《欧洲文化入门》知识点笔记

(26,153) 091211

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1
0There are many elements constituting(b) European Culture.
2
0There are two major elements Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.
3
0The richness(0N'`) of European Culture was created by Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.

00 ,{N
001
0The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta.
002
0The economy of Athens rested on(OV) an immense(v)amount of slave labour.
003
0Olympus mount Revived in 1896(S_YO)
004
0Ancient Greece(^J) s epics was created by Homer.
005
0The events of Homer s own time. ()
00(They are not about events of Homer s own time probably in the period 1200-1100 B.C.)
006
0The Homer s epics consisted of Iliad and Odyssey.
007
0Agamemnon Hector Achilles are in Iliad.
008
0Odysseus and Penelope are in Odyssey.
009
0Odyssey(摜OTNuq_) !James Joyoe s Ulysses()Yvu;m)0 In the 20th century.
0010
0Drama in Ancient Greece was floured in the 5th century B.C.
0011
0 N'Y`gR'Y^`$ Aeschylus
00
0Prometheus Bound0 !!jN_\OT Shelly
0Prometheus Unbound0
00a$ Sophocles(KN)
00
0Oedipus the King0 ! Freud s  the Oedipus complex (K`)  ! David Herbert Lawrence s
0Sons and lovers0(R&Oe)447u
00b$ Euripides
00A.
0Trojan Women0
00B. He is the first writer of  problem plays (>yOgR) (W/O~Kb-N0Rno^\NX[(W;NINbgRvNir
00C. Elizabeth Browning called him  Euripides human (N*N~|vN)
00D. Realism can be traced back () to the Ancient Greece.
00To be specific(wQSOeg Euripides.
0012
0The only representative of Greek comedy is Aristophanes. 18u
00Aristophanes writes about nature.  !jm+o;NINVnTu>m(The lakers )NSyQNSyQ
0013
0History (Historical writing)R\OeQ;NIN\O[
00'YN)nTvУ0(u:RvQ\OKb)
00;  Father of History  ! Herodotus  ! war(between Greeks and Persians)
00This war is called Peleponicion wars. ZSWTY嬒d3
00fH[v^l g_洺0
00;  The greatest historian that ever lived. ( geggO'YvS[)  ! Thucydides  ! war (Sparta Athens and Syracuse)
0014
0The Greek historical writing writes mainly about wars.
0015
0^JeSq_v OYet. Paul. Democritus (Materialism)
0016
0^JeS-Nv?e@b8T6e
17
0`$ Euclid s ElementsgO
00It was in use in English schools until the early years of the 20th century. (SMO)
00a$ Archimedes
00His work not only in geometryOf[but also in arithmetic{/g mechanics:gh and hydrostatics.AmSOYRf[
00 颚Give me a place to stand and I will move the world.
vt(Archimedes)
0018
0Architecture^JN'YΘ00is also called masculine style. ([Ov) (vKQ_v0~4g
0v^J00but the Doric style is monotonous and unadorned (US)
00is sturdy (ZW:_v) powerful, severe-looking (^%NFz) and showing a good sense of proportions and numbers.
00a$ The Ionic style(1reY<\N_v)
00is also called the feminine style. (4v)
00is graceful (Ov) and elegant (Ov)0
00The Ionic style often shows a wealth of ornament. (ňp'`)
00b$ The Corinthia

n style((^J)ge(_)v)
00is known for its ornamental luxury. (bYO)
0019
0The famous temples The Acropolis (xQvkSΗ)at Athens and the Parthenon.
0020
0The burning of Corinth in 146 B.C. Marked Roman conquest of Greece.
0021
0The melting between Roman Culture and Greek Culture. (Wl_ g^Jvh)
0022
0From 146 B.C. Latin was the language of the western half of the Roman Empire.
00Greek that of the eastern half.
0023
0Both Latin and Greek belong to Indo-European language.
0024
0The Roman writer Horace(:e0lQCQMR65-8t^WlN0) said  captive Greece took her rude conqueror captive 0
0025
0The dividing range(R4l\) in the Roman history refers to 27 B.C.
0026
0The year 27 B.C. Divided the Roman history into two periods republic and empire.
0027
0The idea of Republic can be traced back to Plato s republic.
0028
0The land area of Roman empire reached its climax in 2 to 3 century.
0029
0north Scotland east Armenia (N<\N)and Mesopotamia("} Ns|N)
0030
0In the Roman history there came two hundred years of peaceful time which was guaranteed(K) by the Roman legions(WlQ
0031
0In the Roman history there came two hundred years of peaceful time which was known as Pax Romana.(^y#WWl^
0032
0 Tn the Roman history there came two hundred years of peaceful time which was guaranteed(K) by the Roman legions it was known as Pax Romana
0033
0The Roman Law protected(b) the rights of plebeians (s^l)0
0034
0The important contribution made by the Romans to the European culture was the Roman Law.
0035
0After 395the empire was divided into East (the Byzantine`S,NWl^慀mpire) and West.
0036
0Cicero[Whis legal and political speeches are models of Latin diction
Nudescribed as Ciceronian.[W_v
00an enormous influence(蝧Yq_) on the development of European prose.(cee)
0037
0Julius Caesar commentariesyb  I came I saw I conquered.
0038
0Virgil Aeneid ?<\_
0039
0The pantheon was built in 27 B.C. (^J
0WlOIYO^yv)N^yk
00The world s first vast interior space.NLu
N,{N@bg'Yv[Q:W@b
0040
0The Colosseum('Yt珐) is an enormous.2)Yvsb_q_gRb
0041
0Sculpture(QX) She-wolf(
0042
0The representation form of Greek Democracy is citizen-assembly.^Jl;Nvhsb__
0043
0The embodiment of Greek democracy is citizen-assembly. ^Jl;NvwQSOb__
00T{
00N
0What is the limitation of  Democracy in ancient Greece( T{T{)
00(How do you understand  Democracy in ancient Greece What is the difference between  Democracy in ancient Greece and modern democracy)
00T{`$ Democracy means  exercise of power by the whole people but in Greece by  the whole people the Greeks meant only the adult male citizens.
00a$ Women children foreigners and slaves were excluded from Democracy.
00N
0How did the Greek Culture originate and develop
00T{`$ Probably around 1200 B.C.a war was fought between Greece and troy. This is the war that Homer refers to in his epics.
00a$ Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B.C.
00A.

