四级写作句式及高分亮点写作

Lecture 5第五讲6种灵活句式变换

使用的句式不同，表达的效果就不同。一篇文章中如果反复使用同一句式，就会显得单调乏味，毫无生气，因此写作时要注意句式的变化，避免单一重复。一、长句和短句的变换

长句含有许多修饰语，适合表达复杂的思想，解释观点或理论，描写细致的事物；短句比较简洁明快，适合陈述重要的事实或想法。在实际写作中，一味地采用长句或短句都是不可取的，要注意长短句交错使用，以简单句为基础，配以适当的并列句和复合句。简单句可长可短，一般要加些附属成分，如分词短语、不定式短语、介词短语和副词短语等。

1．短句变长句平时写作时，考生要注意前后句子之间是否存在联系，善于发现各简单句之间的关联，用恰当的连接词将其连接起来，组成准确地道的长句，增加文章的气势。【例1】

【原文】

The grading system at our college should be abolished. The students don t like getting grades. The instructors don t enjoy giving grades.【优化】

The grading system at our college should be abolished, because neither the students nor the instructors like it.【分析】原文由三个简单句组成，很明显，后两个句子与第一个句子之间存在因果关系，因此，可以将后两句合成一个原因状语从句，由neither…nor连接并列主语。2．长句变短句写作中句子的长短应根据表达的需要，有话则长，无话则短。短句不仅指句子长度较短，也指句子内部结构精炼。简洁是一个重要的原则，用词累赘是写作的大忌。【例2】

【原文】

He didn t do the work well, because he didn t have enough experience.【优化】

He didn t do the work well for lack of experience.【分析】优化后的句子用介词短语代替了原句中的原因状语从句，并删除了该从句中一些多余的修饰语，从而使句子的表达更加言简意赅。

二、主动和被动的变换

何时使用被动语态，何时使用主动语态主要是由陈述对象决定的。英语写作中特别强调陈述对象的一致性，因此考生在选择使用何种语态时一定要慎重。

1．主动变被动1）不需要体现动作的执行者

【例3】

【原文】

We should advise people to protect their own interests and not to be led astray by false advertisements.【优化】

People should be advised to protect their own interests and not to be led astray by false advertisements.【分析】如果没有特定的语境表明本句需要体现动作的执行者“We”，那么本句应改为被动语态，以使表达更加贴切。2）需要强调动作的承受者

【例4】

【原文】

The employees elected Mr. Li chairman of the committee last week.【优化】

Mr. Li was elected chairman of the committee by the employees last week.【分析】如果有特定语境表明本句需要强调Mr. Li被选为主席，那么应该使用被动语态，以达到突出强调的作用。3）保持陈述对象的一致，以求行文通顺

【例5】

【原文】

Computers may help scientists in analyzing data and doing complex calculation, while engineers make use of some computers in designing a plane, or a spaceship.【优化】

Computers may help scientists in analyzing data and doing complex calculation, while some computers are made use of by engineers in designing a plane, or a spaceship.【分析】原文中主句的主语是computers，从句的主语则是engineers，而computers变成了宾语。为了避免陈述对象混乱，保证行文的通顺，应该将从句改为被动句。2．被动变主动1）需要体现动作的执行者

【例6】

【原文】

Now how to improve their English is paid more attention to by college students.【优化】

Now college students pay more attention to how to improve their English.【分析】本句是想表达“大学生越来越关注该如何提高英语水平”的含义，因此句子是要体现“college students”的行为，因此应该采用主动语态。2）保持陈述对象的一致，以求行文通顺

【例7】

【原文】

If we don t k now how the wastes should be used, we can sell them to the recycling station.【优化】

If we don t know how to use the wastes, we can sell them to the recycling station.【分析】原文中how引导的宾语从句中的被动语态导致if从句前后陈述对象混乱，影响了句意的明晰和语言的流畅。

三、非谓语动词和从句的变换

非谓语动词包括：动词不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词。使用非谓语动词可以在有限的篇幅内表达更多的信息，并能够使句子结构紧凑、逻辑严谨。

【例8】

【原文】

It must be realized that people should be cautious when they decide which books theyshould choose to read since if they read bad books, it will be time wasting and harmful.【优化】

It must be realized that people should be cautious when deciding which books to read since reading bad books is time wasting and harmful.【分析】原句中的时间状语从句改为现在分词作状语，修饰books的定语从句改为不定式短语，if条件句改为动名词短语作主语，句子结构变得更加紧凑，简洁明了。

四、松散句和掉尾句的变换

松散句指的是“把主要信息放在前面，辅助信息放在后面”的句式，常用来自然有序地陈述观点或罗列事实；掉尾句指的是“把辅助信息放在前面，主要信息放在后面”的句式，常起到强调或修饰作用。文章中绝大多数句子都是松散句，但正因为此，偶尔使用掉尾句可以起到突出强调的效果，但注意不要频繁使用，以免使文章的意思表达显得不够直接明了。【例9】

【原文】

That living together offers an excellent chance of cooperation is one incomparable advantage. Planning a party single handedly may b e a boring and difficult job. Our roommates help makes it enjoyable and easy. We may do anything perfectly, combining every member s wit and talent together.【优化】

One incomparable advantage is that living together offers an excellent chance of cooperation.

Planning a party single handedly may be a boring and difficult job. Our roommates help makes it enjoyable and easy. Combining every member s wit and talent together, we may do anything perfectly.【分析】本段中第一句使用了掉尾句，将从句放到了主句的前面，但此句是要说明与别人合住的One incomparable advantage是什么，而且作为段首句，应该清楚直接，因此应该将该句改为松散句，将句子的主要部分放到最前面。而本段中最后一句使用了松散句，将分词短语放到了句子主干结构之后，这样表达未能突出表现作者的意图，因此应将该句改为掉尾句，把分词短语提到句首。

五、强调句的变换

强调句能够达到突出重点的目的，其基本结构是：It is/was+被强调部分+that/who+句子其他成分。另外，对谓语动词进行强调时，通常在其前添加助动词do/does/did。

【例10】

【原文】

Parents and other family members money mainly supports us. 【优化】

It is parents and other family members money that mainly supports us.【分析】改成强调句以后，句子的主语得到了突出，句意的表达更加有力。

六、倒装句的变换

句子成分在句子中都有一定的位置，但有时可以把某些句子成分前后倒置，以达到突出强调的目的或起到某种修饰作用。英语中倒装分为全部倒装和部分倒装。部分倒装在写作中比较常用，经常由否定词提前或“only＋状语”提前引起。

【例11】

【原文】

I think that by sticking to one job one can accumulate a lot of experience in it, which in turn will further improve his work.【优化】

I think that only by sticking to one job can one accumulate a lot of experience in it, which in turn will further improve his work.【分析】状语前加上only并位于句首引起了句子的部分倒装，突出了这种措施的必要性，使句意的表达更加有力。

即讲即练

Exercise 1

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic On Job Hopping. You should write at least 120 words and base your composition on the outline given below:1）有些人喜欢始终从事一种工作2）有的人却认为始终从事一种工作太过单调，因此，他们会经常换工作3）“我”的看法On Job Hopping①Different people have different views on job hopping. ②Some people would like to always engage in one work.

