2010中英版加拿大入籍资料
《Discover Canada 探索加拿大》
Contents内容
The Oath of Citizenship
I swear (or affirm)
That I will be faithful
And bear true allegiance忠诚
To Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth the Second 陛下
Queen of Canada
Her Heirs and Successors
And that I will faithfully observe
The laws of Canada
And fulfil m y duties as a Canadian ci tizen.
我发誓（或确认）/我将忠实效忠/于伊丽莎白二世女王陛下/加拿大女王/和她的后嗣和继任者/而且我将忠实地遵守/加拿大法律/并履行作为加拿大公民的责任。
Understanding the Oath
In Canada, we profess our loyalty忠诚 to a person who represents all Canadians and not to a docum ent such as a constitution宪法, a banner旗帜such as a flag, or a geopolitical enti ty地缘政治实体such as a country. In our constitutional m onarchy君主立宪制国家, these elem ents are encom passed by the Sovereign君主(Queen or King). It is a rem arkably sim ple yet powerful
principle: Canada is personified by the Sovereign just as the Sovereign is personified by Canada.
在加拿大，我们信奉我们的忠诚给那个人他代表所有加拿大人而不是一个文件，如宪法，一面旗帜，如国旗，或一个地缘政治实体，如一个国家。在我们的君主立宪制国家，这些元素被君主（女王或国王）所包含。这是一个非常简单但强大的原则：加拿大被君主人格化了，就像是君主被加拿大人格化了。
Message to Our Readers
Welcome! It took courage to m ove to a new country. Your decision to apply for ci tizenship is another big step. You are becom ing part of a great tradition that was built by generations of pioneers before you. Once you have m et all of the legal requirem ents, we hope to welcom e you as a new citizen with all the rights and responsibilities of ci tizenship.
移民到一个新的国家需要勇气。您决定申请公民身份是另一个很大的跨步。您将成为一个伟大的传统的一部分，它由数代先驱创建。一旦您符合所有法律的要求，我们期待欢迎您成为承担一切责任和权利的新公民。
Canada has welcom ed generations of newcom ers to our shores to help us build a free,
law-abiding, and prosperous繁荣society. For 400 years, settlers and immigrants have contributed to the diversity多样性and richness of our country, which is built on a proud history and a strong identity.
加拿大欢迎数代新人来我们的海岸帮助我们建立一个自由，守法和繁荣的社会。400多年来，定居者和移民们贡献了多样性和富饶给我们的国家，而它建立在一个骄傲的历史和强烈的特性上。
Canada is a constitutional m onarchy君主立宪制, a parliam entary dem ocracy议会民主and a federal state联邦国家. Canadians are bound together by a shared com mitm ent to the rule of law and to the institutions of parliam entary governm ent.
加拿大是一个君主立宪制，议会民主和联邦制国家。加拿大人由对法律和议会政府制的共识团结在一起。
Canadians take pride in their identity and have m ade sac rifices 牺牲to defend their way of life. By com ing to Canada and taking this im portant step toward Canadian citizenship, you are helping to write the continuing story of Canada.
加拿大人以自己的身份感到自豪，并做出牺牲，以捍卫自己的生活方式。通过来到加拿大和迈出通向加拿大公民的这一重要步骤，您帮助加拿大续写接下来的故事。
Imm igrants between the ages of 18 and 54 m ust have adequate knowledge of English or French in order to becom e Canadian citizens. You m ust also learn about voting procedures, Canada’s history, sym bols, dem ocratic institutions民主体制, geography, and the rights and responsibilities of citizenship.
18至54岁的移民必须有足够的英语或法语知识，才能成为加拿大公民。您还必须了解投票程序，加拿大的历史，象征，民主体制，地理，和公民的权利和责任。
Canadian ci tizens enjoy m any rights, but Canadians also have responsibilities. They m ust obey Canada’s laws, and respect the rights and freedom s of others.