The successful repulse of the Persian invasion (eQO) early in the 5th century.
00B. The establishment of democracy.
00C. The flourishing (奊Nv) of science philosophy literature art and historical writing in Athens.
00b$ The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta.
00c$ In the second half of the 4th century B.C. Greece was conquered by Alexander king of Macedon. Wherever he went and conquered wherever Greek culture was found.
00d$ Melting between Greek culture and Roman culture in 146 B.C. the Romans conquered Greece.
00 N
0How did the Ancient Greek philosophy develop
00T{
00(1)
0Three founders
001
0Pythagoras唉be0580-500 B.C., ^J?[
0pef[[0`$ All things were numbers.
00a$ Scientific mathematics.
00b$ Theory of proportion.Ovt
002
0Heracleitue`$ Fire is the primary(;Nv) elements of the universe.kp/fNirKNn
00a$ The theory of the mingling of opposites produced harmony.vv~N
003
0Democritus_KQ)Ryr(460-370B. C.)^J?[`$ the atomic theory.,{N*NSP[t_
00a$ materialism./Uir;NIN
00(2)
0Three thinkers
001
0Socrates`$He hadn t works. We can know him from Plato s dialogues.
00a$The dialectical method was established by Socrates.
002
0Plato`$The Academy is the first school in the world it was established by Plato.
00a$He has four works. DialoguesApologySymposium and Republic.
003
0Aristotle`$The Lyceum (NeY_f[v)[NeY_>mv? is the second school in the world it was established by Aristotle.
00a$Aristotle is a humanist.
00(3)
0Five contending schools (contend1.N:YNeNbe2.NN)
001
0The Sophists>m
00`$Under the leadership of Protagoras.
00a$The representative of work is On the God.
00b$His doctrineYeIN is  man is the measure of all things 0N/faNRvh
002
0The CynicsrQ>m
00`$Under the leadership of Diogenes. УeYGY<\e0OO(Wvh-N}v00a$The word  cynic means  dog in English.
00b$He proclaimed[lb his brotherhood. And he had no patience with the rich and powerful.Cg)R
003
0The Scepticsnuf[>m
00`$Under the leadership of Pyrrhon ^J-
Ove
00a$His thought is not all knowledge was attainable_v and doubting the truth of what others accepted as true.
004
0The EpicureansNPN>m
00`$Under the leadership of Epicurus
O 0lQCQMR342-270^JpgUir;NINTy0. 颚9hnc TW[楣}T T
00a$Pleasure to be the highest good in life but not sensual enjoyment. 2kNPN
00Pleasure could be attained by the practice of virtue.[LS__
00Epicurus was a materialist. He believed that the world consisted of atoms.SP[
005
0The StoicseY[>m
00`$Under the leadership of Zeno. 00a$He thought duty is the most important thing in life.
00One should endure hardshipp and misfortune Nx^ with courage.ǒl
00Developed into Stoics duty.
00He was also a materialist.
00
0What philosophy system did Plato established
00(Why do we say Plato s philosophy system was idealistic Do you think Plato built up a comprehensive system of philosophy )
00T{
001
0It dealt with among other thin

gs the problem of how in the complex ever changing
002
0The first case and physicalq world should take the secondary case.
003
0Idealistic of philosophy.
004
0Many of Plato s ideas were later absorbed into Christian thought. (8T6e0Rev`)
00N
0What s the difference between Plato and Aristotle in terms of their philosophical ideas(system)
T{
01
0 For one thing Aristotle emphasized(:_) direct observation of nature and insisted that theory should follow fact.(tT)This is different from Plato s reliance(OV) on subjective thinking.(NirOV;N`
002
0For another he thought that  form and matter together made up concrete(wQSOv) individual(*N+Rv) realities. (ir(NaqQTgbv[N[)Here too he differed from Plato who held that ideas had a higher reality than the physical world(aNir()
003
0Aristotle thought happiness was men s aim in life. But not happiness in the vulgar^v sense but something that could only be achieved by leading a life of reason goodness and contemplation.(UoTg_)
00N哝{T{What should be man s aim in life
00Aristotle s answer was happiness.
00mQ
0What is the great significance of Greek Culture on the later-on cultural development
00(What positive influence did the Greek Culture exert(u on the world civilizationeS)
00T{There has been an enduring excitementtQKY about classicalxQv Greek culture in Europe and elsewhere+RY0Rediscovery of Greek culture played a vital gu}TRv part in the Renaissance in Italy and other European countries.
001
0Spirit of innovationRe|^y
00The Greek people invented mathematics and science and philosophy They first wrote history as opposed4o mere~|v annalsS} They speculated`"} freely about the nature of the world and the ends of lifeu}Tvn without being bound in the fetters_g of any inherited orthodoxy.羿bv`N
002
0Supreme AchievementNvb1\
00The Greeks achieved supreme achievements in nearly all fields of human endeavourRR Philosophy science epic poetry comedy historical writing architecture etc.
003
0Lasting effect
cvq_
00`$Countlessev writers have quoted>NO borrowed from and otherwise used Homer s epics the tragedies of Aeschylus and Sophocles and Euripides Aristophanes s comedies Plato s Dialoguesect.
00a$In the early part of the 19th century in England alone three young Romantic poets expressed their admiration of Greek culture in works which have themselves become classicsxQKN\O Byron s Isles of Greece Shelley s Hellas and Prometheus Unbound and Keats s Ode on a Grecian Urn.
00b$In the 20th century there are Homeric parallelsN& s^L in the Irishman1r\pQ James Joyce s modernist masterpiece\O Ulysses.
00N
0What is the similarity and difference between Greek culture and Roman culture
00T{1
0similarity`$ Both peoples had traditions rooted in the idea of the citizen-assembly.
00a$ Their religions were alike enough for most of their deities(^y) to be readily([fv) identified (N and their myths (]v^y) to be fused.(T)
00b$ Thei

r languages worked in similar ways both being members of the Indo-European language family.
002
0difference`$ The Romans built up a vast (蝧Yv) empire the Greeks didn t except for the brief (fv) moment of Alexander s conquests which soon disintegrated.(洣)
00a$ The Romans were confident(Ov) in their own organizational power their military and administrative capabilities.({t
00kQ
0What is the Rome historical background
00T{1
0 The history of Rome divided into two periods Before the year 27 B.C. Rome had been a republic from the year 27 B.C. Octavius took supreme (g'Yv) power as emperor with the title of Augustus and Roman Empire began.
002
0Two centuries later the Roman Empire reached its climax marked by land area s extension Encircling (s) the Mediterranean.(0W-Nwm)
003
0Strong military power the famous Roman legions.
004
0 In the Roman history there came two hundred years of peaceful time which was guaranteed(K) by the Roman legions it was known as Pax Romana.
005
0Another important contribution made by the Romans to European culture was Roman Law.
006
0The empire began to decline in the 3rd century. 颍
00`$ In the 4th century the emperor Constantine moved the capital from Rome to Byzantium. Renamed it Constantinople (modern Istanbul)0
00a$ After 395 (R崕) the empire was divided into East (The Byzantine Empire) and West
00b$ In 476 the last emperor of the West was deposed by Goths and this marked the end of the West Roman Empire.
00c$ The East Roman Empire collapsed ()]n) when Constantinople fell to the Turks in 1453. (╬~vt^bN_g)
00 ,{N
1
0Christianity is by far the most influential in the West. (WegwQq_Rv[Ye
002
0Judeo-Christian tradition constitutes one of the two major components of European culture Judaism and Christianity.
003
0The Jewish tradition which gave birth to Christianity. (r*YYe/fevMR) Both originated in Palestine which was known as Canaan. 揗S
004
0The ancestors of the Jews  the Hebrews. r*YNvVyHQ/f^/OegN
005
0They called  Hebrews which means  wanderers 0FU
006
0About 1300 B.C. the Hebrews came to settle ([E\) in Palestine.
007
0The Hebrews history was recorded in the Old Testament of the Bible.
008
0The Bible was divided into two sections the Old Testament and the New Testament.
009
0The Old Testament is about God and the Laws of God.
N^N
N^vYeIN
0010
0The New Testament is about the doctrine (YeIN) of Jesus Christ.
0011
0The New Testament is in essence ([(
N) the four accounts (y禎) written by the four disciples._P[
0012
0The word  Testament means  agreement the agreement between God and Man.
0013
0Bible is representative of Christianity and e祦~
0014
0The Old Testament T
00The Bible was divided into two sections the Old Testament and the New Testament. The Old Testament is about God and the Laws of God. The word  Testament means  agreement the agreement between God and Man.
0015
0The New Testament T
00The

