件来显示错误看见一个错误在页面中将是很难的。例如：你可能需要滚动到第48个页面字段来找到这个错误信息。
幸好，微软除了包含上面提到的控件还包括ValidationSummary控件。你能用这个控件综合所有的错误信息在一个页面的上端或者你想要的任何一个地方。
4.先进的控件编程
保存浏览状态
默认地，几乎所有的https://www.360docs.net/doc/1e11866568.html,控件都会在先前的窗体中保留他们的属性值。举例来说，如果你输入文本到一个Lebel标签上然后提交那个页面，当那个页面再次被访问时那个Lebel标签的内容将会被保存下来。浏览状态的妙处是它不依赖任何的特定服务器或浏览器的属性。尤其，它不依赖cookies,session变量、或应用程序变量。浏览状态在一个名叫做VIEWSTATE的隐藏页面中执行，这个隐藏页面自动创建每个Web窗体。当应用时,浏览状态能够在你的网站中产生艺术性的积极效果，例如：你在一个支持浏览状态的控件中显示数据库数据，你不需要每次都返回到需要反馈到服务器的数据库页面。它能够自动地保存页面里的数据状态。
使用Visible and Enabled属性
每个控件,包括HTML和Web控件,有一个Visible 属性来决定那个控件是否可见。当一个控件的Visible是false值，那个控件就不会在页面上显示；那个控件也不会进一步运行。
Web控件(不是每个HTML控件)还有一个叫Enabled的属性。当Enabled的属性是false 值，你用的浏览器是IE4.0或更高的版本那个控件被封住了，也不起作用了，当用其他的浏览器的时候，如：网景浏览器那个控件不会被封，但它也是不起作用的。
5.Web部署项目
https://www.360docs.net/doc/1e11866568.html,2.0的魅力在于您在开发Web应用程序时无需考虑打包和部署。当需要其他类时可向App_Code目录添加一个.cs文件即可开始编写。当希望将可本地化的字符串存储在资源文件中时，可向App_GlobalResources目录添加一个.resx文件并键入字符串。一切都顺顺当当，根本就不必考虑编译和部署方面的事情。
在准备进行部署时，有多种可选方案。最简单的方案是将文件复制到主运行服务器并按要求编译每一个文件（和在测试环境中一样）。第二种方案是使用
https://www.360docs.net/doc/1e11866568.html,_compiler.exe实用工具将应用程序预编译为二进制版本，之后将只剩下要放到服务器上的一组程序集、静态内容和配置文件。第三种方案也使用
https://www.360docs.net/doc/1e11866568.html,_compiler.exe，但要创建一个可更新的二进制部署，其中.as*x文件保持不变（并且可修改），而所有代码文件都编译为二进制程序集。
6. C#语言
C# 是一种简洁、类型安全的面向对象的语言，开发人员可以使用它来构建在.NET Framework 上运行的各种安全、可靠的应用程序。使用C#，您可以创建传统的Windows 客户端应用程序、XML Web services、分布式组件、客户端- 服务器应用程序、数据库应用程序以及很多其他类型的程序。Microsoft Visual C# 2005 提供高级代码编辑器、方便的用户界面设计器、集成调试器和许多其他工具，以在C# 语言版本2.0 和.NET Framework 的基础上加快应用程序的开发。
C# 语法表现力强，只有不到90 个关键字，而且简单易学。C# 的大括号语法使任何熟悉C、C++ 或Java 的人都可以立即上手。了解上述任何一种语言的开发人员通常在很短的时间内就可以开始使用C# 高效地工作。C# 语法简化了C++ 的诸多复杂性，同时提供了很多强大的功能，例如可为空的值类型、枚举、委托、匿名方法和直接内存访问，这些都是Java 所不具备的。C# 还支持泛型方法和类型，从而提供了更出色的类型安全和性能。C# 还提供了迭代器，允许集合类的实现者定义自定义的迭代行为，简化了客户端代码对它的使用。
作为一种面向对象的语言，C# 支持封装、继承和多态性概念。所有的变量和方法，包括Main 方法（应用程序的入口点），都封装在类定义中。类可能直接从一个父类继承，但它可以实现任意数量的接口。重写父类中的虚方法的各种方法要求override 关键字作为一种避免意外重定义的方式。在C# 中，结构类似于一个轻量类；它是一种堆栈分配的类型，可以实现接口，但不支持继承。
除了这些基本的面向对象的原理，C# 还通过几种创新的语言结构加快了软件组件的开发，其中包括：
?封装的方法签名（称为委托），它实现了类型安全的事件通知。?属性(Property)，充当私有成员变量的访问器。
?属性(Attribute)，提供关于运行时类型的声明性元数据。
?内联XML 文档注释。
在C# 中，如果需要与其他Windows 软件（如COM 对象或本机Win32 DLL）交互，可以通过一个称为“Interop”的过程来实现。互操作使C# 程序能够完成本机C++ 应用程序可以完成的几乎任何任务。在直接内存访问必不可少的情况下，C# 甚至支持指针和“不安全”代码的概念。
C# 的生成过程比C 和C++ 简单，比Java 更为灵活。没有单独的头文件，也不要求按照特定顺序声明方法和类型。C# 源文件可以定义任意数量的类、结构、接口和事件。
C# 程序在.NET Framework 上运行，它是Windows 的一个必要组件，包括一个称为公共语言运行时(CLR) 的虚拟执行系统和一组统一的类库。CLR 是Microsoft 的公共语言基础结构(CLI) 的一个商业实现。CLI 是一种国际标准，是用于创建语言和库在其中无缝协同工作的执行和开发环境的基础。
https://www.360docs.net/doc/1e11866568.html, Overview
