限定词

限定词
限定词

限定词

英语语法更新:2007-2-13 阅读:

限定词

限定词(DETERMINER〕是在名词词组中对名词中心词起特指(SPECIFIC REFERENCE〕、类指(GENERIC REFERENCE〕以及表示确定数量(DEFINITE QUANTITY〕和非确定数量(INDEFINITE QUANTITY〕等限定作用的词类。名词词组除有词汇意义外,还有其所指意义(REFERENTIAL MEANING〕,是特指(即指特写的对象〕,还是类指(即泛指一类人或物〕;是有确定的数量,还是没有确定的数量。能在名词词组中表示这种所指意义的词类就是限定词。英语的限定词包括:

定冠词(DEFINTITE ARTICLE〕,不定冠词(INDEFINITE ARTICLE〕,零冠词(ZERO ARTICLE〕

物主限定词(POSSESSIVE DETERMINER〕,my, your, his, her, our, your, their, one's, its.

名词属格(GENITIVE NOUN〕,John's, my friend's.

指示限定词(DEMONSTRATIVE DETERMINER〕,this, that, these, those, such.

关系限定词(RELATIVE DETERRMINER〕,whose, which.

疑问限定词(INTERROGATIVE DETERMINER〕,what, which, whose.

不定限定词(INDEFINITE DETERMINER〕,no, some, any, each, every, enough, either, neither, all, both, half, several, many, much, (a) few, (a) little, other, another.

基数词(CARDINAL NUMERAL〕和序数词(ORDINAL NUMERAL〕

倍数词(MULTIPLICATIVE NUMERAL〕和分数词(FRACTIONAL NUMERAL〕

量词(QUANTIFIER〕a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a great of, a good deal of, a large of, a small amount of, a quantity of, a great of, a good number of等。

限定词与名词词组中心词之间有着某种固定的搭配关系;如果名词之前带有两个或两个以上的限定词,则限定词与限定词之间也有某种固定的搭配关系。本讲主要解决这两种搭配关系问题。

1 限定词与三类名词的搭配关系

限定词的选择决定于随后的名词的类别,是单数名词、复数名词,还是不可数名词。

1〕能与三类名词搭配的限定词

有些限定词如the, some, any, no, other, whose以及my, your等物主限定词和名词属格(John's, my friend's〕等能与三类名词搭配。例如:

the book, my book, my friend's book, John's book, any book, some book, no book, the other book, whose book, the books,

my books, my friend's book, John's books, any books, some books, no books, the other books, whose books, the money, my money, my friend's money, John's money, any money,

some money, no money, the other money, whose money.

2〕只能与单数名词搭配的限定词

有些限定词如a(n), one, another, each, every, either, neither, many a, such a 等只能与单数名词搭配。例如:

each worker, either book, an apple, another book, such a book, every student, neither sentence, one copy, many a book.

3) 只能与复数名词搭配的限定词

有些限定词如both, two, three, another two / three, many, (a) few, several, these, those, a (great) number of等只能与复数名词搭配。例如:

both workers, several students, a number of essays, many students, (a) few words, these / those

books, two / three visitors, another two / three students.

4) 只能与不可数名词搭配的限定词

有些限定词如a (little) bit of, a great amount of, a great deal of, (a) little, much等只能与不可数名词搭配。例如:

a bit of water, a great amount of labour, a great deal of work, (a) little space, much noise.

5〕能与单、复数名词搭配的限定词

有些限定词如the first, the second, the last, the next等既可与单数名词搭配,也可与复数名词搭配。例如:

the first rose, the last man, the next meeting, the first roses, the last men, the next meetings.

6〕能与单数名词和不可数名词搭配的限定词

有些限定词如this, that, (the) least等能与单数名词和不可数名词搭配。例如:

(the) least sign (of prejudice), this / that job, (the) least knowledge, this / that work.

7〕能与复数名词和不可数名词搭配的限定词

还有些限定词如a lot of, lots of, enough, more, most, such, other等可与复数名词和不可数名词搭配。例如:

a lot of books, a lot of money, lots of chickens, lots of food, plenty of chairs, plenty of water, enough copies, enough coal, more articles, more time, most people, most work, such men, such bread, other men, other bread.

不定量限定词less原先只与不可数名词搭配,但在现代英语中,less既可与不可数名词也可与复数名词搭配。例如:

less money, less mistakes.

2 限定词与限定词的搭配关系

以上讲的是限定词与三类名词的搭配关系。除上述搭配关系外,限定词与限定词之间还存在着一定的搭配关系。在名词词组中心词之前如果有两个或两个以上限定词出现时,就会产生限定词的先后顺序问题。按其不同的搭配位置,限定词可分为:

1〕中位、前位、后位限定词

按照限定词与限定词之间不同搭配位置,限定词可分为中位限定词(CENTRAL DETERMINER〕、前位限定词(PREDETERMINER〕和后位限定词(POSTDETERMINER〕。

a) 中位限定词包括a(n), the, zero; this, that, these, those; my, your, etc; Merry's, my friend's; some, any, no, every, each, either, neither, enough; what(ever), which(ever), whose等

b) 前位限定词包括all, both, half; double, twice, three times, etc; one-third, two-fifths, etc; what, such, (a / an)等

c) 后位限定词包括one, two, three, etc; first, second, third, etc; next, last, other, another, etc; many, much, (a) few, (a) little, fewer, (the) fewest, less, (the) least, more, most; several, plenty of, a lot of, lots of, a great / large / good number of, a great / good deal of, a large / small amount of; such等

2) 三类限定词的搭配关系

如果一个名词词组带有上述三类限定词,其搭配关系总是按照"前位--中位--后位"的顺序排列。例如:

all前the中four后teachers.

all前your中three后books.

all前these中last后few后days.

如果只有上述两类限定词,其搭配关系仍按上述顺序。例如:

half前his中lecture.

those中last后few后months.

several后hundred后guests.

all前other后students.

such前a中misfortune.

some中such后alloy.

由上述诸例可以看出,中位限定词之间和前位限定词之间是互相排拆的,即一个名词中心词之前不可并用两个中位限定词或两个前位限定词。所以,"我的那本书"不是* my that book 而是that book of mine,因为my和that同是中位限定词,不可同时并列。但后位限定词的使用却不受此限。除上述those last few months, several hundred guests之外, this last two books, the first two chapters, three other girls, two more sheets, the next few weeks, many more copies, a few more samples, another twenty tons等都是后镁限定词重叠使用的实例。

个别限定词有跨类现象,如such既属于前位限定词,又可归入后位限定词。由于它只是在such a...和such an...这样的搭配中属于前位限定词,而在与其他限定词(some, any, no, all, few, another, other, many, one, two, etc)搭配时,such则是后位限定词,一律放在上述这些限定词的后面,如some such, any such, nosuch, few such, one such等,因此本书把它归入后位限定词。

3 若干限定词用法比较

前两节介绍了限定词与三类名词以及限定词与限定词之间的搭配关系。下面介绍一些限定词(包括相应的不定代词〕的某些习惯用法问题。( 本节所讲的"不定代词"多属于"名词性替代词"(NOMINAL SUBSTITUTE〕,参见37.1)

1〕many, much, a lot of, lots of, plenty of

表示"多"的意思,可用many, much, a lot of, lots of, plenty of等。但是many, much常用于否定句和疑问句,而a lot of等则常用于肯定句。例如:

I haven't seen many English films. 多数英文电影我没看过。many修饰可数名词

Have you seen many English films? 多数的英文电影你都看过吗?many修饰可数名词

I haven't done much work today. 我还没有做多少活呢。much修饰不可数名词

Have you done much work today? 今天你已经做了很多活吗?much修饰不可数名词

I have seen a lot of / lots of / plenty of / a great number of English films. 我已经看了多部英文电影。number修饰可数名词

I have done a lot of / lots of / plenty of / a great amount of work today. 今天我已经做了很多活。amount修饰不可数名词

many / much 既可作限定词,也可作不定代词(INDEFINITE PRONOUN〕,a lot 也可单独用作名词词组:

Have you done all these exercises?

----No, I haven't done very many.

Have you done much work today?

----Yes, I've done a lot.