Bible was divided into two sections the Old Testament and the New Testament. The New Testament is about the doctrine (YeIN) of Jesus Christ. The word  Testament means  agreement the agreement between God and Man.
0016
0The Old Testament consists of 39 books the oldest and most important of which are the first five books called Pentateuch.idN
0017
0Pentateuch T
The Old Testament consists of 39 books the oldest and most important of which are the first five books called Pentateuch. Pentateuch contains five books Genesis (RN) Exodus (S) Leviticus(YeIN) Numbers (N) Deuteronomy (idW)0
0018
0Genesis T
Genesis is one of the five books in Pentateuch it tells about a religious account ( of the origin of the Hebrews people including the origin of the world and of man the career (S) of Issac and the life of Jacob and his son Joseph.
0019
0Exodus T
Exodus is one of the five books in Pentateuch it tells about a religious ([Yev) history of the Hebrews during their flight from Egypt the period when they began to receive God s Law. Joshua brought the people safely back to canaan.
0020
0The Fall of Man was recorded in Genesis Pentateuch the Old Testament The Bible.
0021
0Noah s Ark was recorded in Genesis Pentateuch the Old Testament The Bible.
0022
0The Historical Books was divided into seven sections
00`$Books of Joshua a$ Books of Judges b$ Books of Samuel c$ Books of Kings
00d$ Books of the Chronicles e$ Books of Ezra f$ Books of Nehemiah.
0023
0The content of historical Books 1200B.C. 586 B.C.
00Dealing with history of the Hebrew people from their entry into Palestine around 1200 B.C. till the fall of Palestine into hands of Assyrians and Chaldeans in 586 B.C.
0024
0The History BooksvQ[
00`$ The development of system of landed nobles.
00a$ The development of monarchy. T;NN6R
00b$ Establishment of the two Kingdoms. $N'Ys杒ekb_b
00c$ (euw) The settlement in the highlands
00d$ (euw) Age of great prosperity under Saul David and Solomon.
0025
0Joshua brought the people safely back to Canaan.
0026
0The first king to unite the Hebrews was Saul.
0027
0David established religious capital Jerusalem to Palestine.
0028
0The Prophets (HQ巩 T
[ OYeINv^^yup^QOvN
00For more than a thousand years in the Middle East there had been a class of people known as  Prophets or the spokesmen of God. Earlier prophets lived in groups as temple officials. Later on there appeared in dependent prophet. The Prophets can be grouped into the Major Prophets and Minor Prophets.(R:N'Y\HQ巩
0029
0The Book of Daniel T
00The Book of Daniel belongs to The Old Testament of the Bible. It tells about the Hebrews being carried away into Babylon.
0030
0The former body of church was known as Synagogues. r*YYevOX/fYeXvMR
0031
0The Pentateuch is the book of Daniel is also called torah. idNv+R鍀
0032
0 The story about God s flooding to the human being and only good-virtue being saved was recorded in Genesis

Pentateuch the Old Testament the Bible which was known as Noah s Ark.
0033
0By 300 A.D.each local church was called a parish and had a full time leader known as a priest.
0034
0Several parishes were grouped together into a large unit called diocese which was headed by a bishop.
0035
0The most important bishops were called archbishops. (~c'Y;NYe)
0036
0 Towards the end of the fourth century four accounts were accepted as part of the New Testament which tells the beginning of Christianity.
0037
0The Birth of Jesus was recorded in Matthew (l^Xy禎)
0038
0All the generations from Abraham to David are fourteen generations.:NHNAS(We T)R
0039
0The Last Supper was recorded in John.
0040
0The Last Supper was put into an oil painting by Da Vinci in the high renaissance in Italy.
00ez YtQ厺N:N,gvh-Z=N41
0The Last Supper adapted from St.John the New Testament the Bible.
0042
0The story about Jesus being betrayed by Judas was known as The Last Supper.
0043
0The story about Jesus being pinned ({k) in the cross to death was known as The Last Supper.
0044
0 The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the Latin Vulgate in 1382 and was copied out by hand by the early group of reformers (9ei) led by John Wycliff.
0045
0Wycliff N Tyndale v:S+R/fegn NT
00Reformation ([Ye9ei) :NN against the Latin language.
0046
0William Tyndale s version was based on the original Hebrew and Greek sources.egn
00T{
N
0What difference between Christianity and the other religions
00(What are the forceful beliefs of Christianity)
00T{
00Christianity based itself on two forceful (:_v) beliefs which separate it from all other religions.
001
0 One is that Jesus Christ is the Son of God and that God sent him to earth (NLu) to live as humans live suffer as humans suffer and die to redeem mankind.(=cN{|)
002
0The other is that God gave his only begotten son (/UNv?QP[) so that whosoever (whoeverv:_W) believes in him should not perish but have everlasting life. (_8lu)
00R\e;NIN_N g7hvp
00N
0How did Christianity originate and develop in the European continent (2m)
00& (How was Christianity spread to Europe and became the official religion l'`[Ye)
00T{
001
0The disciples of Jesus tried to spread his gospel first among the Jews in Palestine and then in the Mediterranean region.
002
0 During a time of great unrest and upheavalRa N[ in the European continent the poor and humble found comfort in the Christian Gospel.y稀fN)
003
0Christianity began to draw men and women from all classes in Europe. The Romans grew tired of war and feared ([`) the collapse ()]n) of the empire. And they admired the courage of the Christian missionaries. OYe
004
0Constantine believed that God had helped him in winning the battle (by_) and issued (造the Edict of Milans|pQyr( 颩 in 313. It granted ( religious freedom to all and made Christianity legal.TS
005
0In 392 A.D. Emperor Theodosius made Christianity the official religion of