③However, other people don t like to do so. ④As for me, the first opinion is the one I would support.（提出观点段）⑤Maybe some people think doing the same job all their life is tedious.

⑥Because there will be no challenges any more. ⑦Meanwhile, various work experience can not be learned if they always do the same job. ⑧So they always change from one job to another.

⑨However, still other people believe that they can acquire a greater achievement by sticking to one job, and I think 要求：请按照下面的提示对左栏的作文进行优化改写。

1.用when it comes to sth.句型改写句①。

2.用连词while将句②和句③合为一句，并用更加具体的短语替换句③中的don t like to do so。

3.将句④改写为简单句。

4.将句⑤、句⑥合为一句，将句⑥作为新句子的主语，通过使役动词make将句⑤作为新句子的宾语，表达主语所带来的结果。

5.优化句⑦的语态，使主从句的主语一致。so, which is for the following reasons.（对比论证段）⑩Firstly, people can accumulate a lot of specialized skills and thereby people can take advantage of these skills to get themselves promoted in their company. Secondly, people engaging in one job for a long time can cut the cost of the company in terms of cultivation of qualified talents. From the foregoing, we can conclude that if a person wants to be an expert in a field, he should not hop from one job to another too often.（总结观点段）

6.删除多余的句⑧。

7.将句⑨拆成两个简单句，不再包含分句和从句。

8.将句⑩中and后的并列分句改为非限制性定语从句，修饰skills，并用更简洁的语言改写该定语从句。

9.将句由掉尾句改为松散句。On Job Hopping

Exercise 2

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Cell Phones Negative Effects on Study. You should write at least 120 words and base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:1）手机在大学生中的普及率较高2）但手机对学习却有着极大的负面影响3）请发表你的看法Cell Phones Negative Effects on Study ①In the modern society, the cell phone has become an important means of communication and its role is more and more significant as time passes. ②The cell phones popularity is increasing and they are no longer luxuries for college students. ③ You will find nearly everyone has a cell phone with themselves, in whichever college.（描述现象段）④However, even with its convenience, cell phone still imposes great negative effects on college students study. ⑤The negative effects can be embodied in the following aspects. ⑥First, cell phones disturb the classes.

⑦In classes, the cell phone ring tone plays again and again, so the lecturers have to stop their lectures. ⑧This is not an uncommon phenomenon. ⑨Second, cell phones distract students concentration on study, for example, many students listen to music or watch movies through their cell phones in classes where they should have learned knowledge. ⑩Third, students financial burden is increased by cell phones, because they still depend on their family for living.（说明影响段）From my point of view, college students should remember all the time that their main duty is study. Therefore, anything, including cell phones of course that may hinder their study should not take too much of their attention. All in all, college students should take good use of cell phones.（阐述观点段）要求：请按照下面的提示对左栏的作文进行优化改写。

1. 将句②中and前一分句改写为with独立主格，在句中充当伴随状语。

2. 将句③中的松散句改为掉尾句，用更加动态的词语改写has。

3. 将句④、句⑤合为一句，将句⑤作为非限制性定语从句，修饰negative effects。

4. 将句⑦、句⑧合为一句，将句⑧作为新句子的主句，句⑦作为新句子的主语从句，句⑦中的主句作为新句子的原因状语。

5. 将句⑨拆分为两个句子。

6. 将句⑩由被动语态改为主动语态，将句⑩中的原因状语从句改为修饰students的定语从句。

7. 将句的主语改为“人”作主语。Cell Phones Negative Effects on Study

【参考范文】

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Exercise 1

On Job Hopping①Different people have different views on job hopping. ②Some people would like to always engage in one work. ③However, other people don t like to do so. ④As for me, the first opinion is the one I would support.（提出观点段）⑤Maybe some people think doing the same job all their life is tedious. ⑥Because there will be no challenges any more.

⑦Meanwhile, various work experience can not be learned if they always do the same job. ⑧So they always change from one job to another. ⑨However, still other people believe that they can acquire a greater achievement by sticking to one job, and I think so, which is for the following reasons.（对比论证段）⑩ Firstly, people can accumulate a lot of specialized skills and thereby people can take advantage of these skills to get themselves promoted in their company. Secondly, people engaging in one job for a long time can cut the cost of the company in terms of cultivation of qualified talents. From the foregoing, we can conclude that if a person wants to be an expert in a field, he should not hop from one job to another too often.（总结观点段）On Job Hopping When it comes to whether people should stick to one job or should hop from one job to another, different people may have different views. Some people would like to engage in one work while others like to change jobs constantly. As for me, I am in favor of the first opinion.（提出观点段）Some people may think that the less challenges in the job they do for a long time will make their life tedious. Meanwhile, they believe that they can not get various work experience if they always do the same job. However, in many others opinion, including me, people can acquire a greater achievement by sticking to one job. The following reasons can account for my preference.（对比论证段）Firstly, people can accumulate a lot of specialized skills, which are beneficial to the development of their career. Secondly, people engaging in one job for a long time can cut the cost of the company in terms of cultivation of qualified talents. From the foregoing, we can conclude that a person should not hop from one job to another too often if he wants to be an expert in a field.（总结观点段）Exercise 2

Cell Phones Negative Effects on Study①In the modern society, the cell phone has become an important means of communication and its role is more and more significant as time passes.