当然,以上所讲many / much常用于否定句和疑问句并不是绝对的,尤其是在下列场合many / much也常用于肯定句:

a) 用于whether / if引导的宾语分句中。例如:

I doubt whether / if there'll be many people at the show on this rainy day. 我怀疑在这个雨天里会有很多人看表演。

I wonder whether / if he has much information on this subject. 我想知道在这个题目上他是否知道很多消息。

b) 用于由"how / too / so / as+ many / much (+中心词)" 构成的名词词组中。例如:

He took so many boxes with him that he had to call a taxi. 他身边带着太多的箱子,不得不叫计程车。

It's really surprising that the child has so much strength at his age. 真是很惊奇,在这个年龄的孩子居然这么有力气。

You can take as many copies as you need. 你可以根据你的需要想拿多少张就拿多少张。

You can use as much oil as you need. 根据你的需要想用多少油就用多少。

I have (far) too many books on the shelf.

We've had too much rain this spring. 这个春天我们已经有太多的雨。

I'd like to know how many copies are needed for the class. 我想要知道在这班需要多少张考贝。

I want to know how much money will be spent on the project. 我想知道将在这个计划花费多少钱。MUCH修饰不可数名词MONEY。

c) 用于在句首作主语以及在"存在句"中作实义主语的名词词组中。例如:

Many people would like to take holidays abroad. 许多人喜欢去国外渡假。

Much coal has been saved through the use of the new device. 通过用新的装置,很多煤被节省下来。

There are many girl students in my class. 在我的班级里有许多女学生。

There is much coal left in the mine. 在煤矿有很多的煤剩下。

同样地,a good / great many也可用于肯定句。例如:

I have read a great many English novels. 我已读过大量的英语小说。

2) (a) few, (a)little

表示"少"的意思,可用(a) few, (a) little, 既可用作限定词,也可用作不定代词。a few, a little 表示"少量",带有肯定意义。例如:

Let's invite a few friends to come with us. 让我们来邀请几个朋友来和我们在一起。

Here are a few more books on this subject. 在他的课题上有少量的书。

There are only a very few left. 只有一点点剩下。

I'm keeping the few that remain for tomorrow. 我保住剩下的一点点为明天。

I had a little difficulty in solving the problem. 在解决这个问题上我有一点困难。

Give me a little of that wine. 给我一点那种酒。

I'm trying to use the little French I have just learnt. 我正在试用我刚学的一点法语。

few / little 若不与a 连用则表示-否-定-意义,相当于not many / much, not enough。例如:

I have very few (chocolates) left. 我剩下不多的巧克力。

Few (children) were tired. 很少的学生累了。

I have very little (money) left. 我有为数不多的钱剩下。

I understood little of his speech. 他的演讲我懂一点点。

要注意,quite a few, a good few. not a few不表示"少",而表示"相当多"的含义,相当于, a fair number (of)。例如:

Quite a few of us are getting worried. 我们相当多的人正在担心。

You'll have to wait a good few weeks. 你将不得不等上相当多个星期。

little 的比较级和最高级是less 和least, 通常只能用与不可数名词搭配,但在当代英语中也有用less与复数搭配的。例如:

If only there were less holes in the roof. 如果房顶仅是少量洞。

但这只见于非正式主体;在正式主体中仍用fewer较少,为好。

3) some, any

要表示"一些"的意思,可用some, any。some 是肯定词(ASSERTIVE WORD〕,常用于肯定句;any是非肯定词(NONASSERTIVE WORD〕,常用于否定句或疑问句。例如:

There are some letters for me.

There aren't any letters for me.

Are there any letters for me?

I seldom get any sleep these days.

any也常用于条件分句以及带有否定含义的句子中:

If you have any trouble, please let me know. 如果你有任何麻烦,请让我知道。

I forgot to ask for any change. 我忘了要一些零钱。

当说话人期待肯定回答时,some也可用于疑问句, 比如当说话人期待来信时,他可以问道:Are there some letters for me?

当购物时向售货员提问或者主人向客人表示款待时,也可在疑问句中用some:

Could I have some of these apples?

Would you like some chocolate cake?

当some与单数可数名词搭配时, some相当于a certain("某一"〕的含义;而any与单数可数名词搭配,则相当于every("任何一个"〕的含义。例如:

Some boy has broken a window. 有个男孩打破了窗户。

Any child could anwer that question. 任何一个孩子都可以回答这个问题。

4) all, both, every, each, either, neither, any

这一类词,除every只能作限定词外,都是既可作限定词,也可作不定代词。例如:

all (of) the boys.

both (of) the boys,

every boy / every one of the boys,

each boy / each (one) of the boys,

either boy / either (one) of the (two) boys,

neither boy / neither (one) of the (two) boys,

any boy / any (one) of the (three or more) boys,

由上述诸例可以看出,这一类的限定词和不定代词在用法上有以下值得注意之处:

a) 表示"全体",可用all 和both, 但all表示三个或三个以上人或物的"全体",而both则表示两个人或物的"全体"。例如:

All the four applicants are below the average. 所有这四位申请者都在平均数以下。

All these last few days the farmers have been busy fighting drought. 在最后这几天里,农民曾经忙于抗旱。

Both his parents are against his going there alone. 他的父母两个人都反对他单独去那儿。

The man was blind in both eyes. 这人的两眼都瞎了。

如果要表示"全体都不"的意思,当"全体"为三个或更多的人或物时,通常用none。例如:None of the students failed the examination. 没有一个学生考试失败。

I'll have none of your stupid ideas. 我不能接受你的那些糊涂观念。

在上述第一例中,既可用none, 也可用no one:

No one failed the examination.

但no one只能指人,不能指物。

如果要表示两个人或物"都不",通常要用neither:

Neither student / Neither (one) of the (two) cars was made in Japan. 两辆车没有一辆产自日本。

b) 表示全体中的"每个",如果这个"全体"包含三个或更多的人或物,通常用every。例如:Every student in the class took part in the performance. 这个班的每个学生都是这个表演的一部分。

His every action shows that he is a very determined young man. 他的每个行动都显示了他是一个坚决的年轻人。

如果这个"全体"包含两个或两个以上的人或物,便可以用each。例如:

Each side of the street was crowded with people. 街道的两边都挤满了人。

在这里,不可以用every。如果说"广场的每一边都挤满了人",那就既可用each, 也可用every: Each / Every side of the square was crowded with people. 广场的边上挤满了人。

every 与each 的区别还在于every 指许多人或物中的"每个",侧重在全体,近乎all的含义。例如:

Every student failed the examination. = All the students failed the examination. 所有的学生都考试失败。

We want every child to succeed. = We want all the children to succeed. 我们相让每个孩子都成功。

而each则指许多人或物中"各人",侧重在个别。例如:

Each child will find his own personal road to success. 每个孩子都发现自已的方法成功。

The Queen shook hands with each player in turn after the game. 女王在比赛后与参赛手们轮流握手。

c) 表示全体中的"任何一个",也要看这个"全体"是包含三个或更多,还是只包含两个。当"全体"包含三个或三个以上,要表示其中任何一个须用any。例如:

Any (= Every) child would know that. 每个孩子都知道这个。

Ask any man you meet. 你可以问任何一个人。

His gift was unknown to any (of them) except himself. 除了他自已没有一个人知道他的礼物是什么。

These are all free,take any (of them) you like. 所有都是免费的,拿其中你最喜欢的。

当"全体"只包含两个时,要表示其中任何一个须用either。例如:

There are two flights for Beijing in the morning. You can take either (one). 只有两班早晨的飞机去北京,你可选其中一个。

We have two copies left. Keep either (copy) for the file. 我们有两份考贝剩下,为文件保持其中的一份。

但在on either side, on either end等固定词组中有时可以兼指两个。例如:

There are warehouses on either side of the river (= on both sides of the river). 在河的两边都有大货仓。

He got off the train with a bundle on either arm. 他带着两大包下火车。

There are stairways at either end of the corridor. 走廊的两头都有楼梯。

限定词二

冠词(ARTICLE)是最典型的限定词。关于冠词的用法已在前一讲提到一些,本讲作进一步介绍。

1 类指和特指

冠词的表意功能可以归纳为二种,即类指(GENERIC REFERENCE)和特指(SPECIFIC REFERENCE)。冠词是虚词,本身不能单独使用,也没有词义,它用在名词的前面,帮助指明名词的含义。英语中的冠词有三种,一种是定冠词(the Definite Article)(定冠词the与指示代词this,that 同源,有"那(这)个"的意思,但较弱,可以和一个名词连用,来表示某个或某些特定的人