the empire and outlawed all other religions.vQ[Ye NT
006
0Now Christianity had changed from an object of oppression (S to a weapon in the hands of the ruling ({t) class to crush their opponents (|x0 The Latin language became the official language.
00 N
0What are the different translation editions of the Bible
00T{01
0 The oldest extant (sX[v) Greek translation of the Old Testament is known as the Septuagint. And it is still in use in the Greek Church today. But it only translated the Old Testament.
002
0The most ancient extant Latin version of the whole Bible is the Vulgate edition which was done in 385-405 A.D. By St. Jerome in common people s language. It became the official Bible of the Roman Catholic Church throughout the world.
003
0 The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the Latin Vulgate in 1382 and was copied out by hand by the early group of reformers (9ei) led by John Wycliff.
004
0After John Wycliff s version appeared William Tyndale s version. It was based on the original Hebrew and Greek sources.egn
005
0 The Great Bible ('Y#W) ordered by Henry g! in 1539 to be placed in all the English churches was in part founded on Tyndale s work.
006
0The most important and influential of English Bible is the  Authorized ([eHr#W) or  King James version first published in 1611. It was produced by 54 biblical scholars at the command of King James. With its simple majestic (v) Anglo-Saxon tongue it is known as the greatest book in the English languages.
007
0The Revised Version appeared in 1885 and the standard American edition of the Revised Version in 1901. (Hr)
008
0The Good News Bible and the New English Bible.
00
0What is the great significance of the translations of the bible
00(What are the great influences that the English Bible has on the American and British literature)
00T{1
0It is generally accepted that the English Bible and Shakespeare are two great reservoirs (4l^) of Modern English.
002
0 Miltion s Paradise Lost (1YPN Bunyan s Pilgrim s Progress Byron s Cain up to the contemporary (T埧v) Hemingway s The Sun Also Rises and Steinbeck s East of Eden. They are not influenced without the effect of the Bible.

,{ N-NN~eS
0ez YtQN[Ye9ei
1
0the Middle ages T
00In European history the thousand-year period following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages.
002
0The middle ages is so called because it came between ancient times and modern times. To be specific (wQSO) from the 5th century to 15th century.
003
0The transitional (!n埧) period is called the middle ages between ancient times and modern times.
004
0The transitional (!n埧) period is called the 17th century between the middle ages and modern times.
005
0In 476 A.D. a Germanic (女general killed the last Roman emperor and took control of the government. Wl476mpNWl1653t^mp
006
0Feudalism TFeudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding (

W0W@b g)  a system of holding land in exchange for military service (QNR)0 The word  feudalism was derived (egn) from the Latin  feudum a grant (v) of land.
007
0fiefs(!kRR) TIn Feudalism the ruler of the government redivided the large lands into small pieces to be given to chancellors ( gRv'Yど or soldiers as a reward (VYO) for their service. The subdivisions were called fiefs.
008
0vassals (`S gfiefsvN) T
00In Feudalism the ruler of the government redivided the large lands into small pieces to be given to chancellors ( gRv'Yど or soldiers as a reward (VYO) for their service. The subdivisions were called fiefs. The owners of the fiefs was call vassals.
009
0code of chivalry (R^) T
00As a knight he were pledged to protect the weak to fight for the church to be loyal to his lord and to respect women of noble birth. These rules were known as code of chivalry from which the western idea of good manners developed.
0010
0dubbing (YTRQ_) T
00After a knight was successful in his trained and tournaments there was always a special ceremony ( 颩 to award him with a title knight. This special ceremony is called dubbing.
0011
0knight trained for war by fighting each other in mock battles called tournaments.(!jb:W)
0012
0The crusades ended up with the victory of Moslems.(Fzeg)
0013
0The Manor (0W@b g6R) T
00The centre of medieval life under feudalism was the manor. Manors were founded on the fiefs of the lords (Q:W;N)0 By the twelfth century manor houses were made of stone and designed as fortresses. They came to be called castles.
0014
0After 1054 the church was divided into the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.
0015
0 The Catholic Church made Latin the official language and helped to preserve (Yu) and pass on the heritage ( O) of the Roman Empire.
0016
0The word  catholic meant  universal 0(^vY N(Wv)
0017
0St. Jerome who translated into Latin both Old and New Testament from the Hebrew and Greek originals. Vulgate (
NW)
0018
0Early Monasticism (饟gb6R) T
00Between 300 and 500 A.D. many men withdrew from (>e_N) worldly contacts to deserts and lonely places. This movement developed into the establishment of monasteries (7u) and convents (sY) for monks and nuns. Some of the hermits ( were great scholars known as  Father of the Church whose work is generally considered orthodox.(NckYe)
0019
0Augustine  !  Confession (fW}v) and  The City of God (
N^KN
0020
0St. Benedict  ! founded Benedictine Rule about 529 A.D. (N蕙~nvN6R[v_)
0021
0The Inquisition (S) to stamp out so-called heresy._Ye
0022
0The most important of all courses was Jerusalem. (6dQ)
0023
0Crusades went on about 200 years.
0024
0There were altogether eight chief Crusades.
0025
0 (_g) By 1291 the Moslems (Fzeg) had taken over the last Christian stronghold. They won the crusades and ruled all the territory in Palestine that the Crusaders had fought to control.
0026
0Carolingian Renaissance T
0

0Carolingian Renaissance is derived from Charlemagne s name in Latin Carolus. The most interesting facet (Nb) of this rather minor renaissance is the spectacle ( gI of Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate (8T6e) the riches of the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture.
0027
0Roger Bacon s work was the Opus maius.
0028
0National Epics(lR) T
00The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature.  National epic refers to the epic written in vernacular languages that is the languages of various national states (l that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics.
0029
0Chaucer (TN) vLkyrp `$ power of observation ()
00a$ piercing irony (Oev:R) b$ sense of humour c$ warm humanity ()nfvN'`)
00N毥0
0Gothic T`$ The Gothic style started in France and quickly spread through all parts of Western Europe.
00a$ It lasted from the mid-12th to the end of 15th century and in some areas into the 16th. More churches were built in this manner than in any other style in history.
00b$ The Gothic was an outgrowth (0NNU\) of the Romanesque.(Wl_)
0031
0The Canterbury Tales
00`$ The Canterbury Tales was written by Chaucer.
00a$ Chaucer introduced French and Italy writing the English native alliterative verse.(S4Y穀
00b$ Both Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales are the best representative of the middle English.
00T{
N
0In the middle ages what cultures began to merge (T)
00T{Classical Hebrew and Gothic heritages merged (eST)0 It paved the way for the development of what is the present-day European culture.-NN~:Nsk2meS
00N
0Why is the middle ages is called Age of Faith (Nvt^ TT{T{
00T{1
0 During the Medieval (-NN~) times there was no central (-N.Yv) government to keep the order. The only organization that seemed to unite (▓~) Europe was the Christian church.
002
0The Christian church continued to gain (b_) widespread (nfv) power and influence.
003
0 In the Late middle ages almost everyone in western Europe was a Christian and a member of the Christian Church. Christianity took the lead in politics law art and learning (`) for hundreds of years.
004
0It shaped (b_b) people s lives. That is why the middle ages is also called the  Age of Faith 0
00 N
0How did Feudalism develop in Europe in middle ages
00T{1
0 feudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding (W0W@b g)  a system of holding land in exchange for military service (QNR)0 The word  feudalism was derived (egn) from the Latin  feudum a grant (v) of land.
002
0In order to seek the protection of large land-owners the people of small farms or land gave their farms and land to large land-owners but they still had freedom they were called f