②The cell phones popularity is increasing and they are no longer luxuries for college students. ③You will find nearly everyone has a cell phone with themselves, in whichever college.（描述现象段）④However, even with its convenience, cell phone still imposes great negative effects on college students study. ⑤The negative effects can be embodied in the following aspects. ⑥First, cell phones disturb the classes. ⑦In classes, the cell phone ring tone plays again and again, so the lecturers have to stop their lectures. ⑧This Cell Phones Negative Effects on StudyIn the modern society, the cell phone has become an important means of communication and its role is more and more significant as time passes. With its popularity increasing, cell phones are no longer luxuries for college students. In whichever college, you will find nearly everyone equips themselves with a cell phone. （描述现象段）However, even with its convenience, cell phone still imposes great negative effects on college students study, which can be embodied in the following aspects. First, cell phones disturb the classes. It is not an uncommon phenomenon in the class that the lecturers have to stop due to the cell phone ring tone playing is not an uncommon phenomenon. ⑨Second, cell phones distract students concentration on study, for example, many students listen to music or watch movies through their cell phones in classes where they should

have learned knowledge. ⑩Third, students financial burden is increased by cell phones, because they still depend on their family for living.（说明影响段）From my point of view, college students should remember all the time that their main duty is study. Therefore, anything, including cell phones of course that may hinder their study should not take too much of their attention. All in all, college students should take good use of cell phones.（阐述观点段）again and again. Second, cell phones distract students concentration on study. For example, many students listen to music or watch movies through their cell phones in classes where they should have learned knowledge. Third, cell phones increase the financial burden of the students who still depend on their family for living.（说明影响段）From my point of view, college students should remember all the time that their main duty is study. Therefore, they should not pay too much attention to anything, including cell phone of course, that may hinder their study. All in all, college students should take good use of cell phones. （阐述观点段）

Lecture 6第六讲5大写作亮点设计

一篇优秀的作文，除了要做到结构清晰、句式多变以外，还需要出现一到两个让考官眼前一亮的亮点，这样的亮点设计会使你的作文文采大增，给考官留下深刻的印象。一、遣词用语准确地道

1．认真辨析同义词由于英语词义范畴非常广泛，即便是同义词也只是某种程度上的近似，不可能在意义上完全对等。这就需要考生在选词时斟酌其含义上的微妙差别，辨析同义词在具体语境中的不同用法。

【例1】 1. Everyone had special interest while reading, so we could choose different books to read according to our personal interests.

2. Everyone had special interest while reading, so we could select different books to read according to our personal interests.【分析】choose指的是“一般性的选择”；而select则强调“在一定范围内挑选”，此处明显用后者更为恰当。2．恰当使用限定词用词准确从另外一个角度讲就是要使论述客观、适度，这就需要考生适当使用一些限定词，以避免观点的绝对化，从而提高说服力和可信度。写作中常见的限定词有：may, maybe, perhaps, probably, mainly, generally, commonly, personally, comparatively, typically, usually, sometimes, often, most, mostly, nearly, almost, not necessarily, in general, at least, at most, may as well, had better, to some extent, to some degree, more often than not, for the most part等。

【例2】

Typically, people prefer to say “yes” when they should say “no”.【分析】typically意为“向来，总是”，表明后面所叙述的情况是一般性或经常性的，这样就使得论述更加客观，提高了可信度。3．注意词语的习惯搭配用词准确不但要求考生掌握具体单词的含义，还要熟悉词语的习惯搭配，一定要避免受汉语语意的干扰而出现错误。

【例3】

1. The traffic in many big cities is getting more and more crowded.

2. The traffic in many big cities is getting heavier and heavier.【分析】汉语中我们可以说“交通拥挤”，但英文中traffic和crowded是不能搭配的，因为crowded是表示街道、房间等地方挤满了人或东西，我们可以说“The street is crowded.”，但不能说“The traffic is crowded.”。而要表达“交通拥挤”，应该用heavy一词。4．避免生造词语生编硬造词语是考生在写作中常犯的错误之一，主要表现为将汉语意思生译成英文，即所谓的“中国式英语”。考生要避免这一错误，一方面平时要多注意对写作中常用词汇的积累，另一方面对于自己没有把握的表达，最好避免使用或用自己熟悉的同义词汇替代。

【例4】

1. To be a three good student is always a symbol of achievement for the Chinese students.

2. To be an all round student is always a symbol of achievement for the Chinese students.【分析】从字面意思上来看，a three good student在此表示“三好学生”，中国人都能看懂，但却令外国人费解，是典型的“中国式英语”；而恰当的表达应该是an all round student，或用比较直白的方式将其译为an excellent student in all aspects。5．避免口语化四级作文除个别应用文以外，基本都属于较正式的书面文体，因此在写作时要避免使用口语化的词汇。

【例5】

1. Many college students are gonna take part in CET 4.

2. Many college students would like to take part in CET 4.【分析】be gonna与would like to都可以表示“想要或打算…”，但be gonna是口语中的非正式用法，不能出现在书面文体中。6．避免重复啰嗦为了增加文章的文采和避免重复啰嗦，考生在写作时要有意识地使用同义词、同根词或上、下义词来取代上文中出现过的词汇。

【例6】

1. With the publication of the novel, he became famous as the greatest writer living then, and he has been more and more famous as a major American author ever since. He is now also becoming more and more famous with Chinese readers.

2. With the publication of the novel, he became famous as the greatest writer living then, and his reputation as a major American author has been on the increase ever since. He is now also becoming more and more popular with Chinese readers.【分析】第1句中表示“闻名”使用的都是同一个词famous，给人感觉单调乏味，缺少文采；而第2句中则使用了famous、reputation 和popular三个意义接近的词来表达“闻名”的意思，而且on the increase和more and more表达的也是同样的意思，这样就避免了用语的重复，表达灵活生动，颇具文采。

二、遣词用语形象生动

文章的形象生动是由多方面因素决定的，遣词用语也是一个重要的方面。要做到选词形象生动，主要应注意以下几个方面：

1．选用具体明确的词在特定的语境下，要根据表“情”达“意”的需要，尽量选用含义比较形象具体的词来取代那些含义比较抽象的词，也就是要从一般趋于特定、由抽象趋于具体、由模糊趋于明确。

【例7】

1. No one saw the bank being broken into.

2. No one witnessed the bank being broken into.【分析】see表示“看，看见”，意思比较抽象，范围较大；而witness则强调“亲眼目睹”，描述的动作更为具体，更符合“目睹银行抢劫”这一具体的语境。2．利用不同的词类英语和汉语在词性的运用上有很大区别，但很多考生往往受汉语思维的影响，经常完全依据汉语的词性对译英文，导致作文中出现多个谓语动词集结的错误或造出来的句子十分生硬死板。因此，考生在平时训练时一定要注意摆脱汉语思维的束缚，学会根据具体的语境活用不同的词类。

【例8】

1. They are written in plain language so that everyone can read when they want to entertain or relax themselves.

2. They are written in plain language so that everyone can read for entertainment or relaxation.【分析】第2句中用抽象名词entertainment和relaxation代替了第1句中的动词entertain和relax，将时间状语从句简化成了介词短语，使句子的表达更加简洁地道。【例9】