When ASP was first released, Web programming was more difficult because you needed IIS to serve your ASP pages. Later, https://www.360docs.net/doc/1e11866568.html, 2.0 and Visual Studio? 2005 made everything easier by introducing the Web site model of development. Instead of creating a new project inside Visual Studio, the Web site model lets you point to a directory and start writing pages and code. Furthermore, you can quickly test your site with the built-in https://www.360docs.net/doc/1e11866568.html, Development Server, which hosts https://www.360docs.net/doc/1e11866568.html, in a local process and obviates the need to install IIS to begin developing.we will introduce https://www.360docs.net/doc/1e11866568.html, 2.0 technology from different aspects.
1.The .NET Framework Class Library
https://www.360docs.net/doc/1e11866568.html, is part of Microsoft's overall .NET framework, which contains a vast set of programming classes designed to satisfy any conceivable programming need.because Visual Basic, JScript, and C++. A great deal of the functionality of these programming languages overlaps.for example, for each language, you would have to include methods for accessing the file system, working with databases, and manipulating strings.what’s more, these languages contain similar programming constructs, can represent loops and conditionals. Even though the syntax of a conditional written in Visual Basic differs from the syntax of a conditional written in C++, the programming function is the same. Maintaining all this functionality for multiple languages requires a lot of work. Wouldn't it be easier to create all this functionality once and use it for every language?however, The .NET Framework Class Library does exactly that. It consists of a vast set of classes designed to satisfy any conceivable programming need.For instance, the .NET framework contains classes for handling database access, working with the file system, manipulating text, and generating graphics. In addition, it contains more specialized classes for performing tasks such as working with regular expressions and handling network protocols. furthermore, The .NET framework contains classes that represent all the basic variable data types such as strings, integers, bytes, characters, and arrays.
The .NET framework is huge. It contains thousands of classes (over 3,400). Fortunately, the classes are not simply jumbled together. The classes of the .NET framework are organized into a hierarchy of namespaces.
A namespace is a logical grouping of classes. For example, all the classes that relate to working with the file system are gathered together into the System.IO namespace. The namespaces are organized into a hierarchy (a logical tree). At the root of the tree is the System namespace. This namespace contains all the classes for the base data types, such as strings and arrays. It also contains classes for working with random numbers and dates and times.
You can uniquely identify any class in the .NET framework by using the full namespace of the class. For example, to uniquely refer to the class that represents a file system file (the File class), you would use the following:
System.IO.File
System.IO refers to the namespace, and File refers to the particular class.