reemen.
003
0While the people from towns and cities did not possess farms or land. They had nothing but their freedom to be given to large land-owners and then they lost their freedom for protection. They were called serfs.
004
0In Feudalism the ruler of the government redivided the large lands into small pieces to be given to chancellors ( gRv'Yど or soldiers as a reward (VYO) for their service. The subdivisions were called fiefs. The owners of the fiefs was call vassals.
005
0There came a form of local and decentralized (RceSv) government.
006
0 As a knight he were pledged to protect the weak to fight for the church to be loyal to his lord and to respect women of noble birth. These rules were known as code of chivalry from which the western idea of good manners developed.
00
0What positive influence does the Crusades exert on the European Culture
00(What is the great significance of the Crusades)
00T{
001
0 The crusades brought the East into closer contact with the West. And they greatly influenced the history of Europe. (яNNevNAm)
002
0During the wars while many of the feudal lords went to fight in Palestine kings at home found opportunities (:gO) to strengthen (R:_) themselves. Thus among other things Crusades helped to break down feudalism which in turn led to the rise of the monarchies. (Nv/fT;NN6R) ^e;N _T;NN6R
003
0 Besides through their contact with the more cultured Byzantines and Moslems the western Europeans changed many of their old ideas. Their desire (gg) for wealth or power began to overshadow (b) their religious ideals.
004
0The Crusades also resulted in renewing people s interest in learning and invention. By the 13th century universities had spread all over Europe. Such knowledge as Arabic numerals (?/OpeW[) algebra (e) and Arab medicine (;Sf[) were introduced to the West.
005
0 As trade increased village and towns began to grow into cities. And the rise of towns and trade in western Europe paved the way of the growth of strong national governments. (l?e^)
00N
0How did learning and science develop in the Middle Ages
00T{1
0Charlemagne and Carolingian Renaissance (姆t懥z YtQ)
00`$ He was crowned  Emperor of the Romans by the pope in 800.
00a$ Carolingian Renaissance is derived from Charlemagne s name in Latin Carolus. The most interesting facet (Nb) of this rather minor renaissance is the spectacle ( gI of Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate (8T6e) the riches of the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture.
002
0Alfred the Great and Wes*** Centre of Learning (?\O淟'Y^T
ZKQ(es
00`$ He promoted (VYR) translations into the vernacular from Latin works.
00a$ He also inspired (ca) the compilation of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles. (t^
003
0St. Thomas Aquinas and Scholasticism (b;NIN[;NINvb_)
004
0Roger Bacon and Experimental Science ([(u;NIN)
00`$ Roger Bacon a monk was one of the earliest advocates of scientific research. (g

饄v/e
c) NY_g饐c00a$ He called for careful observation () and experimentation. His main work was the Opus maius.
00mQ
0How did literature develop in the middle ages
00T{
001
0 The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature.  National epic refers to the epic written in vernacular languages that is the languages of various national states (l that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics. Both Beowulf and song of Roland were the representative works of the National Epics.
002
0Dante Alighieri and The Divine Comedy (FO
NN^y橀
00`$ His masterpiece The Divine Comedy is one of the landmarks of world literature.
00a$ The poem expresses humanistic ideas which foreshadowed (:y) the spirit of Renaissance.
00b$ Dante wrote his masterpiece in Italian rather than in Latin. (ua'Y)RR\O)
003
0Geoffery Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales (TNNNWyr^憖)
00`$ The Canterbury Tales were his most popular work.
00a$ Most of the tales are written in verse () which reflects( f) Chaucer s innovation (9ei) by introducing into the native alliterative verse (S4Y痋) the French and Italian styles.
00b$ Chaucer is thus to be regarded as (w\O) the first short story teller and the first modern poet in English literature.{Q\O,{NN
00c$ Chaucer and the Canterbury Tales were representative of the Middle ages.
00N
0 What is the difference between the vernacular language used in the National epics and the vernacular language used by Mark twain (p&)
00T{
001
0 The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature.  National epic refers to the epic written in vernacular languages that is the languages of various national states (l that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics. Both Beowulf and song of Roland were the representative works of the National Epics.
002
0The vernacular (e) language used by Mark twain refers to both local and colloq (0We_ language used in the Mississippi area with a strong characteristic of that region (0W:S) .Mark twain used vernacular language not only in dialogue but also in narration. (
003
0His representative works Life on the Mississippi.
0
,{Renaissance
1
0 Renaissance T
00Generally speaking Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th century. The word  Renaissance means revival ( YtQ) specifically in this period of history revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture. Renaissance in essence ([(
N) was a historical period in

which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts (V) to get rid of conservatism ([;NIN` in feudalist Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie (DN6~) to lift the restrictions (y) in all areas placed by the Roman church authorities.(Cg)R
Z
002
0 Generally speaking Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th century.
003
0 Renaissance started in Florence and Venice with the flowering of paintings sculpture (QX) and architecture. g饀_˙Npainting
004
0 Florence was the golden city which gave girth to a whole generation of poets scholars artists and sculptors (QX[)0
005
0 In Renaissance literature of Italy Petrarch (|__KQ) was the representative poet.
006
0 Intellectuals became closely tied up (o`o` with the rising bourgeoisie.
00(Ne;NINtQwvSHumanistic ideas to develop)
007
0 At the heart of the Renaissance philosophy was the assertion of the greatness of man.
00(厺N:N,g Ne;NINv8h)
008
0 Literature The idea of the greatness of man is reflected in Shakespeare s literature.
009
0 painting The idea of the greatness of man is reflected in Da vincci s Mona Lisa.
0010
0Renaissance Art T
00A radical (9h,gv) break with medieval (-Nv) methods of representing the visible (v) world occurred (u) in Italy during the second half of the 13th century. It was not until the second decade (ASt^) of the 15th century that there was a decided break with the medieval pictorial tradition (0u_Θ0011
0Last Supper adapted from the New Testament of the Bible.
0012
0Mona Lisa - model wife of a banker.
00- the ambiguity of the smile. (8lR`v_{)
0013
0Michelangelo - David
00- Sistine Chapel (from the First book of the Bible the Genesis )
00- Dying Slave (W{kvtY)
00- Moses (id)
0014
0Raphael was best known for his Madonna. (#Ws)RN)
0015
0He painted his Madonnas in different postures (YR) against (*) different backgrounds.
0016
0One of the famous paintings besides the Madonnas is School of Athens (xQf[>m)0 Plato and Aristotle engaged (O(u) in argument.
0017
0Titian - The Venus of Urbino (eve)
00Man with the Glove (&^KbWYvN) &
0018
0John Wyclif - translation of the Bible into English for the first time.
0019
0Jan Hus - Czech
00- in Czech language
0020
0Martin Luther - translation of the whole Bible with the vernacular language.
0021
0The reformation get it s victory first in England.
0022
0Reformation TThe Reformation was a 16th century religious movement as well as (T婀 a socio-political (>yO?el) movement. It began as Martin Luther posted on the door of the castle church at the University of Wittenberg (:gzf) his 95 thesis ()0 This movement which swept over (-^wSN) the whole of Europe was aimed at opposing (造the absolute authority (Cg
Z) of the Roman Catholic Church and replacing (f) it with the absolute authority of the Bible. The reformists (9ei) engaged (O(u) themselves in translating the Bible into their mother tongues. [Ye9eiv[(/f翬)

