大学综合英语教程词汇复习

Unit 1Never Say Goodbye

1. confront: vt.1)be faced with and have to deal with

e.g. ①The actress was confronted by a large group of reporters as she left the stage door.②Whenever we are confronted with any difficulties, we shouldn’t give up what we are doing.

2) force to deal with or accept the truths of;

bring face to face with

e.g.When the police confronted her with the evidence, she confessed she was guilty.

Collocations:be confronted with / confront sb. with sth. Synonyms: encounter, face

2.anguish:n.very great pain and suffering, esp. of the mind e.g.Lear, a broken, confused old man, died in anguish. 李尔王,这位身心交瘁、精神恍惚的老人在痛苦中死去。Derivations: anguished: adj. anguish: vt.

Synonyms:pain, suffering

①Outsiders will find it hard to imagine the mental anguish we had to go through.

②An anguished look appeared on her face.

③She was in anguish over her missing child.

3. gracefully: adv. 1) in an attractively and effortlessly fine and smooth manner

e.g.Already in her fifties, she danced gracefully on the stage last night, attracting a large audience.

The figure skater glided gracefully on the ice.

花样滑冰者在冰上优雅地滑行。

2) in a way that shows willingness to behave fairly and honorably e.g.The request was gracefully refused.

这个请求被礼貌地回绝了。Derivations: graceful: adj. grace n.

Comparison:gracious, graceful

graceful: moving in a smooth and attractive way, or having an attractive shape or form

gracious:behaving in a polite, kind, and generous way, especially to people of a lower rank.

Thank you for your gracious hospitality.

The lady of small waist is elegant and graceful.

4.touch: vt.& vi.1) put one’s hand onto sth. or sb. else

e.g.Visitors are requested not totouch the paintings.

2) have an effect on one’s feelings; cause one to feel pity, sympathy, etc.

e.g.Her plight has touched the hearts of people around the world. 她所处的困境牵动着全世界人民的心。

The environmental problems touch us all.

这些环境问题与我们所有人都有关。

Collocation:be touched with

e.g.Her hair is touched with grey. 他有些灰发了。Derivations: touched: adj. touching: adj.

5.shudder: vi. shake uncontrollably for a moment, esp. from fear, cold, or dislike

shudder at/with She shuddered at the sight of the dead body.她一看到那具尸体就不寒而栗。

Comparison: shudder, shake

shudder: vi. It suggests a more intense shaking,which is less noticeable to an onlooker.

shake: vt.&vi. It suggests sth. that is done to as well as by a person or object.

①People still shudder at the thought of that terrible earthquake.②The tree branches were shaking in that sudden gust of wind.

6.well: vi. flow or start to flow (outflow)

e.g.Strong emotions welled up.

Collocation:well out/up/forth

She was so moved that her tears welled out(up/forth) from her eyes. 她感动得泪如泉涌。

7. rest on/upon

1) lean on; to be supported by

e.g.She sat down and rested her feet on the chair.

2) be based on; be grounded on; depend on (esp. of a proof, argument, etc.) e.g.His hopes rest on the leader. 他的希望全寄托在领导者的身上。

e.g.Our policy should rest on the basis of self-reliance.

我们的政策要建立在自力更生的基础之上。

8.through :prep.1) in at one side, end, or surface of something and out at the other

e.g.We couldn’t see through the mist.

Is it quicker to drive straight through the center?

2) among or between the parts or members of

e.g.The monkeys swung through the trees.

I searched through my papers for the missing documents.

9.stare: vi.1) look steadily for a long time, e.g.in great surprise or shock

e.g.The child stared the stranger up and down

这个孩子上上下下地打量着这个陌生人。

He was staring, thinking.

(2) be very plain to see; be obvious

e.g.The lies in the report stared out at us from every paragraph.

Collocations:stare sb. down/out 盯得某人局促不安

stare sb. into silence 瞪得某人哑口无言

stare sb. up and down 上下打量某人

stare sb. in the face 近在眼前

10. pick: vt.vi.1) take what one likes or considers best, or most suitable from a group

e.g.①One of my sisters has been picked for the Olympic team.②The police asked him if he could pick (out) the killer from a series of photos.

2) gather; pull or break off (part of a plant) from a tree or

plant e.g. Machines pick the fruit from/off the trees.

They spent the summer picking strawberries.

3) take up or remove sth. separately or bit by bit using the

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fingers, a beak, a pointed instrument, etc.

e.g.He was on his knees picking crumbs off the carpet. Comparison:choose, select, pick

choose: It stresses a choice of the best suited between or among things under consideration, which is the result of one's judgment.e.g.She said she had chosen the skirt because its color was just right for the season.

select: It stresses a choice of sth. best to one's liking or desire among many things present through careful examination and discrimination, with a view to a given purpose.e.g.You may selectwhatever you like as the birthday gift.

pick: It is an informal word and a synonym to select.

e.g.Mary picked a red skirt because she liked red.

(1) I picked a piece of fluff off my shiny black suit.

(2) After careful comparison, Beijing was selected as the city where the 2008 Olympic Games were to be held. (3) Mr. Johnson waschosen to participate in the project because of his being a fully qualified engineer.

11.hoarse adj.(of a voice) rough-sounding, as though the surface of the throat is rougher than usual, e.g.when the speaker has a sore throat

e.g.You'll make yourself hoarse if you keep shouting like that! Comparison:husky, harsh, thick

husky: (of a person's voice) low and rough, often in an attractive way, or because of illness

e.g.She's got a nice husky voice — very sexy.

You sound husky — do you have a cold?

harsh: unpleasant to listen to

e.g."There is no alternative, " she said in a harsh voice. thick: not as clear or high as usual, for example because someone has been crying

e.g.Bill's voice was thick and gruf

f.

12.evil 1) n. a great wickedness or misfortune

e.g.Drug-addiction is one of today's great social evils. There's always a conflict between good and evil in his plays.

2) adj. immoral, cruel, or very unpleasant

e.g.It's a battle against the country's most evil terrorists. Synonyms: corrupt, vicious, wicked, malicious Antonyms: good, honest, moral, sinless

13.tiny adj. extremely small; very small

e.g. Though she was tiny, she had a very loud voice. Synonyms:mini, small, little, puny, slight

Antonyms: big, enormous, great, huge, large, vast Comparison:small, little, tiny

small: It refers to size and is the usual opposite of "big" or "large".e.g.Could I have a hamburger and a small Coke please?

little: It refers to size but it also expresses the speaker's feelings. e.g.They live in a beautiful little village.

13.part vt.(to cause to) separate or be no longer together

e.g.①To be parted from him even for only two days made her sad.②Tony bent to look out of the window, parting the curtains with one hand.

Derivations: parted adj.parting n. / adj.

e.g.On his wall he has a poster of Marilyn Monroe, her lips

forever parted (= separated) in anticipation.

The pain of parting had lessened over the years. Translation:结婚这三十年间他们几乎从未分开过。They were hardly ever parted in thirty years of marriage. The sunlight flooded the room when he parted the curtains.他拉开窗帘，屋里顿时充满了阳光。

14.bring back1) cause to return

e.g.All library books must be brought back before the end of the term.

2) obtain and return with

e.g.He always brings me back something nice when he goes abroad.

Travellers brought back news of the outside world.

3) cause to return to the mind

e.g.The photos brought back some wonderful memories. Seeing her again brought all the sweet memories back.

4) start to do or use something that was done or used in the past e.g.①Few politicians are in favour of bringing back the death penalty.②He wants to bring back the glamour of the old Hollywood films.

①People arrived at the site of the fire and began clearing away the debris.

②He threw himself wholeheartedlyinto the fight against fascism.

③The storekeeper knew exactly where everything was and could lay his hands on what he wanted in the dark.

④The fire heats the roomup within minutes.

⑤I wrote to Donna several months ago, but she hasn't written backyet.

⑥This cake's very light compared with the last one you made.

⑦I've got a pain in my back.

15.gravely adv.in a way showing great seriousness; (of

manner) in a state of being serious and solemn

e.g.“The situation poses a serious threat to peace,” said the ambassador gravely.大使严肃地说：“这样的局势对和平形成严重的威胁。”

Synonym: seriously Derivations: grave adj.gravity n.

e.g.His face was grave as he told them about the accident.He doesn’t seem to understan d the gravity of the situation.

16.beloved adj./n. (a person who is) dearly loved

e.g.His beloved wife died.It is a gift from my beloved.

17. summon vt.1) order officially to come

e.g.The guards were summoned into the presence of the

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Queen.2) tell or request people to come to; convene

e.g.At the critical moment, the army commander

summoned all the officers to a meeting to work out new strategies and tactics which would make it possible to conquer the enemy.在紧急关头，军长召集全体军官开会，制定新的克敌战略战术。

Collocation:summon sth. up

1) bring (a quality) out of oneself, esp. with an effort

e.g.She had to summon up all her strength to lift the rock. I

can’t summon up much enthusiasm for the project.

2) causesth. to come into the mind; evoke sth.

e.g.He summoned up his memory of his former neighbour.Derivation: summoner n.

18. turn: n.1) an act of turning; a single movement completely round a fixed point

e.g.Don’t pull the handle; give it a turn.

Give the key a turn, and the lock will open.

