“副总统先生,现在您是总统了”--九次特殊的美国总统就职仪式(下)

“副总统先生,现在您是总统了”--九次特殊的美国总统就职仪式(下)
“副总统先生,现在您是总统了”--九次特殊的美国总统就职仪式(下)

“副总统先生,现在您是总统了”

--九次特殊的美国总统就职仪式(下)

作者:王霄郭彩虹编译

父亲为儿子主持宣誓就职仪式

1923年8月3日清晨,约翰·柯立芝上校叫醒了他的儿子——卡尔文·柯立芝。当时这位副总统正在他父亲的庄园休假。“总统先生,您的电文。”上校对儿子说道。

柯立芝上校的家没有电话。电文最初由总统的秘书乔治·克里斯汀发到弗蒙特怀特河渡口,渡口总机接着要通了布里奇维特镇的W.A.皮金斯——当地公用电话的负责人。皮金斯立即动身去找柯立芝的速记员欧文·C.盖西。然后,众人乘车赶往老上校的庄园。这封紧急电文称:“沃伦·哈定总统已经在前一天晚上7点半去世。”

农庄昔日平静的生活顷刻间就被打破了。副总统首先坐到他童年时代写作业的桌子边起草纪念哈定总统的悼词。悼词写完后,立即有记者自告奋勇去发布新总统的第一份文告,记者们没有意识到,他们因此错过了一次见证父亲给儿子主持宣誓就职的历史性时刻。

接着,柯立芝走到马路对面的杂货店,给查尔斯·欧文斯·休斯国务卿打了个电话。休斯建议他立即举行宣誓仪式,而且“必须有一个公证人在场”。柯立芝提出由他的父亲来承担这个任务,老上校是温泽镇的公证员。

就职仪式就在老上校家中的客厅举行,这个小客厅里只有一张桌子,上面放着三本书:《弗蒙特修订法》、《庄园农具索引》和《圣经》,客厅的顶部是一盏老式煤油灯。上校和他的儿子面对面站在桌子两侧,大约有15名邻居在游廊里见证了这个奇特的宣誓仪式。凌晨2时47分,仪式结束,柯立芝轻声说道:“上帝保佑。”此时的农庄人声鼎沸,记者和好奇的邻居挤满了庄园。当地一家周刊的编辑意识到新总统的家中竟然还没有一部电话,当即将电话公司的老板从床上拖了起来。很快,一根电话线从上校家的厨房接进了新总统的房间。清晨,柯立芝动身前往华盛顿,他命令汽车先停在家族墓地旁,然后他在母亲墓前肃立片刻。日后他回忆说,“我很小的时候,就喜欢在母亲安息之地寻求安慰。那天早晨,她好像就在我的身边。”

儿子走后,老上校命人撤走电话,重新过起了宁静的庄园生活。回忆起他亲自主持的宣誓仪式,上校仍有几分遗憾:“我忘了叫醒皮尔斯小姐和帕拉特小姐,错过了这样一个历史性的夜晚,她们当然不开心。”此后有份波士顿报纸评论说,在如此隆重的仪式上,柯立芝家使用的竟然是盏煤油灯。上校为此不得不公开声明:“灯的确很旧了,但它从来都是擦得锃亮的。”

“好像月亮、星辰全都落到了我的头上”

1945年4月12日傍晚,哈里·S.杜鲁门副总统被召到白宫。罗斯福夫人把手放在杜鲁门的肩头说:“哈里,总统去世了。”杜鲁门被惊得目瞪口呆,好一会儿,他才想到应该安慰面前这位寡妇,“我能为您做些什么?”杜鲁门问道。总统夫人回答说:“应该说是我能为您做些什么,要知道,现在真正有麻烦的人是您。”

目击者回忆说,副总统回到楼下内阁室,找了把皮椅独自坐下,他显然还没有从震惊中恢复过来。杜鲁门夫人满面泪水,杜鲁门的女儿也是神情恍惚。晚7时,所有的内阁成员都到了白宫。白宫迎宾员霍维尔·克立姆好不容易找来一本《圣经》。事后,杜鲁门对他的母亲回忆说,如果早知道会发生这样的事,他会从自己办公室带上父亲用过的《圣经》。

在伍德罗·威尔逊总统的画像前,杜鲁门副总统手持《圣经》,重复着首席大法官哈兰·斯通

宣读的誓词。摄影师们在房间的一角架好了摄像机,他们现在的装备要比1901年那个倒霉的摄影师好得多,人们得以第一次在电影上看到了美国总统临时宣誓就职的场面。7点15分,仪式结束,杜鲁门随即召开第一次内阁会议。会议结束后,军政部长斯汀生留下来向新老板第一次通报了神秘的“曼哈顿计划”和原子弹。