The classes contained in a select number of namespaces are available in your
https://www.360docs.net/doc/1e11866568.html, pages by default. (You must explicitly import other namespaces.) These default namespaces contain classes that you use most often in your https://www.360docs.net/doc/1e11866568.html, applications: System— Contains all the base data types and other useful classes such as those related to generating random numbers and working with dates and times.
You can choose C# or https://www.360docs.net/doc/1e11866568.html, or C++ or Visual Basic to program https://www.360docs.net/doc/1e11866568.html, page. regardless of the language that you use to develop your https://www.360docs.net/doc/1e11866568.html, pages, you need to understand that https://www.360docs.net/doc/1e11866568.html, pages are compiled before they are executed. This means that https://www.360docs.net/doc/1e11866568.html, pages can execute very quickly. The first time you request an https://www.360docs.net/doc/1e11866568.html, page, the page is compiled into a .NET class, and the resulting class file is saved beneath a special directory on your server named Temporary https://www.360docs.net/doc/1e11866568.html, Files. For each and every https://www.360docs.net/doc/1e11866568.html, page, a corresponding class file appears in the Temporary https://www.360docs.net/doc/1e11866568.html, Files directory.
Whenever you request the same https://www.360docs.net/doc/1e11866568.html, page in the future, the corresponding class file is executed. When an https://www.360docs.net/doc/1e11866568.html, page is compiled, it is not compiled directly into machine code. Instead, it is compiled into an intermediate-level language called Microsoft Intermediate Language (MSIL). All .NET-compatible languages are compiled into this intermediate language. An https://www.360docs.net/doc/1e11866568.html, page isn't compiled into native machine code until it is actually requested by a browser. At that point, the class file contained in the Temporary https://www.360docs.net/doc/1e11866568.html, Files directory is compiled with the .NET framework Just in Time (JIT) compiler and executed. The magical aspect of this whole process is that it happens automatically in the background. All you have to do is create a text file with the source code for your https://www.360docs.net/doc/1e11866568.html, page.
2.Building Forms with Web Server Controls
Useingseveral of the basic Web controls to represent standard HTML form elements such as radio buttons, text boxes, and list boxes. You can use these controls in your
https://www.360docs.net/doc/1e11866568.html, pages to create the user interface for your Web application..
3.Performing Form Validation with Validation Controls
Traditionally, Web developers have faced a tough choice when adding form validation logic to their pages. You can add form validation routines to your server-side code, or you can add the validation routines to your client-side code. The advantage of writing validation logic in client-side code is that you can provide instant feedback to your users. For example, if a user neglects to enter a value in a required form field, you can instantly display an error message without requiring a roundtrip back to the server.People really like client-side validation. It looks great and creates a better overall user experience. The problem, however, is that it does not work with all browsers. Not all browsers support JavaScript, and different versions of browsers support different versions of JavaScript, so client-side validation is never guaranteed to work.For this reason, in the past, many developers decided to add all their form validation logic exclusively to server-side code. Because server-side code functions correctly with any browser, this course of action was safer. At the same time, The
Validation controls automatically generate both client-side and server-side code. If a browser is capable of supporting JavaScript, client-side validation scripts are automatically sent to the browser. If a browser is incapable of supporting JavaScript, the validation routines are automatically implemented in server-side code.
Requiring Fields: The RequiredFieldValidator Control
You use RequiredFieldValidator in a Web form to check whether a control has a value. Typically, you use this control with a TextBox control. However, nothing is wrong with using RequiredFieldValidator with other input controls such as RadioButtonList.
Validating Expressions: The RegularExpressionValidator Control
You can use RegularExpressionValidator to match the value entered into a form field to a regular expression. You can use this control to check whether a user has entered, for example, a valid e-mail address, telephone number, or username or password. Samples of how to use a regular expression to perform all these validation tasks are provided in the following sections.
Comparing Values: The CompareValidator Control
The CompareValidator control performs comparisons between the data entered into a form field and another value. The other value can be a fixed value, such as a particular number, or a value entered into another control.
Summarizing Errors: The ValidationSummary Control
Imagine that you have a form with 50 form fields. If you use only the Validation controls discussed in the previous sections of this chapter to display errors, seeing an error message on the page might be difficult. For example, you might have to scroll down to the 48th form field to find the error message.