或东西。); 另一种是不定冠词(the Indefinite Article)(不定冠词a (an)与数词one 同源,是"一个"的意思。a用于辅音音素前,一般读作[e],而an则用于元音音素前,一般读做[en]。); 零冠词zero Article)。

1〕类指

类指是表示类别,也就是泛指一类人或物。不论是定冠词还是不定冠词和零冠词都具有这种功能。比如定冠词与单数可数名词搭配,往往可起类指的作用,常用于正式语体。例如:Galileo claimed that he had invented the telescope. GALILEO声称他发明了望远镜。

The horse has been replaced by the railroad, the windship by the steamship. 铁路代替了马的作用,汽船代替了帆船。

定冠词与某些形容词或分词连用,表示类别或抽象概念,也是一种类指用法。例如:

the rich 富人; the living 生者。表示一类人。

The sick have been cured, the lost have been found, and the dead have been revived. 病被治逾,失去的被找回来了,死亡被挽救回来了。

The rich get richer, and the poor get children. 有钱的更有钱,穷人得了孩子。

The true, the good and the beautiful would not exist without the false, the evil and the ugly. 没有欺骗、邪恶、丑陋就没有真实、善良和美丽。

用不定冠词与单数可数名词搭配也可表示类别。例如:

An ox is a useful animal. 公牛是一个有用的动物。

My brother William is planning to be a lawyer. 我的兄弟WILLIAM打算成为一名律师。

用零冠词与复数可数名词或不可数名词搭配,同样可以表示一类的人或物。例如:

Doctors are badly needed at the front. 在前线医生是非常地需要。

Carrots are my favorite vegetable. 胡罗卜是我最喜爱的蔬菜。

They are teachers, not students.

Cats and tigers belong to the same family of mammals. 猫和老虎是在一个家族的动物。Electricity is a form of energy. 电是能量的一种形态。

Unity is strength. 团结就是力量。

2〕特指

特指不同于类指,它不是泛指一类人或物,而是特指一类人或物中的具体对象。这里有两种情况:一种是非常明确地指出何人或何物,这叫做"确定特指"(DEFINETE SPECIFIC REFERENCE〕。定冠词常作这种用法。例如:

He bought a house.I've been to the house. 他买了幢房子。我去过那幢房子。指上文提到过的人或事。

We own a dog and a cat. The dog is brown, and the cat is white. 我们有一只猫和狗。狗是棕色的,猫是白色的。特指上文提到过的狗和猫。

The dog and the cat are the same ones we had last year. 这狗和猫是我们去年就养了的。特指去年就饲养了的狗和猫。

另一种情况是"非确定特指"(INDEFINITE SPECIFIC REFERENCE〕,这也是特指具体对象,但不很明确。不定冠词常作这种用法。例如:

I met an old man in the street. 我在路上遇到一个老人。虽未道出姓名但所指仍为某一特定的老人。

I have lost a button. 我丢了一只钮扣。指失落一颗特定的钮扣,但未说出何种钮扣。

There's a letter for you. 有一封信给你。指一封特定的信件,但不明确是谁写来的。

A book I want has been acquired by the library. 我想要的书已经从图书馆里得到。指我所要的那本特定的书,但未道出什么书。

零冠词也能有非确定特指的用法。例如:

The streets are clean and shaded with trees. 马路干净且有树的阴凉。

She put carrots in the stew. 她把胡罗卜放入炖汤里。

3〕后照应特指、前照应特指、语境特指

确定特指又可分为后照应特指(ANAPHORIC SPECIFIC REFERENCE〕、前照应特指(CATAPHORIC SPECIFIC REFERENCE〕和语境特指(SITUATIONAL REFERENCE〕。

后照应特指即用定冠词表示上下文已经提到的人或物。第一次提及用不定冠词。第二次提及用定冠词。例如:

He ordered a book some time ago. The book has now arrived. 他以前某个时候定购的书,现已经到达。

前照应特指也是一种确定特指,只是照应对象不在上文,而在下文,或者更确切地说,定冠词的指定作用决定于名词中心词的后置修饰语。例如:

Plese tell us the story of Franklin. 请告诉我FRANKLIN的故事。

Is this the train for Shanghai? 去上海是这次火车吗?

Here is the student I told you about. 这就是我告诉你的那个学生。

语境特指不是建立在上下文基础上的照应关系,而是建立在谈话双方共有的知识上。比如主妇对丈夫说,I'm just back from the market, 在这种语境中,听话人一定会理解the market指某个平时常去的市场。又例如:

Take the medicine.把药吃了。特指双方都明白的人或物。

What's in the paper(s) today?

Shut the door, please.

How's the cough today?

He turned on the radio.

What's on the radio?

能用于语境特指的冠词通常是定冠词,但是零冠词在一定上下文中也可表示确定特指含义,这也是一种语境特指。例如:

Mary asked, "Why is father out of work?"

John was elected chairman of the students'union. JOHN被选作学生会主席。

2 冠词的习惯用法

我国学生对冠词用法之所以感到困难,不仅是由于汉语没有冠词,而且冠词用法尽管有规律可循,例外却太多。有时,冠词的使用仅仅是个习惯用法问题,很难用几项语法条文加以概括。例如radio和television两词用于类指时通常不带定冠词:

It's easier to write plays for television than for radio. 写电视剧本要比写无线电广播剧本容易的多。

但要说listen to the radio, on the radio;而在television之前却又可以不用定冠词watch (the) television, on (the) television。又例如,疾病通常是不可数名词,前面不用冠词:

She's had appendicitis.

Ithink I've got measles.

但有例外,比如说"感冒"要用冠词,I've got a cold, 可是在catch (a) cold中,人们有时又不用冠词;在"头痛"前要用冠词,I've got a headache,但在牙痛、耳痛前却又不用冠词,I've got had toothache。下面列举一些冠词的习惯搭配关系。

1〕习惯用定冠词

at the hands of; on the shoulder; by the way; on the spot当场; for the time being; on the whole; in the case of至于...; (the) day before yesterday; in the distance; the other day; in the east of;

under / in the circumstances; in the end of; to be in the habit of; in the front of在前部; to bring down the house博得满场喝彩; in the possession of为...所有; to follow the plough务农; in the shade逊色; to get / gain the upper hand of; on the way; to go by the board被丢弃; on the job忙碌着; to take the fancy of引起...的注意; to tell the truth; on the part of; to turn / tip the scale(s)起决定性作用; on the right / left;

2)习惯用不定冠词

all of a sudden; to be in a position to; a matter of course; as a rule; as a matter of fact; at a loss不知所措; at a discount; at a time when; to make the best of a had job尽量减少损失; to have a chance; to have a good time; to have a hand in参与; to have a mind to; (to throw...) for a loss使...震惊; in (after) a fashion略略地; in a walk轻而易举地; on a large scale; with a firm hand; with a view to; to be in a hurry; to get / fly into a temper发怒; to have a say; to have a try; to keep an eye on; to lend a hand帮助; to put a premium on重视; to take a fancy to喜爱; to take a walk; to take an interest in;

3) 习惯用零冠词

at anchor; at bottom; at dinner在吃饭; at hand近在手边; at home; at last; at play; at present; at rest; at short notice一接到通知; at stake; at table在进餐; at war; beyond hope of; big talk吹牛; by rule墨守成规地; by way of经由; day and night; in honour of; in order; in pleace; in place适当的; in question正被谈论的; in sight在望; in trouble; in view; on board; on deck; on hand手头现有; on shore; on top of在...之上; under cover; within (easy) reach (of); without result; to be hard of heart; to be large of limb; from beginning to end; in advance; in danger; in debt; in case (of)如果; in distrss; in (the) face of面对; in fashion时兴/流行; in fact; in fear; in front of在...之前; to be number of foot; to be pale of face; in haste; in possession of; to burn daylight徒劳无益; to keep / bear in mind; to set foot on踏上; to take care of; to take / have command; to take part in ; to take place;

附加:

1 不定冠词的用法

冠词是虚词,本身不能单独使用,也没有词义,它用在名词的前面,帮助指明名词的含义。英语中的冠词有三种,一种是定冠词(the Definite Article),另一种是不定冠词(the Indefinite Article),还有一种是零冠词(Zero Article)。

不定冠词a (an)与数词one 同源,是"一个"的意思。a用于辅音音素前,一般读作[e],而an则用于元音音素前,一般读做[en]。

1) 表示"一个",意为one;指某人或某物,意为a certain。

A Mr. Ling is waiting for you.