4月13日中午,杜鲁门总统第一次在总统护卫队的护送下浩浩荡荡地来到国会,与他的老朋友们共进工作午餐。而仅仅在一天前,这位总统在国会门前走过时还根本没有多少人在意。现在,记者们蜂拥而上,与新闻界关系颇佳的杜鲁门调侃道:“孩子们,为我祈祷吧。要说感受,我觉得好像月亮、星辰全都落到了我的头上。”

1945年,杜鲁门总统建议重新修订继承法。他认为,在民主社会里,指定继承人的权力不应该属于行政首脑。他请求修改1792年继承法,将众议院议长放到继承人之首。1946年,共和党在国会中期选举获胜,杜鲁门的请求获得了批准。至此,美国宪法规定,副总统之后的继承人次序调整为:众议院议长、参院临时主席、国务卿和其他内阁部长。

不翼而飞的《圣经》

1963年11月22日中午,得克萨斯州达拉斯城街头响起了枪声。坐在敞篷车里的肯尼迪总统中弹。紧随在后面的副总统约翰逊被特工一把按到车窗下面,车队紧急驶进帕克兰德医院。联邦特工拉夫斯·扬布兰德认为,副总统很可能也是暗杀目标,因此他命令特工人员保护着副总统先去机场。

此时,正在豪斯饭店的众议院议长约翰·麦克考马克得到消息说,教士们已经在总统床前做祷告了。接着又有一个议员带来消息说副总统也被暗杀,特勤部门正赶来保护议长。如果肯尼迪和约翰逊都去世,那么他现在就是美国总统了。想到这里,议长不禁一阵眩晕。等到他回过神来时,又有消息传来说副总统安然无恙。

美国东部时间1时15分,肯尼迪总统去世。但官方一直等到约翰逊安全登上“空军一号”才正式宣布总统死讯。在此之前,全美国的人都通过特别电视节目得知了总统遇刺的消息。这也是美国历史上第一次有电视全程报道的总统临时更替事件。约翰逊在“空军一号”上命令机上立即将电视调到CBS著名主持人沃尔特·克劳凯特的特别新闻节目。所有在场的人一片忙乱,官员们回忆起杜鲁门当年就职的情形,甚至还有人拿来了当年亚瑟总统和柯立芝总统就职的版画,但谁也不知道宣誓词到底该怎么说。官员们认为律师或许能帮上忙,但在紧急关头人们只找到了达拉斯地区检察官贝亚福德·桑德斯。可怜的桑德斯在他的藏书中胡乱地翻着,一位职员忽然想起:“嘿,为什么不看看《宪法》?”

约翰逊总统在专机上要通了总检察长罗伯特·肯尼迪的电话。这位已故总统的弟弟让约翰逊立即在得州举行就职宣誓,肯尼迪建议:“随便找个人来主持宣誓,或者你干脆就任命一个法官为你举行仪式。”最后约翰逊决定去找得克萨斯州北区法官休斯,但这位女法官的下属回话说她已经外出去听肯尼迪总统的讲演了。

再说帕克兰德医院,情形更是混乱。根据得州法律,被害人的遗体未经尸检不得离开该州;肯尼迪夫人坚持要守着亡夫;而约翰逊传来话说,没有肯尼迪夫人,“空军一号”就不起飞。特工们与当地警察发生了激烈的争执。最后,联邦特工硬是挤出一条道,将肯尼迪夫人和总统的棺柩推出了医院。下午2时零8分,总统的灵柩被送上了“空军一号”后舱,身上还沾着血迹的肯尼迪夫人紧随其后,一名特工的口袋里则塞着总统的死亡证明书。

经过一番周折,休斯法官和摄影师都登上了飞机。法官手中拿着一张抄录着誓词条文的卡片准备开始主持仪式,忽然有人问:“《圣经》在哪里?”所幸的是,肯尼迪总统生前总是带着他的私人

《圣经》,随从很快从机舱里找来了总统的《圣经》。摄影师斯陶顿正对着这个历史性的时刻按下快门,相机突然出了故障。情急之下,他把照相机一通猛晃,好在这只是个小故障。2时40分,总统就职仪式结束,“空军一号”立即起飞,直奔华盛顿。

完成任务后的休斯法官走下了舷梯,迎面走来一个人问她是否还想保留手中的宣誓卡片和《圣经》。女法官以为他是一个安全人员,而她手中的东西的确也不属于她,于是就把它们交了出去。从此之后,这两件见证了历史的文物就消失得无影无踪了。

第二十五条宪法修正案

20世纪60年代的美国与苏联进行着激烈的战略较量,最高领导人的突然空缺是美国政界无法接受的。1965年,参议员比奇·拜赫等人联名动议修改继承法案。他们认为,在动荡的国际形势下,应该有一个随时做好接班准备的副总统,他必须介入国家和国际所有重大事务的决策,事实上他就应该是一名总统助理。1967年第二十五条修正案获得通过,美国总统因此必须在副总统职位空缺时立即提名新人选。当时不少人担心,美国总统这个必须经过全民选举的职位可能会蜕变成一个行政任命的职位。但谁也没有想到,短短八年后,这种情况就发生了。