加拿大公民享有许多权利，但加拿大人也承担许多责任。他们必须遵守加拿大的法律，尊重他人的权利和自由。
This guide will help you prepare to becom e a Canadian citizen.
本指南将帮助您准备成为加拿大公民。
Good luck!
祝您好运！
Applying for Citizenship申请公民
When you apply for citizenship, officials will check your status, verify that you are not prohibited from applying, and ensure that you meet the requirements.
Your application m ay take several m onths. Please ensure that the Call Centre always has your correct address while your application is being processed.
当您申请入籍，行政官员将检查您的状态，确认您不在禁止申请之列，并确保您符合要求。
您的应用程序可能需要几个月的时间。在您申请正在处理中，请确保呼叫中心总是有您正确的地址。
How to use this booklet to prepare for the citizenship test
如何使用本小册子来准备入籍考试
This booklet will help you prepare for the citizenship test. You should:
?Study this guide;
?Ask a friend or fam ily m em ber to help you practise answering questions about Canada; ?Call a local school or school board, a college, a comm unity centre or a local organization that provides services to immigrants and ask for inform ation on citizenship classes;
?Take English or French language classes, whi ch the Governm ent of Canada offers free of charge.
这本小册子将帮助您准备公民考试。您应该：
?学习本指南;
?请朋友或亲戚帮您练习回答关于加拿大的问题;
?打电话给当地为移民提供服务类信息的学校或教育委员会，大学，社区中心或地方组织，询问有关公民入籍的课程;
?参加加拿大政府免费提供的英语或法语学习班。
About the citizenship test关于公民考试
The citizenship test is usually a written test, but it could be an interview. You will be tested on two basi c requirem ents for citizenship: 1) adequate knowledge of English or French, and 2) knowledge of Canada and of the rights and responsibilities of citizenship. Adult applicants 55 years of age and over do not need to write the ci tizenship test.
公民考试通常是笔试，但也可能是面试。您将被测试两个基本的公民要求：1）足够的英语和法语知识，和2）加拿大和公民的权利和责任知识。成人55岁以上不用参加公民考试的笔试。
All the ci tizenship test questions are based on inform ation provided in this study guide. You will be asked about facts and ideas presented in the guide. You will be required to successfully answer questions on the following topics:
所有的公民考试的问题全都建立在本册学习指引所提供的信息。您会被询问本指引呈现的事实和思想。您将要成功地回答问题，就以下议题：
?The rights and responsibilities of a Canadian ci tizen (including the right to vote in elections, the right to run for elected offi ce in Canada and voting procedures);
?Canada’s governm ent and social, cul tural and politi cal history; and
?Canada’s geography.
?公民的权利和责任（包括选举中投票的权利，在加拿大运营竞选办公室的权利和投票的程序;
?加拿大政府和社会，文化和政治历史;及
?加拿大的地理。
After the test
If you pass the test and m eet all the other requirem ents, you will receive a Notice to Appear to Take the Oath of Citizenship. This
docum ent tells you the date, tim e, and place of your ci tizenship
cerem ony.
At the cerem ony, you will:
?Take the Oath of Citizenship;
?Sign the oath form; and
?Receive your Canadian Citizenship Certifi cate.
If you do not pass the test, you will receive a notification indi cating the next steps.
You are encouraged to bring your family and friends to celebrate this occasion.
入籍后
如果您通过了考试，并符合所有其他要求，您将收到出庭参加公民宣誓的通知。这份文件会告诉您入籍仪式的日期，时间和地点。
在颁奖典礼上，您会：
?做公民宣誓;
?签署宣誓的表格;及
?收到您的加拿大公民证书。
如果没有通过考试，您将收到一个通知，指示下一个步骤。
我们鼓励您把您的家人和朋友带来庆祝这个日子。
Rights and Responsibilities of Citizenship公民权利和责任
Canadian citizens have rights and responsibilities. These com e to us from our history, are secured by Canadian law, and reflect our shared tradi tions, identity, and values.