2) a point of change in time

e.g.Young people at the turn of the century must draw up a mighty blueprint.世纪之交的年轻人必须绘制一幅宏伟的蓝图。

Collocations:at every turn: everywhere or all the time

by turns: (of people or their actions) one after the other; in rotation on the turn: about to turn or change

in turn: afterwards; in the correct or expected order

out of turn: at an unsuitable time or in an unsuitable way

19. note vt. 1) notice and remember; observe

e.g.①Note the way this writer uses the present tense for dramatic effect.②Please note that this bill must be paid within 10 days.③Note how he operates the machine and try to copy with him.

2) remark; call attention to

e.g.The report notes with approval the government’s efforts to resolve this problem.这份报告以赞同的口吻特别提到政府为解决这个问题所作的努力。

Derivations: noted; notable

Comparison:note, notice

note: v. notice and remember

e.g.Note how he operates the machine and try to copy with him.notice: v. to pay attention (to) with the eyes, other senses, or mind

e.g.She was wearing a new dress, but he didn’t even notice(it). Did you noticewhether I locked the door?

20.breathe vt.

1) take air, gas, etc. into the lungs and send it out again

e.g.The doctor told me to breathe in deeply and then to breathe out slowly.

I will remember the day as long as I breathe.

2) whisper; say softly

e.g.He breathed words of love into her ear.

She breathed a sigh of relief when she heard that she

had passed the exam.

Derivation: breather n.breath n.

e.g.We’ve been working quite a long time now; let’s have/take a breather.

1. be confronted with = suddenly found oneself faced with 面临，面对e.g.All the programs will be confronted with great difficulties at the start. 所有的项目刚开始时总会遇到很大的困难。Being confronted with such crisis, he demonstrated such courage. 面对如此危机，他展现出了这样的勇气。

2. have one thing in common = share the same characteristic 具有相同之处

All kids have one thing in common: they are precious gifts. 所有孩子都有一个共同点：他们都是珍贵的礼物。

3. give in to sth. = let oneself be overcome by 屈服，向……让步

Never give in to their insult. 绝不能屈服于他们的侮辱。The police decided not to give in to his demands. 警察最终决定不向他的要求让步。

4. loc k it away within sb. = keep it in one’s mind and don’t ever forget it 埋藏起来

You should not shed tears but lock your sorrow away within yourself.你不应当流泪，而应当把忧伤深埋心中。

2. Word comparison

1. a nger: a strong feeling of wanting to hurt or criticize someone because they have done something bad to you or been unkind to you e.g.Paul's face was filled with anger. discomfort:a feeling of slight pain or of being physically uncomfortable

She still suffers considerable discomfort from her injury. unhappiness:the state of being unhappy

e.g. Juliet's eyes shone with unhappiness.

anguish: mental or physical suffering caused by extreme pain or worry

e.g. Nothing can take away the anguish of losing a child.

2. special:not ordinary or usual, but different in some way and often better or more important

e.g. This is a specia l case, deserving special treatment. peculiar:strange, unfamiliar, or a little surprising

e.g. There was a peculiar smell in the kitchen. particular:(only used before noun) a particular thing or person is the one that you are talking about, and not any other

e.g. Most students choose one particular area for research. Concrete: definite, positive

e.g. The policy have nothing concrete to go on.

3. spend:to use your money to pay for goods or services

e.g. I can't afford to spend any more money this week. spend something on something

cost: be obtainable at the price of, require the payment of

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e.g. It costs too much.

take:if something takes a particular amount of time, money, effort, etc., that amount of time, etc. is needed for it to happen or succeed

Organizing a successful street party takes a lot of energy. waste:to use more money, time, energy, etc. than is useful or sensible

Leaving the heating on all the time wastes electricity.

4. conspicuous:very easy to notice

e.g.Lincoln is a conspicuous example of a poor boy who succeeded.

graceful:moving in a smooth and attractive way, or having an attractive shape or form

e.g. We admired the graceful poise of the dancer.

lonely:(adj.) unhappy because you are alone or do not have anyone to talk to

e.g. He has so few friends that his life is lonely.

truly:used to emphasize that the way you are describing something is really true(= really)

This encyclopedia is truly a compendium of knowledge.

5. last: happening or coming after all other similar things or people e.g.And last but not least there is the question of adequate funding.

final:being or happening at the end of a series of events, actions, statements, etc.; being the result of a particular process e.g. The project is in its final stages.

ending: the last part of a story; the act of finishing sth., the last part of sth.

e.g. His stories usually have a happy ending. concluding:the last remark ,etc. in an event or piece of writing e.g.This is the concluding section of Chapter 6.

6. alone:adv./adj. without any friends; without the help of other people or things e.g.Carol felt all alone in the world.

It is hard bringing up children alone.

hoarse:adj. (of a person or voice) sounding harsh, especially because of a sore throat

e.g. We shouted ourselves hoarse at the football match. grave:(of people) serious in manner, as if sth. sad, important or worrying has just happened

e.g. His face was grave when I told him my decision. lonely:(adj.) unhappy because you are alone or do not have anyone to talk to

e.g.Don't you get lonely being on your own all day?

7. giveup: to stop trying to do sth.

e.g. I give up; tell me what the answer is.

givein: to admit that you have been defeated by sb./sth.

e.g.He will givein to his opponent's claim rather than wrangle over a disputed point.

stop: to make sb./sth. no longer do sth.

e.g. That phone never stops ringing.

retreated(v.+adv./prep.) to change your mind about sth.

because of criticism or because a situation has become too difficult e.g.The government has retreated from its pledge to reduce class size.

8. believe: to feel certain that sth. is true or that sb. is telling you the truth e.g.He thinks that everyone who believes will go to heaven.

notice: to see or hear sb./sth.;to become aware of sb./sth.; to pay attention to sb./sth.e.g.She wears those strange clothes just to get herself noticed.

note:to mention sth. because it is important or interesting e.g. I failed to note that he had left. decide:to think carefully about the different possibilities that are available and then choose one of them

e.g.That chance meeting decided my career.

3. Synonym / Antonym

1. When I was ten I was suddenly confronted with the anguish of moving from the old home I had ever known. Synonyms: pain, grief, sorrow, agony

2. “It isn’t easy, is it, Billy?” he said softly, sitting down on the steps beside me.

Antonyms: loudly, harshly, roughly

3. We seem to have so many ways of saying goodbye and they all have one thing in common: sadness. Synonym:: sorrow, grief, dismay

4. We walked, hand in hand, to his favorite place in the front yard, where a huge red rosebush sat conspicuouslyalone.Antonyms:inconspicuously, unnoticeably

5. My son had died in some tiny village in Italy Synonyms: small, little

6. When you and your friends must part, I want you to reach deep within you and bring back that first hello. Antonyms: meet, join, unite, gather

7. A year and half later, my grandfather became gravely ill. Synonyms: seriously, severely, hopelessly

8. My whole life, brief as it was, had been spent in that big old house.Antonyms: long, permanent, lasting

1.industry (n.) 工业、行业；勤奋

industrial (adj.) 工业的；用于工业的；工业发达的industrious (adj.) 勤奋的、勤劳的

industriously (adv.) 勤劳地、勤奋地

industriousness (n.) 勤奋、勤劳

e.g. The government takes great measures to expand industry and commerce. 政府采取很多举措发展工商业。

His success was due to his industry and thrift.

他取得成功是由于他的勤俭。

Tom is working industriously at his desk.

汤姆正在办公桌前勤奋地工作。

2.describe (v.) 描述某人（某物）；叫做、称做；画（尤指几何图形）

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description (n.) 对某人（某物）的描述、叙述descriptive (adj.) 描述的、描写的

e.g. There is some excellent descriptive writing in his novel. 在他的小说里有些极好的描写。

We will describe each of these methods in more detail in the following sections.

在下面的部分中我们将更详细地描述每一种方法。Your essay contains too much description, and not enough discussion of the issues.你的文章中有太多的描写，而对问题的论述不够。

Her beauty is beyond description.

她的美丽无法用语言描述。

3.suspect (v.) 有（某事物）存在或属实的想法，相信；

怀疑（某物），不相信；怀疑某人有某罪

suspect (n.) 嫌疑犯，可疑对象

suspect (adj.) 不可靠的；不可信的；可疑的

suspicion (n.) 怀疑；猜疑；些许味道，少量suspicious (adj.) 有疑心的，表示怀疑的；引起怀疑的，可疑的

unsuspecting (adj.) 不怀疑的，无猜疑的，可信任的

e.g.The statement of an interested party is naturally suspect. 当事人的陈述自然是可疑的。

I suspect that he is more or less involved in the affair.

我猜他和这件事多少有点牵连。

The constable conducted the suspect to the police station.

警官把嫌疑犯带到派出所。

I'm suspicious of his story because I know he sometimes tells lies.

This boy's honesty is above / beyond suspicion.

这孩子的诚实是不容质疑的。

We were unsuspecting of the fact that he was the very boss there. 我们没料到他就是那里的老板。

4.assist (v.) 帮助、协助、援助；在某场合出席，参加某事物assistance (n.) 帮忙，援助

assistant (n.) 助手、助理；店员

assistant (adj.) （定语）协理、副经理

e.g. You will be expected to assist the editor with the selection of illustrations for the book.

