2015职称英语概括大意

The Safeness of IUDs for HIV-positive Women HIV 呈阳性妇女的宫内节育器的安全性

1. Women infected with the most common form of HIV may safely use the intrauterine device (IUD)for contraception, provided they see a doctor regularly, new study findings suggest.

2. World Health Organization guidelines currently state that, in general, HIV-infected women should avoid IUDs. “Those guidelines were essentially made on theoretical concerns, and there are really very little data on what contraceptive is appropriate for

HIV-infe cted women,3” said the lead author Dr. Charles S. Morrison in North Carolina4.

3. Morrison and colleagues gathered information on IUD-related complications at 1, 4 and 24 months after placement of the device in 636 women living in Nairobi, Kenya5. Of these women, 156 had HIV infection. Participating physicians did not know the pati ents’ HIV status. There was “little difference in any side effects in HIV-infected women compared with HIV-uninfected women, suggesting that the IUD is likely an appropriate method for HIV-infected women,” Morrison said. “This is an important issue, because there are now 16 million women living with HIV and a lot of them have a critical need for contraception,” he added.

4. The researchers did find6 that women with infections such as gonorrhea or chlamydia at the study’s outset were at increased risk of IUD complications, confirming current guidelines suggesting that women with sexually transmitted diseases not use IUDs.7

5. In addition, there was no difference in the amount of virus the HIV-positive women were releasing from their cervix, or shedding8, at the beginning of the study compared with 4 months after the IUD was inserted, the researchers reported in the August issue of the British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. Conversely, some studies have shown a relationship between increased cervical HIV shedding and the use of oral contraceptives.

6. “What this study suggests is that you need to avoid IUD use in women with a cervical infection but not women with HIV infection,”Morrison said. “Women with cervical infections are at increased risk of complications: women with HIV infection are not.” 词汇：intrauterine 子宫内的outset 开头，shedding 脱落物complication 并发症

练习: 1.Paragraph 2 B) Comments on Current Guidelines _

2.Paragraph 3A) Morrison’s Survey and Findings

3.Paragraph 4 C) The Relation of Sexually Transmitted Diseases to IUD Complications

4.Paragraph 6 E) A Conclusion of Morrison’s Study

5.According to current guidelines, women should not use IUDs E) if they are HIV carriers

6.Current guidelines barely recommend _ A) what contraceptive is good for HIV-infected women

7.From both current guidelines and the new study we may conclude _ D) that sexually transmitted diseases may increase the risk of IUD complications 8. The new study maintains that the IUD is a safe contraceptive method for HIV-infected women _ B ) if they go to see the doctor at regular intervals Screen Test透视检查

1 Every year millions of women are screened with X-rays to pick up signs of breast cancer. If this happens early enough, the disease can often be treated successfully. According to a survey published last year, 21 countries have screening programmes. Nine of them, including Australia, Canada, the US and Spain, screen women under 50.

2 But the medical benefits of screening these younger women are controversial, partly because the radiation brings a small risk of inducing cancer. Also, younger women must be given higher doses of X-rays because their breast tissue is denser.

3 Researchers at the Polytechnic University1 of Valencia analysed the effect of screening more than 160,000 women at 11 local clinics. After estimating the women’s cumulative dose of radiation, they used two models to calculate the number of extra cancers this would cause.

4 The mathematical model recommended by Britain’s National Radiological Protection Board （NRPB）predicted that the screening programme would cause 36 cancers per 100,000 women, 18 of them fatal. The model preferred by the UN Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation led to a lower figure of 20 cancers.

5 The researchers argue that the level of radiation-induced cancers is “not very significant” compared to the far larger number of cancers that are discovered and treated. The Valencia programme, they say, detects between 300 and 450 cases of breast cancer in every 100,000 women screened.

6 But they point out that the risk of women contracting cancer from radiation could be reduced by between 40 and 80 percent if screening began at 50 instead of 45，because they would be exposed to less radiation. The results of their study, they suggest, could help “optimise the technique” for breast cancer screening.

7 “There is a trade-off between the diagnostic benefits of breast screening and its risks,” a dmits Michael Clark of the NRPB But he warns that the study should be interpreted with caution. “On the basis of the current data, for every 10 cancers successfully detected and prevented there is a risk of causing one later in life. That’s why radiation e xposure should be minimised in any screening programme.”