加拿大公民享有权利和责任。这些权利和责任来自于我们的历史，是由加拿大的法律保障，并反映我们共同的传统，身份和价值观。
Canadian law has several sources, including laws passed by Parliam ent国会and the provincial legislatures省立法机关, English com m on law, the ci vil code of France, and the unwritten constitution that we have inherited from Great Britain.
加拿大法律有几个来源，包括，国会和省议会通过的法律，英国民事法律，法国的民法和从大不列颠继承的不成文宪法。
Together, these secure for Canadians an 800-year old tradi tion of ordered liberty, whi ch dates back to the signing of Magna Carta in 1215 in England (also known as the Great Charter of Freedom s), including:
总之，这些保障了加拿大人一个800年传统的有序的自由，它可追溯到1215年在英格兰Magna Carta
麦格纳大宪章（著名的自由大宪章），包括：
?Freedom of conscience and religion; 宗教和信仰自由
?Freedom of thought, belief, opinion and expression, including freedom of speech and of the press; 思想，信仰，观点和表达自由，包括新闻和言论自由
?Freedom of peaceful assem bly; and和平集会的自由，和
?Freedom of association. 结社自由
Habeas corpus, the right to challenge unlawful detention非法拘禁by the state, com es from English comm on law. 人身保护权，也有权质疑国家的非法拘禁，来自英国的普通法。
[ See larger version ]
Queen Elizabeth II proclaim ing
the amended Constitution,
Ottawa, 1982
女王伊丽莎白二世宣布修订后的宪法，渥太华，1982年
The Constitution of Canada was am ended in 1982 to entrench the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms,which begins with the words, ―Whereas Canada is fou nded upon principles that recognize the suprem acy至上of God and the rule of law.‖ This phrase underlines the im portance of religious宗教 traditions to Canadian soci ety and the dignity and worth of the hum an person.
加拿大宪法1982年进行了修订，确立《加拿大自由和权利宪章》，此章由这句话开始，―而加拿大法律是建立在承认上帝至上和法治至上的原则之上。‖这句话强调了宗教传统对加拿大社会和人类的尊严和价值的重要性。
The Charter attem pts to summ arize fundam ental freedom s while also setting out additional rights. The m ost im portant of these include:
该宪章试图总结基本自由，同时也展示了更多的权利。最重要的包括：
?Mobility Rights — Canadians can live and work anywhere they choose in Canada, enter and leave the country freely, and apply for a passport. 流动权-加拿大人可以选择在加拿大任何地方居住和工作，自由进入和离开该国，并申请护照。
?Aboriginal Peoples’ Rights — The rights guaranteed in the Charter will not adversely affect any treaty or other rights or freedom s of Aboriginal peoples. 土著人民权利-土著人民在宪章中被保障享有的权利将不会受到任何条约或其他权利或自由的不利影响。
?Official Language Rights and Minority 少数民族Language Educational Rights — French and English have equal status in Parliam ent and throughout the governm ent. 官方语言的权利和少数民族语言教育的权利-法语和英语在国会和各地政府具有平等的地位。
?Multiculturalism— A fundam ental characteristic of the Canadian heritage and identity. Canadians celebrate the gift of one another’s presence and work hard to respect pluralism and live in harm ony. 多元文化主义-加拿大遗产和身份的基本特征。加拿大人庆祝以彼此存在为礼物，并努力致力于尊重多元化和和睦相处。
The Equality of Women and Men妇女与男子平等
In Canada, m en and wom e n are equal under the law. Canada’s openness and generosity do not extend to barbaric cultural practices that tolerate spousal abuse, ―honour killings,‖ fem ale genital m utilation, or other gender-based violence. Those guilty of these crim es are severely pu nished under Canada’s criminal laws.
