Exercises

EXERCISES

I. Match the following items and the text. They refer to preparing and sending the paper.

1. Choice of the journal ………………………….

2. Guidelines …………………………

3. Length of the paper …………………………

4 . Cover letter ………………………….

5. Declaration ………………………….

6. Confirmation of receipt ………………………….

7. Review process ………………………….

a) The usual length of a paper is about 6,000 to 9,000 words, i.e., about 6 to 9 pages (however, mathematics papers can be longer). Do not exceed this figure because some journals may return the paper for shortening. One journal page = 1,000 words.

b) The journal′s editor will confirm that the contribution has been received and will forward it to a reviewer who will then judge the quality of the paper and often also your English.

c) Almost all journals now appear also in electronic form. Your supervisor will know which journal in your field is the most suitable for you. You can also find one when searching for papers by keywords. However, not all the papers you find in this way give the name of the journal.

d) All journals inform about their publication policy on their web pages. They give detailed information to authors on how to prepare a paper for submission and even offer a form/template for electronic submission.

e) Some journals will publish a paper only if a statement is attached saying that the paper presents an original contribution to the researched problem and that the facts have not been published elsewhere. (See Exercise XXXIV.)

f) To submit the paper, check if the journal accepts papers only in electronic form (which is becoming prevailing practice) or if a hard copy is to be sent as well. It is polite to accompany the paper with a short cover letter (sometimes a blank space is left on the submission form). (See also Guidelines for Academic Writing: How to write a formal letter).

g) After the paper has been peer-reviewed, you will most probably be asked to revise some sections or parts and to work on your English, i.e. correct language errors, change some formulations or even the style, as required by the journal. When you have done that, send the paper back and wait for the announcement that it has been accepted for publication. Title

II. What errors can you find in the following titles?

1. Water-Cooled Nuclear Power Plants Aren′t the Solution.

2. The Burn-up Calculations of the Dukovany and Temelín Nuclear Power Plant Fuel for the Independent State Monitoring System in the Czech Republic.

3. Why Are The Wavelength And Delivery Systems The Most Important Factors In using A Dental Hard-Tissue Laser?

Ad 1. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. Ad 2. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. AD 3. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Author′s /Authors′ names and Affiliations

III. Choose a topic from your present research on which you would like to write a paper. Think about what you would like to call it and whom you would like to have as co-authors/a co-author. Following the advice given above, give the title of your paper, authors′ names and affiliations, and contact address.

Abstract

IV. Fill in verbs in the tense and voice (active/passive) appropriate in the given context.

1. Dynamic Behavior of the Doubly Fed Induction Generator

during Three-Phase Voltage Dips

The use of doubly fed induction generators (DFIGs) in large wind turbines …………………………………….. (become) quite common over the last few years. These machines ………………………………. (provide) variable speed and …………………………………. (drive) with a power converter which is sized for a small percentage of the turbine-rated power. A drawback of the DFIG …………………………….. (be) that it ………………………………. (be) very sensitive to grid disturbances, especially to voltage dips. However, the operation of this machine in these situations ………………………………… only ………………………….. (study) in the literature by means of simulations. This paper ……………………………….. (develop) a theoretical analysis of the dynamic behavior of the induction machine during three-phase voltage dips. The proposed analysis …………………………………….. (contribute) to understanding the causes of the problem and …………………………………….. (represent) a very useful tool to improve the existing solutions and propose new alternatives. Experimental results ………………………………….. (be) in good agreement with those obtained theoretically and …………………………………. (validate) the proposed analysis.

(From IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 22, no. 3, Sept. 2007, p. 709)

2. Phthalocynanine Layers for Humidity Detection

This study ………………………………… (deal) with research into different types of phthalocynanines for humidity detection. Thin layers of various phthalocynanines ………………………………………. (expose) to water vapours and their electrical properties ………………………………….. (measure). Potentially suitable materials ……………………………………… (deposit) on the substrates with interdigital electrodes. Subsequently, impedance-humidity characteristics …………………………………. (measure). Comparison of these materials, their features and responses to humidity ………………………………. (discuss) in more detail. (Abstract by a PhD student)

V. Read the following abstract.

a) In which parts of the paper could the sentences listed below (1-4) be used?

Output and Efficiency of the Closed-Cycle Gas Turbine

The paper considers the closed-cycle gas turbine plant from the educational aspect of

knowledge and understanding. The special qualitative features of the T-s diagram are

discussed and a quantitative treatment of a simple model is presented. A new expression for

the maximum efficiency is given and interesting aspects of the results are discussed.

Technical and educational conclusions are drawn from the work.

(Used with the publisher′s permission)

1. The paper considers ... ……………………………………………………….

2. The special qualitative features … ……………………………………………………….

3. A new expression for … ………………………………………………………..

4. Technical and educational aspects … ……………………………………………………….

b) Add keywords to the abstract. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

c) Read the title and the abstract once more. Does the title convey well the content of the

abstract? Try to reformulate it. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

VI. Study the following text.

A systematic modelling and simulation approach for JIT performance optimisation

Robust computer-aided simulation and modelling tools help to visualise, analyse and optimise complex production processes with a reasonable amount of time and investment. A

review of the literature shows that simulation and modelling have not been extensively

applied in just-in-time (JIT) manufacturing environments. Also there remains a lack of a comprehensive mechanism to identify the most significant JIT drivers for the purpose of

system process optimisation. The prime objective of this study is to close this gap by

applying computer based simulation tools and linear mathematical modelling to identify the

impact of selected key JIT parameters on performance in an automotive component—manufacturing environment. Research shows that variables such as inconsistent task distribution, variation on operator performance, misconception of total quality management

philosophy and lack of set-up time elimination plans disrupt ideal JIT production. In this

study, ProModel simulation and modelling software is used to model and simulate different experimental scenarios in order to understand and quantify the impact of selected input key

JIT variables on objective functions (i.e. process time and takt time). The outcome is a robust mathematical model that highlights the significance of JIT drivers in the manually operated

mixed-model assembly lines.