你需要帮助编辑为这本书选取插图。

In the summer holiday, I will take a part-time job as a shop assistant. 我打算在暑假找一份店员的兼职工作。

Can I be of any assistance, madam?

5.employ (v.) 雇用某人；使用某人（某物），利用（时间、注意力等）employee (n.) 受雇者；雇员；雇工employer (n.) 雇用者；雇主

employment (n.) 雇用；使用；受雇用；职业unemployed (adj.) 未被雇用的；失业的；不在使用中的unemployment (n.) 失业；失业状况；失业人数

e.g.Unemployment has fallen again for the third consecutive month.失业人数已经连续三个月下降了。He has been unemployed for over a year.

Do you think interview is the best way to choose competent employees?

prove (v.) 证明、证实；显示出是某事物

proof (n.) 证据、证物、证言；验证、证明

proof (adj.) 可防某事物的，有防护作用的；能抵御某事物的；（用以构成复合词）抗……的；防……的disprove (v.) 证明（某事物）有误或有假

disproof (n.) 反证明；反证物

e.g. The operation proved a complete success.

手术事实上是很成功的。

If anyone needs proof of Andrew Davies' genius as a writer, this novel is it. 如果谁需要证明安德鲁·戴维斯写作方面

的天分，那这部小说就是最好的证明。

1. 他为这次面试中可能被问到的问题做好了准备。(confront) He has prepared answers to the questions that he expects to confront during the interview.

她要在事业和家庭之间作出抉择。

She was confronted with a choice between her career or family.

她心里明白自己必须克服恐惧心理。

She knew that she had to confront her fears.

面对愤怒的人群，警察只能撤退了。

Confronted by an angry crowd, the police retreated.

2. 他悲惨的遭遇深深打动了我们，我们几乎要哭出声来。(touch)His sad story touched us so deeply that we nearly cried.

我感动得无法用言语来表达I was touched beyond words. 他的话确实触动了我的心弦。

What he said really touched my heart.

3. 上海人容易听懂苏州话，因为上海话和苏州话有许多共同之处。People from Shanghai can understand Suzhou dialect with ease, for Shanghai dialect and Suzhou dialect have much in common.

约翰和我毫无共同之处。

John and I have nothing incommon.

她已经和许多人一起申请参加训练。In common with many others, she applied for a training program.

4. 亨利和妻子正在考虑能不能在三年内买一幢新房子。(look into)Henry and his wife are looking into the possibility of buying a new house within three years.

政府将研究如何降低失业率。The government will look into how to reduce unemployment.

你的案件正在调查之中。如果有事需要通知，我们会再写信给你的。Your case is being looked into.When we have anything to report, we will write to you again.

Unit 3 Whatever Happened to Manners?

1. appreciate: vt.1) to recognize with gratitude; be grateful for e.g. We appreciate your helping us.

2) to recognize or understand that something is valuable,

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important or as described

e.g.There's no point buying him expensive wines —he doesn't appreciate them.

Derivations: appreciation: n. appreciative: adj. Synonyms:enjoy, understand

Comparison: appreciate, enjoy

appreciate:It means “to be thankful or grateful for something,” as well as “to like or value something for its good qualities.”

e.g.We really appreciate all the help you gave us last weekend.

enjoy: It stresses taking pleasure in a situation one is in, esp. to find satisfaction in doing something, and often appears in the structure of “ enjoy oneself”.

e.g. Now that I am free, I can enjoy music for a while.

2. pull out:1) (of a motor vehicle, boat, etc.) to move out of

a sideways

e.g. A car suddenly pulled out in front of me.

2) to leave or depart

When I arrived, the train was pulling out of the station.

3. gracious: adj.

1) behaving in a pleasant, polite, calm way

e.g. The losing team were gracious in defeat.

He was most gracious to everyone, smiling and thanking them.

2)characterized by kindness and warm courtesy especially of a king to his subjects

e.g. The queen was gracious enough to invite us.

女王亲切地邀请了我们。

He is gracious to his inferiors.他待下级和蔼可亲。Synonyms: courteous, nice

4. priceless: adj. describing an object which has such a high value, especially because it is rare, that the price of it cannot be calculated e.g.In its spacious halls are displayed over 8,000 priceless relics.

Her one priceless asset is her unflappability.（遇事冷静）Synonym:precious

Comparison: priceless, precious

priceless: refering to something that is worth a lot of money or can not be calculated in monetary terms

precious: emphasizing the fact that something is valuable, rare and important, and should not be wasted, lost or used badly e.g. Pandas are precious creatures.

You should make good use of every precious minute to study.你应充分利用好宝贵的每一分钟去学习。

Her knowledge and experience would make her a priceless (= extremely useful) asset to the team.

她的知识和经历对于整个团队来说是无价之宝。

5. panache: n. a stylish, original and very confident way of doing things that makes peopleadmire you

e.g. The orchestra played with great panache.

交响乐团的演奏十分优雅动听。

Synonyms: dash, style, elegance

6. wonders: n. objects that cause a feeling of great surprise and admiration

Collocation:do wonders for:If you say that a person or thing does wonders, you mean that they have a very good effect on something.

e.g.Regular physical exercises will do wonders for your health.Synonyms: miracle, marvel, phenomenon Derivation: wonderful adj.

7. compliment vt.to praise or express admiration for someone

Collocation:compliment sb. on sth.

e.g.I must compliment you on your handling of a very difficult situation.

Synonyms:praise, applaud, flatter

Derivations:complimentary: adj. praising or expressing admiration for someone compliment: n.

Comparison: compliment, complement

compliment: praise somebody for something complement:make something else seem better or more attractive when combining with it

①He complimented her on her new dress without even looking at it.②This wine complements the food perfectly.用这种酒配这道菜最妙不过了。

8. mood: n. the way you feel at a particular time

e.g. His mood suddenly changed and he became calm.

他的情绪突然一变，冷静了下来。

The public mood changed dramatically after the bombing.爆炸案发生后，公众的气氛急剧转变。

I'm not in the mood to disagree with you.

He's always in a bad mood (i.e.irritable and angry) on Mondays.他每个星期一情心情都很差。Collocations:

①be in no mood for sth./to do sth.: to not want to do something with someone else, often because you are angry with them

e.g. I was in no mood for chatting.

He's in no mood for (telling) jokes/to tell jokes.

他没心情说笑话。

②be in the mood: to feel like doing or having something

e.g. I'm not really in the mood for shopping.

9. put off: to hold back to a later time

e.g. She keeps putting off going to the dentist.

她老是拖延着不去看牙病。

Don’t put off until tomorrow what can be done today.

今日事今日毕。

Synonyms:postpone, delay, prolong

10. barrel: vi.(inf.) to travel somewhere very quickly

e.g. We were barreling along the free way at 180 kph.

11.irritation: n.. when someone is made angry or annoyed,

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the person tends to develop irritation or feel annoyed by a source of irritation or annoyance

e.g. The traffic noise is a constant irritation to city dwellers.车辆的噪音对城市居民是永无止境的骚扰。Derivations:irritate vt.irritable adj.irritating adj.

12. punctuality n. the quality or habit of being on time

e.g. Our boss urged on us the significance of punctuality.

老板向我们强调守时的重要性。

Derivation:punctual adj.

13. count1) vt.to say the names of numbers one after the other in order, or to calculate the number of people or things in a group

Count your money carefully to make sure it's all there.

2) vi. to have value or importance; to matter

e.g.①I've always believed that happiness counts more than money.②My opinion doesn't count for anything around here (= no one values my opinion).

Collocations:count sb. in: to include someone in an activity or arrangement

e.g."Do you want to come swimming tomorrow?" "Yes, count me in."

count on sb.: to be confident that you can depend on someone e.g. I can count on my parents to help me. Derivation:countable adj.

14. cherish1) vt.to love, protect and care for someone or something that is important to you

e.g.One of our cherished privileges is the right of free speech.我们所珍视的权利之一是言论自由。

Although I cherish my children, I do allow them their independence.

2) vt.to keep hopes, memories or ideas in your mind because they are important to you and bring you pleasure e.g. I cherish the memories of the time we spent together.

我们在一起的时光珍藏在我的记忆当中。Synonyms:care for, treasure, value

15. routine:1) adj. ordinary and not special or unusual

It was a rather routine performance.那是很一般的演出。2) n. a usual or fixed way of doing things

They did it as a matter of routine.他们只是例行公事。16. take … for granted:

1) takesth. for granted: to believe something to be true without even thinking about it

e.g.I didn't realize that Melanie hadn't been to college—I suppose I just took it for granted.

2) takesth. or sb. for granted: if you take situations or people for granted, you do not realize or

show that you are grateful for how much you get from them e.g. I take for granted that you have read this book.

We must not take our parents’ care for granted. Synonyms:assume, presume

17. infectious:adj. 1) able to pass a disease from one

person, animal or plant to another

e.g.Flu is an infectious disease characterized by fever, aches and pains and exhaustion.流感是一种传染病，其特征是发热、全身疼痛和疲乏无力。

2) describing something that has an effect on everyone who is present and makes them want to join in

e.g. He expressed infectious enthusiasm to his voters.

他对他的选民表现出的热情很有感染力。Derivations:infect vt.infection n.