在加拿大，根据法律男女平等。加拿大的开放和宽容并不延伸到野蛮的文化习俗的容忍虐待配偶，―荣誉杀害‖，切割女性生殖器官，或其他基于性别的暴力。那些犯有这些罪行的根据加拿大的刑事法律被严惩。
Citizenship Responsibilities公民责任
In Canada, rights com e with responsibilities. These include: 在加拿大，权利伴随着责任，包括：
?Obeying the law—One of Canada’s founding principles is the rule of law. Individuals and governm ents are regulated by laws and not by arbitrary actions. No person or group is above the law.守法 -加拿大的创始准则之一就是法治。个人和政府都受法律管理而不是任意的行动。任何人或团体不能凌驾于法律之上。
?Taking responsibility for oneself and one’s family— Getting a job, taking care of one’s fam ily, and working hard in keeping with one’s abilities, are im portant Canadian values. Work contributes to personal dignity and self-respect, and to Canada’s prosperity.对自己和家庭负责-找工作，照顾一个人的家庭，按一个人的工作能力来辛勤工作，是重要的加拿大价值观。工作有利于建立个人尊严和自我尊重，和加拿大的繁荣。
?Serving on a jury— When called to do so, you are legally required to serve. Serving on a jury is a privilege that m akes the justi ce system work, as i t depends on im partial公正juries m ade up of citizens.服务于陪审团 -当被要求这样做，你是依法提供服务。陪审员是一种特权，使法律制裁系统得以运作，因为它取决于公民组成公正的陪审团。
?Voting in elections— The right to vote com es wi th a responsibility to vote in federal, provincial or territorial and local elections.投票选举 -投票权来自于在联邦、省或领地和地方选举投票的责任。
?Helping others in the community—Millions of volunteers freely donate their tim e to help others without pay—helpi ng people in need, assisting at your child’s school, volunteering at a food bank or other charity, or encouraging newcom ers to integrate. Volunteering is an excellent way to gain useful skills and develop friends and contacts.在社区帮助他人-数百万志愿者自愿捐出自己的时间去无偿帮助别人_在人们需要的时候提供帮助，在您孩子的学校进行协助，在食品银行或其他的慈善机构志愿服务，或鼓励新移民融入社会。志愿服务是一种杰出的方式去获得实用技术，并拓展朋友和社会关系。
?Protecting and enjoying our heritage and environment— Every citizen has a role to play in avoiding waste and pollution while protecting Canada’s natural, cultural, and architectural heritage for future generations.保护和享受我们的文化遗产和环境 -每一位公民都可以扮演一个角色去发挥作用来避免浪费和污染，同时为子孙后代保护加拿大的自然，文化和建筑遗产。
Defending Canada保卫加拿大
There is no com pulsory强制性的m ilitary servi ce兵役in Canada. However, serving in the regular Canadian Forces (navy, arm y and air force) is a noble way to contribute to Canada and an excellent career choice (www.forces.ca). You can serve in your local part-tim e navy, m ilitia, and air reserves and gain valuable experience, skills, and contacts. Young people can learn discipline, responsibility, and skills by getting involved in the cadets (www.cadets.ca).
在加拿大没有强制性的兵役。然而，服务于常规加拿大部队（海军，陆军，和空军）是一种贡献于加拿大的高尚方式和一种优秀的职业选择（www.forces.ca）。您可以服务于当地的兼职海军，民兵和空军预备役，并获得了宝贵的经验，技能和社会关系。青少年可以从陆海军学校中学习纪律，责任，技能www.cadets.ca
You m ay also serve in the Coast Guard or em ergency services in your com m unity such as a police force or fire departm ent. By helping to protect your comm unity, you follow in the footsteps of Canadians before you who m ade sacrifi ces in the servi ce of our country.