(From Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, vol. 24, 2008, p. 735)

Which lines describe

1. the topic ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

2. the background ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

3. the method(s) and approach ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

4. the results ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

5. the conclusion …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Give the numbers of the lines and the first words of the first sentence(s).

VII. The paragraphs in the following abstract have been scrambled.

i. Rearrange them so that they form a cohesive text.

ii. Suggest a title and keywords.

a) Here, we focused on developing a method to detect a person trying to illegally cross the border by hiding in a car.

b) Due to the high sensitivity of the pressure sensor, consideration was given to the effect of external disturbances such as ground vibration and wind force acting on the car.

c) The proposed method is based on pneumatics. A silicon tube (inner diameter 4mm) with one end plugged by a highly sensitive pressure sensor and the other end capped is sandwiched between two rigid boards and placed on the ground at the entrance gate of the border.

d) This paper describes a novel method for detecting the presence of a person hiding in a car. One of the important strategies of homeland security is border control. In particular, strict and effective monitoring to control illegal immigration is a key strategy for maintaining public safety and a healthy local economy, and is essential for preventing the entry of terrorists.

e) Here, we propose a heartbeat detection filter robust against disturbances but sensitive to the heartbeat signal and an index to discriminate between the presence and non-presence of a person, and we present the experimental results obtained using the proposed method under various disturbance conditions.

f) When one wheel of the car is on the board and the engine is stopped, the pressure sensor can detect human vital signs such as heartbeat, which cannot be concealed.

(From IEEE Sensors Journal, vol. 11, no. 9, Sept. 2011, p. 1872)

i. 1. ….. 2. ….. 3. ….. 4. ….. 5. ….. 6. …..

ii. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

VIII. Imagine you are someone interested in renewable energy sources, especially wind power. Read the following abstract written by a student and say whether you would/would not like to read the whole paper and why. Is there any information you miss? Comparison of the Abstract with the Conclusion might be helpful.

Abstract

Wind power plants must provide the same power quality as other power plants. Special attention is paid to the requirement of supplied energy stability because wind power plants are connected to the grid. It is very important to understand the sources of disturbances that affect power quality. The main parameters monitored are frequency and voltage, which have to be kept as stable as possible. The current and power can also be measured. However, the relationship between voltage quality and energy quality is unknown.

Now read the conclusion.

Conclusion

From the measurements described above it is obvious that the wind turbine operation agrees with the EN 50160 standard. The only problem arose with flicker as the measured data were not realistic. Consequently, flicker will have to be measured again. All the other parameters did, however, meet the standard.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

IX. In which parts of the abstract can you find the following phrases?

a) Quite recently, considerable attention has been paid to ………

b) X was computed with the finite difference formula …………

c) The results show clearly that …………..

d) The issues related to ………….. are briefly addressed …………

e) X is in very good agreement with ………..

f) The comparison of numerical results with ………… confirms that ………….

g) The paper summarizes our knowledge of …………..

h) Progress has been made towards understanding ………….

i) Nevertheless, more experimental data are required.

j) This paper presents ……………

k) The technique applied has confirmed that ……………..

l) X and Y were compared.

m) It can be concluded that ………..

1. topic and background ……………………………………………………………………………….

2. method and approach ……………………………………………………………………………….

3. results ………………………………………………………………………………

4. conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………….

X. Choose a paper from a journal in your field. Distribute copies of the abstract to the class. Say whether you find it well-written or not quite satisfactory. Give reasons.

Take into account both the content and wording.

https://www.360docs.net/doc/261962080.html,e the topic of your Master Thesis(even if written in Czech), and think of two sentences introducing the problem, two sentences saying how you solved it, two giving the results and one drawing the conclusion. Try to formulate them in English, paying attention to grammar. Make use of the phrases presented in Guidelines for Academic Writing: How to write a paper (Useful phrases).Now compare your English abstract with the one from your Thesis. What have you found? How many words have you used? Add keywords.

XII. Use the abstract you have prepared in Ex. VIII. and develop each part to obtain about 200 words.

XIII. Write an abstract on the research project you are now involved in.

1. State the motivation, the topic, its background and importance (2 sentences).

2. State the purpose of your research (1 sentence)

3. Describe the method of addressing the issue (2 sentences)

4. Present the results (2 sentences)

5. Draw conclusions from the results (1 sentence)

Finally, count the number of words you have used. Are you within the usual abstract word limit? If not, extend the abstract by using supporting facts.

Add keywords.

Sections of the paper

Introduction

XIV. Fill the gaps with the appropriate tense and voice of the verbs given in capitals.

1. Currently, there …………………………. a growing interest to develop technology that

………………………………… objects to become interactive with digital services accessible

on the Internet. BE, ALLOW

2. Traditionally, physicians …………………………………… palpation to detect breast cancer. USE

3. Simulation results ………………………………… in Section III. PRESENT

4. A discrete model ………………………………. by X et al. in 1990 [4]. OBTAIN

5. Many researchers ……………………………….. to find a solution to this problem [4] – [8] but without success so far. TRY

6. There ……………………………. a growing interest in the development and application of

renewable energy sources over the last decade. BE

7. Coal-fired plants ………………………………… to vary their outputs in response to changing

electricity demand. OBLIGE (now)

8. This paper ……………………………………. as follows. ORGANIZE

9. X [4] ……………………………….. that low development and maintenance costs have led to the increasing popularity of component-based development. ARGUE

10. Induction motors ……………………………………. as a universally accepted choice in industrial applications. REGARD

11. The implementation of information systems ………………………………… increasingly

…………………………………….. in significant impacts upon the host organization′s culture.