There's a pen on the desk. 桌子上有一枝钢笔。

2) 但是,除表示"一"这一数量外,很多情况下 a 与可数名词一起表示一类事物或者泛指概念。代表一类人或物。

I need a pencil now. 我现在需要(一)枝铅笔。(不确指哪枝铅笔)

We can't say a boy is cleverer than a girl. 我们不能说男孩比女孩聪明。(表示类别)代表一类人或物。

A knife is a tool for cutting with.

Mr. Smith is an engineer.

不定冠词在表示"一"的概念时,是非强调性的。如果强调"一"这一数量,常常用one National Day is a two-day holiday. 国庆节是(一)个两天的假日。

We have only one day left to finish the task. 我们只剩下一天时间来完成这个任务。

3) 词组或成语。

a little / a few / a lot / a type of / a pile / a great many / many a / as a rule / in a hurry / in a minute / in a word / in a short while / after a while / have a cold / have a try / keep an eye on / all of a sudden

4) 不定冠词用在表示数量、时间等名词前,表示"每一(单位)…的价格、速度、顺序等" The apples are two yuan a kilogram. 这些苹果每公斤两元钱。

Tom drives a car at 60 miles an hour. 汤姆以每小时60英里的速度开车。

I go back home once a month. 我每月回家一次。

5) 不定冠词用于单数可数名词前,表示不确定性,泛指人的职业、国籍、宗教等:

He is a Christian. 他是基督徒。

My friend, Asaku, is a Japanese. 我的朋友Asaku是日本人。

He was a teacher in the past. But he is a businessman now. 过去他是教师,但现在他是生意人。He was made a dean. 他被任命为主任。

6) 不定冠词用在人名或表示人的名词前,表示不确定性,即说话人不清楚或没有指明所提到的人到底是谁

A Tom Smith is waiting for you downstairs. 一个叫汤姆·史密斯的人正在楼下等你。

A Smith called you just now. 刚才一个叫史密斯的人给你找电话。

A comrade is waiting for you outside. 一个同志在外面等你。

7) 不定冠词用于be of a (an)+noun结构中,表示"相同…的"

Tom and his sister are of a height. 汤姆和他的妹妹身高相同。

These sweaters are of a size. 这些毛衣大小相同。

不定冠词用于固定结构quite/half/rather/many/what/such a (an)+noun或so/too/how+adjective+a(an)+noun中,表示程度、数量或感叹等

It takes half an hour to get there. 到那里需要半小时。

He's quite a famous artist. 他是个很有名的艺术家。

Many a man would welcome such an opportunity. 许多人会很高兴有这样一个机会。

What a fool he is! 他多傻啊!

It's too difficult a problem for him. 对他来说,这是一个太难的问题。

9) 不定冠词用于某些习惯用语或谚语中

in a word 总而言之take a walk 散步at a time 一次

注:当一篇文章中第一次提到某一事物时,在名词前面要加不定冠词,以后再次提到同一事物时用定冠词。

…He saw a man standing there. The man was the person that he was looking for.…

…他看到一个人站在那里。那个人就是他正找的人。

2 定冠词的用法

定冠词the与指示代词this,that同源,有"那(这)个"的意思,但较弱,可以和一个名词连用,来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。

1)特指双方都明白的人或物:

Take the medicine.把药吃了。

2)上文提到过的人或事:

He bought a house.I've been to the house.

他买了幢房子。我去过那幢房子。

3)指世上独一物二的事物:

the moon,the earth, the sun 太阳, the earth 地球, the world 世界, the nature 自然界,

the sky 天空, the universe 宇宙

4)单数名词连用表示一类事物,如:the dollar 美元; the fox 狐狸;或与形容词或分词连用,表示一类人:the rich 富人; the living 生者。

The lion is a wild animal. 狮子是野生动物。

The compass was invented in China. 指南针是中国发明的。

The wolf hunts by night. 狼夜间出来觅食。

5)用在序数词和形容词和副词的最高级,及形容词only,very,same等前面:

He runs the fastest. 他跑得最快。

Is this the best choice he can make? 这是他能做出的最好的选择吗?

Where do you live?I live on the second floor.你住在哪?我住在二层。

That's the very thing I've been looking for.那正是我要找的东西。

6) 用在形容词前,表示一类人或事物

the poor 穷人the blind 盲人the aged 老人the impossible 不可能的事情

7)与复数名词连用,指整个群体:

They are the teachers of this school.指全体教师)

They are teachers of this school.(指部分教师)

8)表示所有,相当于物主代词,用在表示身体部位的名词前:

She caught me by the arm..她抓住了我的手臂。

9)用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级、等专有名词前:

the People's Republic of China中华人民共和国

the United States美国

10)用在表示乐器的名词之前:

She plays the piano.她会弹钢琴。

11) 用在姓氏的复数名词之前,表示一家人:

the greens格林一家人(或格林夫妇)

12) 定冠词用在名词前,表示特指,即某个特定的人、事物等。特别是当某名词后面有定语限定这一名词时,名词前面一般都要用定冠词the

We have found the book that we lost yesterday. 我们已经找到了昨天丢的那本书。

Do you know the man standing by the window? 你认识那个站在窗户旁边的人吗?

How do you like the rooms here? 你觉得这里的房间怎么样?

13) 用在惯用语中:

in the day, in the morning (afternoon,evening),the day after tomorrow

the day before yesterday,the next morning,

in the sky (water,field,country)

in the dark,in the rain,in the distance,

in the middle (of),in the end,

on the whole,by the way,go to the theatre

3 零冠词的用法

1) 国名,人名前通常不用定冠词:England,Mary;

2)泛指的复数名词,表示一类人或事物时,可不用定冠词;

They are teachers. 他们是教师。

3)抽象名词表示一般概念时,通常不加冠词;

Failure is the mother of success.失败乃成功之母。

4)物质名词表示一般概念时,通常不加冠词,当表示特定的意思时,需要加定冠词;

Man cannot live without water.人离开水就无法生存。

5)在季节、月份、节日、假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前,不加冠词;

We go to school from Monday to Friday.我们从星期一到星期五都上课。

6)在称呼或表示官衔,职位的名词前不加冠词;

The guards took the American to General Lee.

士兵们把这个美国人送到李将军那里。

7)在三餐、球类运动和娱乐运动的名称前,不加冠词如:have breakfast,play chess 8)当两个或两个以上名词并用时,常省去冠词;

I can't write without pen or pencil.没有钢笔和铅笔,我就写不了字。

9)当by 与火车等交通工具连用,表示一种方式时,中间无冠词;by bus,by train;10)有些个体名词不用冠词;如:

school,college,prison,market,hospital,bed,table,class,town,church,court 等个体名词,直接置于介词后,表示该名词的深层含义;

go to hospital去医院看病

go to the hospital去医院(并不是去看病,而是有其他目的)

11)不用冠词的序数词;

a. 序数词前有物主代词

b. 序数词作副词He came first in the race.

c. 在固定词组中at (the) first,first of all,from first to last

4 冠词与形容词+名词结构

1) 两个形容词都有冠词,表示两个不同东西。

He raises a black and a white cat.他养了一只黑猫和一只白猫。

The black and the white cats are hers.这只黑猫和白猫都是他的。

2) 如后一个形容词无冠词,则指一物。

He raises a black and white cat.他养了一只花猫。

5 冠词位置

1) 不定冠词位置

不定冠词常位于名词或名词修饰语前。注意:

a. 位于下列形容词之后:such,what,many,half,

I have never seen such an animal.

Many a man is fit for the job.

b. 当名词前的形容词被副词as, so, too, how, however, enough修饰时,不定冠词应放在形容词之后:

It is as pleasant a day as I have ever spent.