Synonym:contagious

1. get away from sth.= become different from what it should be like 避免，与……不同

e.g. The book produces a new image of teacher which gets away from the stereotype. 这本书描绘了一个与以往大不相同的教师形象。

2. pull out into traffic=move out onto the main road 驶入车流

e.g. The murderer winded down the window and pulled out into traffic. 凶手摇下车窗，将车驶入车流。

He waved me goodbye and pulled out into traffic.

3. on the receiving end =who receives sth. 接收方；

be the one who suffers something unpleasant 承受不愉快、接受打击的人

e.g. No one want to be on the receiving end of game playing. 游戏中，谁也不想成为被动的一方。

4. go a long way = produce a far-reaching effect 有长远的影响

e.g.Tomorrow’s game will go a long way toward determining their team’s future.

明天的比赛对决定他们队的未来意义重大。

1. matter: to be important, or to affect what happens

e.g.We were late but it didn’t seem to matter.

happen: when something happens, there is an event, especially one that is not planned

e.g.It’s important to predict what will happen next.

care: if you care about something, you feel that it is important and are concerned about it

e.g.Does anybody know we’re here, does anybody care?. mind: to take care of someone or something

e.g.She asked me if I’d mind the children for an hour while she went shopping.

2. hurry: to do something or go somewhere more quickly than usual, especially because there is not much time

e.g. I hate having to hurry a meal.

rush: if you rush somewhere, you go there quickly

e.g.A schoolgirl rushed into a burning flat to save a man’s life.

hasten: you hasten something by acting in order to make it happen sooner

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e.g. He hastened to the office.

quicken: to become quicker or make something quicker

e.g. Ray glanced at his watch and quickened his pace.

3.copartner: a joint partner (as in a business enterprise)

e.g. She is a copartner of a law firm.

coworker: your coworker is someone you work with, especially people on the same job or project as you

e.g. A coworker urged him to see a psychiatrist, but Faulkner refused.

colleague: your colleagues are the people you work with, especially in a professional job

e.g.We’re entertaining some colleagues of Ben’s tonight. cooperative: a business or organization owned equally by all the people working there

e.g. They decided to set up a cooperative.

4. pull up: when a car or someone driving a car pull up, the driver stops the car, often for a short time

e.g. A car pulled up outside my house.

pullout: if a vehicle pulls out, it starts moving onto a road or onto a different part of the road

e.g. A car pulled right out in front of me.

pulloff: to drive a car off a road in order to stop, or to turn into a smaller road

e.g. We pulled off the road to get some food.

pulldown: to earn a particular amount of money

e.g. He is pulling down $5,000 a year.

5. manner: the way in which people behave and talk when they are with other people, for example whether they are polite, confident or bad-tempered

e.g. His manner was self-assured and brusque. behaviour: the thing that a person or animal does

e.g. It is important to reward good behavior.

act: something that you do

e.g. The simple act of telling someone about a problem can help.

way: the ways of a particular person or group of people are their customs or their usual behavior

e.g. He has rather strange ways.

6.graceful: behave in a pleasant way

e.g.She finally apologized, but she wasn’t very graceful about it.

gracious: behaving in a polite, kind, and generous way, especially to people of a lower rank

e.g.Sibyl was the most gracious, helpful, and generous person to work with.

grateful: if you are grateful for something that someone has given you or done for you, you have a warm, friendly feeling towards them and wish to thank them

e.g. She was grateful to him for being so good to her. grand: splendid in style and appearance; attracting admiration and attention

e.g. They always entertain their guests in a grand style.

7. menu: a list of all the kinds of food that are available for

a meal, especially in a restaurant

e.g. Could we have the menu, please?

cookbook: a book that contains recipes for preparing food e.g. This is a house that specializes in cookbooks. recipe: a set of instructions for cooking a particular type of food

e.g. His recipe will be enough for four servings. ingredient: a food that is used with other foods in the preparation of a particular dish

e.g. The list of ingredients included 250g of almonds.

8. huge: extremely large in size, amount, or degree

e.g. There shoes make my feet look huge.

enormous: emphasizing the great degree or extent of something e.g. It was an enormous disappointment.

vast: extremely big

e.g. A vast audience watched the broadcast.

colossal: used to emphasize that something is extremely large

e.g. The whole holiday was a colossal waste of money.

1. friend (n.) 朋友，友人，支持者

friendly (adj.&adv.) 友好的，友善的

friendship (n.) 友谊，友好

friendliness (n.) 友好，亲切

friendless (adj.) 没有朋友的，无依无靠的

unfriendly (adj.) 不友好的，有敌意的

e.g. She smiled at him, a friendly smile. 她向他微笑着，一种友好的微笑。

Cheerfulness is the basis of friendliness. 令人愉快是友谊的基石。

What we are doing now is wasteful of resources and unfriendly to environment. 我们现在做的是浪费资源、对环境不利的事情。

2. boy (n.) 男孩，儿子，男服务员

boyish (adj.) 像男孩子的

boyhood (n.) 少年时代

boylish (adj.) 男孩样的，很帅气的

boyishness (n.) 少年，幼稚，孩子气

e.g.It had perhaps been his boyish defiance. 这也许是少年时代放荡不羁的表现。

The picture reminds me of my boyhood. 这张照片让我想起了我的童年。

He was conscious of colouring , and was annoyed at his boyishness.他感到一阵脸红，为自己的幼稚而感到烦恼。

3. understand (v.) 理解，懂，听说，获悉understanding (n.)了解，理解，个人见解，非正式协议understandingly (adv.) 谅解地

understandable (adj.) 可理解的，能够懂的understandability (n.) 易懂性，可理解性

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understandableness (n.) 不可理解

misunderstand (v.) 误会，误解

misunderstanding (n.) 误会，误解

e.g. He did not understand the importance of this question. 他不理解这个问题的重要性。

It is understandable that he wishes to study in the USA. 他要在美国学习的愿望是可以理解的。

They pretended to misunderstand me. 他们假装听错了我的话。

We must clear away the misunderstanding. 我们必须消除这个误会。

4. receive （v.）收到，接到，受到

received (adj.) 被一般承认的，公认的

receiving (n.) 接收，买卖赃物

receiver (n.) 接收器，收款员，接待者，听筒receivable (adj.) 可收到的，应收的

receivability (n.) 可以接受，可接纳

e.g.Nothing is more important than to receive education. 没有什么比接受教育更重要的了。

In the modern world, smoking is no longer be considered to be a receivable activity in social communication. 在当今的世界上，在社交时吸烟不再为人们所接受。

5. appear （v.）出现，显得，出版，抵达

appearance (n.) 外表，外貌出场，露面，出现disappear (v.) 消失，不见

disappearance (n.) 消失

e.g.Freckles appear on her face every summer. 每年夏天她脸上都显露（日晒的）斑点。

In appearance it is a very strong building. 从外表来看，这座大楼是很坚固的。

One by one his symptoms disappeared. 他的症状一个一个地消失了。

No one could tell the reason of the disappearance of the money. 谁也说不清楚这些钱丢失的原因。

6. decide （v.）决定，判断

decided (adj.) 确定的，坚决的

decision (n.) 决定，决策

decisiveness (n.) 坚决，果断

decisive (adj.) 决定性的

e.g. They've decided to buy the house in the country. 他们已拿定主意购买那所乡下的房子。

But it is a decidedly climate-unfriendly strategy. 但这种策略肯定会对气候不利。

Have they reached a decision yet? 他们作出决定了么？He has a decisive character. 他性格果断。

7. difference (n.) 差异，分歧，差额，不同

different (adj.) 不同的，差异的

differ (v.) 不同，相异，有区别

differential (adj.) 差别的，特定的，微分的differentiate (v.) 识别，使差异，求导数，区分differentiation (n.) 区别，分化，变异

e.g.Every country has something that differences it from another. 每个国家自有与别国不同之处。

He shook his head, for he thought differently. 他摇了摇头，因为他有不同想法。

Each writer's style differs from that of another. 每个作家的风格各不相同。

8. elevator (n.) 电梯，飞机升降陀

elevate (v.) 举起，提拔，素养提升，鼓舞

elevation (n.) 海拔，提拔，提高

elevatory (adj.) 向上举的，升高的

e.g. You can take the escalator to your right, or the elevator to your left. 您可以搭您右手边的电扶梯，或您左手边的升降梯。

Good books may elevate the mind. 好书可以提高思想修养。

My elevation watch just showed 5,600 meters. 我看了一下海拔表，只有5600米。

1. 在音乐会上，歌手每唱完一首美妙动听的歌曲，观众便高声喝彩表示欣赏。（appreciation）

At the concert, whenever a singer finished singing a beautiful song, the audience would burst into loud cheers to show their appreciation.

对美酒的赞美和良好的分辨力总是相配的。

The appreciation of fine wine and that of fine intellectual distinctions often go together.

对于艺术作品的欣赏必然受到一种特殊的兴趣爱好的支配。Appreciation of works of art is bound to be dominated by a particular kind of interest.

爱因斯坦的天才受到如此广泛的赞赏似乎相当引人注目。It seems remarkable that there was such general appreciation of Einstein's genius.

2. 她是个穿着时髦的人，但对饮食很少讲究。(stylish) She is always wearing stylish clothes, but seldom cares about what she eats or drinks.