RESULT

12. The paper ……………………………… the difference in specific spectra of the PPG signal

between pre-alcohol and post-alcohol intake states. INVESTIGATE

XV. Complete the texts with the appropriate forms of the verbs given below.

include be develop reach devote Considerable efforts ……………………………………………… to studying the scheduling problem

of energy storage devices. Promising results …………………………………………. in most studies in terms of electricity savings. These approaches …………………………………….. the decomposition technique [3], dynamic programming [4], Lagrange relaxation [5], and nonlinear programming [6]. Although the features of these scheduling methods ………………………….. different, they ……………………………………… in order to reduce their computation time or memory requirements.

(From IEEE transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 22, No. 3, Sept. 2007, p. 774)

present develop achieve describe show prove be (2x)

The prototype which ………………………………………… is fully ………………………………………….

in this paper. The last section ………………………………. the experimental results, which …………………………………………… good agreement with the computed values.

The study …………………………………. that this series DESM ……………………………………. an interesting solution for widening the motor speed range with an improved efficiency: a speed increase of 2.8 …………………………………….., while for the surface PM synchronous motor it …………………………………… less than 2.

(From IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 22, no. 3, Sept. 2007, p. 656)

investigate fall propose

For this reason, several alternative approaches for the implementation of the PSM ………………………………………………… [2]. In general, these techniques …………………………………under three major groups: angle rotation [3]-[8], ROM compression [9]-[14], and polynomial interpolation methods [15]-[25]. The use of nonlinear DACs [26]-[32] and the application of delta-sigma techniques [33]-[37] ……………………………………. also ………………………………... in literature.

(From IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems, I: Regular Papers, vol. 58., no. 10,

Oct. 2011, p. 2409)

be concerned be (2x) take place

Calculus of integer orders …………………………………….. once the basic essential mathematical tool for analysis, synthesis, response behavior, theorems, and many novel applications for any dynamical system from 1695 until 1960. However, these integer values …………………………

a very narrow subset of the real orders, and so during the last five decades, a dramatic shift ………………………………………….. and many scientific researchers …………………………………………. instead with fractional calculus.

(From IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems, I: Regular Papers, vol. 58, no. 10,

Oct. 2011, p. 2388)

operate reach be consider

Wind energy ……………………………………. now …………………………………….. as an actual alternative to the conventional and pollutant energy sources such as oil, gas, and coal. Global wind power ………………………………… 47 GW in 2004 with a 20% growth in this year [1]. Due to their advantageous characteristics, most of the grid connected wind turbines ………………………………….. at a variable speed [2]. Among the different alternatives to obtain variable speed, the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) …………………………… the most used. (From IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 22, no. 3, Sept. 2007, p. 709)

XVI. Read carefully the following introduction. Find all the verbs and explain the use of different tenses in each sentence (stated fact, general objective, dated fact, gradual change, particular part of the research).

To understand the text correctly, it is important to know that the year of its publication was 2003.

Diffusing the Internet in the Arab World: The Role of

Social Norms and Technological Culturation

1. The regional setting is dynamic.

2. Internet use and the general demand for information technology (IT) hardware and services in the Middle East are growing, with a projected market value of 8.9 billion dollars by 2005 [1].

3. Egypt, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) accounted for about 59% of 2001 demand and as much as 64% of the future forecast.

4. In 2001, the launching of Egypt′s first free Internet service provider Noor

illustrated wide commitment to market opportunities. 5. It is no wonder that the Internet and burgeoning world of e-commerce and Net-enhancement are viewed as engines of economic growth for Egypt in the 21st century, and why Arab countries such as Egypt are exemplars of how to leapfrog [2] into the IT era [3]. 6. While it is easy to ride this wave of enthusiasm for innovations such as the Internet, failing to understand the factors that influence diffusion at the micro level is still a threat. 7. Past experience shows that technology diffusion is not a straightforward process [4]. 8. Based on prior theoretical work, our field study gathered quantitative and qualitative data from Arab knowledge workers and top and middle-level managers, nearly all of whom were Internet-savvy. 9. We examine the acceptance of the Internet by the respondents themselves as well as their perceptions of organizational acceptance.

(From IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management vol. 50, No. 1, Feb. 2003, p. 45)

1. is stated fact

2. ………………………………………………….

3. ………………………………………………….

4. ..……………………………………………….

5. …………………………………………………

6. …………………………………………………

7. ………………………………………………..

8. ………………………………………………..

9. ………………………………………………..

XVII. Fill in verbs from the list below. Sometimes more than one verb is appropriate. Check whether you understand all the verbs.

deal play do perform appear find take address investigate propose concentrate devote gain become focus lack obtain pay carry out arrive study

1. Experimentation has always ………………………… an important role.

2. Ceramic materials have been ………………………… in importance in recent years.

3. A great effort has been ………………………… to …

4. Considerable attention has been ………………………… to ...

5. Much research has been ………………………… out on …

6. This issue has been widely ………………………… for several years.

7. Much research on … has been ……………………… by X and Y.

8. In recent years, research on … has ……………………….. very popular.

9. Current research is ………………………… on …

10. Several publications on ... have ………………………… in recent years.

11. Researchers from the ?koda Research Institute have ………………………… various methods for … .

12. Only very few publications can be …………………………. in the literature that …

13. However, very few publications have …………………………. into account the fact that …

14. There are still some interesting and relevant issues to be ……………………………….

15. However, studies on … are still ……………………………….

16. The results ……………………………….. by X suggest that …

17. Our team has …………………………… at the conclusion that …

18. The paper I am going to review …………………………….. with …

19. Our study is …………………………... with …

XVIII. Choose a paper from a journal in your field. Distribute copies of the introduction to

the class. Say whether you find it well-written or not quite satisfactory. Give reasons.

Take into acount both the content and wording.

XIX. Write ten sentences in English to highlight the main points of the Introduction section

of your Master thesis.

Body/Core of the paper

Materials and Methods/Methods of Approach

XX. Underline the verb forms (with the exception of infinitives and past participles) in the

following extracts and explain the use of tenses.

The resonators were initially exposed to 1500 sccm dry air at 35°C for over six hours to

drive off H2O from the substrate surfaces. Following this, the flow rate was reduced to 100

sccm and the humidity was increased by 825 ppm every 60 minutes, for seven hours. The

results of this experiment are depicted in Fig. 4.