So short a time.

Too long a distance.

c. quite,rather与单数名词连用,冠词放在其后。

但当rather,quite 前仍有形容词,不定冠词放其前后均可。如:quite a lot

d. 在as,though 引导的让步状语从句中,当标语为形容词修饰的名词时,不定冠词放形容词后:

Brave a man though he is,he trembles at the sight of snakes. 他尽管勇敢,可见到蛇还是发抖。

当名词被比较级形容词修饰时,不定冠词通常置于比较级形容词之后。

e) 定冠词位置

定冠词通常位于名词或名词修饰语前,但放在all,both,double,half,twice,three times 等词之后,名词之前。

All the students in the class went out.班里的所有学生都出去了。

6 专有名词前冠词的用法

1) 用不定冠词的情况

A.表示某国人,某个说话人但不清楚是谁的人。(只知其名)

She is an American. 她是美国人。

B.表示某一家庭成员或某一名人的作品。

A Forsyte was kidnapped yesterday. 昨天福氏家族的一个成员被绑架了。

There's a Rembrandt in her collection. 她的收藏品中有一幅伦勃朗的画。

I have read a new Wells recently. 最近我读了威尔斯的一部新作。

2) 用定冠词的情况

A.某些地理名词,如江河海洋、海峡海湾、山脉群岛、沙漠等之前要用定冠词。

the Yangtze 长江the Thames 泰晤士河the South Sea 南海the Pacific 太平洋the English Channel 英吉利海峡the Persian Gulf 波斯湾the Himalayas 喜玛拉雅山脉the Philippines 菲律宾群岛the Sahara Desert 撒哈拉沙漠

B.由普通名词和其它一些词构成的专有名词,如国名、组织机构、建筑物、报纸、会议、条约等的名称前,要用定冠词。

the People's Republic of China 中华人民共和国

the United Nations 联合国

the National People's Congress 全国人民代表大会

the great Hall of the People 人民大会堂

the People's Daily 人民日报

the New York Times 纽约时报

the International Women Conference 国际妇女大会

the Geneva Agreement 日内瓦协议

C.定冠词用在复数专有名词前,表示一家人,或某对夫妇、整个民族等。

The Smiths moved to California. 史密斯夫妇(或一家)搬到了加利福尼亚洲。

The Americans are a nation on wheels. 美国人是一个车轮上的民族。

3) 专有名词前不用冠词的情况

一般来说,街名、广场名、公园名、大学名、节日名、杂志名前不加定冠词。

Tian An Men Square 天安门广场

Hyde Park 海德公园

National Day 国庆节

Time 时代(周刊)

7 抽象名词和物质名词前冠词的用法

1) 当抽象名词和物质名词表示一般概念时,不用冠词(即使前面有修饰性词)

This desk is made of wood. 这张桌子由木头制成。

Knowledge begins with practice. 认识从实践开始。

We can't live without air. 没有空气我们就不能生存。

It is common knowledge that fish can't live without water. 鱼没有水就无法生存,这一点是常识。Fresh air is very necessary for a patient. 新鲜空气对于病人是非常必要的。

2) 当抽象名词和物质名词表示某一特定概念时,特别是当它们有一限制性定语时,前面要加定冠词

What do you think of the music? 你觉得这音乐怎么样?

Thank you for the criticism you gave. 谢谢你所给予的批评。

The air in the room is so bad that no one can stand it for 5 minutes. 房间里的空气很糟,以致于没有人能忍受五分钟。

Let's wipe off the dust. 让我们把尘土擦掉吗。(特指双方都明白的某个部分的尘土)

3) 当抽象名词和物质名词表示"一种"、"一场"、"一次"、"一阵"或"一份"等意义时,要在前面加上不定冠词a或an

Would you please give us an explanation? 你能不能给我们解释一下呢?

What a heavy rain! 多大的(一场)雨啊!

I want an ice-cream. 我要一份冰淇淋。

It's a wonderful coffee. 这是一种很好的咖啡。

4) 表示某一品质或情绪的具体事件、人物或东西的抽象名词,前面要用不定冠词

He did me a great kindness. 他给我帮了一个大忙。

The English evening was really a great success. 这次英语晚会很成功。

It's a pleasure to talk with you. 和你谈话是件令人愉快的事。

She is a disappointment to us. 她令我们很失望。

8 不用冠词的场合

1) 名词在句中作表语、同位语时,当它所表示的职位、头衔等是独一无二的,则不用冠词Prof.Smith was appointed dean of Foreign Language Department. 史密斯教授被任命为外语系主任。

Billy Standford, chairman of the committee, left for Hong Kong yesterday. 比利·斯坦福特,委员会的主席,昨天启程去了香港。

以上的"主任"、"主席"都只有一个;如果这一职位不是独一的,则要用不定冠词。

2) 当名词转化为抽象含义时,不具体指某一事物,前面不加冠词,这种情况常见于一些固定短语中

go to bed 去(上床)睡觉

go by bus 乘汽车去

My sister is still in school. 我妹妹还在上学。

I'll take him to hospital. 我将带他去医院(看病)。(不指某一具体特定的医院,而着重强调医院看病的普遍性功用)

3) 表示季节、月份、星期的名词,如果没有限制性定语,或者不表示某一特定时间,前面不用冠词

If winter comes, can spring be far behind? 冬天到了,春天还会远吗?

Our summer vacation is from July to August. 我们的暑假是从七月到八月。

We have no class on Friday. 我们星期五没有课。

4) 泛指的某顿饭前不用冠词

What do you want to have for breakfast? 你早饭想吃什么?

Dinner is ready. 饭准备好了。

注:表示新闻标题、提纲、广告、公告、电报、信函、书名等前不用冠词。

限定词的用法

限定词以及不定限定词的具体用法搭配详解 阅读人数:573人页数:10页 限定词(determiner) 限定词是在名词词组中对名词中心词起特指、泛指、定量或不定量等限定作用的一类词。 一、英语限定词种类 1.定冠词,不定冠词,零冠词。如:the, a 2.名词属格。如:my friend’s, Tom’s… 3.物主限定词。如: my, your … 4.指示限定词。如:this, that, these, those, such… 5.疑问限定词。如:what, whose, which… 6.关系限定词。如:which, whose… 7.不定限定词。如:some, any, each, every, either, neither, all 8.数词(基数词、序数词、倍数词、分数词) 9.量词。如:a lot of, lots of , a great/good deal of , a great/large/good number of … 1/10 二、限定词与三类名词的搭配关系 限定词按它词汇意义可分为特指限定词、泛指限定词、定量限定词、不定量限定词四大类。这四类限定词有的能与单数、复数可数名词搭配,也可与不可数名词搭配 1)能与三类名词搭配的限定词主要有: the; my, John’s, the old man’s…; some, any, no, all, other, such, what(ever), which (ever), whose… eg. the book----the books----the money, my book----my books----my money John’s book--- John’s books---- John’s money 2) 能与单数名词搭配的限定词。如: a (n) , each, every, another, either ,one, neither, many a, such a (n) … eg. each worker,every student,either book,another book 3) 能与复数名词搭配的限定词。如: both, two, another two (three), many,(a) few, several, these, those, a (great) number of …如:two girls,(a)few words,several students 4) 能与不可数名词搭配的限定词,如: a bit of, a large amount of, a great deal of, (a) little much, less, (the) least… a bit of water,a large amount of money,much noise 5) 能与单复数名词搭配的限定词。如: the first, the second, the last, the next, the other… the first rose,the first roses,the last man, the last men the next meeting,the next meetings,many a ship,many ships… 注意:用了many a +单数可数名词作主语,尽管是复数意义,其后的动词还是要用单数形式。 6) 能与单数名词和不可数名词搭配的限定词。如(the)least,this,that… the least knowledge, this/that work, this/that job