他身穿吊带西裤，跳起舞来非常潇洒。He is wearing a suit with shoulder straps and doing a stylish dance

阿玛尼所推出的夹克宽松而有型，一般大众都乐于接受这种变化。Armani's loose, stylish jackets were seen as a welcome change.

重庆不是一个时尚的城市，这对重庆女孩来说，当然有些遗憾。Chongqing is not a stylish city, and this is, of course, a pity to its girls.

3.颁奖时，主席赞美获奖者为人类做出了巨大贡献。(compliment)When awarding the prize, the chairman comlimented the winner on his great contribution to mankind.

威尔逊太太不屑地把眉毛一扬，否定了这句恭维话。Mrs.Wilson rejected the compliment by raising her eyebrow in distain.

他沽名钓誉。He angled for compliments.

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他会说动听的恭维话。He can turn pretty compliments.

4. 这只是例行的体格检查，无须太紧张。(routine)

It is just a routine physical checkup, nothing to get worried about.

我厌倦了这日复一日、一成不变的日常工作。

I'm bored with the same old routine day after day.

你需要从日常工作中抽身去休息一下。

You need a break from routine.

那天傍晚，他没有把报告按规定送去存档，而是放进一个夹子，锁进了自己的抽屉。

Later that day, instead of sending it for routine filing, he placed the report in a folder in a locked drawer of his desk.

Unit 5 How to Be True to Yourself

1. demonstrate vt.1)show; make clear

e.g. These figures clearly demonstrate the size of the economic problem facing the country.

Research has demonstrated that babies can recognize their mother's voice very soon after birth.

2) make a public expression that you are not satisfied about something, especially by marching or having a meeting e.g. Thousands of people gathered to demonstrate against the new proposals. 成千上万的人一起游行示威反对新提议。

Derivations: demonstration: n. demonstrative: adj. Synonyms: show, exhibit, display

Translation:

Galileo demonstrated that objects of different weights fall at the same speed.伽利略证明，不同重量的物体下落时速度相同。

Please demonstrate how the machine works.

请示范机器的使用方法。

2. integrity: n. 1) the quality of being honest and having strong moral principles that you refuse to change

e.g. No one doubted that the president was a man of the highest integrity.

You can trust him; he is a man of complete integrity.

你可以相信他，他是一个刚正不阿的人。

2) the quality of being whole and complete

e.g. Our integrity as a nation is threatened by these separatist forces.

我们国家的完整受到了这些分裂主义势力的威胁。Synonyms: honesty, unity, wholeness

Collocations: in one's integrity完整，原封未动

3. morality: n. a personal or social set of standards for good or bad behavior and character, or the quality of

being right, honest or acceptable

e.g. They are discussing the morality of cloning.

他们正在讨论克隆的道德性。

His ways of making money are certainly successful, but I doubt their morality.

Synonym: ethics Antonym: immorality

Derivation:moral https://www.360docs.net/doc/2412088700.html,parison: morality, ethics

morality: the rightness or pureness of behavior

ethics: Itrefers to the study of what is morally right,what is not and the questions concerned.

e.g. I am unconcerned with questions of religion or morality.

我对宗教问题或者道德问题不感兴趣。

Whether a country should have nuclear weapons or not should be a question of ethics, not of politics.一个国家是否该拥有核武器应该是个道德问题，而非政治问题。

Ethics is a branch of philosophy. 伦理学是哲学的分科。

4. expediency:

n. when something is helpful or useful in a particular situation, but sometimes not morally acceptable

e.g. His behaviour seems to be governed solely by

expediency.

All his actions are governed by expediency.

他所有的行动都是一种权宜之计。

Synonym:expedience Derivation:expedient adj.

5. at hand: near in time or place

e.g. He always kept the picture of his girlfriend's close at

hand.他总是把女朋友的相片放在身边。

Your big moment is at hand.你的重大时刻即将到来。

6. scarce: adj. not easy to find or get

e.g. Food was scarce throughout the war.

Hotel accommodation was scarce during the Olympic Games.Food and clean water were becoming scarce.

Synonym: deficient Derivation:scarcity n.

7. the bottom line: the most important fact in a situation

e.g. The bottom line is that we need another ten thousand

dollars to complete the project.

If you don't make a profit,you go out of business: that's the bottom line.

8. consist of: be made of or formed from something

e.g. A week consists ofseven days.

Most people are familiar with the idea that all matter consist ofatoms.大多数人熟悉一切物质都由原子组成这一概念。

The team consists of four Europeans and two Americans.

It's a simple dish to prepare, consisting mainly of rice and vegetables.

Collocation:consist in: have something as a main and necessary part or quality

Happiness consists in trying to do one's duty,not in amassing wealth.积聚财富。

The value of this teaching method consists in the interest it stimulates in the students.

这种教学法的优点是在于能引起学生的兴趣。

Synonym:be compose of

e.g. Water is composed ofhydrogen and oxygen.

9. principle: n.1) a basic idea or rule that explains or

controls how something happens or works

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e.g. The system works on the principle that heat rises.

该项装置是按照热力上升的原理运转的。

The organization works on theprinciple that all members have the same rights.

2) moral rule or standard of good behavior

e.g.We adhere to the principlethat everyone should be treated fairly.我们必须坚持平等待人这一原则。

She doesn't have any principles.

He was a man of principle.

Anyway, I can't deceive him —it's against all my principles.I never gamble, as a matter of principle (= because I believe it is wrong).

Collocation:

in principle: If you agree with or believe something in principle, you agree with the idea.

e.g. They have agreed to the proposal in principle but we still have to negotiate the terms.他们基本上同意了那项提议，但我们仍须商定具体条款。

In principle I agree with the idea, but in practice it's not always possible.

They have approved the changes in principle. Synonyms:rule, law

10. conviction: n. 1) a very firm belief

I have the convictionthat he is right.我深信他是对的。

I speak in the full convictionthat I will win.

2) when someone is officially found to be guilty of a particular crime

e.g. They have no previous convictions.他们没有前科。Derivations:convince vt.convincing adj.

11. be responsible for: have control and authority over something or someone and the duty of taking;care of it or them

e.g. Who's responsible for the terrible mess?

谁应该对这种混乱负责？

The teacher is highly responsible for her work.

12. ensure vt.make something certain to happen

e.g. We must ensurethe purity of drinking water.

我们必须确保饮用水的纯净。

If you want to ensurethat you catch the plane, take a taxi. The airline is taking steps to ensure safety on its aircraft. The role of the police is to ensure the law is obeyed. Synonyms:guarantee, assure, secure

13. account for: give reasons for or be the reason or explanation for

e.g. He'll have to account forwhere every cent goes.

他得说明每一分钱是怎么花掉的。

He has been asked to account forhis conduct.

他被要求解释他的行为。

He could not account for his absence from school.

他无法说明他旷课的原因。

14. object 1) n. a thing that you can see or touch but that

is not usually a living animal, plant or person

e.g. Various objects were on the table.

桌子上摆着各种各样的东西。

2) vi.feel or express opposition to or dislike of something or

someone

e.g. Would anyone object if we started the meeting now?

He objects to the label "magician" which he is often

given.Noone objected when the boss said it was time to go home.

Synonyms:oppose, disagree, resist, protest

Antonym: agree

15. back down: admit that you were wrong or that you

have been defeated

e.g. After being shown conclusive evidence, the other side

had to back down.在出示确凿的证据之后，对方不得不做出让步。

After several hours’ negotiations, they finally backed downon their unreasonable demands.经过几个小时的谈判后，他们终于放弃了不合理的要求。

16. credit:n.1) approval or praise that you give to someone

for something they have done

e.g. Sam never once accepted all the credit for himsel

f.

Collocation: give (sb.) credit (for sth.)

e.g. You could at least give him some credit for all the effort

he’s put in.

2) a system of buying goods or services and paying for

them later

e.g.If you can’t afford to pay cash, buy the furniture on

credit.

Comparison: credit, credibility

credibility:n. the quality of deserving to be believed and trusted e.g. The latest scandal has damaged his credibility as

a leader.

Derivations:credit v.

creditable adj. deserving praise or approval

17. rightfully: adv. in accordance with what is legally and

morally correct

e.g. The lands are rightfully yours; she always intended you

to have it.

Derivations:rightful adj.rightfulness n.

Comparison: rightful, right

rightful adj.according to what is legally and morally correct right adj. based on true facts, correct

①Every effort was made to return the purse to its rightful

owner.②This diagram is not right!

18. appoint:v.1) choose someone for a position or a job

e.g. They appointed a new teacher at the school.

2) arrange or decide a time or place for something to

happen e.g.The committee appointed a day in July for celebration.

Comparison:hire v. employ someone

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appoint v. (more formal)

Derivations:appointee n.someone who is chosen for a position or a job appointment n.

He was appointed secretary.

We must appoint a day to meet again.

19. progressively:adv.step by step; by stages; moving ahead or developing continuously

e.g. The economy in that country was progressively getting better.

Comparison: progressively, gradually

gradually adv.in a way that happens or develops slowly over a long period of time

e.g. The rock gradually wears away due to the action of the water.

Derivations:progressive adj.progressiveness n.

20. core:n. the most important or central part of something

e.g. The club was beginning to develop a core of young

people who were very active in the community. Collocations:

core values/beliefs/concerns: the values, etc. that are most important to someone

Comparison: core, centre

core: the most important or central part of something centre: n. a place where most of the important things happen that are connected with a particular business or activity

e.g.It’s not exactly a cultural center like Pa ris.