With the initial application of 825 ppm humid air, the normal frequency shift of the pure

SH-SAW resonator is 11.9 ppm. For each subsequent 825 increase in humidity thereafter, the normalized frequency shift changes by less than 5.1 ppm.

(From IEEE Sensors Journal, vol. 11, no. 9, Sept. 2011, p. 1772)

Fig. 4 shows the sensing device used in the verification experiments. Forty-eight

rectangular shaped spacers with dimensions 400x30x10 mm are set on the base board. The

spacers are made of a soft, sponge type material. Six silicon tubes, each with a pressure

sensor, are set among the spacers. The tubes cover the entire area of the board and are

compressed by vertical and horizontal forces, as shown in the front view in Fig. 1. …. A low

frequency microphone (…….) was selected as the highly sensitive pressure sensor.

(From IEEE Sensors Journal, vol.11,no. 9,Sept. 2011, p. 1874)

However, this method is not easy to implement as the average wind power …. has to be

predicted ahead of time. Unless the prediction is accurate, the wind can accelerate or

decelerate the turbine outside its stable operating range. The constant power strategy is not

advised in practice.

(From IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 22, no. 3, Sept. 2007, p. 787)

An Avista Laboratories SR-12 500 W PEM fuel cell was used to obtain data for testing the

models. The SR-12 is a self-contained unit with a 48-cell PEM stack in 12 removable

cartridges, startup battery, cooling fan, and control hardware. The SR-12 uses high-purity

99.95% hydrogen delivered at 7 psi.

(From IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 22, no. 3, Sept. 2007, p. 750)

XXI. What information did you present in the Materials and Methods section of your

Master thesis? How many parts did you divide it into? What tenses would you use if you

were to present it in English? Give examples.

Results

XXII. Read the following part of a Results section and comment on the tenses in the

numbered sentences.

Development of Sensing Device to Detect Persons Hiding in a Car

1. Fig. 11(a-d) shows the histogram of the index when one person or two persons are (a) in

the driver′s seat of the camper, (b) in the assistant driver′s seat, (c) in a seat in the back

cabin, and (d) on the roof. 2. Fig. 11(e) is the histogram of the index when no one was in the

car and no one was walking near the car, and when many people were walking in the vicinity

of the car, as shown in Fig. 11(e). ……………………………………………………… . 3. Fig. 11(e) shows

the results when no one was in the car and there were either weak or strong disturbance

vibrations. 4. The distribution is similar to that shown in Fig. 10 when no one was in the

sedan-type car. 5. The most frequent distribution is concentrated around F = 0.015. 6. As can

be seen from the histogram in Fig. 11(a)-(e), index F decreases in proportion to the distance

between the person′s position and the sensing device board. 7. This is because the signal

attenuates in proportion to the distance. 8. However, when a person is in the car, even a

slight body movement provides a greater value of index F. 9. Thus, the distribution is more

widely spread than when no one is in the car. 10. Even with the difference in histogram

distribution due to the different cars and hiding positions, there was still a clear difference in

distribution when people were in the car and when no one was in the car. 11. Index F can be

used to discriminate between the presence and nonpresence of people in a car being

inspected.

(From: IEEE Sensors Journal, vol. 11, No. 9, Oct. 2011, p. 1876)

1. shows, are ………………………………………………………………………

2. is; was, was walking, were walking ………………………………………………………………………

3. shows; was, were ……………………………………………………………………..

4. is; was ……………………………………………………………………..

5. is concentrated ………………………………………………………………………

6. can be seen; decreases ………………………………………………………………………

7. is; attenuates ……………………………………………………………………………..

8. is; provides ………………………………………………………………………

9. is spread, is ………………………………………………………………………

10. was, were, was ……………………………………………………………………..

11. can be used ……………………………………………………………………..

XXIII. What were the main results of your Master thesis? Summarize them in five to ten

sentences.

Discussion

XXIV. Read the extracts from the Discussion below. What is their purpose?

Development of Sensing Device to Detect Persons Hiding in a Car

1. From the histograms in Figs. 9-11, we considered how to set a threshold T h for judging the presence or non-presence of a person hiding in the car. …………………………………….. . For both the sedan and the camper, if index F is less than 0.12, there is a 90% probability that no one is hiding in the vehicle.

2. The results do not perfectly discriminate between the presence and non-presence of a person due to the disturbance from the dynamic pressure of wind and ground vibration. If the inspection was conducted in a closed area, the judgment accuracy would be improved. Nonetheless, by identifying the high probability of a concealed person, a more detailed inspection could be carried out, which would make the inspection procedure more efficient.

3. Regarding detection time, the X-ray method requires shorter time than this system, but [6] indicates the danger of using the X-ray method for finding illegal immigrants because of their exposure to X-rays. This system needs more detection time than X-ray because the system requires the drivers and all fellow passengers to get out of the vehicles, but compared with the hands-on searching by border officers, the system can reduce the detection time without the dangers such as the exposure to radiation.

(From IEEE Sensors Journal, vol. 11, no. 9, Sept. 2011, pp. 1876 – 1878)

1. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

2. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

3. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. XXV. Did you include a separate Discussion section in your Master thesis or did you make it part of the Results section? Give reasons.

Conclusion(s)

XXVI. First read the extracts from the following Introduction. Then study the Conclusion. Compare the extracts with the Conclusion and say whether the Conclusion provides answers to the problem as stated in the Introduction.

Development of Sensing Device to Detect Persons Hiding in a Car

Introduction

Illegal immigration from neighboring countries is a serious problem ………………………………. . Accurate devices to quickly and easily find people hiding in vehicles are necessary to maintain strict border control as well as make the illegal immigration procedure more effective.