Y;NYe楣b__/f(uы#W
0023
0Calvinism TCalvinism was established by Calvin in the period of Renaissance. Presbyterian government (
O)0 Only those specially elected by God can be saved (
N^v l) . This belief serves so well to help the rising bourgeoisie on its path ( gRND,g;NINvtQw)0
0024
0The national religion established after reformation in England was called The church of England or The Anglican Church.
0025
0It was under the reign (l) of Henry g! that reformation was successful in England.
0026
0The English Bible was adopted (~) in England after Reformation.
0027
0Counter-Reformation ([Ye9ei) T
00By late 1520 the Roman Catholic Church had lost its control over the church in Germany.
00The Roman Catholic Church did not stay idle (PW厅_)0 They mustered () their forces the dedicated (N(uv) Catholic groups to examine the Church institutions and introduce reforms and improvements (9eo) to bring back its vitality (;mR)0 This recovery of power is often called by historians the Counter-Reformation.
0028
0The Jesuits (6#z>y T Ignatius (
00Ignatius and his followers called themselves the Jesuits members of the Society of Jesus. The Jesuits went through strict (%N0029
0Francis Bacon introduced Montaigne  Essais into the English literature.
0030
0Montaigne was a French humanist known for his  Essais (Essays)0
0031
0 The representative author of Renaissance in France was Montaigne with his famous work Essais. The representative novelist of Renaissance in Spain was Cervantes with his famous work Do Quixote which marked European culture entry into a new stage. (gkef[\OT)
0032
0Art Greco - counter-reformation ([Ye9eiv)
00- the Baroque-treatment (KQ)
00- The Burial of Count Orgaz (/O5rvl0033
0Renaissance in Germany Dr - The Four Horsemen of Apocalpse
00- Knight Death and the Devil
0034
00RZfvSThe war of Roses and Its weak and unimportant position in world trade.
0035
00Rnov,{N*NSIt was to produce some towering figures (v~Nir) in the English.
00William Shakespeare Edmund Spenser Sir Thomas More.
000Rnov,{N*NSThe Reign of Elizabeth I was a period of political and religious stability (3z[) on the one hand and economic prosperity (A~c) on the other. &
0036
0England began to embark (N) on the road to colonization (klib _) and foreign control that was to take it onto its heyday () of capitalist development.
0037
0William Shakespeare
00`gR  ! Hamlet (湲) Othello (eY[W) King Lear (Ng\s) Macbeth (KQ}v)
00UgR  ! As You Like It and Twelfth Night (,{ASNY)
0038
0`gR
Nvyrp`$ astonishing variety in presentment (hs
NvY7h'`)
00a$ dramatic movement (bgR
Nv廒)
00b$ in characterization (Nirv*N'`S)
00TN-NwQ g*N'`Sv/fsY'`39
0Shakespeare s comedies prove Shakespeare to be a great humanist writer.
0040
0UgRhsbetween humanists and feudal and

capitalist reality.
0041
0Copernicus (唽v<\)  ! Centric (奃_
0042
0Which was proved by Kepler and Galieo Centric (奃_
0043
0Dante The equality (s^I{) of the divine (^y) power and the secular (N) power.(Satan)
0044
0Machiavelli  ! Father of political science.(Prince Discourseso)
0045
0KN6r  ! lKQT)n
00\6r  ! 9\
N
00LkKN6r  ! TN
00T{
N
0Why do we say Renaissance first came to Italy
00(what propositionsHQQagwere there in Italy for renaissance to flourish
00What prioritiesOR were there in Italy for renaissance to flourish)
00T{
001
0 Because of its geographical position ( g)Rv0WtMOn) foreign trade developed early in Italy. This brought Italy into contact with other cultures and gave rise to ( gcRR) urban (Η^v) economy and helped Italy to accumulated wealth (}")0
002
0 Beginning from the 11th century cities began to rise in central (-N) and north (S) Italy. But there existed (X[(W) rivalry (N) among the cities and they were constantly ( Nv) at war with each other.
003
0 City-states (Η) have been established in Italy in beginning from the 11th century.
004
0 For two centuries beginning from the late 15th century Florence was the golden city which gave girth to a whole generation of poets scholars artists and sculptors (QX[)0 There was in Florence a revival of interest in classical learning and rising of humanist ideas.
00N
0What are the characteristics of Renaissance art
00(How does Renaissance art differ from the other kinds of arts)
00T{
001
0Art broke away from the domination of the church.
002
0Themes (;N) of paintings changed (S) to an appreciation(tO) of all aspects of nature and man.
003
0 The artists studied the ruins (kmp) of Roman and Greek temples and put many of the principles (SR_) of ancient civilization into their works. They began to be supported by individual collectors (yN6eυT)0
004
0Artists introduced ((u) in their works scientific theories of anatomy (R) and perspective ()0
00 N
0Why did Renaissance decline in Italy in the end
00T{1
0 The feuds ( NT) of families the conflicts of classes and the rivalry (N) between the city-states kept the economic structure of Italy in the traditional local order.(\P NMR)
002
0In world trade Italy had lost its supremacy (OR) because of the discovery of America in 1492 and the rounding (s) of the Cape of Good Hope in 1488 the opening of an all-water route (hQ~/) to India which provided (O^) a cheaper means of transport.
00USb 题Which of the following is not the course for Italy to lose its favorable position
003
0 The Protestant (eYe_) reformation forced (:_ the Roman Catholic Church to tighten ('}) its control over thought speech and publication.(T販
004
0 One after another the cradles (Gd of Italian Renaissance Florence Venice Naples Milan were pillaged (c:Y) and devastated (kOW) in the Italian Wars. Spain France and England fought for the control of its resources(Dn)0
005
0from the above it can be