1973年10月10日,时任副总统的阿格纽因贪污丑闻辞职。尼克松总统于12日提名众议院少数党领袖福特出任此职。整个任命程序持续了七个多星期。12月6日,福特在众议院大厅正式举行副总统就职仪式。仅仅八个月后,尼克松总统本人也要辞职了。

1974年8月9日,尼克松总统在白宫向全国发表了电视讲话,宣布辞去总统职务,副总统福特陪同他走到等候在外的直升机边,然后返身回到白宫东屋,宣誓就任为美国第38任总统。这是美国第一位未经选举上台的总统。(续完)

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Nature still offers her bounty and human efforts have multiplied it. Plenty is at our doorstep, but a generous use of it languishes in the very sight of the supply. Primarily this is because the rulers of the exchange of mankind's goods have failed, through their own stubbornness and their own incompetence, have admitted their failure, and abdicated. Practices of the unscrupulous money changers stand indicted in the court of public opinion, rejected by the hearts and minds of men. True they have tried, but their efforts have been cast in the pattern of an outworn tradition. Faced by failure of credit they have proposed only the lending of more money. Stripped of the lure of profit by which to induce our people to follow their false leadership, they have resorted to exhortations, pleading tearfully for restored confidence. They know only the rules of a generation of self-seekers. They have no vision, and when there is no vision the people perish. 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Recognition of the falsity of material wealth as the standard of success goes hand in hand with the abandonment of the false belief that public office and high political position are to be valued only by the standards of pride of place and personal profit; and there must be an end to a conduct in banking and in business which too often has given to a sacred trust the likeness of callous and selfish wrongdoing. Small wonder that confidence languishes, for it thrives only on honesty, on honor, on the sacredness of obligations, on faithful protection, on unselfish performance; without them it cannot live. Restoration calls, however, not for changes in ethics alone. This Nation asks for action, and action now. Our greatest primary task is to put people to work. This is no unsolvable problem if we face it wisely and courageously. 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奥巴马宣誓就职演讲词

barack obama’s inaugural address ——美国第44任总统奥巴马宣誓就职的演讲词 英文: my fellow citizens: i stand here today humbled by the task before us, grateful for the trust you have bestowed, mindful of the sacrifices borne by our ancestors. i thank president bush for his service to our nation, as well as the generosity and cooperation he has shown throughout this transition. forty-four americans have now taken the presidential oath. the words have been spoken during rising tides of prosperity and the still waters of peace. yet, every so often the oath is taken amidst gathering clouds and raging storms. at these moments, america has carried on not simply because of the skill or vision of those in high office, but because we the people have remained faithful to the ideals of our forbearers, and true to our founding documents. so it has been. so it must be with this generation of americans. that we are in the midst of crisis is now well understood. our nation is at war, against a far-reaching network of violence and hatred. our economy is badly weakened, a consequence of greed and irresponsi bility on the part of some, but also our collective failure to make hard choices and prepare the nation for a new age. homes have been lost; jobs shed; businesses shuttered. our health care is too costly; our schools fail too many; and each day brings further evidence that the ways we use energy strengthen our adversaries and threaten our planet. these are the indicators of crisis, subject to data and statistics. less measurable but no less profound is a sapping of confidence across our land - a nagging fear that america’s decline is inevitable, and that the next generation must lower its sights. today i say to you that the challenges we face are real. they are serious and they are many. they will not be met easily or in a short span of time. but know this, america - they will be met. on this day, we gather because we have chosen hope over fear, unity of purpose over conflict and discord. that precious gift, that noble idea, passed on from generation to generation: the god-given promise that all are equal, all are free, and all deserve a chance to pursue their full measure of happiness. in reaffirming the greatness of our nation, we understand that greatness is never a given. it must be earned. our journey has never been one of short-cuts or settling for less. it has not been the path for the faint-hearted - for those who prefer leisure over work, or seek only the pleasures of riches and fame. rather, it has been the risk-takers, the doers, the makers of things - some celebrated but more often men and women obscure in their labor, who have carried us up the long, rugged path towards prosperity and freedom. for us, they packed up their few worldly possessions and traveled across oceans in search of a new life.