1. Piracy has become a phenomenon that can be seen everywhere.

2. Piracy has become a prevailing phenomenon.【分析】第2句中用具体的形容词prevailing代替了第1句中的定语从句，更加形象生动地描述了这种现象。3．动态动词的使用要做到用词形象生动，还要注意选择具有动态意义的词，这些表示具体动作的动态动词往往比be, there be, make, need等静态动词更有活力，可以达到更好的写作效果。

【例10】

1. There are various answers among different groups of people.

2. Answers vary among different groups of people.【分析】第1句中使用的there be句型属典型的静态表达；第2句中则使用了动态动词vary，明显比第1句多了一分动态的生气。

三、开头结尾突破常规

1．开头的写法文章的开头除了要表明主题外，还有一个重要的任务就是引起阅卷老师的注意。因此，开头一定要具有与众不同的吸引力。下面介绍几种实用有效的开头方式及常用句式：1）现象法所谓现象法，就是在文章开头就指出某种现象或问题。这种开头方式在四级写作中十分常见，主要应用于现象解释型作文和问题解决型作文。

【常用句式】① Recently/ Presently the phenomenon/ issue/ problem of… has been brought into focus/ aroused public attention/ become a heated topic/ been in the limelight.

② With …, there arises a heated debate as to…

③ With the steady/ rapid/ amazing development of…, people begin to…

④ In the past… years, many… have been faced/ troubled/ confronted with…

⑤ Nowadays/ Recently, one of the hottest/ most popular topics/ problems many people complain/ concern about/ talk about/ discuss is…

⑥ Nowadays, our society is/ we are witnessing more and more…

⑦In the past… years, there has been a sharp/ dramatic increase/ growth/ rise/ decline in …, according to an official report/ survey/ poll, …

⑧ In recent…years, …has experienced an alarming increase/ growth/ rise/ decline in… 【例11】Nowadays, one of the hottest problems many people complain about now is piracy. Books, tapes, VCDs and other high tech products have been pirated. For instance, not long after a new product comes onto market, most probably, its pirated version will soon show up in the market, too.【分析】本段文字是关于盗版问题的文章开头，运用了现象法，段首句使用了句式⑤。2）对立法所谓对立法，就是引出人们对要讨论的问题的不同看法和观点，然后提出自己的看法或者表明自己偏向哪一种看法。这种开头方式一般用于有争议的主题，主要适用于对比选择型作文。

【常用句式】

①When asked…, a great/ vast majority of people/ most… say that… But I think/ view quite differently./ But in my eye/ view, …

②When it comes to…, some people believe that…, but some others argue/ claim that… (the opposite/ reverse is true). There is probably some truth in both arguments/ statements, but …(I tend to agree to/ would prefer the former/ latter.)

③Now, it is commonly/ generally/ widely believed/ held/ acknowledged th at…. They claim/ believe/ argue that… But I wonder/ doubt whether…

④Nowadays there is no agreement among people as to…. Some people focus on/ advocate/ favor … while others may think…. (From my point of view, …)

⑤ When faced with/ In the face of…, quite a few people claim that…, but other people argue…

⑥ There is much discussion/ public debate/ controversy nowadays as to the problem of… Some people say that… Others hold that…

⑦ There is a general debate over the phenomenon of… People who are against/ obje ct to it claim/ hold… But people who advocate it, on the other hand, claim/ argue…

⑧ The value of… is now being questioned by…/ There is growing skepticism towards…【例12】Nowadays there is no agreement among people as to the best measure of a country s succ ess. Some people focus on rich economy while others may think it is the quality of life that has nothing to do with money. 【分析】本段文字是关于什么是社会成功的标准的文章开头，运用了对立法，段首句使用了句式④。3）观点法所谓观点法，就是开门见山、直截了当地提出本文要论证的观点或要解决的问题。这种开头方式主要适于观点论证型作文和问题解决型作文。【常用句式】① Now there is a growing awareness/ recognition of the necessity to…/ Now people are becoming increasingly aware/ conscious of the importance of…

② It is true that… No one can deny…

③ …, which has been generally accepted…The truth of it is deep and profound/ self evident.

④ Now people in growing/ significant numbers are beginning/ coming to realize/ accept/ be aware that…

⑤ Nowhere in…/ Never in history has the issue/ change/ idea of… been more evident/ visible/ popular/ serious than in…

⑥ Perhaps/ Maybe we should/ it is time to rethink/ reexamine/ have a fresh look at the idea/ value/ attitude/ wisdom/ desirability that…【例13】

“Haste makes waste” — a proverb full of logic, which has been generally accepted. It tells us that we have to do some steady and down to earth work if we want to accomplish something. The truth of it is deep and profound.【分析】本段文字是关于谚语“欲速则不达”的文章开头，运用了观点法，段首句使用了句式③。4）比较法所谓比较法，就是通过对过去、现在两种不同的倾向、情形或观点进行比较，从而引出文章要讨论的观点。一般来说，对过去的观点都只是一笔带过，而将写作的重点放在现在的（即文章要讨论的）观点上。这种开头方式主要适用于观点论证型作文。

【常用句式】

① For years, …had been viewed as… But people are taking a fresh look now. With the growing/ development of…, people…

② People used to think that…/ In the past,…But people don t share this view now.

③It is a tradition/ custom/ practice/ traditional way… But now/ in rec ent decades things have changed.【例14】

It is a custom for a Chinese to marry a person with the same family background, regardless of the fact they may actually do not love each other. But in recent decades things have changed. Chinese young people now tend to consider love to be the only factor to decide whether they will get married with someone or not.【分析】本段文字是关于中国人对待婚姻的观念发生改变的文章开头，运用了比较法，段首句使用了句式③。5）问题法所谓问题法，就是先将要讨论的问题进行设问，然后在解答过程中引出文章要讨论的主题。这样开头的好处在于从一开始就能引起读者的兴趣，但需要注意的是，如果问题设计不好，就会导致首段中心不突出，主题句表达苍白等负面效果，因此使用时要慎重。这种开头方式主要适用于对比选择型作文和现象解释型作文。

【常用句式】①Should/ What…? Opinions of/ Attitudes towards/ Answers to… vary widely/ greatly/ from person to person. Some… are favor of/ view/ regard/ think of… Others believe/ argue/ claim…

② “Why do/ have …?” Many … oft en ask/ pose the question like this.

③ One of the basic/ hot topics facing our society is: What/ Why…?