21. external:adj. connected with the outside of a surface or body e.g. The external walls were in need of repair. Antonym:internal

Derivations:externalize: v. express inner feelings externals: n. the outer appearance of a situation externalization: n.

22. inevitably:adv. as was certain to happen and could not be prevented

e.g. He was, inevitably, upset by her departure, but soon he got over it.Synonym:unavoidably

Derivations:inevitable: adj.inevitability: n.

23. preserve: v. make something continue without changing or being harmed

e.g. I think these traditional customs should be preserved. Synonyms:keep, maintain, retain

Derivation:preservation n. preservative n. 防腐剂Translation:We must preserve our natural resources.

24. tough: adj.1) difficult to do or deal with and needing a lot of effort and determination

e.g. Life as a single mother can be tough and depressing.

2) strong, able to live through difficult or severe conditions e.g.Only tough breeds of sheep can live in the mountains.

Synonym:rough: adj. having a lot of problems, difficulties;

uncomfortable, with difficult conditions

Derivation:toughness: n.

25. conscience:n.an inner sense that tells you whether

what you are doing is morally right or wrong

e.g. Be guided by your conscience.

Collocation:

have a guilty/bad conscience (about sth.): feel guilty because you have done something wrong

e.g.I have a guilty conscience about not telling her the

truth.

have no conscience (about sth.): not feel guilty about something

e.g. They have no conscience at all about cheating.

Comparison: conscience, conscious

conscious: adj. noticing or realizing something; aware

①I was very conscious of the fact that I had to make a good

impression.

②After he had committed the crime, his conscience was

troubled.

26. succumb: v.(formal) stop opposing someone or

something that is stronger than you, and allow them to take control

e.g.They held out for some hours in the face of our

persuasive offers, but eventually they succumbed.

Collocation:

succumb to(temptation...)e.g.Gina finally succumbed to temptation and had some ice cream.

Comparison: succumb, surrender

surrender:v. stop fighting and give your soldiers or land to an enemy; allow yourself to be controlled or influenced by something

27. seductive: adj.interesting or attractive, in a way that

persuades one to do something one would not usually do

e.g. She had a low, seductive voice.

Derivations:seductiveness: n. seduce: v.seduction: n.

Comparison:seduce:v. make someone want to do something by making it seem very attractive

induce: v.make someone decide to do something, esp.

something that seems unwise

①Jim was seduced into leaving the company by the offer of

higher pay.

②What could have induced you to do such a ridiculous

thing?

28. siren:n.a piece of equipment that makes very loud

warning sounds, used on police cares, fire engines, etc

e.g. Police sirens are wailing in the distance.

Collocations:

siren voices/call/song: literary encouragement to do something that sounds very attractive, but will have bad results

the Sirens:a group of women in ancient Greek stories

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whose beautiful singing made sailors sail towards them into dangerous water

1. at hand = that is current 当前的，在手边

e.g. I have no dictionary at hand. 我现在手头没有字典。

2. in short supply = difficult to find or obtain 缺货，不足

e.g. Stoves are always in short supply in hostile winter.

Luck is never in short supply if you possess ample confidence. 只要有充分信心，你是不缺好运的。3. give sb. credit= always recognize and praise rightly sb’ s achievement 给予赞扬e.g. The teacher was given credit for encouraging students to face the difficulty. 老师因为鼓励学生面对困难得到了大家的称赞。

4. be oneself= behave in a way that is natural or normal 显得自然 e.g. Facing great honor and fame, he found it difficult to be himself. 面对巨大的荣誉，他觉得很难保持自我本色。

2. Word comparison

1. elect: when people elect someone, they choose that person to represent them, by voting for them

e.g.The country is about to take a radical departure by electing a woman as its new president.

choose:decide what you want from two or more things or possibilities e.g.He chose a shirt from the many in his wardrobe.

pick:choose a person or thing, for example because they are the best or most suitable e.g.Students have to pick three courses from a list of fifteen.

select: if you select something, you choose it from a number of things of the same kind

e.g. The movie is being shown in selected cities.

2. demonstrate: show; make clear

e.g.These figures clearly demonstrate the size of the economic problem facing the country.

show:let someone see something

e.g. The children proudly showed me their presents. express:show what you think or feel

e.g. He expresses himself easily in English.

display: show a feeling e.g. The British traditionally tend not to display much emotion in public.

3. sell out: be disloyal or unfaithful to one's principles or friends, esp.for money

e.g.French farmers feel they’ve been sold out by their government in the negotiation.

escape:get away from a place or dangerous situation when someone is trying to catch you or stop you

e.g. He broke down the locked door and escaped.

stand firmly:stay in a particular place without moving

e.g.The car’s been standing firmly in the garage for week s. object: feel or express opposition to or dislike of something or someone e.g. He objects to the label "magician" which is often given.

4. inner: inner thoughts are ones that you feel strongly but

not always show to other people

e.g.She never shared her inner thoughts with anyone.

inside:in or into a room, building, container, or something similar

e.g. Luckily, no one was inside the building when it

collapsed.

conscience:(n.) the part of your mind that tells you whether what you are doing is morally right or wrong

e.g. It was his guilty conscience that made him offer to help.

within: (prep.) if something is within a place, area, or

object, it is inside it or surrounded by it

e.g. Clients are entertained within private dining rooms.

5. action: doing something for a particular purpose

e.g.The government is taking emergency action to deal with

a housing crisis.

act:behavior which hides your real feelings or interests

e.g. Was she really upset or was that just an act?

behaviour:the thing that a person or animal does

e.g. The headmaster will not tolerate bad behaviour.

deed: an intentional act, especially a very bad or very good one

e.g. We should be true in word and resolute in deed.

6. rare: not seen or found very often, or not happening very

often

e.g.This species of plant is becoming increasingly rare.

scarce:if something is scarce, there is not enough of it

e.g. Food was scarce throughout the war.

short:(be short of) to not have enough of something

e.g.We’re a bit short of coffee. I must get some more.

few: a small number of things or people

e.g. We saw few students there.

7. key: the key person or thing in a group is the most

important one

e.g.He is expected to be the key witness at the trial.

main:large, more important, or having more influence than others of the same type

e.g. The main thing is not to worry.

chief:most important

e.g. One of the chief causes of crime today is drugs.

major: you use "major" when you want to describe

something that is more important, serious, or significant

than other things in a group or situation

e.g.Drug abuse has long been a major problem for the

authorities there.

8. promise: tell someone that you will certainly do

something

e.g.He promised faithfully to call me every week.

ensure:make certain that something will happen properly

e.g. Our task is to ensure the safety of every passengers on

the plane.

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assure:If you assure someone that something is true or will happen, you tell them that it is definitely true or will definitely happen, often in order to make them less worried.

e.g.He hastened to assure me that there was nothing important to report.

declare: announce something clearly, firmly, publicly or officially

e.g. They declared their support for the proposal.

1. experience (n.v.) 经历，经验

experienced (adj.) 有经验的

experienceless (adj.)无经验的，缺乏经验的，不老练的experiment (n.) 经验，实验，尝试

experimental (adj.) 实验（性）的，试验（性）的inexperienced (adj.) 无经验的，不熟练的

e.g. This was a new experience for him. 这一切于他都是全新的经历。

It was a successful experiment. 那是一次成功的试验。The experimental results show that the method is effective. 实验结果表明，该方法是正确有效的。

We don't want to hire inexperienced worker. 我们不想聘用没有经验的工人。

2. right (adj.)正确的，对的，右边的，合适的

rightful (adj.) 合法的，正确的，依法享有权利的rightness (n.) 正义性，正确性

righteous (adj.) 公正的，公义的，当然的righteousness (n.) 正当，正义，正值

rightless (adj.) 没有权利的

e.g. We respect the righteous but we despise the wicked. 我

们敬重正直的人，但鄙视不道德的人。

Everyone admires his spirit of doing boldly what's righteous.人人都赞美他这种见义勇为的精神。

Who is the rightful owner of this car？谁是这辆汽车的合法主人？They are just a rightness of simple farmers！他们只是朴实的农民!