concluded that Renaissance finally declined in Italy due to the reason of different kinds.
00`$ War a$ Foreign trade b$ Position c$ Wars with the other country
00N
0How did capitalism rise and develop in Europe
00T{1
0Protestantism was prepared for capitalist development.
002
0Imagination creation and free thinking (`0
003
0Calvinism. 4
0Navigation (*wm) and the discoveries of new lands.
005
0Renaissance. 6
0Reformation.
00mQ
0What is the great significance of the reformation
00(What positive influence does the reformation exert on world culture)
00T{
001
0 The Roman Catholic Church was never the international court (b) to which all rulers and states were to be morally (S_v) responsible for.
002
0Economically peasants (Ql) all over Europe had no need to pay a good amount () of their gains ()R) to the Pope.
003
0In educational and cultural matters the monopoly (We) of the church was broken.
004
0 In religion Protestantism brought into being different forms of Christianity to challenge (cb) the absolute rule of the Roman Catholic Church.
005
0In language the dominant position of Latin had to give way to (:N& ek) the national languages as a result of various ( NTv) translations of the Bible into the vernacular.
006
0In spirit absolute obedience (掎) became out-moded ( N YX[(W) and the spirit of quest (c"}) debate (N) was ushered in by the reformists.(N鮕:NHNv|^y)
00N
0Why do we say renaissance came to England very late but in England renaissance reached its climax
00T{
001
0The war of Roses and Its weak and unimportant position in world trade.
002
0It was to produce some towering figures (v~Nir) in the English. William Shakespeare Edmund Spenser Sir Thomas More.
003
0 The Reign of Elizabeth I was a period of political and religious stability (3z[) on the one hand and economic prosperity (A~c) on the other. England began to embark (N) on the road to colonization (klib _) and foreign control that was to take it onto its heyday () of capitalist development.
00kQ
0What are the Geographical Discoveries (*wm'Ys) in the Renaissance
00T{
00The Renaissance was the golden age of geographical discoveries by the year of 1600 the surface of the known earth was doubled ($N P)0
001
0Columbus
00Columbus discovered the land of America. On his fourth voyage (*L) he explored (cKm) the coast (wm\) of Central America(-N2m)0
002
0Dias
00Dias was a Portuguese navigator (*XT) who discovered the Cape of Good Hope in 1487.
003
0Da Gama
00Gama was a Portuguese navigator who discovered the route (~) to India round the Cape of Good Hope between the years of 1497 and 1498.
004
0Amerig (N)R唩
00Amerigo was the Italian navigator on whose honour (ЧN) America was named. His discovered and explored the mouth of the Amazon (Nl
l) and accepted South America as a new continent.(e'YF)
00]N
0What contribution did the Renaissance make to the world culture
00T{1
0 The Renaissance created a culture which freed man

to discover and enjoy the world in a way not possible under the medieval Church s dispensation.
002
0The Reformation dealt the feudal theocracy a fatal blow. (& 厴}TSb逍

17N~eS
0/TR
0jm+o;NIN

,{Nthe 17th century
1
0The first time to look at men s place in the Universe started in the 17th century.
002
0In modernism men s position in the universe was looked at in a fresh new way.
003
0 The outlook (NLu) of educated men was transformed. There was a profound (v) change in the conception (i of men s place in the universe.(N(W[[-NvMOn)
004
0The 17th century philosophy was focus on materialist in nature.
005
017th century Science &physics &mathematics &chemistry biology psychology
006
0The modern world so far as mental outlook is concerned begins in the 17th century.sNLuUO借˙
007
0Kepler s Laws formed the basis of all modern planetary astronomy and led to Newton s discovery of the laws of gravitation
008
0the laws of gravitation (N g_RvQ[)
00the sun the moon the earth the planets and all the other bodies ()YSO) in the universe move in accordance with the same basic force which is call gravitation.
009
0Francis Bacon s works  ! The Advancement of Learning
00 ! The New Atlantis
00 ! The Novum Organum (New Method)
00 ! Essays (cee)
0010
0Essays are Bacon s most widely read work.(Am Og^v\OT) 58 essays were included.(S+T)
0011
0Francis Bacon
00`$ Knowledge is power. (巆1\/fR)
00a$ Virtue is like precious odours  most fragrant when they are incensed or crushed.
00T_[5vlsT-S_Sxbq刟b$ Some books are to be tasted others to be swallowed ('Y) and some few to be chewed and digested.(
00c$ Reading maketh a full man conference a ready man and writing an exact man.(~|vN) 掯S县ONb藸
00d$ Histories make men wise. (f[县ONfzf)
00e$ Wives are young men s mistresses (N) companions (4OO) for middleage and old men s nurses.(gq~NvN)
0012
0Tomas Hobbes  ! Leviathan
0013
0the Great Instauration T
00to break with the past (NSy) and to restore (X[P) man to his lost mastery of the natural world. This was what Bacon called the Great Instauration. ('Yb` Yt)
0014
0Inductive method T
00Inductive method was established by Francis Bacon in 17th century. Induction means reasoning (ct) from particular facts or individual cases to a general conclusion.(yrkcN,)0 Induction was put over against Deductive method.
0015
0All our ideas are ultimately (gT) derived from sensation (a) or from reflection (`) and these two make up experience and all our knowledge springs from experience as well.
0016
0Locke also believed that the ruler of government is one partner of the social contract.(/f>yOQY~v~{~e)
0017
0Hobbes  ! absolute Monarchy (T;N6R)
00Locke  ! Constitutional Monarchy (T;N[6R)
0018
0The English Revolution is also called Bourgeoisie Revolution.
0019
0Democracy (l;NvSOs/f)  ! Parliament (O)
00^Jl;NvSOs/flQl'YO20
0The serfdom had begun breaking up as a result of the Enc

losure Movement.(@wW0WR_U\)
0021
0 By the end of the 16th century Calvinism had spread ( Od) to England. As a result the Puritan Movement was started in England. (nYe_R_˙N)
0022
01689 the Bill of Rights was enacted by the English Parliament (O)0
0023
0There are two leaders in the English Revolution. Cromwell was the man of action and Milton the man of thought.
0024
0Milton  ! Paradise Lost (1YPN
00 The fall of men (#Wv祦~)
00Satan 25
0In Milton s poetic works both the Renaissance and the Reformation showed their influence. ($N*NRvq_)
0026
0Theory of Knowledge T {T{ 巺
00Descartes employed (O(u) methodic doubt (nue) with a view to discovering whether there was any indubitable ( N[nuv) truth. I doubt therefore I think I think therefore I am. Doubting is thinking thinking is the essence of the mind (|@b(W)0 Descartes believed that they are not dependable. (nu/f Nv)
0027
0Descartes s Dualism NCQ
00`$ Thought (` was the foundation of all knowledge (巩 while the senses might deceive (:k) us. This is idealist. (/U;NIN)
00a$ The external (Y萩 world existed (X[(W) which was independent (Q) of the human mind. This is materialist. ( N厺Nva:Nl逍
0028
0Classicism (eQ;NIN) T
00Classicism implies (asT@w) the revival ( Y) of the forms and traditions of the ancient world a return to works of old Greek literature from Homer to Plato and Aristotle. But French classicism of the 17th century was not conscious of being a classical revival (v^^Q;NINv Y)0 It intended to produce a literature French to the core (厕lN-N) which was worthy of (N& ) Greek and classical ideals. This neoclassicism (eQ;NIN) reached its climax in France in the 17th century.(T_挫_-^)
0029
0French classicism of the 17th century was not conscious of being a classical revival (v^^Q;NINv Y)0 $Re
0030
0 Rationalism (t'`;NIN) was believed to be able to discover the best principles (SR) of human conduct (L:N) and the universal ((uv) principles of natural laws. Here Descartes provided (УOv) the philosophical foundation for the French neoclassicism.(eQ;NIN)
0031
0Moli耲e ()  ! The best representative of French neoclassicism.
0032
0Baroque Art T b
N/TNv(夓xQ;NIN埧v)z/gb__
00Baroque Art flourished first in Italy and then spread to Spain Portugal France in south Europe and to Flander and the Netherlands (wpQ) in the North. It was characterized by dramatic intensity (:_vz/g'`) and sentimental appeal (IZv0033
0Michelangelo Caravaggio  ! The Calling of St. Matthew (#Wl[v|T$U)
00 ! The Cardsharps (~Lr8nb)
0034
0Dutch Protestant Art eYez/g
00Rembrandt (&Og)  ! Blinding of Samson (Yf(
00 ! The Polish Rider (wpQ
00T{N
0Why do we say the 17th century is a transitional (!nv) period from middle ages to the modern times
00T{1
0 This advance (MR) began in science in astronomy ()Yef[) physics and pure mathematics (~|pef[) owing to the work of Galileo Kepler Newton and