您也可以服务于海岸警卫队或在您社区的应急服务，如警察或消防部门。通过帮助保护您的社区，你跟随着那些在为我们的国家服务时做出牺牲的加拿大先贤们的脚步。
Who We Are我们是谁
Canada is known around the world as a strong and free country. Canadians are proud of their unique identity. We have inherited the oldest continuous constitutional tradition in the world. We are the only constitutional m onarchy 君主立宪政体in North Am erica. Our institutions uphold a comm it m ent to Peace, Order, and Good Government,a key phrase in Canada’s original constitutional docum ent in 1867, the British North America A ct. A belief in ordered liberty, enterprise, hard work, and fair play have enabled Canadians to build a prosperous soci ety in a rugged environm ent from our Atlantic shores to the Pacifi c Ocean and to the Arcti c Circle—so m uch so that poets and songwriters have hailed Canada as the ―Great Dominion.‖
加拿大是世界闻名的一个强大和自由的国家。加拿大人为有自己无以伦比的身份感到自豪。我们继承了世界上最古老的连续的合乎宪法的传统。我们是北美唯一的君主立宪政体。我们的制度坚持致力于“和平、秩序，以及良好的政府”，这是在1867年加拿大首个宪法文件里的一个关键短语_《英属北美法案》。一个信仰有序的自由，进取，勤奋工作，和公平竞争，使加拿大人有了从我们的大西洋海岸到太平洋和北极圈的恶劣的环境下，建立一个繁荣社会的可能，如此以至于诗人和作曲家将加拿大誉为的“伟大的统治权。”
To understand what it m eans to be Canadian, it is im portant to know about our three founding peoples—Aboriginal, French, and British.
为了理解它对成为加拿大人的意义，重要的是要了解我们的三个原始民族_原住民，法国人和英国人。Aboriginal peoples原住民
From left to right:
Métis fr om Alberta, Cr ee dancer梅蒂斯来自阿尔伯塔省，克里舞者
The ancestors of Aboriginal peoples are believed
to have m igrated from Asia m any thousands of
years ago. They were well established here long
before explorers from Europe first cam e to North
Am erica. Diverse, vibrant First Nations cultures were rooted in religious beliefs about their relationship to the Creator, the natural environm ent, and each other.
原住民的祖先被认为是数千年以前来自亚洲的移民。他们在欧洲探险家第一次来到北美之前就长期正常地居住在此。多元化，充满活力的原住民文化植根于他们与造物主-自然环境相关联的宗教信仰，和他们彼此。
Aboriginal and treaty rights are in the Canadian Constitution. Territorial rights were first guaranteed through the Royal Proclam ation of 1763 by King George III, and established the basis for negotiating treaties with the newcom ers — treaties that were not always fully respected.
原住地权和协商权写在加拿大宪法。首先，通过1763年英国国王乔治三世的皇家公告保证地区的权利，并确立了就协商权与新移民谈判的基础-协商并不总是被完全尊重。
From the 1800s until the 1980s, the federal governm ent placed m any Aboriginal c hildren in residential schools to educate and assimilate them into m ainstream Canadian culture. The schools were poorly funded and inflicted hardship on the students; som e were physi cally abused. Aboriginal languages and cultural practi ces were m ostly prohibited. In 2008, Ottawa form ally apologized to the form er students.
从19世纪初到20世纪80年代，联邦政府设置了许多土著儿童寄宿学校来教育和吸收他们融入主流的加拿大文化。学校资金匮乏并将艰难强加于学生，有些是身体上的虐待。土著语言和文化习俗大多被禁止。在2008年，渥太华正式向以前的学生道歉。
In today’s Canada, Aboriginal peoples enjoy renewed pride and confidence, and have m ade significant achievem ents in agriculture, the environm ent, business, and the arts.