3. polite (adj.)有礼貌的，客气的，有教养的，文雅的politeness (n.) 礼貌，优雅

impolite (adj.) 不礼貌的，粗鲁的

impoliteness (n.) 失礼，粗鲁

e.g. It is not polite to stare at others. 盯着别人看是一种不礼貌的行为。

One never loses anything by politeness. 礼多人不亏。

It's impolite to smoke during a meal in France. 在法国就餐时吸烟是不礼貌的。He will have to answer for his impoliteness. 他将因为无礼而受到责备。

4. hand (n) 手，掌握，协助

handy (adj.) 方便的，手边的，灵巧的，便于使用的，现成的handful (n.) 少数，一把，棘手之事

e.g. This is a very handy tool for opening cans. 这是一种很简便的开罐头工具。

A handful of common sense is worth bushel of learning. 一

点点常识胜过很多有价值的学问。

5. head (n.)头脑，能力，领袖，硬币的正面，顶端

heading (n.) 标题，题目，航向

heady (adj.) 顽固的，任性的，性急的

headless (adj.) 不在意的，没有头的，愚笨的

e.g. Where do you think web design is heading? 你认为网

页设计现在的方向在哪儿？

He is heady with success. 他因成功而飘飘然。

A headless man haunts the castle. 一个无头幽灵常在城堡

出现。

6. straight （adj.）直的，准的，正直的，坦率的，连续

的straighten (v.) 弄直，使正确，整顿，挺直

straightening (v.) 变形矫正，整直，校正

straightness (n.) 笔直，正值，直率

e.g. She has long, straight, red hair. 她的红发又长又直。

I was straightening my schoolbag when you phoned me. 你

给我打电话时，我正在整理书包。

Excuse me. Do I go straightly for the Mayflower Hotel? 对不起，去五月花旅馆是一直往前走吗？

7.sleep (n.v.) 睡觉，睡眠

sleeping (n. adj.) 睡着的

sleepy (adj.) 嗜睡的

sleeper (n.) 睡眠者，枕木，卧铺，爆冷门

sleepless (adj.) 不睡眠的，睡不着的，警觉的

sleeplessness (n.) 失眠

e.g. Sleeping is the best cure for waking troubles. 睡眠是

治疗一切醒时烦扰的良药。

She always has a sleepy expression. 她总是一副懒洋洋的表情.

She looked haggard after a sleepless night. 一夜失眠之后，她看上去很憔悴。

8. beg (v.）乞讨，恳求

beggar (n.) 乞丐，穷人(v.) 使沦为乞丐；使贫穷

begging (n.) 请求，乞求

beggarly (adj.) 像乞丐的，赤贫的，下贱的

beggary (n.) 赤贫

e.g. Do not beg, steal, lie. 不要乞讨，偷窥，说谎。

The family had been beggared by the war. 战争使这家人沦为乞丐。

Idleness is the key of beggary,the root of all evil. 懒惰是行乞的敲门砖，是万恶的根源。

1.那个精神科医生因为在公共场合谈论他的病人而被指

控违反了职业道德规范。(ethics)

That psychiatrist who had talked about his patients in public, was charged with violating professional ethics.

他的职业道德不容许他这么做。

The ethics of his profession don't permit him to do that.

社会力量，包括伦理，在法律通过前就已经形成。

Social forces, including ethics, arise before laws are passed.

公共关系部于2009年开展了增强商业道德的活动。

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The public relation department launched a program to promote business ethics in 2009.

2.我们都信任董事长，因为他是个刚正不阿的人。(integrity)

We all trust the president for his absolute integrity.

他为人正直，决不食言。

He's a man of integrity and he never breaks his promises.

罗马城墙尚可见到，但已经不完整了。

Roman Walls may still be seen, but not in their integrity.

良好的诚信记录对一个企业来讲非常重要。、

The tradition of integrity is very important for the company.

3. 在我们投票支持他之前，我们想知道他的主张。(stand for)Before we vote for him, we want to know what he stands for.

他的这种理论是站不住脚的。

He hasn't a leg to standfor a theory of his.

我们坚持“平等互利”的原则。

We standfor the principle of equality and mutual benefit. 4．这笔钱是在被告家里发现的，被告对此不能做出令人满意的解释。(account for)

The defendant couldn’t account for the fact that the money was found in his house.

中国的山区面积占国土总面积的70%。

Mountainous areas accountfor70 percent of China's total territory.

他突然感到一阵莫名其妙的不安情绪。

He was suddenly seized with a relentlessness he couldn't account for.

Unit 10 A Debt to Dickens

1. render:v. cause sb. or sth. to be in a particular condition; give sth.to sb.or do sth., because it is your duty or because sb. expects you to

e.g. He was rendered almost speechless by the news.

It is an obligation of ours to render assistance to those in need.Derivation:rendering: n.

His fatness renders him unable to touch his toes.

他很胖，连自己的脚趾也够不着。

You will be expected to render an account of money that is owed.请你发出借欠清单。

2. inestimable: adj. too great, precious, etc. to be estimated

e.g. Your advice has been of inestimable value to us.

The value of your assistance is inestimable. Synonym:invaluable

3. obligation: sth. that must be done because of a duty or

promise

e.g. You can look around the shop with no obligation to buy. We attended the party more out of a sense of obligation than anything else.我们参加那个聚会是迫于人情，而并无别的原因。

Derivations:oblige: v. obliged: adj.

Collocation:

under an obligation (to): having a duty (to)

e.g. We are invited, but we are under no obligation to go.

Everyone has a legal obligation to provide the tax office with details of their earnings.

每个人都有法律义务向税务局提供自己的收入详情。

4. solitary: adj. spending a lot of time alone; doing sth.

without any companion

e.g. One solitary tree grew on the mountainside.

Pandas are solitary creatures.

Synonym:alone Antonyms:sociable; accompanied

5. treacherous:adj. behaving with treachery, (showing

signs of) betraying a person or cause secretly; dangerous,

esp. when seeming to be safe

e.g. We cannot trust treacherous people.The ice on the lake

is treacherous, not as strong or thick as it looks.

Derivation:treachery: n.Synonym:unreliable

6. linger: v. stay for a long time and be reluctant to leave;

be slow; dawdle

e.g. She lingered after the concert, hoping to meet the star.

They lingered over coffee and missed the train.

Derivations:lingerer: n.lingering: adj.

Synonyms:stay; remain

Collocations:linger about/around/on

Translation:

The pain lingered on for weeks.病痛持续了好几个星期。

The event is over, but the memory lingers on.

事情是过去了，但人们对此记忆犹新。

7 alien: adj. foreign; strange; unfamiliar; contrary

e.g.As she stayed in an alien land, she lived in an alien

environment.Such principles are alien to our religion.

Derivation:alienate: v

Collocation:

alien to: very different in nature or character, esp. so different as to cause dislike or opposition

e.g. Their ideas are quite alien to our way of thinking.

Antonym:native

8. heed: v. give attention to; consider seriously

e.g.She didn’t heed my warning/advice.

Their offspring do not heed to what they say.

Derivations:heed: n.heedful: adj.heedless: adj.

Collocations:pay heed to, take heed (of sth.)

9. isolate: v. separate; single; solitary; standing alone

e.g. Several villages have been isolated by the floods.

The poor girl from an isolated village was deeply impressed by the tall buildings in the city.

Derivations:isolation: n.isolated: adj.

Collocations:isolate sth. (fromsth.), in isolation

Scientists have isolated the virus causing the epidemic.

科学家们已分离出引起这种流行病的病毒。

Comparison: isolate, insulate

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insulate: protect sb./sth. from the unpleasant effects of sth. Children are carefully insulated from harmful experiences The royal family is insulated from many of the difficulties faced by ordinary people.

普通百姓面临的许多难处皇室成员都不必面对。

10. voracious:adj. having an extremely strong desire to do

or have a lot of sth.

e.g. Teenagers usually have voracious appetites.

She is a voracious reader of biographies. Derivation:voracity: n. adj.Synonym:greedy

11. somber: (BrE: sombre) adj. dark-colored; dull and

dismal; sad and serious

e.g. She prefers to wear somber clothes.

You could see a sombre expression on his face that day. Derivation:somberness n.Synonyms:serious; grave; dark

A funeral is a sombre occasion.葬礼是个悲伤的场合。

12. desperate:adj. feeling or showing great despair and

ready to do anything regardless of danger; in great need (of sth./to do sth.)

e.g.The prisoners grew more desperate with the

approaching date of execution.

She is desperate for money.

Derivation:desperation: n.

Collocation:desperate for sth./to do sth.

Have you got some wa ter? I’m desperate for a drink.

I’m desperate to see her.

13. peril:n. serious danger, esp. of death; a dangerous thing or circumstance

e.g. These birds are able to survive the perils of the Arctic winter.这些鸟能在北极的严冬中生存。

The bicycle has no breaks. If you ride it, you will be in mortal peril.Derivation:perilous: adj.

Collocations:

at one’s peril:with a risk of harm to oneself (used esp when advising sb. not to do sth.)

in peril of one’s life: in danger of death

Synonym:danger

14. descend: v. come or go down; lead downwards

e.g. The sun descended behind the hills.

The Queen descended the stairs.

Derivations:descendant: n.descended: adj.

Collocation:

descend on/upon: (of a group of people) to attack; to arrive, esp. in large numbers, to visit or stay with, often unexpectedly.

descend to: to lower oneself to

Antonym:ascend

I want to talk about all these points in descending order of importance.我将按照重要性的程度先后谈谈这几点。

15. agile: adj. able to move quickly and easily

e.g. Monkeys are agile, hence th e idiom “as agile as a monkey”.This little boy has an agile mind.

Derivation:agility: n.Synonym:nimble

16. rouse:v. (formal) waken

e.g. The noise roused me from/out of a deep sleep.

The speaker tried to rouse his listeners to action. Derivation:rousing: adj.

Collocations:

rouse from/out of, rouse to

Translation:

I warn you, he’s dangerous when he’s roused!

我警告你，他一旦被惹怒是非常可怕的。

17. wretched:adj. very unhappy, miserable or pitiable; causing unhappiness or misery

e.g. He is in bed with a bad cold, feeling rather wretched.

What wretched weather!

Derivation:wretchedness: n.

I feel wretched about having to disappoint her.

我因不得不让她失望而深感懊丧。

Why can’t that wretched child behave himself?