千奕西语不定代词和限定词用法

千奕西语不定代词和限定词用法 ·在西班牙语中存在着一种代词,不像人称代词、物主代词、指示代词等,它们的指示物是不确定的。 ej:Hay alguien durmiendo en mi habitación.有人睡在我的房间。 ·我们用不定代词nadie(指人)和nada(指物)来否认某个事物的存在或出现。两者可以位于句首或句尾。 ej: No me dijo nada.(他什么都没跟我说。) No me quiere nadie.(没人爱我。) Nadie me quiere.(没人爱我。) ·还有一个否定词ninguno,既可以指人也可以指物,并且有性数变化 (ninguno/ninguna/ningunos/ningunas)。 ej: No quiero ninguno.(我哪一个也不要。) ·不定代词可以像名词一样被修饰和补充。 ej: Me dijo algo muy interesante.(他告诉我了一件很有趣的事。) No vino nadie de Madrid.(没有人来自马德里。) Tráem e cualquier cosa manual.(给我带一件手工做的东西。) ·有些不定代词也可以像形容词一样修饰名词。

注意:所有不定代词都要与其后的名词保持性数一致,bastante(足够的)除外,它只有单复数变化。 ej: Tengo unas ideas.(我有一些想法。) Tengo algunas ideas.(我有一些想法。) Tenemos bastantes razones.(我们有充分的理由。) ·多个不定代词可以在一个句子中一起出现。 ej: Quedan pocas manzanas.(没剩几个苹果。) Quedan unas pocas manzanas.(剩了几苹果。) Juana compró bastante poco hoy.(胡安娜几天买了很少一点东西。)

倍数及限定词

倍数的表达法: 1)倍数+ as + adj. + as .... The square is five times as large as st.peter’s in Rome. 2)倍数+ 形容词比较级+ than ... The square is five times larger than st.peter’s in Rome. 3)倍数+ the + size/length等名词+ of ... The square is five times the sizes of st.peter’s in Rome. 按其不同的搭配位置,限定词可分为: 1〕中位、前位、后位限定词 按照限定词与限定词之间不同搭配位置,限定词可分为中位限定词(CENTRAL DETERMINER〕、前位限定词(PREDETERMINER〕和后位限定词(POSTDETERMINER〕。 a) 中位限定词包括a(n), the, zero; this, that, these, those; my, your, etc; Merry's, my friend's; some, any, no, every, each, either, neither, enough; what(ever), which(ever), whose等 b) 前位限定词包括all, both, half; double, twice, three times, etc; one-third, two-fifths, etc; what, such, (a / an)等 c) 后位限定词包括one, two, three, etc; first, second, third, etc; next, last, other, another, etc; many, much, (a) few, (a) little, fewer, (the) fewest, less, (the) least, more, most; several, plenty of, a lot of, lots of, a great / large / good number of, a great / good deal of, a large / small amount of; such等

限定词

限定词 第一节定冠词、不定冠词、零冠词 考点一 冠词的位置 1、一般来说,冠词应该放在名词词组的最前面,但名词词组里如果有all,both,exactly,just,many,quite,rather,such,what等词,这类词可放在冠词之前。如: all the time both(the )brothers exactly the wrong colour just the right place quite a nice day rather a mess E.g. Y ou have chosen ____ wrong answer. A. the exactly B. exactly C.exactly the D. a exactly (C) 2.和as ,how /however,so, too连用时,形容词放在冠词之前。如: E.g. He’s not ____ big a fool as you think. A.so B. such C. such a D. so a (A) 考点二 定冠词 1、定冠词的基本特征 实际上所有名词前都可能用定冠词the。究竟用不用定冠词,主要取决于我们所表达的思想。如果我们要给予某个名词以明确的、限定的、特指的意义,就用the;反之,就不用the。例如: E.g. These books, which you can get at any bookshop, will give you ____ you need. (2000. 6 cet4) A.all the information B.all the informations C.all of information D.all of the informations (A) 2、定冠词一般用于带有修饰语的名词词组前面,但并非所有带修饰语的名词都需要the。如: E.g. ____ has many uses. A.The stainless steel B. The stainless steels C. Stainless steels D. Stainless steel (D) 3、定冠词也用于有后置修饰语的名词词组前。如:

限定词的具体分类和用法详解

限定词(determiner) 限定词是在名词词组中对名词中心词起特指、泛指、定量或不定量等限定作用的一类词。 一、英语限定词种类 1.定冠词,不定冠词,零冠词。如:the, a 2.名词属格。如:my friend’s, Tom’s… 3.物主限定词。如: my, your … 4.指示限定词。如:this, that, these, those, such… 5.疑问限定词。如:what, whose, which… 6.关系限定词。如:which, whose… 7.不定限定词。如:some, any, each, every, either, neither, all 8.数词(基数词、序数词、倍数词、分数词) 9.量词。如:a lot of, lots of , a great/good deal of , a great/large/good number of … 二、限定词与三类名词的搭配关系 限定词按它词汇意义可分为特指限定词、泛指限定词、定量限定词、不定量限定词四大类。这四类限定词有的能与单数、复数可数名词搭配,也可与不可数名词搭配 1) 能与三类名词搭配的限定词主要有the; my, John’s, the old man’s…; some, any, no, all, other,

such, what(ever), which (ever), whose… eg. the book----the books----the money, my book----my books----my money John’s book--- John’s books---- John’s money 2) 能与单数名词搭配的限定词。如: a (n) , each, every, another, either ,one, neither, many a, such a (n) … eg. each worker,every student,either book,another book3) 能与复数名词搭配的限定词。如: both, two, another two (three), many,(a) few, several, these, those, a (great) number of …如: two girls,(a)few words,several students 4) 能与不可数名词搭配的限定词,如: a bit of, a large amount of, a great deal of, (a) little much, less, (the) least… a bit of water,a large amount of money,much noise 5) 能与单复数名词搭配的限定词。如: the first, the second, the last, the next, the other… the first rose,the first roses,the last man, the last men the next meeting,the next meetings,many a ship,many ships…

限定词的搭配关系及相互位置

第十四章限定词 一、限定词概述 定词是与名词密切相关的词类,包括冠词(a(n),the)、形容词性指示代词(this,that,these,those)、形容词性物主代词(my,your,our,etc.)、形容词性不定代词(both,every,much,some,etc.)、数词(one,two,etc;first,second,etc.;one-third,three-fifths,etc.)和特指形容词(next,only,etc.)。限定词用于名词的前面,限定名词所指的范围,表示该名词是特指还是泛指,是定量还是不定量。限定词的使用并非随意,受着名词种类及形式的制约,与名词有着特定的搭配关系,在多个限定词连用时相互之间还有着相对固定的位置 二、限定词与名词的搭配关系 限定词一般不用于专有名词,用于普通名词时要根据名词的数和类别来决定。 普通名词可分为如下三类: 单数可数名词,如:a desk, a pencil等。 复数可数名词,如:desks, pencils等。 不可数名词,如:coffee, fire等。 各限定词与三类名词搭配关系可分为以下几种情况: A. 能与三类名词搭配的限定词 定冠词the, 如:the book, the books, the bread等。 物主代词、名词所有格,如: my / John's book my / John's books my / John's bread all / some / any / no,如: all / some / any / no book all / some / any / no books all / some / any / no bread other / such,如: other / such student other / such students wh -words (eg. what, which, whose等)。 I'm sorry you had such terrible weather. Which John do you mean, John the baker or John the post man? Note: such经常与不定冠词连用构成such + a(n) + adj + 名词结构。如: I've never lived in such a large house as this before. They haven't had such a good time for ages. B. 只能与单数可数名词搭配的限定词 如:a (n), each, every, either, one等。 I told every student to come. She knows every pupil of the class. You may use either hoe. C. 只能与复数可数名词搭配的限定词

第三讲限定词

限定词 限定词的种类 1.前位限定词pre-determiners all/both/half; double/twice/three times; one-third/two-fifths 2.中位限定词central determiners ■中位限定词包括: 冠词:a(n), the 指示代词:this, that, these, those 形容词性物主代词:my, your, his, her, our, etc 名词属格:Jim’s, my mother’s 不定代词:some, any, no, every, each, either, neither, enough, etc 连接代词what(ever), which(ever), whose, etc 举例 They may also make still and motion pictures of the trench, take water and sedimental temperatures, and perhaps sight no one knows what living creatures in that perpetual night.