Fortunately, Microsoft includes a ValidationSummary control with the Validation controls. You can use this control to summarize all the errors at the top of a page, or wherever else you want.
4.Advanced Control Programming
Working with View State
By default, almost all https://www.360docs.net/doc/1e11866568.html, controls retain the values of their properties between form posts. For example, if you assign text to a Label control and submit the form, when the page is rendered again, the contents of the Label control are preserved. The magic of view state is that it does not depend on any special server or browser properties. In particular, it does not depend on cookies, session variables, or application variables. View state is implemented with a hidden form field called VIEWSTATE that is automatically created in every Web Forms Page. When used wisely, view state can have a dramatic and positive effect on the performance of your Web site. For example, if you display database data in a control that has view state enabled, you do not have to return to the database each time the page is posted back to the server. You can automatically preserve the data within the page's view state between form posts.
,Every control, including both HTML and Web controls, has a Visible property that determines whether the control is rendered. When a control's Visible property has the value False, the control is not displayed on the page; the control is not processed for either
pre-rendering or rendering.
Web controls (but not every HTML control) have an additional property named Enabled. When Enabled has the value False and you are using Internet Explorer version 4.0 or higher, the control appears ghosted and no longer functions. When used with other browsers, such as Netscape Navigator, the control might not appear ghosted, but it does not function.
5.Web Deployment Projects
The beauty of the https://www.360docs.net/doc/1e11866568.html, 2.0 is that you can develop your Web application without thinking about packaging and deployment.when need another class ,you can Add a .cs file to the App_Code directory and start writing. When want to store localizable strings in a resource file, you can add a .resx file to the App_GlobalResources directory and type in the strings. Everything just works; you don't have to think about the compilation and deployment aspect at all.
When you are ready to deploy, you have several options. The simplest choice is to copy your files to a live server and let everything be compiled on-demand (as it was in your test environment). The second option is to use the aspnet_compiler.exe utility and precompile the application into a binary release, which leaves you nothing but a collection of assemblies, static content, and configuration files to push to the server. The third option is to again use aspnet_compiler.exe, but to create an updateable binary deployment where your .as*x files remain intact (and modifiable) and all of your code files are compiled into binary assemblies.
6.C# Language
Introduction to the C# Language and the .NET Framework C# is an elegant and
type-safe object-oriented language that enables developers to build a wide range of secure and robust applications that run on the .NET Framework. You can use C# to create traditional Windows client applications, XML Web services, distributed components,
client-server applications, database applications, and much, much more. Microsoft Visual
C# 2005 provides an advanced code editor, convenient user interface designers, integrated debugger, and many other tools to facilitate rapid application development based on version 2.0 of the C# language and the .NET Framework.
C# syntax is highly expressive, yet with less than 90 keywords, it is also simple and easy to learn. The curly-brace syntax of C# will be instantly recognizable to anyone familiar with C, C++ or Java. Developers who know any of these languages are typically able to begin working productively in C# within a very short time. C# syntax simplifies many of the complexities of C++ while providing powerful features such as nullable value types,
enumerations, delegates, anonymous methods and direct memory access, which are not found in Java. C# also supports generic methods and types, which provide increased type safety and performance, and iterators, which enable implementers of collection classes to define custom iteration behaviors that are simple to use by client code.
As an object-oriented language, C# supports the concepts of encapsulation, inheritance and polymorphism. All variables and methods, including the Main method, the application's entry point, are encapsulated within class definitions. A class may inherit directly from one parent class, but it may implement any number of interfaces. Methods that override virtual methods in a parent class require the override keyword as a way to avoid accidental redefinition. In C#, a struct is like a lightweight class; it is a stack-allocated type that can implement interfaces but does not support inheritance.
In addition to these basic object-oriented principles, C# facilitates the development of software components through several innovative language constructs, including:
?Encapsulated method signatures called delegates, which enable type-safe event notifications.
?Properties, which serve as accessors for private member variables.
?Attributes, which provide declarative metadata about types at run time.
?Inline XML documentation comments.
If you need to interact with other Windows software such as COM objects or native Win32 DLLs, you can do this in C# through a process called "Interop." Interop enables C# programs to do just about anything that a native C++ application can do. C# even supports pointers and the concept of "unsafe" code for those cases in which direct memory access is absolutely critical.