④ How do you think of the problem of…? In seeking answer to this question, …

⑤ Why is there a… in society? It is no easy task to identify the causes for it.【例15】

“Why do we have to learn English while it may be useless after graduation?” Many college students often ask questions like this. Surely it is because they haven t realized the importance of English. They do not know in the international communication, English is always the language to be used.【分析】本段文字是关于大学生为什么要学英语的文章开头，运用了问题法，段首句使用了句式②。6）引用法所谓引用法，就是在文章开头引用名人名言、箴言、谚语或有代表性的看法来引出文章要论述的观点。这种方法通过引用切合主题的名言警句，一方面可以突出主题，另一方面也能增加文章的文采，容易给人留下深刻的印象。但是这种开头方式要求考生必须有一定的知识储备，对所使用的名言警句等能运用自如。另外，所引用的名言警句一定要为中心服务，不能单纯为了增加文采而引用。这种开头方式主要适用于观点论证型作文。

【常用句式】①One of the great/ early writers/ philosophers/ scientists said/ wrote/ remarked, “…” If this is true/ the case, then the present/ current view/ value/ attitude/ situation should make us wonder whether…/ ponder over…

② “…” The same idea/ complaint/ attitude is voiced/ echoed/ shared by…

③ “…” How often we hear/ We are used to hearing/ Many people have heard (such) statement/ words/ complaint like/ as this/ those.

④There is an old/ popular saying/ proverb which go es that…. The truth of it is profound and significant./ Under its simplified cover, a truth is ironically pointed out, that is, …

⑤One great…had ever said/ once remarked, “…” Now it still has a realistic/ profound significance./ Now it is still working in our modern society./ Now more and more people share this belief./ The remark is still confirmed by people in today s society./ The remark has been shared by generations./ The view has been echoed by many…【例16】

There is an old proverb which goes that the grass is always greener on the other side of the valley. Under its simplified cover, a truth is ironically pointed out, that is, we are not contented with the already blessing situation. On the contrary, we always think that there are people around us who are much more fortunate than us. In fact this kind of opinion is very dangerous.【分析】本段文字是关于成功是靠运气还是靠努力奋斗的文章开头，运用了引用法，段首句使用了句式④。2．结尾的写法文章的结尾一般篇幅不宜过长，但却也是决定文章成败的点睛之笔。面对堆积如山的试卷，阅卷老师的精力更多的是放在文章的开头、各段的过渡及文章的结尾。好的结尾，可以增添文章的效果和说服力，加深阅卷老师的印象。一篇文章的结尾是否能够产生最佳效果，关键是看能否使用恰当的方法和优秀的句式有效地体现文章主题。1）总结法所谓总结法，就是通过文章前面的讨论分析引出一段总结性的言论，重申文章的中心思想或总结自己的观点，作为全文的结束。这是一种最常见的结尾方式，主要适用于观点论证型作文和对比选择型作文。

【常用句式】①Given the factors that I have just outlined, it is wise to support the statement that…

②From what has been discussed above/ Judging from all evidence offered, we may safely/ undoubtedly draw/ come to/ arrive at the conclusion that…

③ Taking into account all these factors/ In view of the above mentioned facts, we should draw/ come to/arrive at the conclusion that…

④ All the available/ conclusive/ reliable/ striking evidence goes to show/ piles up to show that…

⑤ All the evidence/ analysis supports/ warrants a/ an unmistakable/ fair conclusion that…

⑥ All the evidence/ analysis justifies/ confirms a/ an unshakable/ sound view/ idea that…

⑦ All the available/ conclusive/ reliable/ striking evidence points to the fact/ lends support to the view that…

⑧ To sum up/ conclude,…/ The conclusion is self evident…

⑨ Weighing up these two arguments, I am for…

⑩ Taking into account all these factors/ In view of the above mentioned facts, I prefer…【例17】To conclude, smoking is nothing but evil as it is so harmful to people. All smokers should be taught of the great harm of smoking and be persuaded out of it. More importantly, we should protect our children from the harm of smoking through education.【分析】本段文字是关于吸烟有害健康的文章结尾，运用了总结法，段首句使用了句式⑧。2）后果法所谓后果法，就是对所讨论的问题或现象可能会产生的后果做出预测或分析。这种后果可能是积极的，也可能是消极的，需根据文章主题而定。这种结尾方式主要适用于问题解决型作文和现象解释型作文。

【常用句式】① Clearly/ Obviously/ No doubt, if we do not/ cannot…/ if we ignore/ are blind to…, there is every chance/ there are chances that…/ it is very likely that…

② Any person/ nation/ society who/ which ignores/ is blind to/ fails to learn… would pay a heavy price.

③Fortunately, however, more and more people com e to realize the importance of… and improvement is in near future.

④If we work on… from now on, in foreseeable future, we will not be perplexed/ cursed/ overwhelmed by the same dilemma/ problem.

⑤ If we can solve the problem with no efforts spared, human being will not be caught/ stuck in the same conditions.

⑥There is no effective/ easy solution/ approach to the issue/ problem of…, but… might be helpful/ beneficial./ but our commitment will be rewarded as long as we insist on assuming our responsibility on it.

⑦ Following these methods may not guarantee the success in…, but the pay off will be worth the sweat we shed.

⑧ The effect that… will bring about is far reaching.【例18】

All these things come to one simple fact: people are always trying very hard to get a better life. Any nation which ignores the importance of developing its productivity and consequently improving the life of its people will have to pay a heavy price.【分析】本段文字是关于要重视提高人们生活水平的文章结尾，运用了后果法，段尾句使用了句式②。3）呼吁法所谓呼吁法，就是在文章结尾敦促或呼吁读者作出努力，对某问题予以关注或采取行动。但是需要注意的是，不能空喊口号，这样会使文章显得空洞，不伦不类。这种结尾方式主要适用于问题解决型作文。

【常用句式】① It is high time that we…/ It is ripe time for us to… in no half hearted manner. ② It is essential/ necessary/ important/ imperative that effective/ quick/ proper measures/ actions/ steps/ remedies should be taken to…

③ If there is time to…, it is now.

④ To reverse the trend is not a light task, and it requires keen consciousness of…

⑤ There is no denying that considerable attention must be paid to the plight of…

⑥ We must call for an immedi ate action/ method, because the current tendency of…, if permitted

to develop at will, it will result in the destruction of…

⑦ Only when… all go into action can we…【例19】

It is high time that we took some measures to protect our environment. Government should make a law to punish those polluting our environment, and the public should realize the importance of environmental protection.【分析】本段文字是关于如何保护社会环境的文章结尾，运用了呼吁法，段首句使用了句式①。需要注意的是，在实际写作中，可以不必局限于一种开头或结尾的方法，要根据实际情况将几种方法有效结合。四、适当运用修辞手法

1．比喻常用于四级写作中的比喻手法是明喻和暗喻。明喻是指常用as或like等词将具有某种共同特征的两种不同事物联系起来的一种修辞手法，另外as if, as though, as…as, similar to等也可以表示明喻。暗喻一般不用比喻词，只是用be动词表示比喻对象的相似性。【例20】

Working in big companies is similar to the role played by a screw in a big machine.