Generally, a border officer checks the inside and/or outside of a vehicle to determine if anyone is hiding there. ……………………………………… . Alternatives to this manual method have been considered, such as the X-ray equipment …………………………………… [4] and …………………… …………………… [5]. However, these methods require a high initial cost …………………………………. . Moreover, the danger of using the X-ray method for finding illegal immigrants is indicated because the illegal immigrants would be exposed to X-rays [6]. A simpler method which uses microvibrations to detect a concealed person has been proposed [7]. We also proposed a similar method ………………………………. [8].These methods, however, are sensitive not only to human microvibrations but also to external disturbances such as ground vibration and wind force acting on the vehicle.

This paper describes a novel pneumatic method that uses silicon air tubes and a low-frequency condenser microphone as a pressure sensor highly sensitive to the heartbeat signals of a person hiding in a vehicle but robust against external disturbances such as

ground vibration and wind force. The validity of the method was verified using an actual van-type camper.

Conclusion

This paper describes a novel method for detecting the presence of a person hiding in a car. This pneumatic method uses silicon tubes and highly sensitive pressure sensors to monitor the vibrations from human vital signs. The employment of a low-frequency condenser microphone as the pressure sensor provides sufficient sensitivity to detect the signals from human vital signs transmitted to one of the wheels of the car. From the filtered sensing signal, an index using the standard deviation of the signal is presented to discriminate between the presence and non-presence of a person in the car. The validity of the proposed method was examined using a sedan-type car and a camper. For both vehicles, when no one was in the car, distribution of the index was concentrated in the low range. For the sedan, the index when a person was in the car, was clearly greater than that when no one was in the car. For the camper with a concealed person, the signal level decreased in proportion to the distance between the position of the person and the sensor location. Furthermore, the body movements of a concealed person enhanced index F.

As for our future work, we are considering that we need to use more varied types of vehicles to increase the reliability of the system.

(From IEEE Sensors Journal, vol. 11, no. 9, Sept. 2011, p. 1878)

XXVII. Choose a paper from a journal in your field. Distribute copies of the Conclusion(s )to the class. Say whether you find it well-written or not quite satisfactory. Compare the Conclusion(s) with the Abstract and the Introduction. Does it relate directly to the problems stated in those parts?

XXVIII. Read the English version of the Introduction section in your Master′s thesis. Then formulate the conclusions you arrived at. Summarize them in five to ten sentences and compare them with your Introduction section.

Acknowledgesment(s)

XXIX. Did you thank anyone for assistance or financial support? Formulate the acknowledgement in English.

Nomenclature and Appendices

XXX. Did you add a Appendix to your thesis? Why/Why not?

References

XXXI. Find two journals by different publishers and compare their ways of referencing

a) papers

b) books

c) presentations at conferences

Give examples.

Writing a paper step by step

XXXII. Are you now ready to write a paper on your research? This exercise helps you to revise the paper structure. Below are several extracts from research papers. Can you identify which parts of the paper they come from?

The lesson of these examples for cross-cultural IT management is that the implicit aspects of cultural context reflected in accepted technologies and management practices may or may not carry over successfully to a different cultural context.

(From IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, vol. 50, no. 1, Feb 2003, p.29)…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2.

With increased emphasis on nonconventional energy systems and autonomous power generation, a considerable interest has recently been devoted to the development of improved and appropriate generating systems.

(From IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 22, no. 3, Sept. 2007, p. 564) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

In order to show the abilities of the software SimRDH, it has been used for simulating different operating modes of a system composed of the two subsystems of Figs. 12 and 13. ………………………………………….. . During the simulation, the car weight M c is 630 kg and the counterweight M p is 350 kg. The other values are given in Table 1. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. (From IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 22, no. 3, Sept. 2007, p. 597)

The results for both motors are shown in Figs. 10-12, which show performance comparisons of speed, torque, and efficiency versus input current at 12 V. The figures show that the powder iron motor runs faster, and thus has lower power, torque production, and efficiency than the motor with lamination and wedges.

(From IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion vol. 22, no. 3, Sept. 2007, p. 611) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

To overcome the problem of higher dc-link voltage, Hammond [8] has proposed a new topology, but the transformer design is very complex. To simplify the transformer design, Paice [9] has reported a new topology for 12-pulse and 18-pulse converters. But the THD of ac mains current with this topology is around 8% at full load.

(From IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 22, no. 3, Sept. 2007, p. 637) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

The literature on integrating technologies such as CBD (………………………………….) would support the view that a key problem at Invebank was their lack of collaborative or open culture [14] - one that encouraged trust and knowledge sharing [20], [45]. We might, therefore, argue that Invebank could usefully develop a unified collaborative culture to break down subcultural barriers. However, we believe that this is na?ve, since it oversimplifies the cultural concept, adopting as it does an integrative perspective [29]. (From IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, vol. 50, no. 1, Feb. 2003, p. 97) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

7. The following section reviews the relevant literature, before the research method is discussed in Section III. The research results are presented in Section IV and their importance and implications are assessed in the final sections.

(From IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, vol. 50, no. 1, Feb. 2003, p. 78)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

In-fiber sensors are an effective platform for sensing various physical parameters. …………………………………………. . However, in order to use this sensor technology in a real testing environment, the basic technology needs to be refined. The two needed refinements in this technology are temporal stability and packaging that enables the sensor to be durable but still retain its flexibility.

(From IEEE Sensors Journal, vol. 11, no. 9, Sept 2011, p. 2057) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

This paper presents an application of the “split ADC” [4] – [16] architecture to the problem of calibrating and correcting linearity errors in successive approximation ADCs. Compared with the work in [5], the novel content in this paper is associated with the extension of the split ADC concept to the SAR architecture.

(From IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems, vol. 58, no. 10, Oct. 2011, p. 2355) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

10.

Following the excellent results exhibited by the proposed framework, the question that immediately arises is whether that level of performance can be achieved in all situations. From our experience with many other simulated scenarios that we explored, the answer thereto lies in the spectral leakage caused by the discrete Fourier transform [11], and …………………………………… .