The C# build process is simple compared to C and C++ and more flexible than in Java. There are no separate header files, and no requirement that methods and types be declared in a particular order. A C# source file may define any number of classes, structs, interfaces, and events.
C# programs run on the .NET Framework, an integral component of Windows that includes a virtual execution system called the common language runtime (CLR) and a unified set of class libraries. The CLR is Microsoft's commercial implementation of the common language infrastructure (CLI), an international standard that is the basis for creating execution and development environments in which languages and libraries work together seamlessly.
Source code written in C# is compiled into an intermediate language (IL) that conforms to the CLI specification. The IL code, along with resources such as bitmaps and strings, is stored on disk in an executable file called an assembly, typically with an extension of .exe or .dll. An assembly contains a manifest that provides information on the assembly's types, version, culture, and security requirements.
When the C# program is executed, the assembly is loaded into the CLR, which might take various actions based on the information in the manifest. Then, if the security requirements are met, the CLR performs just in time (JIT) compilation to convert the IL code into native machine instructions. The CLR also provides other services related to automatic garbage collection, exception handling, and resource management. Code that is executed by the CLR is sometimes referred to as "managed code," in contrast to "unmanaged code" which is compiled into native machine language that targets a specific system. The following diagram illustrates the compile-time and run time relationships of C# source code files, the base class libraries, assemblies, and the CLR.
Language interoperability is a key feature of the .NET Framework. Because the IL code produced by the C# compiler conforms to the Common Type Specification (CTS), IL code generated from C# can interact with code that was generated from the .NET versions of Visual Basic, Visual C++, Visual J#, or any of more than 20 other CTS-compliant languages. A single assembly may contain multiple modules written in different .NET languages, and the types can reference each other just as if they were written in the same language.
In addition to the run time services, the .NET Framework also includes an extensive library of over 4000 classes organized into namespaces that provide a wide variety of useful functionality for everything from file input and output to string manipulation to XML parsing, to Windows Forms controls. The typical C# application uses the .NET Framework class library extensively to handle common "plumbing" chores.
零售企业营销策略中英文对照外文翻译文献
零售企业营销策略中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
译文： 零售企业的营销策略 Philip Kotlor 今天的零售商为了招徕和挽留顾客，急欲寻找新的营销策略。过去，他们挽留顾客的方法是销售特别的或独特的花色品种，提供比竞争对手更多更好的服务提供商店信用卡是顾客能赊购商品。可是，现在这一切都已变得面目全非了。现在，诸如卡尔文·克连，依佐和李维等全国性品牌，不仅在大多数百货公司及其专营店可以看到，并且也可以在大型综合商场和折扣商店可以买到。全国性品牌的生产商为全力扩大销售量，它们将贴有品牌的商品到处销售。结果是零售商店的面貌越来越相似。 在服务项目上的分工差异在逐渐缩小。许多百货公司削减了服务项目，而许多折扣商店却增加了服务项目。顾客变成了精明的采购员，对价格更加敏感。他们看不出有什么道理要为相同的品牌付出更多的钱，特别是当服务的差别不大或微不足道时。由于银行信用卡越来越被所有的商家接受，他们觉得不必从每个商店赊购商品。 百货商店面对着日益增加的价格的折扣店和专业商店的竞争，准备东山再起。历史上居于市中心的许多商店在郊区购物中心开设分店，那里有宽敞的停车场，购买者来自人口增长较快并且有较高收入的地区。其他一些则对其商店形式进行改变，有些则试用邮购盒电话订货的方法。超级市场面对的是超级商店的竞争，它们开始扩大店面，经营大量的品种繁多的商品和提高设备等级，超级市场还增加了它们的促销预算，大量转向私人品牌，从而增加盈利。 现在，我们讨论零售商在目标市场、产品品种和采办、服务以及商店气氛、定价、促销和销售地点等方面的营销策略。 一、目标市场 零售商最重要的决策时确定目标市场。当确定目标市场并且勾勒出轮廓时，零售商才能对产品分配、商店装饰、广告词和广告媒体、价格水平等作出一致的决定。如沃尔玛的目标市场相当明确：
