定语从句的用法小结

定语从句的用法小结

由关系代词或关系副词引导的句子，用来修饰主句中的某一个名词或代词，这个从句起定语作用，叫定语从句。定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词，定语从句一般跟在先行词的后面。

定语从句的构成方法是：关系代词或关系副词+ 陈述句语序。关系代词有：who, whom, whose, which, that, as等；关系副词有when, where, why等。关系代词有双重功能，一方面代表前面所修饰的先行词，把从句和先行词连接起来；另一方面引出从句，并在从句中充当某种成分。例如：

1. The number of people who/that lost homes reached as many as 250,000.

无家可归的人数多达25万

2. It sounded like a train which\that was going under my house.

听起来就好象是在我的房子底下行驶的一列火车。

一、定语从句的种类

定语从句的种类有两种：一种是限定性定语从句(Restrictive Attributive Clause);另一种是非限制性定语从句（Non-Restrictive Attributive Clause）。

一）、限定性定语从句使修饰的词，代表一个、一些或一类特定的人或物。这种定语从句和被修饰的词构成了一个完整的意思，定语从句不能随便去掉，否则剩下的部分就会失去意义、意思不完整、不能说明问题、甚至会显得莫名其妙，不知所云而不能成立。主句和从句一般翻译成一句话。例如：

1. Those who want to go please sign their names here. 想去的人请在这里签名。

（如果去掉定语从句，该句的意思便不清楚了。）

2. You can take anything that you like. 你可以拿任何你喜欢的东西。

二）、非限制性定语从句是对所修饰的词作进一步说明，去掉之后，其他部分意思仍然清楚，非限制性定语从句需要用逗号与主句隔开。主句和从句一般翻译成两句话。例如：

Last week I passed the examination, which was important.上周我通过了考试，那是很重要的（考试）。

二、常见关系代词的用法

一）、关系代词who, whom或that。当定语从句所修饰的先行词是人时，用who, whom或that，关系代词在从句中作主语时用who或that；作宾语时用whom 或that。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词的数取决于先行词的数。例如：

1. Is he the boy who\that survived the earthquake?

他就是那个在地震中幸存的孩子吗？(that可以代替who指人，但多用who)

2. Here is the man whom\thatwho you are looking for. 这就是你一直在找的人。

（whom\that\who代替the man在从句中作look for的宾语）

3. Those people (whom\that\who) the boss interviewed are applicants for the job.

老板面试的那些人是这份工作的申请者

注意：当关系代词作宾语时，可以用whom、that或who，也可以省略，但当关系代词紧跟在介词之后，作介词宾语时，一般用whom。

二）、关系代词which和that，当定语从句所修饰的先行词是物时，用关系代词which或that。which和that可以在从句中充当主语，也可以充当宾语。关系代词作宾语时，可以省略，尤其在口语中。

1. A wide and busy road that\which was built like a bridge over another road fell onto the one below.

一条像桥似的建立在另一条路上方的宽阔而车辆川流不息的马路坍塌到下面的马路上。（that\which作主语代替先行词a wide and busy road）

2. The book (which\that) you lent me is very interesting.你借给我的书非常有趣。

三）、关系代词whose既可用于指人的先行词，又可以用于指物的先行词，whose在定语从句作定语，这时不能用which。

1. The missing pilot whose name is Wang Wei is known as a hero of our country.

失踪的名叫王伟的飞行员被认为是我们国家的英雄。

2. The chair whose leg was broken has been repaired.那把腿坏了的椅子被修好了。

四）、非限制性定语从句引导词，用which指物，who指人，不能用that，而且从句与主句之间用逗号隔开。

1. One baby-sitter, who looks after 3 babies, earns about 60 yuan an hour.

一个临时保姆一个小时照看三个孩子可以挣六十元钱。（只能用who,非限制性定语从句不能用that）

2. He went to university, which made his parents happy.

他考上了大学使他父母很高兴。（非限制性定语从句不能用that, which指前面整个句子）

三、关系代词在指物时，只能用that,不能用which的情况。

一）、当先行词为all, everything, nothing, anything, little, much等不定代词时。

1. Tell me everything that you know.把你知道的一切都告诉我吧。

2. He told us all that he had done.他告诉了我们他所做的一切。

二）、当先行词被very, both, the only, all, every, no, any, little, much, some修饰时。

1. And then I watched all the glasses that were on the table fall off onto the floor.（由于先行词glasses被all修饰，所以定语从句关系代词只能用that）

2. This is the only English-Chinese dictionary that I have.

三）、当先行词被形容词的最高级修饰时。

This is the most beautiful city that I have visited.