(From IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems, vol. 58, no. 10, Oct. 2011, p. 2475) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. XXXIII. You know now the structure of the paper and have a detailed list of useful phrases (see How to write a paper: Useful phrases). Make use of all the knowledge you have acquired so far to write a paper on your current research. The exercises will guide you through the process.

It is recommended to start by drafting the Introduction but to leave the final formulation of your research problem till you have completed the three parts of the body of the paper that follow the Introduction (Materials and Methods, Discussion, Results). That will help you to formulate the problem clearly and precisely as a starting point for its solution. The other parts of the Introduction (background of the problem, state of the art, literature review, framework of the paper) are easier to write. The Introduction should cover half a page.

Now describe the methodology and materials for solving your research problem as formulated in the Introduction. The description should not exceed one page. If the research is experimental, describe the methods and facility/apparatus you used and the experiment as carried out.

If your research involves only mathematical solution, describe the method you used.

This task will cover the Materials and Methods section.

Where applicable, use mathematical expressions, graphs, tables, etc.

Describe the results in an objective way, in the form applicable in the follow-up research or in practice. This will be the Results section. Include graphs, tables, diagrams, if applicable. Do not exceed one page.

Assess, evaluate and discuss the results obtained on less than one page, giving your personal attitude and opinion. This will be the Discussion section.

Now it is time to work on the final formulation of the problem presented in the Introduction and also on the Conclusion(s).Make sure that your Introduction covers all the essential points and that your research problem is carefully formulated and gives a clear idea of what is coming next. Summarize the main results and draw conclusions on half a page at most. That will cover the last part of the paper body, Conclusion(s).

Remember that the results you obtained and the conclusions you drew must relate directly to the problem formulated in the Introduction.

Write the Abstract to your paper, not exceeding 150 words. It should include problem formulation, an account of the methodology/calculations, the results and a conclusion. Add Keywords/Index terms

Author Declaration

XXXIV. Your paper is now ready to be submitted to the journal of your choice. Some journals require a statement called Author declaration, in which the authors declare that the paper presents an original contribution to the researched problem and that the facts have not been published elsewhere.Arrange the sentence parts given below to get an example of such a declaration.

1. .......... is original

.......... for publication in any form

.......... and is not being considered

.......... that our paper/manuscript

.......... we the undersigned declare

.......... that it has not been published before

2. .......... we further state

.......... for publication to any other publisher

.......... that it has not been submitted

3. .......... by all the authors

.......... we also confirm that

.......... the manuscript has been read and approved

4. .......... we have followed the regulations concerning intellectual property

.......... we further confirm that

.......... and declare that

.......... all works of other authors in any form (ideas, equations, figures, tables, programs) .......... have been properly acknowledged

5. .......... for the editorial process

.......... is the only contact person

.......... we understand that

.......... that the corresponding author

Signed by all authors

Author Signature Date

translation exercises翻译

Audrey Hepburn, An Elegant Spirit Although she was never an ardent follower of any formal religion, my mother’s own faith endured throughout her life: her faith in love, her faith in the miracle of nature, and her faith in the goodness of life. She honored this second chance at life at every opportunity that presented itself and most of all at the end of her life, through her work for UNICEF. Sometimes a near-death experience can free us of the shackles that life slowly trains us to wear. We come to realize what’s worth the sweat and what isn’t. Although she had no memory of her childhood near-death experience, the knowledge of it, coupled with the fertile ground of an already self-effacing nature, were the roots of the humility that graced her entire life. I never heard her say, “I did this,” or “I’ve done that.” Toward the end of her life, throughout the UNICEF years, I would hear her say regularly, as the world listened to her, “I can do very little.” I never heard her say that she liked any of her performances. When people complimented her, she would always shy away and ultimately explain how those who surrounded her were the reason for her success. Bessie Anderson Stanley wrote, “To laugh often and much, to win the respect of intelligent people and affection of children, to earn the appreciation of honest critics and endure the betrayal of false friends, to appreciate beauty, to find the best in others, to leave the world a bit better whether by a healthy child, a garden patch or a redeemed social condition, to know even one life has breathed easier because you have lived, this is to have succeeded.” By Ms. Stanley’s standards, my mother’s life was a success: She was graced with good choices. The first choice she made was her career. Then she chose her family. And when we, her children, were grown and had started our lives, she chose the less fortunate children of the world. She chose to give back. In that important choice lay the key to healing and understanding something that had affected her throughout her entire life: the sadness that had always been there.

高中英语倒装句讲解以及习题

倒装句一、定义：英语最基本的语序是主语在前，谓语动词在后。但有时由于句子结构的需要或表示强调，就要采用倒装形式。 Eg：The bus comes here. Here comes the bus. 车来了。二、分类：全倒装:将谓语动词完全移到主语之前称为完全倒装，半倒装:只将助动词或情态动词放到主语之前称为部分倒装。 Eg：Many years ago there lived an old man in the wooden house. 很多年前有一位老人住在那间木屋里。 Never have I been late for school this term. 这学期，我从来没上学迟到过。三、全倒装：“五全”=有时表地方经常与be/come/exist/fall/follow/go/remain/seem/stand（表示移动或动态的不及物动词连用）或用表示类似“存在”观念的其他不及物动词如：live, stand, come, lie, flow, enter, rise 和appear等?㈠、“有”：在“there be”结构里 Eg：There is a box on the table. 桌子上面有一个盒子。 ?㈡、“时”：表示时间副词，如：now，then, Eg：Now comes your turn. 现在轮到你了。 ?㈢、“表”：表语放句子前，“表语＋系动词＋主语”的结构 Eg：Present at the party were Mr. Green and many other guests. 格林先生和其他的客人在这个聚会上。 Seated on the ground are a group of young men. 一群年轻人坐在了地上。 ?㈣、“地”：地点状语放在句首 Eg：In south of the river lies a small factory. 小工厂位于河的南方。 From the valley came a cry. 山谷传来一阵哭声。 ?㈤、“方”：表方位的副词here, there 或out, in, up, down, away, off等标志词放在句首