本科毕业论文内部控制外文文献翻译完整版中英对照
A Clear Look at Internal Controls: Theory and Concepts Hammed Arad (Philae) Department of accounting, Islamic Azad University, Hamadan, Iran Barak Jamshedy-Navid Faculty Member of Islamic Azad University, Kerman-shah, Iran Abstract: internal control is an accounting procedure or system designed to promote efficiency or assure the implementation of a policy or safeguard assets or avoid fraud and error. Internal Control is a major part of managing an organization. It comprises the plans, methods, and procedures used to meet missions, goals, and objectives and, in doing so, support performance-based management. Internal Control which is equal with management control helps managers achieve desired results through effective stewardship of resources. Internal controls should reduce the risks associated with undetected errors or irregularities, but designing and establishing effective internal controls is not a simple task and cannot be accomplished through a short set of quick fixes. In this paper the concepts of internal controls and different aspects of internal controls are discussed. Keywords: Internal Control, management controls, Control Environment, Control Activities, Monitoring 1. Introduction The necessity of control in new variable business environment is not latent for any person and management as a response factor for stockholders and another should implement a great control over his/her organization. Control is the activity of managing or exerting control over something. he emergence and development of systematic thoughts in recent decade required a new attention to business resource and control over this wealth. One of the hot topic a bout controls over business resource is analyzing the cost-benefit of each control. Internal Controls serve as the first line of defense in safeguarding assets and preventing and detecting errors and fraud. We can say Internal control is a whole system of controls financial and otherwise, established by the management for the smooth running of business; it includes internal cheek, internal audit and other forms of controls. COSO describe Internal Control as follow. Internal controls are the methods employed to help ensure the achievement of an objective. In accounting and organizational theory, Internal control is defined as a process effected by an organization's structure, work and authority flows, people and management information systems, designed to help the organization accomplish specific goals or objectives. It is a means by which an organization's resources are directed, monitored, and measured. It plays an important role in preventing and detecting fraud and protecting the organization's resources, both physical (e.g., machinery and property) and intangible (e.g., reputation or intellectual property such as trademarks). At the organizational level, internal control objectives relate to the reliability of financial reporting, timely feedback on the achievement of operational or strategic goals, and compliance with laws and regulations. At the specific transaction level, internal control refers to the actions taken to achieve a specific objective (e.g., how to ensure the organization's payments to third parties are for valid services rendered.) Internal control
P2P 金融下的中小企业融资互联网金融外文文献翻译最新译文