他们还要对海沟摄像摄影,测量水和沉积物的温度,也许还能观测到那永恒黑夜下中不为人知的生物。 3.后位限定词post-determiners ■后位限定词包括: 基数词:one, two, three, etc; 序数词:first, second, third, etc 一般序数词:next, last, other, another, etc. 数量词:many, much, (a) few, (a) little, fewer, (the) fewest, less, (the) least, more, most; several, plenty of, a lot of, lots of, a great / large / good number of, a great / good deal of, a large / small amount of; such等。 all my friends half the time his many books e.g. He’ll stay here all these last days.

限定词、介词

Classes of Determiners(限定词) 1.Articles: Definite, Indefinite and Zero rticles (冠词:定冠词、不定冠词和零冠词) 2.Quantifiers (数量词) 3.Other Determiners (其他限定词) 一.Articles: Definite, Indefinite and Zero rticles (冠词:定冠词、不定冠词和零冠词) 1. 不定冠词主要表示泛指和与one 同源,含"一"的意思。a 用在以辅音音素开头的名词前,an 用在以元音音素开头的名词前,如: a university a man a book an umbrella an egg an honest child 2. 定冠词the 主要表示特指的人或物及第二次提到的人或物,或世界上独一无二的东西,如: the sun the moon the world the earth 和形容词连用,代表一类人,如: the blind the dead the poor the rich he wounded the young the unemployed 3. 在下列情况下不用冠词: a. 特殊的专有名词前,如: John Smith b. 物质名词表示类别时,如: Gold is a precious metal. c. 抽象名词表示泛指时, 如: Knowledge is power. d. 在季节、月份、日期、节日前,如: February e. 在餐名、运动、游戏等名词前,如: Sports is good for health. f. 在school, hospital, church, prison等词前,当这些词着重表示功用而不是这些建筑物或物体本身时,如: She went to school at seven. (但She went to the school to see her teacher.) g. 在表示"种类"的短语,如: a kind (sort) of tree, two kinds (sorts) of books. h. 带有表示顺序的基数词前,如: Lesson One (但the First Lesson). i. 表示独一的职位,头衔等的名词前,如: He was elected president of the society. 二.Quantifiers (数量词) 1.many, much, (a) few, (a) little a. many, (a) few 只用于可数名词前,much, (a) little 只用于不可数名词前,如: many (a few, few) books

限定词

限定词 1.什么叫限定词 限定词位于名词之前,对名词起特指、泛指或表示数量等限定作用的一类词,如: 特指:the book, my book, this book 等(说话或听话人都知道指点哪一个事物。) 泛指:a book, some books, 等(泛指是指点任何一个(些)事物)数量:two books, many books, much sugar 等 在句子中担任主语、宾语、补足语等的名词词组,一般都由“限定词(+形容词)+名词(+后置修饰语)”构成。但是限定词有不同类型,名词有不同种类,限定词与名词不能随便搭配,因此哪些限定词可以与哪些名词并用就必须加以注意。总的来说,限定词一般不与专有名词搭配,用于普通名词时要根据名词的数和类别来决定。我们把名词划分为以下三类: 单数可数名词:a book that book 等 复数可数名词:these books such books 等 不可数名词:some tea little water 等 2、哪些是限定词 兹将限定词列表如下,表中指明各个限定词与三类名词搭配的情况: 限定词单数可数复数可数不可数 a(n) book -- -- a (little)bit of -- -- bread a great amount of -- -- bread a great (good) deal of -- -- bread a great(good, large, small) number of -- books -- all day books bread a lot of -- books bread another book -- -- any book books bread both -- books -- double the price the quantities the strength each book -- -- either book -- -- enough -- books bread every book -- -- (a) few -- books --

英语中的限定词

限定词 限定词(DETERMINER〕是在名词词组中对名词中心词起特指(SPECIFIC REFERENCE〕、类指(GENERIC REFERENCE〕以及表示确定数量(DEFINITE QUANTITY〕和非确定数量(INDEFINITE QUANTITY〕等限定作用的词类.名词词组除有词汇意义外,还有其所指意义(REFERENTIAL MEANING〕,是特指(即指特写的对象〕,还是类指(即泛指一类人或物〕;是有确定的数量,还是没有确定的数量.能在名词词组中表示这种所指意义的词类就是限定词.英语的限定词包括: 定冠词(DEFINTITE ARTICLE〕,不定冠词(INDEFINITE ARTICLE〕,零冠词(ZERO ARTICLE〕 物主限定词(POSSESSIVE DETERMINER〕,my, your, his, her, our, your, their, one's, its. 名词属格(GENITIVE NOUN〕,John's, my friend's. 指示限定词(DEMONSTRATIVE DETERMINER〕,this, that, these, those, such. 关系限定词(RELATIVE DETERRMINER〕,whose, which. 疑问限定词(INTERROGATIVE DETERMINER〕,what, which, whose. 不定限定词(INDEFINITE DETERMINER〕,no, some, any, each, every, enough, either, neither, all, both, half, several, many, much, (a) few, (a) little, other, another. 基数词(CARDINAL NUMERAL〕和序数词(ORDINAL NUMERAL〕 倍数词(MULTIPLICATIVE NUMERAL〕和分数词(FRACTIONAL NUMERAL〕 量词(QUANTIFIER〕a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a great of, a good deal of, a large of, a small amount of, a quantity of, a great of, a good number of等.

英语语法---限定词

限定词(determiner ) 主要术语 限定词与三类名词(单数,复数,不可数)的搭配关系 只能与其中一类名词搭配的限定词 只能与单数搭配的限定词 a/an, one ,another, each/every, either/neither, many a /such a 等。 It should be compulsory reading for every adult. Neither accusation is true.(两项指控都不能成立) 只能与复数搭配的限定词 Both, two/three, another two/ three , many, (a) few, several, these/those, a (great) number of 等。E.g. In another two weeks, it will be finished. 只能与不可数搭配的限定词 a (little) bit of, a large amount of, a great deal of , (a) little, much, less, (the) least 等。 There is little doubt that he and his accomplices are guilty. The Square was the scene of much fighting in last year's revolution. I can speak a bit of French and understand more.(理解比口语好一些) 能与其中二类名词搭配的限定词 能与单、复数搭配的限定词 the first/second/last/next 等。 My first reaction was to hit him, but he was old, and my second was to resign. The next thing he heard was an insistent knocking on the door of his room. The last three shipments of grain for West Africa haven't yet arrived.(运往西非的三船谷物尚未达到) 能与单数、不可数搭配的限定词 this/that 等。My family have lived in that village for many generations. Whoever had come up with this idea deserved a medal. I hope to enjoy that feeling again before long. 能与复数、不可数搭配的限定词 A lot of/lots of/plenty of, enough, more/most, such, other 等。 Like all such stories, that is largely a myth.(像所有这类故事一样,那个故事在很大程度上也是虚构的) Such optimism had become strangely out of place.(此种乐观态度已变得非常不合时宜) 能与三类名词搭配的限定词 能与三类名词搭配的限定词 the, some /any, no/the other, whose, 物主限定词,名词属格等。 No student is to leave the classroom. No words can express my grief. Whose side are you on? He is a writer whose humor is not without substance(他的幽默很有实质意义). specific reference 特指 definite/indefinite/zero article 定/不定/零冠词 indefinite determiner 不定限定词 generic reference 类指/泛指 possessive determiner 物主限定词 cardinal numeral 基数词 definite quantity 确定数量 genitive noun 名词属格 ordinal numeral 序数词 indefinite quantity 非确定数量 demonstrative determiner 指示限定词(this, that, these, those, such) multiplicative numeral 倍数词 fractional numeral 分数词 referential meaning 所指意义 relative determiner 关系限定词(whose, which) quantifier 量词(a lot of/plenty of, a great/good deal of, a large/small amount/quantity of, a great/good number of) interrogative determiner 疑问限定词(what, which, whose)

前中后位限定词

Pre-, central, and post- determiner ’前位限定词:部分不定限定词all, such, both 等、倍数词double等、分数词one-third等。 ’中位限定词:冠词a等、指示词this等、形容词性物主代词my等、名词属格Mary’s等、某些不定限定词some, every, each, either, enough 等、以wh-为首的限定词what等。 ’后位限定词:基数词one等、序数词first等、某些不定限定词many, little, several等、以及last, next, other, another, such等。 ’前+中+后; 前+中;中+后;后+后 示例: All the four teachers All your three books All these last few days Half his lecture Those last few days All other students Such a misfortune My that book 关于such跨类的说明 such既属于前位限定词,又可归入后位限定词。由于它只是在such a...和such an...这样的搭配中属于前位限定词,而在与其他限定词(some, any, no, all, few, another, other, many, one, two, etc)搭配时,such则是后位限定词,一律放在上述这些限定词的后面,如some such, any such, no such, few such, one such等。