词汇：polytechnic / ,p?l?’tekn?k/ adj．多工艺的cumulative / ’kju:mj?l?t?v/ adj．递增的radiological

/ ,re?d???’l?d??k / adj．放射性的

练习：1．Paragraph 2 _ A) Harm Screening May Do to a Younger Woman

2．Paragraph 3 _ B) Investigating the Effect of Screening

3．Paragraph 4 _ C) Effects Predicted by Two Different Models

4．Paragraph 5 _ D) Small Risk of Inducing Cancers from Radiation _

5．Early discovery of breast cancer may _ C) save a life.

6．Advantages of screening women under 50 are _ D) still open to debate.

7．Delaying the age at which screening starts may _ E) reduce the risk of radiation triggering a cancer 8．Radiation exposure should be _ F) reduced to the minimum.

Lung Cancer 肺癌

1. The death rate due to cancer of the lungs has increased more than 800 percent in males and has more than doubled in females during the last 25 years. It is considerably higher in urban and industrial areas than in rural districts. There are many possible causes, but it is still controversial which are most blameworthy. Those factors which have been mentioned most frequently are the presence of foreign particles and other irritants in the air (smoke particles, smog, exhaust fumes), and the smoking of cigarettes and cigars.

2. Numerous studies have demonstrated a striking correlation between the death rate from lung cancer and smoking habits. Among heavy smokers —21 to 30 cigarettes per day —the mortality rate from lung cancer is nearly 17 times the rate from nonsmokers. It is expected the death rate among women will increase as the present high rate of smoking among women has its effect.

3. Sometimes cases of lung cancer are discovered at the time an x-ray is taken for the purpose of detecting tuberculosis. Too often, however, a current emphasis upon the danger of exposure to radiation1 from X-ray machines can frighten people away from routine chest X-rays and thus prevent an early diagnosis of lung cancer. Early detection is absolutely essential if any possibility of cure is to be maintained2. Modern X-ray machines in competent hands pose such slight danger, at least to those over 40 years of age, that this would be much more than offset by the advantages of discovering a tumor while it is small enough to be completely removed.3

4. A common form of lung cancer is bronchogenic carcinoma4, so-called because the malignancy originates in5 a bronchus. The tumor may grow until the bronchus is blocked, cutting off6 the supply of air to that lung. The lung then collapses, and the secretions trapped in the lung spaces become infected, with a resulting pneumonia or the formation of a lung abscess. Such a lung cancer can also spread to cause secondary growths in the lymph nodes7 of the chest and neck as well as in the brain and other parts of the body. The only treatment that offers a possibility of cure, before secondary growths have had time to form, is to remove the lung completely. This operation is called pneumonectomy.

5. Malignant tumors of the stomach, the breast, the prostate gland8 and other organs may spread to the lungs, causing secondary growths.

词汇：bronchus/?br??k?s/ n.支气管 adj.有刺激性的pneumonectomy/nju:m?u?nekt?mi/n. 肺切除术

练习:1. Paragraph l _ E ）The Increasing Death Rate from Lung Cancer and Possible Causes

2. Paragraph 2 C）Relationship Between Mortality Rate from Lung Cancer and Smoking Habits

3. Paragraph 3 _ B）The Advantages Brought about by Routine Chest Checkup

4. Paragraph 4 _ F ）An Ordinary Type of Lung Cancer

5. Routine X-ray chest examination is not so dangerous __ D）as some people imagine

6. A primary lung cancer patient may be cured by removing the lung completely _ A ）before the cancer cells spread elsewhere

7. People are still not sure _ C ）what is most responsible for lung cancer_.

8. The more cigarettes one smokes, _ E ）the more chances of getting lung cancer he will have.Aspirin — a New Miracle Drug阿司匹林—一种新的神奇药物

1. Using aspirin, an over-the-counter pill on sale1 in every supermarket without a prescription, to treat serious circulatory disease may seem almost like quackery. But today doctors recognize this drug as a potent compound as important as antibiotics, digitalis and other miracle drugs.

2. In its natural form as willow bark and leaves, this remarkable remedy dates back to Hippocrates2. In 1829 the chemical in the willow tree that can relieve pain and reduce fever was discovered to be salicin. By 1899 the Bayer Company in Germany had marketed a variant, acetylsalicylic acid,3 under the name of aspirin.

3. Since then, aspirin and confounds containing aspirin have been taken by tens of millions of arthritis patients. As a pain killer aspirin is, according to one study, more effective than all other analgesics and narcotics available for oral use. It also acts on4 the body’s thermostat, turning down fever.