文献出处: Waitz M. The small and medium-sized enterprise financing under P2P finance [J]. Journal of Business Research, 2016, 8(6): 81-91. 原文 The small and medium-sized enterprise financing under P2P finance Waitz M Abstract Small and medium-sized enterprise financing difficult is worldwide difficult problem. Article introduces the concept of the Internet financial, mainly summarized the P2P financial in the development of financial innovation and integration of science and technology, a combination of academic research on P2P financial now of the five directions of various views and opinions. Points out the current P2P financial problems in the development of risk control, and analyses the trend of the Internet financial. Keywords: P2P financial; Financial innovation; Risk control 1 Introduction Look from the history of enterprise development, a large enterprise originate from small and medium-sized enterprises. Small and medium-sized enterprises (smes) is the most dynamic part of the national economy, often walk in the forefront of technology development, in the high-tech industry, clean energy, green economy, etc, have good performance, play an important role in the economic transformation. Small and medium-sized enterprise financing difficult is worldwide difficult problem. These small and medium-sized enterprise financing environment and narrow channels, more than 60% are unable to get a bank loan. At present, science and technology enterprises and the characteristics of light assets, financing difficulties, become a huge bottleneck of sustainable development. 2 The concept of the Internet financial In the past two years, the Internet financial show explosive growth, since 2014, the Internet financial sector performance strength. Current economic field exists the phenomenon of two special contradiction, one is the small and medium-sized
市场营销_外文翻译_外文文献_英文文献_顾客满意策略与顾客满意
顾客满意策略与顾客满意营销 原文来源：《Marketing Customer Satisfaction 》自20世纪八十年代末以来, 顾客满意战略已日益成为各国企业占有更多的顾客份额, 获得竞争优势的整体经营手段。 一、顾客满意策略是现代企业获得顾客“货币选票”的法宝随着时代的变迁, 社会物质财富的极大充裕, 顾客中的主体———消费者的需求也先后跨越了物质缺乏的时代、追求数量的时代、追求品质的时代, 到了20世纪八十年代末进入了情感消费时代。在我国, 随着经济的高速发展,我们也已迅速跨越了物质缺乏时代、追求数量的时代乃至追求品质的时代, 到今天也逐步迈进情感消费时代。在情感消费时代, 各企业的同类产品早已达到同时、同质、同能、同价, 消费者追求的已不再是质量、功能和价格, 而是舒适、便利、安全、安心、速度、跃动、环保、清洁、愉快、有趣等,消费者日益关注的是产品能否为自己的生活带来活力、充实、舒适、美感和精神文化品位, 以及超越消费者期望值的售前、售中、售后服务和咨询。也就是说, 今天人们所追求的是具有“心的满足感和充实感”的商品, 是高附加值的商品和服务,追求价值观和意识多元化、个性化和无形的满足感的时代已经来临。 与消费者价值追求变化相适应的企业间的竞争, 也由产品竞争、价格竞争、技术竞争、广告竞争、品牌竞争发展到现今的形象竞争、信誉竞争、文化竞争和服务竞争, 即顾客满意竞争。这种竞争是企业在广角度、宽领域的时空范围内展开的高层次、体现综合实力的竞争。它包括组织创新力、技术创新力、管理创新力、产业预见力、产品研发力、员工向心力、服务顾客力、顾客亲和力、同行认同力、社会贡献力、公关传播沟通力、企业文化推动力、环境适应力等等。这些综合形象力和如何合成综合持久的竞争力, 这就是CSft略所要解决的问题。CS寸代,企业不再以“自己为中心”,而是以“顾客为中心”；“顾客为尊”、“顾客满意”不再是流于形式的口号, 而是以实实在在的行动为基础的企业经营的一门新哲学。企业不再以质量达标, 自己满意为经营理念, 而是以顾客满意, 赢得顾客高忠诚度为经营理念。企业经营策略的焦点不再以争取或保持市场占有率为主, 而是以争取顾客满意为经营理念。因此, 营销策略的重心不再放在竞争对手身上而是放在顾客身上, 放在顾客现实的、潜在的需求上。当企业提供的产品和服务达到了顾客事先的期望值, 顾客就基本满意；如果远远超越顾客的期望值, 且远远高于其他同行, 顾客才真正满意；如果企业能不断地或长久地令顾客满意, 顾客就会忠诚。忠诚的顾客不仅会经常性地重复购买, 还会购买企业其它相关的产品或服务；忠诚的顾客不仅会积极向别人推荐他所买的产品, 而且对企业竞争者的促销活动具有免疫能力一个不满意的顾客会将不满意告诉16-20个人, 而每一个被告知者会再传播给12-15个人。这样, 一个不满意者会影响到二、三百人。在互联网普及的今天, 其影响则更大。据美国汽车业的调查, 一个满意者会引发8笔潜在的生意, 其中至少有一笔会成交。而另一项调查表明, 企业每增加5%的忠诚顾客, 利润就会增长25%-95%。一个企业的80%的利润来自20%的忠诚顾客；而获取一个新顾客的成本是维持一个老顾客成本的6倍。所以,美国著名学者唐?佩 珀斯指出: 决定一个企业成功与否的关键不是市场份额, 而是在于顾客份额。 于是, 企业纷纷通过广泛细致的市场调研、与消费者直接接触、顾客信息反馈等方式来了解顾客在各方面的现实需求和潜在需求。依靠对企业满意忠诚的销售、服务人员, 定期、定量地对顾客满意度进行综合测定, 以便准确地把握企业经营中与“顾客满意” 目标的差距及其重点领域, 从而进一步改善企业的经营活动。依靠高亲和力的企业文化、高效率的人文管理和全员共同努力, 不断地向顾客提供高附加值的产品, 高水准的亲情般的服
会计内部控制中英文对照外文翻译文献
会计内部控制中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
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外文翻译--如何监测内部控制
附录A
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