在大公司工作的人就像是大机器上的一颗螺丝钉。【分析】本句运用了明喻的修辞手法，形象生动地描述了在大公司工作的人的状况。2．平行结构平行结构指的是将结构相同或相似、意义并重、语气一致的语言成分并行排列的一种修辞手法。这种结构层次清晰、语意顺畅，能够起到加强语气、增强表达效果的作用。

【例21】

If you promise to help when you should say “No”, you may in the end fail to keep your promise and lose your friend s trust. On the other hand, even if y ou have succeeded in fulfilling your friend s will, you may feel depressed because you must have put in too much energy or money. You may even become a criminal if you help to do something illegal.【分析】本段文字将三个结构相似的句子并行排行，三个句子层层深入，表现出很强的逻辑性。3．修辞问句修辞问句以提问形式出现，却并不表示疑问，其目的是为了引起读者注意或表示强调。一般可分为设问和反问两种形式。设问一般自问自答，答案紧随在问题之后；反问一般只问不答，答案就蕴含在问句当中。

【例22】

1. So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to open the university campus for tourists? Different people have their own opinions.

2. Isn t it high time we eliminated fake commodities from the market?

【分析】第1句话运用了设问的修辞手法，答案紧随其后。第2句话运用了反问的修辞手法，答案即在问句之中。4．重复重复主要起到强调、渲染和号召的作用，常见的重复方式主要有两种：同成分重复和同义重复。

【例23】

We, though different in colors, different in languages, and different in cultures, can bind together to fulfill any tough mission.【分析】本句运用了同成分重复的修辞手法，起到了突出强调的作用。5．夸张夸张是一种故意言过其实，或夸大或缩小事物的形象，突出事物的某种特征或品质，鲜明地表达思想情感的修辞方式。

【例24】

I have got a million reasons to object to your proposal.【分析】本句运用了夸张的修辞手法，鲜明地表达了作者的思想情感。

五、恰当使用警句格言

如果能在文章中恰当地引用一、两句警句格言或名人名言，不但能起到支持和突出主题的作用，还会使文章的文采大增，达到意想不到的表达效果。

【例25】

As a Chinese old saying goes, traveling ten thousand miles and reading ten thousand books is the top ideal for people. Travel does broaden our mind. It enables us to appreciate beautiful scenery, value the culture and customs of a people and learn the history.【分析】本段话是关于旅游的作用的文章的开头段，通过traveling ten thousand miles and reading ten thousand books is the top ideal for people（行万里路，读万卷书）这一人人认同的格言引出“旅游开阔视野”的主题，令人信服，且颇显文采。

即讲即练

Exercise 1

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Problems in Big Cities. You should write at least 120 words and base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:1）目前，越来越多的人涌入大城市，一些问题随之产生2）比较明显的大问题有…3）“我”对这种现象的看法Problems in Big Cities①Nowadays, more and more people, who hope to find good jobs or enjoy the life of the rich are going into big cities. ②Those people who add freshness to the big cities cause many serious problems, which can be embodied in the following things.（描述现象段）③First, the present housing supply can not meet 要求：请按照下面的提示对左栏的作文进行优化改写。

1.运用现象法改写文章开头，使句子更具表现力。将句①的定语从句改为介词短语in the hope of…，简化句子结构。用更恰当的词替换句中的going，good, enjoy。

2.在句②中添加副词as well，突出说明大量的人涌入城市既有积极影响，也有消极影响；用更恰当的词替换the need of housing, which will cause the rise of both the house price and the rent. ④Second, the unemployment problem in big cities will become even worse, but the relatively small cities need various kinds of people urgently. ⑤This imbalance will definitely make the gaps between big cities and small ones wide. ⑥Third, the environment will be greatly damaged. ⑦For example, the large number of people will cause more serious air pollution, more industrial waste and household waste, which will definitely reduce our efforts to protect the environment.（说明影响段）⑧I think people should not crowd into big cities blindly.⑨They should first make what they want to pursue, what they plan to get and what their real ability is clear before entering big cities. ⑩In a word, people should think carefully before they make a decision.（阐述观点段）句中的things。

3.用satisfy…替换句③中的动宾短语meet the need of housing，使表达更加生动；用同义短语替换句③中的cause。

4. 用while替换句④中的but，表明前后两个句子之间存在对比，使表达更加贴切；将动词need转换成名词形式；用更加贴切的词替换people。

5.用wide的动词形式改写句⑤。

6.用同义词替换句⑦中的definitely，避免重复；用短语cast a shadow on改写句⑦中的非限制性定语从句，体现语言水平。

7.用结尾法Judging from all evidence, I may safely draw the conclusion…改写句⑧。

8.用it作形式宾语改写句⑨，使句子结构更加清晰。

Problems in Big Cities

Exercise 2

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic On Comparison. You should write at least 120 words and base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:1）有的人认为学生存在攀比心理能够促进他们的学习成绩2）但有人则认

为攀比心理也能产生负面影响3）请谈谈你的看法On Comparison

①Nowadays, a hot discussion about the influence of comparison appears among people. ②Some people think that comparison can have a good influence on students. ③This is because it can make students do better than others in their study. ④And they also think that comparison can help students find what their shortages are and prevent them from feeling proud of their little achievement.（阐述优点段）⑤However, other people argue that comparison also has disadvantages. ⑥For one thing, comparison may encourage students to pursue the unrealistic goals which can not be realized with their ability. ⑦For another, comparison can also make envy occur, which is not good for a student s mental development. ⑧For example, some students may hate or hurt others who have the things they do not have, just because they feel envious.（阐述缺点段）⑨I think that it depends on circumstances that whether the comparison is good or not. ⑩As long as it is applied properly, comparison can have a positive influence on students. To conclude, students should compare with others healthily and reasonably.（论证观点段）要求：请按照下面的提示对左栏的作文进行优化改写。

1. 用there be句型改写句①，使句子结构更加合理。

2. 用更加动态的词替换句③中的make；用更加贴切的短语替换句③中的do better than。

3. 用同义词替换句④中的think，避免重复；在and后的分句中添加副词thereby，表达前一分句引起了后一分句所指情况的产生；用hug oneself on替换句④中的feeling proud of…，使表达更加贴切。