那孩子真讨人嫌，为什么他就不能规规矩矩的呢？18. indecision:n. hesitation; the state of being unable to make a decision

e.g.She was standing outside the house in an agony of indecision.At a critical moment, we should act decisively instead of being seized with indecision.

Derivation:indecisive: adj.Antonym:decision

19. resolve:v. decide firmly; determine; make a decision

e.g. Once she has resolved on doing it, you won’t get her to

change her mind.He resolved to work harder. Synonym:determine

Collocations:resolve on, resolve to

The committee resolved on appointing a new secretary.

委员会决议任命新的书记。

The Senate resolved, by 70 votes to 30, to accept the President’s budget proposals.参议院以七十票对三十票通过决议同意总统的预算草案。

20. zest:n. a feeling of being enthusiastic, eager, excited, interested, etc.

e.g. Her zest for life is as great as ever.

He entered into our plans with terrific zest. Derivation:zestful: adj.Synonym:enthusiasm n. Translation:

The element of risk gave an added zest to the adventure.

这种冒险成分给探险活动平添了几分乐趣。

The danger of being caught gave a certain zest to the affair. 做这种事情有被发现的危险，但这倒增加了刺激性.

1. long to do = eager to do 渴望做

e.g. The girl longed to dance before a large crowd. 小女孩渴望在众人面前跳舞。

2. long for = desire to have 渴望拥有

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e.g. People around the world are longing for peace. 世界各地的人民却渴望和平。

She has been longing for him ever since he left. 自从他离开以后，她一直在想他。

3. in peril = in great danger 处于危险之中

e.g. Scientists are racing against time to save the animals in peril. 科学家们正与时间竞赛拯救处于危险之中的动物。Human being’s hunting put wild animals in peril. 人类的捕猎使野生动物处于危险之中。

4. see everything black and white = interpret all things as either right or wrong 认为什么事情都是非对即错

e.g.Students should be taught not to see everything black and white. 要教会学生不能认为什么事情都是非对即错的。Simon is stubborn and sees everything black and white. 西蒙很固执，认为什么事情不是对就是错。

1. gratitude: the state of feeling grateful

e.g.I wish to express my gratitude to Dr. Wang for her immense practical help.

grateful:showing or expressing thanks, especially to another person

e.g.I’m so grateful for all that you’ve done.

thank:to tell someone that you are pleased and grateful for something they have done, or to be polite about it

e.g.I haven’t had a chance to thank him yet.

2. solitary: a solitary object is alone, with no others near them

e.g.He lived in a solitary woodland.

singular:used when talking or writing about one thing

e.g.This is a singular point of view that makes all the difference over a lifetime.

exclusive:available or belonging only to particular people, and not shared

e.g. We have exclusive access to the library archives. alone: when you are alone, you are not with any other people

e.g. He was all alone in the middle of the hall.

3. burst into: to suddenly begin to do something

e.g.Much to my surprise my little son burst into songs. burst out:to suddenly say something in a forceful way

e.g.“I don’t believe it!” she burst out angrily.

burst in:to interrupt something by entering a room, in a way that embarrasses you or other people

e.g.I’m sorry to burst in on you like this.

4. linger: if you linger somewhere, you stay there for a longer time than is necessary

e.g.This is a dreary little town where few would choose to linger.

wander:to walk around slowly in a relaxed way or without any clear purpose or direction e.g. We spent the morning wandering around the old part of the city.

haunt:if the soul of a dead person haunts a place, it appears there often

e.g. The pub is said to be haunted by the ghost of a former landlord.

loaf: to avoid activity, especially work

e.g.Those who loaf all day and do nothing are social parasites.

5. dig into: to try to find out about something unknown or secret

e.g.He had been digging into her past.

dip into:put the hand into a container in order to take something out of it

e.g.Ask the children to guess what’s in each container by dipping their hands in.

probe into:to ask questions in order to find things out

e.g. The scientist probed into the secret of chemsitry.

6. resolve: if you resolve to do something, you make a firm decision to do it

e.g.She resolved to report the matter to the hospital’s nursing manager.

solve:to find an answer to a problem

e.g. This strategy could cause more problems than it solves. involve:if an activity or situation involves something, that thing is part of it or a result of it

e.g.I didn’t realize putting on a play involved so much work.

revolve: if you say that one thing revolves around another thing, you mean that the second thing is the main feature or focus of the first thing

e.g.My life revolves around my job.

7. make off: to leave quickly, usually in order to escape

e.g.The burglars made off before the police arrived.

make away:to steal something and take it away with you e.g. Thieves made away with the contents of the safe. make out: to see, hear or understand something or someone with difficulty

e.g.I can’t make out your writing.

8. on hand: close by and ready when needed

e.g.Our staff are always on hand to help.

in hand:if something is in hand, it is being done or dealt with

e.g. She seemed to have things in hand by the time her husband returned.

by hand:done or made by a person rather than a machine e.g. We had to wash our clothes by hand.

1.The law says you must ensure your child receives a

proper education. (obligation)

Tip: obligation n. duty任务，义务

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e.g. Are we under obligation to provide financial support to

the company?

Key: You have the legal obligation to ensure your child receives a proper education.

2.The large amount of time they spent getting the engine

into perfect condition was surprising. (immense)

Tip: immense adj. huge 巨大的

e.g. Curiosity is a treasure with immense value.

Key: They spent a surprisingly immense amount of time getting the engine into perfect condition.

3.Sorry to arrive all of a sudden like this, but we had no

time to phone. (descend)

Tip: descend v. move downward 下降

e.g. The sun descended behind the mountain.

descend on call on sb. without notice 突然到来

e.g. Visitors descend on us and ruin the day.

Key: Sorry to descend on you like this, but we had no time to phone.

4.Mark and I managed to clean up the house before our

parents got home. (straighten)

Tip: straighten v. make clean 弄直

e.g. She twitched the corner of the blanket to straighten it. straighten up make straight 弄干净

e.g. You’d b etter straighten up your house.

Key: Mark and I managed to straighten up the house before our parents got home.

5.I think I must be coming down with flu —I’ve been

feeling low and ill all day. (wretched.)

Tip: wretched adj. poor, miserable 可怜不幸的

e.g. The wretched boy was begging along the street again. Key: I think I must be coming down with flue —I’ve been feeling wretched all day.

6.The government made a decision to take further actions

against corruption. (resolve)

Tip: resolve v. decide 决心

e.g. He resolved that nothing can hold him back.

Key: The government resolved to take further actions against corruption.

7.The young English teacher thought so highly of poetry

that he taught it with extreme enthusiasm. (missionary) Tip: missionary adj. related to religious mission 与传教有关的，有使命的

e.g. Our missionary work had an important breakthrough. Key: The young English teacher thought so highly of poetry that he taught it with missionary zeal.

8.There’s one rule for her and another rule for everyone

else and it’s sheer double dealing. (hypocrisy)

Tip: hypocrisy n. insincerity 伪善，虚伪

e.g. We are so fed up with his hypocrisy.

Key: There’s one rule for her and another rule for everyone else and it’s mere hypocrisy.

1. 有许多志愿者为北京2008奥运会提供了有价值的服

务。(render a service to)

Many volunteers rendered a valuable service to the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games.

以后如有机会，我们将乐于为贵公司提供同样的服务，作为对这次协助的报答。

Should opportunity occur, it would give us great pleasure to be able torender you a similar service as the return for the assistant.

朋友唯一能提供的真正服务，就是拿起一面镜子，让你看见自己高贵的影像，使你鼓起勇气，坚持下去。

The only service a friend can really render is to keep up your courage by holding up to you amirror in which you can see a noble image of yourself.

2.世界经济处于危急状态，各国政府必须采取紧急措施

应对。(desperate)desperate: adj. necessary

The world economy is in a desperate situation, so all governments must take desperate measures to cope with.

一个亡命之徒为了达到自己的目的什么事都做得出来。

A desperate man will stop at nothing to get what he wants.

在之后的危机环境下，政府愈加增发钞票。

In the desperate circumstances which followed, the government issued ever more notes.

3. 我花了很长的时间才开始感觉到对英语能运用自如。

(feel at home)It was a long time before I began to feel at home in English.

史蒂芬很快就在球队找到了熟悉的感觉，在这里他找到了很多朋友。

Steven is already beginning to feel at home with his new team mates. He already knew a number of them.

为了使这里更像家的感觉，他们把墙壁装饰了一通，还在墙上写了一些格言。

To make themselves feel more at home, they decorated the walls with sayings.

尽管我以前从未在银行工作过，但我觉得在银行工作非常舒适自在。

Although I've never worked for a bank before, I feel quite at home there.

4. 由于经济衰退，有些中小企业家可以说是债台高筑。

(so to speak)Because of the financial recession, some of

small- and medium-size enterprises are, so to speak, up

to their necks in debt.

Explanation：“So to speak” means to use a manner of speaking; figuratively speaking: We still don't have our heads above water, so to speak.

也可以说她过的是一种天真烂漫的生活。

She was in a state of innocence, sotospeak.

可以说，人的一生都在追求美好的生活。

The whole life, so to speak, is involved in the pursuit of good life.

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人类社会的历史可以说就是人类不断追求和实现自由的

历史。The history of mankind has been, sotospeak, a freedom seeking and realizing history.

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