从历届美国总统就职演说辞中探讨排比在演说词中的使用

摘要:就职演说作为一种特殊的演讲形势,很好的诠释了演说词的深远意义和广泛影响力。本文以美国历届总统就职演说辞为研究对象,对排比的大量使用进行分析,旨在揭示排比修辞法在演讲文体中的巨大作用。排比的使用能给演讲者带来恢弘的气势,使演说的逻辑更加清晰,同时也增强了演说者的感召力,增强了读者和听众对演说词的深刻理解。 关键词:就职演说词;演讲;排比 公众演讲作为一种极为特殊的问题,既不同于日常谈话,也不同于小说、戏剧、诗歌等文学体裁。由于其都是在非常正式的场合,由特定的演讲者直接面向广大听众进行的旨在激起群众的热情,获得听众的支持和认可的一种社会活动,因此使其兼备口语和书面语俩种文体的语言特点同时,有着显著地差异。它扬口语浅显易懂之长,弃口语松散杂乱之短;既保留了书面语庄重文雅之风,又不失口语生动感人之韵,使人听来感到铿锵悦耳,感情充沛,极富感染力和号召力。 美国总统的就职演说是一种在特定场合下的演说。现场听众可达百万之众,并且向国内外进行现场直播。美国民众及世界各国总是对新总统有着无限期待,总统治国理想,对国家所面临的困难和挑战的分析,施政纲领的宣布以及如何实现民众的希望都通过这一就职演讲传达出来。据各大媒体的调查表明,大多数美国民众对美国新当选的总统奥巴马于2009年1月20日做出的就职演说感到满意和非常满意。由此可见,一次演讲所承担的使命以及其所能达到的效果非同凡响。本文以美国历届总统就职演说辞为语料,以排比修辞法的使用为基点进行简要的分析,揭示排比在演讲词中的巨大作用以及其所带来的恢弘气势、清晰地说理与强大的感召力,以增强读者对排比法的深刻理解。 排比(parallelism)是一种修辞手法,它是利用三个或三个以上意义相关或相近,结构相同或相似和语气相同的词组(主谓/动宾)或句子并排,达到一种加强语势的效果。Parallelism:Similarity of construction of adjacent word groups equivalent,complementary,or antithetic in sense esp.for rhetorical effect or rhythm;reiteration in similar phrases (Webster’s Third New International Dictionary of The English Language Unabridged1986).这种结构的大量运用,使得演讲在句法结构上更加工整,在语篇上更具气势,在感情上更具有感染力。在诸多的美国总统中,每一位总统的就职演说词,都依据各自不同的政治目的,而或多或少的使用到了排比的修辞方法,以下则是笔者从美国历任总统的演说中例选出的经典排比句式。 例1.托马斯.杰斐逊在建国之初,国家建设时期的就职演讲中,排比句的使用感召了国民对进国家建设的热衷,鼓舞了民众士气。 Let us,then,fellow-citizens,unite with one heart and one mind.Let us restore to social intercourse that harmony and affection without which liberty and even life itself are but dreary things.And let us reflect that,having banished from our land that religious intolerance under which mankind so long bled and suffered,we have yet gained little if we countenance a political intolerance as despotic,as wicked,and capable of as bitter and bloody persecutions……Let us,then,with courage and confidence pursue our own Federal and Republican principles, our attachment to union and representative government. 公民们,让我们同心同德地团结起来。让我们在社会交往中和睦如初、恢复友爱,如果没有这些,自由,甚至生活本身都会索然寡味,让我们再想一想,我们已经将长期以来造成人类流血、受苦的宗教信仰上的不宽容现象逐出国上,如果我们鼓励某种政治上的不宽容,其专演、邪恶和可能造成的残酷、血腥迫害均与此相仿,那么我们必将无所收获。……因此,让我们以勇气和信心,迫求我们自己的联邦与共和原则,拥戴联邦与代议制政府。 四个Let us…平行排列,从团结到和睦如初,到想一想,最后到以勇气和欣欣追求共和原则,把团结置于首位,加强了感情联络,产生了强烈的感召力。 例2.在维护祖国统一的美国内战时期,林肯于1861年三月四日就职演说中通过排比的句式使用表现其坚定的反对国家分裂、维护国家统一的立场和信念,给我们留下了极其深刻的影响。 It was formed,in fact,by the Articles of Association in 1774.It was matured and continued by the Declaration of Independence in1776.It was further matured,and the faith of all the then thirteen States…… 在三个平行结构的被动句式排比中,强调了联邦条款之于美国联邦的重要性,突出了国家宪法高于一切,人民的利益是以宪法为保障,一切组织和团体行为都要以宪法为依据,因而突出团结高于一切。 例3.在经济大危机施虐全球的30年代,富兰克林·罗斯福于新政改革时期所做的就职演说中,排比的使用加强了人们复苏经济的信心;他在就职演说中大量的使用排比以呼吁美国人摆脱恐惧心理,迅速行动起来应付危机。 The task can be helped by definite efforts to raise…It can be helped by preventing realistically the…It can be helped by 从历届美国总统就职演说辞中探讨 排比在演说词中的使用 贲延青 147

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