在今天的加拿大，原住民享受着再新的骄傲和信心，并在农业，环境，商业和艺术领域取得了显著的成就。
Today, the term Aboriginal peoples refers to three distinct groups:
今天，原住民这个术语是指三个不同的群体：
Indian refers to all Aboriginal people who are not Inuit or Métis. In the 1970s, the term First Nations began to be used. Today, about half of First Nations people live on reserve land in about 600 comm unities while the other half live off-reserve, m ainly in urban centres.
印第安人是指所有的不是因纽特人或梅蒂斯人的原住民。在1970s，原住民这个词第一次开始使用。今天，大约有一半原住民住在保留地的600个社区，而另一半主要居住在保留地之外，大多在城市中心。
From left to right:
Inuit children in Iqaluit, Nunavut Haida artist Bill Reid c arves a totem pole
因纽特儿童在伊魁特，努纳武特海达艺术家比尔里德在雕图腾柱
约翰巴奇，特威兹缪尔第一男爵，是一个受欢迎的加拿大总督（1935至40年）。移民团体，他说，―应该保留自己的个性，它们每一个都对国家的民族性做出贡献。‖每一个都可以向其他―民族”学习，而当他们特
别珍惜自己特殊的忠诚和传统，他们珍惜并不少于来自于他们结合的新的忠诚和传统。”
(Canadian Club of Halifax, 1937) （，1937年加拿大哈利法克斯社区）
The 15th Governor Gener al is shown her e in Blood (Kainai Fir st N ation) headdr ess
第15届加拿大总督（Kainai第一民族血统）头饰The Inuit, which m eans ―the people‖ in the Inukti tut language, live in sm all, scattered comm unities across the Arctic. Their knowledge of the land, sea, and wildlife enabled them to adapt to one of the harshest environm ents on earth.
因纽特人，在因纽特语中意味着―人‖，生活在跨越北极小的，分散的社区。他们对陆，海，和野生动物的知识的使他们能够适应地球上最恶劣的环境之一。
The Métis are a distinct people of m ixed Aboriginal and European ancestry, the m ajority of whom live in the Prairie provinces. They com e from both French- and English-speaking backgrounds and speak their own dialect, Mi chif.
梅蒂斯人是一个独特的混合了原住民和欧洲血统的人，其中大多数生活在草原省份。他们都来自法语和英语双语背景，并讲自己的方言，Michif。
About 65% of the Aboriginal people are Fi rst Nations, while 30% are Métis, and 4% Inuit. 约65％的原住民是印第安人，30％是梅蒂斯人，4％是因纽特人。
From left to right: St Patrick’s Day Par ade, Montr eal, Quebec从左至右依次为：圣帕特里克节游行，蒙特利尔，魁北克Highland danc er at Glengarry Highland Games, Maxville, Ontario高陆舞者在格伦加里高地运动会，马克斯维尔，安大略省
Celebr ating Fête Nationale, Gatineau, Quebec祭祀庆祝国立，加蒂诺，魁北克Acadian fiddler, Village of Grande-Anse, New Brunswick阿卡迪亚小提琴手，格朗当斯村，新不伦瑞克
English and French英语和法语
Canadian society today stem s largely from the English-speaking and French-speaking Christian civilizations that were brought here from Europe by settlers. English and French define the reality of day-to-day life for m ost people and are the country’s official languages. The federal governm ent is required by law to provide services throughout Canada in English and French.
加拿大社会今天大部分起源于讲英语和法语的基督教文明从欧洲被定居者带到这里。英语和法语界定了现实大多数人的日常生活并且是国家的官方语言。联邦政府依法被要求在加拿大各地提供英语和法语服务。
Today, there are 18 m illion Anglophones — people who speak English as a first language —and 7 m illion Francophones — people who speak French as their first language. While the m ajority of Francophones live in the province of Quebec, one m illion Francophones live in Ontario, New Brunswick, and Manitoba, with a sm aller presence in other provinces. New Brunswi ck is the only offi cially bilingual province.