语言学概论Chapter+1+Exercises

Chapter 1 Introduction I. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement. 1. If a study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be ______________. A. prescriptive B. analytic C. descriptive D. linguistic 2. Which of the following is not a design feature of human language? A. Arbitrariness B. Displacement C. Duality D. Meaningfulness 3. Modern linguistics regards the written language as ____________. A. primary B. correct C. secondary D. stable 4. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing, because ___________. A. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing B. speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed. C. speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue. D. All of the above 5. A historical study of language is a ____ study of language. A. synchronic B. diachronic C. prescriptive D. comparative 6. Saussure took a(n) __________ view of language, while Chomsky looks at language from a ________ point of view. A. sociological, psychological B. Psychological, sociological C. applied, pragmatic D. semantic, linguistic 7. According to F. de Saussure, ____ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. A. parole B. performance C. Langue D. language 8. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between _________ and meanings. A. sense B. Sounds C. objects D. ideas 9. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This feature is called_________. A. displacement B. duality C. flexibility D. cultural transmission

初中英语倒装句综合讲解

初中英语倒装句英语句子通常有两种语序:一种主语在前,谓语在后,称为自然语序,另一种谓语在前,主语在后,称为倒装语序，按“主语+ 谓语” 这种顺序排列的句子是陈述语序。如果排列顺序变为“谓语（或谓语一部分）+主语”，就是倒装。之所以出现倒装，一方面是因为语法结构的需要，另一方面为了强调，有时两种原因兼有之。倒装句分为部分倒装和全部倒装。以下就分别讲述这两种倒装的用法。如果遇到一句，不知道使用全部倒装还是部分倒装的话，我们主要主要看其标志性的词语。一、部分倒装就是把谓语中的be动词、助动词或情态动词置于主语前面。常见于下列几种情况： (一). only所修饰的副词，介词短语或状语从句放在句首时，要用： only+ 状语+ be /助动词/情态动词+主语及其他 Only when he told me the news did I know what had happened. Only in this way can you make progress in your English. Only through education can we rise in the world. 注意：only修饰主语时，不需要倒装。 1. Only in this way ________to make improvement in the operating system. A. you can hope B. you did hope C. can you hope D. did you hope 2．Among all the people, only you know the truth. (二).含有否定意义的副词或连词放在句首时。如：never, little, seldom, not, not only, not until, no sooner (…than), hardly (…when), rarely, scarcely, in no way等。 We seldom get up at four in the morning. = Seldom do we get up at four in the morning. Not a single word from him could express his feelings. Rarely have I heard of such a silly thing. (1) hardly…when; scarcely…when…; no sooner…than… 可以用正常语序had hardly done when… did 或用倒装句式Hardly had + 主语+ done when… did 句式。hardly所在的句子用过去完成时。 The bell hardly had rung when the class began. = Hardly had the bell rung when the class began. No sooner had he arrived in Beijing than he began to work. (2) not only… but also 如连接两个成分时，不用倒装；连接句子时，前面的句子要用倒装。

语言学Chapter课后练习答案

Chapter 4 Revision Exercises 1. What is syntax? Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences. 2. What is phrase structure rule? The grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements (i.e. specifiers, heads, and complements) that make up a phrase is called a phrase structure rule. The phrase structural rule for NP, VP, AP, and PP can be written as follows: NP→(Det) N (PP) ... VP→(Qual) V (NP) ... AP→(Deg) A (PP) ... PP→(Deg) P (NP) ... We can formulate a single general phrasal structural rule in which X stands for the head N, V, A or P. The XP rule: XP→(specifier) X (complement) 3. What is category? How to determine a word’s category? Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb. To determine a word's category, three criteria are usually employed, namely meaning, inflection and distribution. The most reliable of determining a word’s category is its distribution. 4. What is coordinate structure and what properties does it have? The structure formed by joining two or more elements of the same type with the help of a conjunction is called coordinate structure. It has four important properties: 1)there is no limit on the number of coordinated categories that can appear prior to the conjunction. 2) a category at any level (a head or an entire XP) can be coordinated. 3)coordinated categories must be of the same type. 4)the category type of the coordinate phrase is identical to the category type of the elements being conjoined. 5. What elements does a phrase contain and what role does each element play? A phrase usually contains the following elements: head, specifier and complement. Sometimes it also contains another kind of element termed modifier. The role each element can play:

exercises-FIDIC

Read clause18 and answer the following questions: 1.Which party shall be the insuring party (应投保方/投保人)for the works, goods, and Contractor’s equipment? Unless otherwise stated in the particular conditions, the insurance shall be effected (taken out) and maintained by the contractor as the insuring party. Insure against one’s liability for loss or damages or expenses, or claims. If the contractor fails to take out the insurance , the employ may choose to effect the insurance and pay premiums due.__ The contractor shall pay the premiums to the Employer and the contract price shall be adjusted accordingly. The main obligation of the policyholder is to pay the premiums in accordance with the policy. 2.Which party shall be the insuring party for insuring against injury to persons and damage to property? Unless otherwise stated in the particular conditions, the insurance shall be effected (taken out) and maintained by the contractor as the insuring party.