四）、当先行词被序数词修饰时。

This is the last lesson that we have this term.

五）、当先行词既包含人，又包含物时。

The generals complained that the Defence Department had not sent the extra men and equipment that they needed.

六）、当主句是以which开头的特殊问句时。

Which is the coat that you like best? (用that,不用which避免重复。)

类推：Who is the man that was talking to you? (用that,不用who避免重复。) 七）、当先行词在定语从句作表语时，无论先行词是人还是物。

China is no longer the country that she was.

四、关系代词指物时，只用which, 不用的that情况

一）、关系代词在从句中作介词宾语，并且介词提到关系代词前时，只能用which,但当介词在从句句尾时，两者皆可。

1. This is the question about which we’ve had so much discussion.

= This is the question (which\that) we’ve had so much discussion about.

二）、在非限制性定语从句中，用which不能用that。非限制性定语从句与主句之间用逗号隔开。注意，当关系代词作look after, look for等不能拆开使用的及物动词短语的宾语时，介词不可以提前。例如：

1. This is the book (which\that) I’m looking for.（此时for不可以提至which之间）

2. They have invited me to visit their country, which is very kind of them. (which 作介词宾语或在非限制定语从句中不能省略)

五、引导定语从句的常见关系副词when, where和why的用法

一）、当定语从句所修饰的先行词是表示时间的名词时，用when，在定语从句中充当时间状语。也可以用：介词+ which 来代替when。

1. I will never forget the day when (= on which) I went to university.

(when或on which相当于on that day, 在从句中作状语。)

2. The dark day when the Japanese ruled China are gone.

二）、当定语从句修饰的先行词是表示地点的名词时，用where，在定语从句中充当地点状语。也可以用：介词+ which 来代替where。

1. Is there a shop where (=in which)I can get school things?

2. I have found a peaceful place where (= in which) we can study.

三）、当定语从句修饰的先行词是表示原因的名词时，用why，在定语从句中充当原因状语。也可以用：介词+ which 来代替why。

1. This is the reason why ( = for which ) he was absent.

2. I don’t know the reason why ( = for which ) he did it.

六、定语从句应避免的错误

一）、关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，谓语动词要与先行词的性、数、格保持一致。

1. This is one of the books which (was错) were written by Shakespeare.

本句的先行词是books,因此was应改为were。

2. He is the only one of the boys who (have错) has learned Japanese.

本句先行词是one，定语从句的谓语应用单数动词has。

3. I, who (is错) am a Chinese, will do my best for our country.

本句的先行词是I ,因此is应改为am。

二）、定语从句中重复了关系代词或关系副词所替代的部分。

This is the most beautiful place (that) I have visited it.（去掉it）

应去掉it，因为关系代词that代替先行词the most beautiful place在定语从句中作visited的宾语，再加it就是多余的了。

The school where I worked there is a famous one. (去掉there)

我所工作的学校是一所著名的学校。（应去掉there,因为where引导定语从句，又在从句中代替in the school作状语, 再加there就是多余的了。

三)、省略了定语从句中作主语的关系代词。

The tomatoes∧were on table were given to you. (∧处应该加that)

关系代词that 在从句中作主语，不能省略。

四）、关系代词省略与否的规则如下：

1、关系代词作主语不能省略。

2、作动词宾语的关系代词，可以省略；作介词的宾语的关系代词，如不直接位于介词之后可以省略，如果直接作介词的宾语，即：介词+ 关系代词，不能省略。

3、关系代词在非限制性定语从句中，不能省略。

4、Reason,way后的关系代词可省略。

五）、定语从句中多余的介词或副词

The room where he lives in is bigger than mine.

可认为多余副词，应改为The room (which\that) he lives in is bigger than mine.

可认为多余介词，应改为= The room where he lives is bigger than mine.