现代英语语法大全--限定词

限定词的分类 前位限定词 1 不定限定词all,both,half 2 表示倍数或分数的词double,twice,three times;one-third,two-thirds等 3 指示限定词such(与不定冠词连用):与中位限定词a/an或后位限定词a lot of 等连用时 4 疑问或连接限定词what(只用于感叹句中) 5 不定限定词 1 修饰复数可数名词(a) few of, many of, a good/great many of, a (great/large/good/small) number of, etc. 2 修饰不可数名词a bit of, (a) little of, much of, a great/good deal of, a great amount of, etc. 3 修饰复数可数名词与不可数名词most of, a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a quantity of, etc. 上述不定量限定词只有后跟中位限定词the, my, his, her, your, etc., this, that, these, those时用作前位限定词中位限定词 1 冠词a/an, the 2 物主限定词my,your,his,her,its,our,your,their 3 指示限定词this,that,these,those 4 不定限定词 1 通用限定词each,every 2 肯定限定词some 3 非肯定限定词any,either 4 否定限定词no,neither 5 量词限定词enough 5 名词所有格——名词+-'s 6 疑问限定词/连接限定词/关系限定词 what(ever),which(ever),whose,whosever 后位限定词 1 序数词 first,second,third,etc. 2 通用序数词 last,next,additional,further,past,etc. 3 基数词 one,two,three,etc. 4 不定限定词 1修饰复数可数名词(a)few (of), fewer, (the) fewest, many (of), several 2修饰不可数名词(a) little (of), much (of) 3修饰不可数名词和复数名词less, more(of),most(of) 4修饰单数可数名词和不可数名词(the)least 5修饰单、复数可数名词another,certain 6 修饰单、复数可数名词及不可数名词other 5 开放性量词 1修饰复数可数名词a good/great many (of), a (great/large/good/small) number of, etc. 2修饰不可数名词a bit of, a great/good deal of, a great amount of, etc. 3修饰复数可数名词与不可数名词a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a quantity of, etc. 6 指示限定词such(不与冠词连用)

限定词的排序

限定词的排序:前位限定词(指量限定词all, both, half等;倍数词double, twice等;分数词one-third, two-fifths等) +中位限定词(冠词;指示代词;形容词性物主代词;名词所有格)+后位限定词(序数词及last, next等;基数词及few, several等)等。 如:1. The husband gave his wife ________ every month in order to please her. (重庆卷) A. all half his income B. his half all income C. half his all income D. all his half income 【分析】答案选A。all和half都是前位限定词,his是中位限定词,所以his要位于all和half之后,只有A正确。 2. —How was your recent visit to Qingdao?—It was great. We visited some friends, and spent the ________ days at the seaside. (全国卷) A. few last sunny B. last few sunny C. last sunny few D. few sunny last 【分析】答案选B。last, few是限定词,sunny是描绘性形容词,根据“限定词+形容词”的原则,排除C的原则,排除和D。又根据“序数词(包括last, past, next, another等)+基数词(包括few, several等)”的原则,排除A。 兼有两种形式的副词 1)close与closely close意思是"近";closely 意思是"仔细地"。例如: He is sitting close to me. 他就坐在我边上。 Watch him closely. 盯着他。 2)late 与lately late意思是"晚";lately 意思是"最近"。例如: You have come too late. 你来得太晚了。 What have you been doing lately? 近来好吗? 3)deep与deeply deep意思是"深",表示空间深度;deeply时常表示感情上的深度,"深深地"。例如: He pushed the stick deep into the mud.他把棍子深深插进泥里。 Even father was deeply moved by the film.老爸也被电影深深打动了。 4)high与highly high表示空间高度;highly表示程度,相当于much。例如: The plane was flying high. 这架飞机飞得很高。 I think highly of your opinion. 你的看法很有道理。 5)wide与widely wide表示空间宽度;widely意思是"广泛地","在许多地方"。例如: He opened the door wide. 他把门开得大大的。

限定词顺序口诀及解析

限定词顺序口诀及解析 前位限定词:such,what,half,both,all 百分比,分(数),倍(数)属前位 水火不容,避同现 中位限定词: 中位阵容很庞大 形容词性物主代, 冠词,名词格,指示代, 连词,不定限定词 包括哪些要记清 同时出现有条件 巧用of来转换 后位限定词:序数与类序 基数与量数 先序后基可共存 量词在基后面跟 量词与名词紧相邻 形影不离不拆散 (1)前位限定词包括: ①不定限定词(Indefinite determiner)all,both,half ②倍数词(Multiplicative numeral)double,twice,three times,etc.

③分数词(Fractional numeral)one-third,two-fifths,etc; ④what,such,(a/an),etc (2)中位限定词包括: ①定冠词(Definite article)the; ②不定冠词(Indefinite article)a,an ③零冠词(Zero article) ④指示限定词(Demonstrative determiner)this,that,these,those ⑤物主限定词(Possessive determiner)my,your,his,her,our,your,their,one’s,its ⑥名词属格(Genitive noun)Tom’s,my father’s; ⑦不定限定词(Indefinite determiner)some,any,no,every,each,either,neither,enough; ⑧连接代词what(ever),which(ever),whose,so……that,etc (3)后位限定词包括: ①基数词(Cardinal numeral)one,two,three,etc; ②序数词(Ordinal numeral)first,second,third,etc; ③类序数词next,last,other,another,etc; ④量词(Quantifier)many,much,(a)few,(a)little,fewer,(the)fewest,less,(the)least,more,most;several,plenty of,a lot of,lots of,a great/large/good number of,a great/good deal of,a large/small amount of;

前中后位限定词

按照限定词与限定词的相互搭配关系,限定词可分为前位限定词(pre-determiner)、中位限定词(central determiner)和后位限定词(post-determiner)。 限定词的相互搭配关系为:前位+中位+后位 在这三类限定词中,前位限定词与前位限定词以及中位限定词与中位限定词是相互排斥的,后位限定词与后位限定词之间虽不相互排斥但有搭配限制。 中位限定词包括: 冠词:a(n),the 指示代词:this, that, these, those 形容词性物主代词:my, your, his, her, our, etc 名词属格:Jim’s, my mother’s 不定代词:some, any, no, every, each, either, neither, enough, etc 连接代词what(ever),which(ever),whose, etc 前位限定词包括:all, both, half; double, twice, three times, etc; one-third, two-fifths, etc; what, such,(a / an)等。 后位限定词包括:one, two, three, etc; first, second, third, etc; next, last, other, another, etc; many, much,(a) few,(a) little, fewer,(the) fewest, less,(the) least, more, most; several, plenty of, a lot of, lots of, a great / large / good number of, a great / good deal of, a large / small amount of; such等。 限定词与限定词的搭配关系 以上讲的是限定词与三类名词的搭配关系。除上述搭配关系外,限定词与限定词之间还存在着一定的搭配关系。在名词词组中心词之前如果有两个或两个以上限定词出现时,就会产生限定词的先后顺序问题。按其不同的搭配位置,限定词可分为: 1〕中位、前位、后位限定词 按照限定词与限定词之间不同搭配位置,限定词可分为中位限定词(CENTRAL DETERMINER〕、前位限定词(PREDETERMINER〕和后位限定词(POSTDETERMINER〕。 a) 中位限定词包括a(n),the, zero; this, that, these, those; my, your, etc; Merry's, my friend's; some, any, no, every, each, either, neither, enough; what(ever),which(ever),whose等 b) 前位限定词包括all, both, half; double, twice, three times, etc; one-third, two-fifths, etc; what, such,(a / an)等 c) 后位限定词包括one, two, three, etc; first, second, third, etc; next, last, other, another, etc; many, much,(a) few,(a) little, fewer,(the) fewest, less,(the) least, more, most; several, plenty of, a lot of, lots of, a great / large / good number of, a great / good deal of, a large / small amount of; such等 2)三类限定词的搭配关系

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