Descartes.
002
0The outlook (NLu) of educated men was transformed. There was a profound (v) change in the conception (i of men s place in the universe.(N(W[[-NvMOn)
003
0The new science and philosophy gave a great push to the political struggle waged by the newly emerged class (etQv6~) the bourgeoisie (DN6~) and other chasses.
004
0The modern world so far as mental outlook is concerned begins in the 17th century.
00N
0How did science develop in the 17th century
00T{
001
0Copernicus Helio-centric (奃_
002
0Kepler
00`$Kepler s Laws of planetary motion. (_nfLf[_)
00a$Kepler proved Copernicus Helio-centric theory to be true.
00b$Kepler s Laws formed the basis of all modern planetary astronomy and led to Newton s discovery of the laws of gravitation. (N g_Rt)
003
0Galile`$He made a telescope. (g\)
00a$Galileo also proved Copernicus Helio-centric theory to be true.
00b$Galileo discovered the importance of acceleration in dynamics. (RRR^)
00c$Galileo was also the first to establish the law of falling bodies. (=SOtv`Y[)
004
0Newton
00`$He invented calculus. (_R)
00a$In optics (IQf[) he discovered that white light is composed (b) of all the colour of the spectrum.(IQ1)
00b$Newton established his name (蛧) in the field of physics.
00c$Newton established the analytical method. (Rget)
005
0Leibniz
00`$Leibniz distinguishes three levels of understanding
00the self-conscious (ba)
00the conscious and the unconscious or subconscious (abNa)
00This theory had a great influence on Freudian psychology.
00a$This theory of time and space had a great influence on einsteinian physics.
00b$He and Newton invented independently the differential (N Nv) and intergral (teT'`v) calculus.(_R)
00 N
0What are the merits shared by the Great Scientists of 17th century
00(Do you think there is something in common among the 17th century scientists If there is present your ideas on the statement.)
00T{
00During the 17th century the modern Scientific method began to take shape (RIP)0 It emphasized (:_) observation () and experimentation ([) before formulating (h:y) a final explanation or generalization (i0 Copernicus
0Kepler
0Galileo
0Newton and other scientists of the time shared two merits () which favoured the advance of science.(cR)
001
0First they showed boldness ('Y'`) in framing hypotheses.(GP[Fhg)
002
0Second they all had immense (g'Yv) patience ('`) in observation.
003
0The combination (T) of the two merits brought about fundamental (9h,gv) changes in man s scientific and philosophical thinking.
00
0What is Baconian Philosophical system
00(What is the different between inductive method (R_~) and deductive (oξ) method)
00T{1
0 The whole basis of his philosophy was practical ([(u;NIN?) to give mankind (N{|) mastery (;N[) over the forces of nature by means of scientific discoveries and inventions.
002
0He held that philosophy should be kept separate from theology (^yf[) not intimately b

e blended with it as in Scholasticism.(Nb;NINN)
003
0Bacon established the inductive method. Induction means reasoning (ct) from particular facts or individual cases to a general conclusion.(yrkcN,)0 Deductive method emphasized (:_) reasoning from a known principle (S to the unknown and from the general to the specific.(c*g巌N,cyrk)
004
0In a word to break with the past (NSy) and to restore (X[P) man to his lost mastery of the natural world. This was what Bacon called the Great Instauration. ('Yb` Yt)
00N
0What is Hobbes material system
00(What are Hobbes materialist view)
00T{
001
0Our knowledge comes from experience.(巆egnN[E)
002
0 Only material things are perceptible (a巄v) and knowable to us (:Nbb巄v)0 Our own experience alone is certain (*NNv[nx[uv)0 Men could not know anything about the existence of God. (N{|la巊N^/f&Tnx[X[(W)
003
0When a thing lies (Ybk) still unless something else stirs (dR) it it will lie still for ever.
004
0Hobbes systematized (S) Baconian materialism but basically (N) he was a mechanical materialist.(:gh/Uir;NIN)9\_N/f
00mQ
0What is the natural state of war according to Hobbes
00T{
001
0Equality of hope arises from the equality of ability.(2kgegNs^I{)
002
0If any two men desire (_0R) the same thing which nevertheless (}6qYdk) they cannot both enjoy they become enemies (LeN)0|Tqc NQ_
003
0From this he concluded until such time as men live under a common power (RRGWa) they are in a state of war with one another.
00N
0What are the Laws of nature according to the Hobbes
00T{
001
0It is obviously (>f6qv) in man s interest to emerge from this natural state of war.(Nv)RN)
002
0 For by nature men have their passions (/) and their reason. It is their passions which bring about the state of war (Nvqr
`)0
003
0Peace is necessary for survival (uX[) and certain articles (ag>k) of peace upon which men may be drawn to agreement (bN0
00kQ
0What is the theory of the Social Contract according to the Hobbes
00T{
001
0It is necessary that there should be a common power (Cg)Rv-N) or government backed by force and able to punish (YZ)0
002
0Commonwealth (─) in Latin Civitas (qQ g"N)0
003
0 To escape (MQ) anarchy (e^r
`) men enter into a social contract by which they submit to the sovereign (T;N)0 In return for (\O:Nb) conferring (`N) all their powers and strength to the sovereign men attain (0R) peace and security ([hQ)0
004
0The powers of the sovereign must be absolute ( and it is only be the centralization (-N.YCg) of authority (Cg)R) in one person that the evil (v`) can be avoided.
005
0As to the form of government Hobbes preferred monarchy.(;N _T;N6R)
006
0Government was not created by God but by men themselves.
00]N
0What are John Locke material view
00T{
001
0 All our ideas are ultimately (gT) derived (eg from sensation (a) or from reflection (`) and these two make up (b) experience and all our knowledge springs from experie