语言学练习Exercise 5

E111 1125110312 张翩翩 Exercise 5 I. State whether each of the following statements is True or False. (30 points) F 1. A grammatical sentence is also meaningful. F 2. Some words are always superordinates while some others are always hyponyms. F 3. Synonyms are those words that can be used interchangeably in all contexts. F 4. Antonyms have opposite meanings. F 5. All English words have their referents. T 6. The principle of compositionality refers to the idea that the meaning of a sentence depends on the meanings of the constituent words and the way they are combined. T 7. One advantage of componential analysis is that by specifying the semantic features of words, it will be possible to show how these words are related in meaning. F 8. In the classic semantic triangle, the symbol is directly related to the referent. T 9. The superordinate term is more inclusive in meaning than its hyponyms. T 10. To understand a sentence, we need knowledge about its syntactic structure and the meanings of the words used in it. II. Give the respective antonym for each of the following words and then tell to which category they belong. (32 points) 1. boy – ( girl ) ( complementary antonymy ) 2. wide – (narrow) (gradable antonymy) 3. lengthy –(brief ) (gradable antonymy) 4. thin – ( thick) (gradable antonymy ) 5. dead – (alive ) (complementary antonymy) 6. interviewer – (interviewee ) (converse antonymy) 7. sell – (buy) (converse antonymy) 8. teacher – (student ) (converse antonymy) III. Study the following pairs of words. What is the sense relation between these pairs of words? (18 points) (1) shallow / deep ( antonymy ) (2) mature / ripe ( synonymy)

语言学Exercises

语言学Exercises 1. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human __________ A. contact B. communication C. relation D. community 2. Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary? A. tree B. typewriter C. crash D. bang 3. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation? A. Transferability B. Duality C. Displacement D. Arbitrariness 4. In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usually termed ___Creativity_______. 5. Language has many functions. We can use language to talk about itself. This function is _____Metalingual function_____. 6. __________ refers to the actual realization of the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in utterances. A. Performance B. Competence C. Langue D. Parole 7. __________ answers such questions as how we as infants acquire our first language. A. Psycholinguistics B. Anthropological linguistics C. Sociolinguistics D. Applied linguistics 8. Modern linguistics is __descriptive________ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe. 9. The description of a language as it changes through time is a __diachronic________ study. 10. Saussure put forward two important concepts. __Langue________ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community. 11. Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure’s langue and Chomsky’s __competence________. 12.Decide whether the following statements are true or false. （1） Language is written because writing is the primary medium for all languages. F （2） F. de Saussure, who made the distinction between langue and parole in the early 20th century, was a French(Swiss) linguist. F （3）All the languages in the world today have both spoken and written forms(有的有有的没有). F （4）A study of the features of the English used in Shakespeare’s time is an example of the diachronic(synchronic) study of language. F （5）Speech and writing came into being at much the same time不对in human history. F 13. Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds? A. Acoustic phonetics B. Articulatory phonetics

高中英语倒装句讲解及习题

高考倒装句专项练习 Part One 单项选择 1._______ and caught the mouse. A. Up the cat jumped B. The cat up jumped C. Up jumped the cat D. Jumped up the cat 2.______ and the lesson began. A. In came Mr Brown B. Mr Brown in came C. In came he D. came in Mr Brown 3. Over _______ , dead. A. rolling the goat B. rolled the goat C. did the goat roll D. the goat rolled 4.— Where is my shirt, mum? —_________. A. There is it B. There it is C. There is D. Here is it 5. — Where is your father? —Oh, ________. A. here he comes B. he here comes C. here does he come D. here comes he 6.The door opened and there ________ . A. enters an old man B. entered an old man C. did an old man enter D. an old man entered 7. Now ______ your turn to recite the text. A. will come B. comes C. has come D. there is 8. Often _____ them not to smoke here. A. we advised B. advised me C. did we advise D. had we advised 9. ________ playing soldiers. A. Inside the room were two boys B. Inside the room two boys C. Were two boys inside the room D. Inside the room was two boys 10. On the wall _______ two large portraits. A. are hanging B .Hanged C. hang D. hangs 11. _______ who was wounded in the stomach. A. Among them were a soldier B. Among them was a soldier C. Among them a soldier was D. Among they was a soldier 12. Next door to ours ________ , who is no less than eighty. A. that lives an old man B. does an old man live C. lives an old man D. where lives an old man 13.She plays the piano very well, ______. A. so every one of us does B. every one of us does C. so does every one of us D. so do every one of us 14.You say he works hard, ______, and _____. A. so he does; so you do B. so he does; so do you C. so does he; so do you D. so does he; so you do 15. —I thought you women were present at the meeting. —__________. A. So we were B. So we did C. So were we D. So did we 16.I don’t think Jack will come today, _____. A. nor will Mary B. and Mary doesn’t C. Mary will either D. or Mary does 17. She is fond of cooking, _____I . A. so am B. nor am C. neither do D. nor do 18.Marx was born in Germany and German was his native language. A. So it was with Engles B. So was it with Engles C. So was Engles D. So did Engles 19.A fish needs water and without water it will die._______. A. So does a man B. So will a man C. So it is with a man D. So is it with a man 20. So absorbed _______ the work that she often forgot to _____ her meals. A. had she been in; do B. she was in; make C. was she in; take D. she had been in ; have 21.So loudly ______ that every one of the class could hear him. A. did he speak B. did he spoke C. spoke he D. he spoke

语言学试题

I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: 1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 2. Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general. 3. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks. 4. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and checked against the observed facts. 5. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole. 6. General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other areas, studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study. 7. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication. 8. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaningful sentences. 9. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is called morphology. 10. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only studies the morphemes, but also the combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences. 11. The study of meaning in language is known as semantics. 12. Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings. 13. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies meaning not in isolation, but in context. 14. Social changes can often bring about language changes. 15. Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society. 16. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive. 17. Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar. 18. A diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point in time. 19. Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the spoken language.

离散数学Exercises

1.List all subsets of {JA V A, PASCAL, C++} 2.Prove that if A ? B and C ?D, then A ∩ C ?B ∩ D 3.A, B and C are sets, prove or disprove the following statements. (1) If A – B = A – C, then B = C (2) If A? B = A? C, A ≠?, then B = C 4.Write each of the following statements in terms of propositional variables, predicates, quantifiers and logical connectives. You can choose any propositional variables and predicates freely. (1) If I like the course or the teacher, I will attend the class. (Statement and its negation) (2) For all students of our school, someone studies hard and has good score; someone studies hard and has not good score. 5.Prove that the following is a tautology using truth table (1) ~() p p q ??(2) (()())() p q q r p r ?∧??? 6.Let A and B are square matrices. Show that if AB=BA, then (AB)n=A n B n