4. 用更加生动的词替换句⑦中的make…occur；用同义词替换句⑦中的not good。

5. 在句⑧中并列连词后添加副词even，进一步表达comparison消极的影响；用what改写句

⑧中who引导的定语从句，优化句子结构。

6. 利用Weighing the advantages and disadvantages改写句⑨，引出个人的看法；改写句⑨中think后的宾语从句，使whether…作宾语从句的主语。

7. 将句⑩中influence改为动词形式，避免与上文重复。On Comparison

【参考范文】………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Exercise 1

Problems in Big Cities①Nowadays, more and more people, who hope to find good jobs or enjoy the life of the rich are going into big cities. ②Those people who add freshness to the big cities cause many serious problems, which can be embodied in the following things.（描述现象段）③First, the present housing supply can not meet the need of housing, which will cause the rise of both the house price and the rent. ④Second, the unemployment problem in big cities will become even worse, but the relatively small cities need various kinds of people urgently. ⑤This imbalance will definitely make the gaps between big cities and small ones wide. ⑥Third, the environment will be greatly damaged. ⑦For example, the large number of people will cause more serious air pollution, more industrial waste and household waste, which will definitely reduce our efforts to protect the environment.（说明影响段）⑧I think people should not crowd into big cities blindly.⑨ They should first make what they want to pursue, what they plan to get and what their real ability is clear before entering big cities. ⑩In a word, people should think carefully before they make a decision.（阐述观点段）Problems in Big Cities Nowadays, our society is witnessing more and more people pouring into big cities in the hope of finding decent jobs or

tasting the life of the rich. Those people who add freshness to the big cities cause many serious problems as well, which are embodied in the following aspects.（描述现象段）First, the present housing supply can not satisfy the demand, which will result in the rise of both the house price and the rent. Second, the unemployment problem in big cities will become even worse, while the relatively small cities are in urgent need of various kinds of talents. This imbalance will definitely widen the gaps between big cities and small ones. Third, the environment will be greatly damaged. For example, the large number of people will cause more serious air pollution, more industrial waste and household waste, which will surely cast a shadow on our efforts to protect the environment. （说明影响段）Judging from all the evidence offered, I may safely draw the conclusion that people should not crowd into big cities blindly. They should first make it clear what they want to pursue, what they plan to get and what their real ability is before entering big cities. In a word, people should think carefully before they make a decision.（阐述观点段）Exercise 2

On Comparison①Nowadays, a hot discussion about the influence of comparison appears among people. ②Some people think that comparison can have a good influence on students.

③This is because it can make students do better than others in their study. ④And they also think that comparison can help students find what their shortages are and prevent them from feeling proud of their little achievement.（阐述优点段）⑤However, other people argue that comparison also has disadvantages. ⑥For one thing, comparison may encourage students to pursue the unrealistic goals which can not be realized with their ability. ⑦For another, On Comparison Nowadays, there is a hot discussion about the influence of comparison among people. Some people think that comparison can have a good influence on students. This is because it can stimulate students to catch up with and surpass others in their study. And they also believe that comparison can help students find what their shortages are and thereby prevent them from hugging themselves on their little achievement. （阐述优点段）However, other people argue that comparison also has disadvantages. For one thing, comparison may encourage students to pursue the unrealistic goals which can t be realized with their ability. For another, comparison comparison can also make envy occur, which is not good for a student s mental development.

⑧For example, some students may hate or hurt others who have the things they do not have, just because they feel envious.（阐述缺点段）⑨I think that it depends on circumstances that whether the comparison is good or not. ⑩As long as it is applied properly, comparison can have a positive influence on students. To conclude, students should compare with others healthily and reasonably.（论证观点段）can also incur envy, which is unhealthy for a student s mental development. For example, some students may hate or even hurt others who own what they do not have, just because they feel envious.（阐述缺点段）Weighing the advantages and disadvantages, I think that whether the comparison is good or not depends on the circumstances. As long as it is applied properly, comparison can influence students positively. To conclude, students should compare with others healthily and reasonably. （论证观点段）短文写作巅峰自测Test 1

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Should Fireworks Be Banned? You should write at least 120 words and base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:1）有些人认为应当保留放鞭炮的传统，理由是…2）另一些人则认为应当禁止放鞭炮，理由是…3）“我”的看法Should Fireworks Be Banned？

Test 2

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic On Frustrations. You should write at least 120 words and base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:1）挫折有时也会对人生起积极作用2）试举例论证这一观点On Frustrations

Test 3

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay entitled How to Avoid Being Cheated When Hunting for a Job? You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below:

1）在找工作过程中很多涉世未深的大学生被骗

2）作为大学生，我们应该如何防止被骗

How to Avoid Being Cheated When Hunting for a Job?

Test 4

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay entitled Doing Business in Campus. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below:1）有些大学生或毕业生选择在学校做买卖，在校园里淘得人生的第一桶金

2）大学生在学校创业的原因是什么

3）你对大学生在校园创业有哪些看法或建议

Doing Business in Campus

Test 5

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an opening speech for a sports meeting. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below in Chinese:

1）表明你的身份并对到场领导老师的支持表示感谢

2）阐述体育运动所带给大家的好处

3）宣布运动会开幕并预祝大会圆满成功

Opening Speech for a Sports Meeting

Test 6

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic My First Day on Campus. You should write at least 120 words and base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:1）简单描述一下你进入大学第一天所得到的帮助2）别人是如何帮助你的3）你对他们的帮助有何感受

My First Day on Campus

Test 1

【分析题目】本题属于提纲式文字命题。提纲第1点指出一些人的某种观点；提纲第2点指出另一些人的观点；提纲第3点要求表明“我”的看法，由此可判断本文应为对比选择型作文，写作的重点是对两种对立观点的对比论证。根据所给提纲，本文内容应安排成如下三段：第一段指出人们对于是否应该放鞭炮的争议，为提出观点段；第二段对比论证两种争议观点各自的理由，为对比论证段；第三段表明“我”的看法并说明理由，为表明观点段。【参考范文】Should Fireworks Be Banned?