4. But some of its powers remained unsuspected until recently. In 1950 the late Dr. Craven wrote to a small western medical journal about 400 overweight, sedentary male patients to whom he had given one or two aspirin tablets a day. None had had a heart attack. He enlarged his group to 8,000 and in 1956 reported：”Not a single case of detectable coronary or cerebral thrombosis5 ” and “no major stroke” had occurred in patients who had taken one or two tablets daily for from one to ten years. But his observations were largely ignored.

5. Then Dr. Vane proved that aspirin turned off the body’s prostaglandins6 hormonelike chemicals that can be secreted by every cell. Some potent prostaglandins are harmful compounds that create fever, pain and arthritis. One of them stimulates platelets in the blood to begin forming clots inside arteries. Aspirin blocks this dangerous effect.

6. Vane’s finding caused some researchers to recall Craven’s 1956 observations, which now had a possible scientific explanation. Numerous studies were begun to find out whether aspirin could indeed inhibit heart attacks and stroke.

7. In 1972, ten US medical institutions began two “double-blind” trials7 of 303 patients who suffered from transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)8. Four aspirin tablets a day were given to 153 patients, while placebo tablets were given to 150. Neither patients nor doctors knew which was which. After six months, the patients on aspirin had experienced much fewer TIAs, and fewer strokes and deaths from strokes than the “controls”. The results were so conclusive that aspirin has been used for this purpose widely.

词汇：quackery .江湖医术narcotic 麻醉药；thermostat 恒温prostaglandin 前列腺素

练习：1.Paragraph 2 D )The Origin of Aspirin

2.Paragraph 3 B )Pain-relieving and Fever-reducing Effects of Aspirin

3.Paragraph 5 F) Further Findings of Dr. Vane

4.Paragraph 7 A )Confirmation of the New Effect

5.In the middle of the last century Craven made E) important observations on the effects of aspirin

6.It is Bayer Company C) that first produced aspirin for sale

7.There is a prostaglandin F )that may cause clots to be formed in the arteries

8.Numerous studies concluded A) that aspirin has a positive effect on heart attacks and strokes

Pregnant Women Warned About ACE Inhibitor孕妇要警惕ACE抑制剂

1. Some of the most commonly used medicines for high blood pressure are drugs called ACE inhibitors. Doctors have given these drugs to patients for twenty-five years. A government study in the United States found that the use almost doubled between 1995 and 2000.

2. Doctors have known for years that women should not take ACE inhibitors during the last six months of pregnancy. The medicine can injure the baby. ACE inhibitors, though, have been considered safe when taken during the first three months. But a New study has found that women who take these drugs early in their pregnancy still increase the risk of birth disorders2. The study shows that, compared to others, their babies were almost three times as likely to be born with major problems.3 These included problems with the formation of the brain and nervous system and holes in the heart.

3. The researchers say they found no increased risk in women who took other blood pressure medicines during the first three months. Researchers at Vanderbilt University in Tennessee and Boston University did the study. The New England Journal of Medicine4 published the results. The researchers studied the records of almost thirty thousand births between 1985 and 2000. Two hundred nine babies were born to women who took ACE inhibitors during the first three months of their pregnancies. Eighteen of the babies, or almost nine percent, had major disorders.

4. ACE inhibitors are often given to patients with diabetes. But diabetes during pregnancy can result in birth defects. So the study did not include any women known to be diabetic

5. ACE inhibitors suppress a protein called angiotensin-converting enzyme, or ACE. This enzyme produces a chemical in the body that makes blood passages narrow. The drugs increase the flow of blood so pressure is reduced.

5. New drugs are tested on pregnant animals to see if they might cause birth defects in humans. But experts say these tests are not always dependable. The United States Food and Drug Administration6 helped pay for the study. The F. D. A. says women who might become pregnant should talk with their doctor about other ways to treat high blood pressure.

词汇：pregnant /'pregn?nt/ adj.怀孕的warn /w??n/ vt.警告inhibitor /?n'h?b?t?/n. 抑制剂

练习：1.Paragraph 2D) Damage to Pregnant Women’s Future Babies

2.Paragraph 3 _ F). Relative Safe for Women During the First Three Months of Pregnancies

3.Paragraph 4 _ A) Effects of ACE and ACE Inhibitors

4.Paragraph 5 C) How to Deal with High Blood Pressure in Pregnant Women

5.FDA. suggests that pregnant women with high blood pressure should consult D ) with their doctors about how to treat their problems.

6.ACE inhibitors are not recommended _ B) for pregnant women to take during their last six months of pregnancies.

7.Evidence showed only a small percentage of babies suffered major disorders F). though their mothers took ACE inhibitors during their first three months of pregnancies.

8.ACE is a risk factor to our body A) that may cause our blood vessels to become more and more narrow.