There is no complete agreement among people as to whether fireworks should be banned or not. Some insist that the tradition of setting off fireworks on special holidays should be kept. However, others consider that fireworks should be banned.（提出观点段）Those people who are in favor of the first opinion hold that setting off fireworks adds freshness to the atmosphere on special occasions. Moreover, they argue that in the process of burning fireworks people can temporarily forget their worries and troubles. Additionally, they believe that setting off fireworks is a kind of cultural continuity. However, others insist that burning fireworks does nothing but harm, because it wastes a large amount of money. Besides, in their opinion, fireworks may result in conflagration, whose consequences can t be retrieved if handled improperly. （对比论证段）As far as I am concerned, I think we should try our best to reduce the use of fireworks on special occasions. This can not only eliminate the safety risks but also save a lot of money which can be used in something more meaningful, such as Hope Project. All in all, we should abandon the tradition of setting off fireworks.（总结观点段）Test 2

【分析题目】本题属于提纲式文字命题。提纲第1点提出一种观点，提纲第2点要求论证这种观点的正确性，由此可判断本文应为观点论证型作文，写作的重点是对观点正确性的论证。根据所给提纲，本文内容应安排成如下三段：第一段提出论点：挫折有时也会对人生起积极作用，为提出观点段；第二段举例论证这个观点的正确性，为论证观点段；第三段重申观点，总结全文，为总结观点段。【参考范文】

On Frustrations It is generally accepted that frustration is the nurse of success. It tells us that frustration can stimulate a person to perfect himself constantly and thereby enable him to achieve success. The truth of it is deep and profound.（提出观点段）There are numerous examples supporting this argument. A case in point is that in her search of element radium, frustrations inspired Madame Curie to do researches again and again, which at last led to her success. This is close to suggest that anything is possible as long as you dare to bravely face the frustrations. For another example, in Edison s invention of the electric b ulb, the frustrations enabled him to find out the shortages of his previous experiment, and at last brought him success.（论证观点段）Judging from the evidence offered, we might safely draw the conclusion that frustrations can become great opportunities and bring success. But it is worth noting that the positive attitude toward frustrations is also important, since it can decide whether frustrations can bring good results or not. To conclude, if handled properly, frustrations are beneficial to a person s development.（总结观点段）Test 3

【分析题目】本题属于提纲式文字命题。提纲第1点描述了一个问题，提纲第2点要求说明解决问题的方法，由此可判断本文应为问题解决型作文，写作的重点是对问题危害和解决方法的说明。根据所给提纲，本文内容应安排成如下三段：第一段描述很多大学生在找工作过程中被骗的问题，为描述问题段；第二段说明大学生防骗的方法，为说明方法段；第三段阐

述个人看法，总结全文，为阐述观点段。【参考范文】

How to Avoid Being Cheated When Hunting for a Job?It is often reported that college students are cheated when finding a job. Many students spend time and energy on doing a job but end up in earning little money. What s worse, some students were asked to pay some fee but didn t even get the job at last. Then how can we college students protect ourselves from being cheated?（描述问题段）There are several situations in which we have to raise the level of alertness. First, if the employer asks you to pay some “guarantee money”, don t give it to him. Second, don t work for company that wouldn t sign a contract with you. Third, never buy the commodities that they want you to promote.（说明方法段）In my opinion, we should go to the regular job fairs instead of the job agency. Moreover, in the interview, we should keep our mind calm and don t be lured by the so called high salary and low qualification required. Only in this way can we reduce the chance of being cheated when hunting for a job.（阐述观点段）Test 4

【分析题目】本题属于提纲式文字命题。提纲第1点指出校园里的一种现象，提纲第2点要求说明这种现象的原因，提纲第3点要求提出建议，由此可判断本文应为现象解释型作文，写作的重点是对现象原因的分析。根据所给提纲，本文内容应安排成如下三段：第一段指出大学生在校园创业这种现象，为描述现象段；第二段说明大学生选择在学校创业的原因，为说明原因段；第三段表明“我” 对大学生在校园创业有哪些看法或建议，为阐述观点段。【参考范文】

Doing Business in CampusNowadays, some college students or graduates with a good business sense have decided to start their own business in campus. Some of them rent a stand in the school canteen to serve food, some open a studio to provide services for students.（描述现象段）Then why do these students choose to do business in campus? Firstly, the students can make good use of their social network to attract more fellow students to be their customers. Secondly, the renting fee for their working place is much cheaper than that out of campus. Thirdly, the teachers and professors may provide some help to them.（说明原因段）In my opinion, it is wise for students to do business in campus because they can gain precious experience of managing a business and communicating with people at a lower risk than doing business in the society, and at the same time provide their fellow students with convenience in daily life.（阐述观点段）Test 5

【分析题目】本题属于情景式命题，要求写一篇开幕词。根据所给提纲，本文内容应安排成如下三段：第一段表明自己的身份，对与会各位表示欢迎；第二段对到场领导老师的支持表示感谢并阐述体育运动所带给大家的好处；第三段宣布运动会开幕并预祝大会圆满成功。【参考范文】

Opening Speech for a Sports Meeting

Ladies and Gentlemen, Good morning! I am Oscar, the spokesman of the Students Union. On behalf of the Students Union, the main organizer of today s sports meeting, I welcome you all to the beautiful stadium. After two months preparation, our annual sports meeting is held on schedule.Here I want to express my sincere thanks to the support and help from our distinguished school leaders and teachers, for that they have taken time off their busy schedule to take part in our sports activities. Let s give them a big hand. Through sports, we can not only develop our physical powers, but also promote social and emotional skills, and even intellectual skills, which will matter in our future lives substantially. So it is our sincere hope that everybody here cherish this opportunity and enjoy it.At last, best wishes for the success of the sports meeting and best wishes for our athletes to achive their higher goals. It is my pleasure to announce the open of the sports meeting. Thank you and good luck!Test 6

【分析题目】本题属于情景式命题。提纲第1点要求描述背景，引出主题，提纲第2点要求说明事情的经过，提纲第3点要求表明自己的感受，由此可判断本文应为记叙文，写作的重点是对事件经过的叙述。根据所给提纲，本文内容应安排成如下三段：第一段描述事情的背景：进入大学第一天，为描述背景段；第二段由背景事件引出别人帮助自己的经过，为叙述经过段；第三段表明“我”在接受别人帮助后的感受，为阐述观点段。【参考范文】

My First Day on CampusWith excitement and curiosity, I came to the university I had been dreaming of on September 1st, 2005. This day was very meaningful to me because I had received so much help from the people I had never met before. Therefore, I still clearly remember what I had experienced on that day. （描述背景段）No sooner did the coach I took stop at the gate of my university than a few students came to help me with the luggage. After that they helped me check what my dorm number was on the information board and then sent me to my dormitory. They helped me so much that I accommodated to the new life in a short time. （叙述经过段）They left a profound impression on me and let me experience the warmth from strangers. It is these kind hearted students that make me realize I should also devote my efforts to serving those people who are in need of help. I believe my little effort, together with thousands of others contribution, will make the world more beautiful. （阐述观点段）