今天，有1800万英语母语者-英语为第一语言-和700万法语母语者-法语为第一语言。尽管法语母语者大部分生活在魁北克省，仍有一百万法语母语者居住在安大略省，新不伦瑞克省，和马尼托巴省，另有一小部分存在于其他省份。新不伦瑞克省是唯一官方使用双语的省份。
The Acadians are the descendants后代of French colonists who began settling in what are now the Maritim e provinces in 1604. Between 1755 and 1763, during the war between Britain and France, m ore than two-thirds of the Acadians were deported from their hom eland. Despite this ordeal, known as the ―Great Upheaval,‖ the Acad ians survived and m aintained their unique identi ty. Today, Acadian culture is flourishing and is a lively part of French-speaking Canada.
阿卡迪亚人是法国殖民者的后裔，他们1604年开始定居在如今的加拿大沿海省份。1755年至1763年间，英法战争间，有多于三分之二的阿卡迪亚人被驱逐出家园。尽管这个严酷的考验，被称为―大动荡‖，阿卡迪亚人存活下来并保持了其独特的个性。今天，阿卡迪亚文化是加拿大法语语系繁荣的，活跃的一部分。
Quebecers are the people of Quebec, the vast m ajority French-speaking. Most are descendants of 8,500 French settlers from the 1600s and 1700s and m aintain a unique identi ty, cul ture, and language. The House of Comm ons recognized in 2006 that Québécois form a nation within a united Canada. One m illion Anglo-Quebecers have a heritage of 250 years and form a vibrant part of the Quebec fabric.
魁北克是魁北克的人民，绝大多数为讲法语者。大部分是1600代至1700年代保持了独特的个性，文化和语言的8500个的法国定居者的后裔。众议院在2006年公认魁北克人形成一个加拿大统一国家内的民族。一百万英国魁北克人继承了250多年的传统，并形成一个充满活力的魁北克组成部分。
The basic way of life in English-speaking areas was established by hundreds of thousands of English, Welsh, Scottish and Irish settlers, soldiers and m igrants from the 1600s to the 20th century. Generations of pioneers and builders of British origins, as well as other groups, invested and endured hardship in laying the foundations of our country. This helps explain why Anglophones (English speakers) are generally referred to as English Canadians.
在英语语系地区基本的生活方式，由成百上千的英国，威尔士，苏格兰和爱尔兰定居者，移民和士兵从1600年代到20世纪建立。一代代的来自不列颠的开拓者和建设者，与其他群体一起，投资并吃苦耐劳奠定了我们国家的基础。这有助于解释为什么Anglophones（讲英语者）一般称为英语加拿大人。
Top: Celebration of Cultur es, Edmonton, Alberta
上图：庆典文化，埃德蒙顿，阿尔伯塔
Bottom fr om left to right: Ismaili Muslims in the Calgary Stampede, Alberta
底部从左至右依次为：伊斯玛仪穆斯林在卡尔加里牛仔节，艾伯塔省
Caribbean cultur al festival,Toronto, Ontario加勒比文化节，多伦多，安大略省
Ukrainian Pysanka Festival, Vegr eville, Alberta乌克兰Pysanka节，Vegr eville，艾伯塔省
Young Polish danc ers in Oliver, British Columbia年轻的波兰舞者在奥利弗，不列颠哥伦比亚省Diversity in Canada加拿大的多样性
Pipes and drums in Ottawa风笛与鼓在渥太华The m ajority of Canadians were born in this country and this has been true since the 1800s. However, Canada is often referred to as a land of immigrants because, over the past 200 years, m illions of newcom ers have helped to build and defend our way of life.
自1800年以来，大多数加拿大人都出生在这个国家，已成为事实。然而，加拿大在过去的200多年通常被指作移民的国家，以百万计的新移民都有助于建立和捍卫我们的生活方式。
Today, m any ethnic and religious groups live and work in peace as proud Canadians. The largest groups are the English, French, Scottish, Irish, Germ an, Italian, Chinese, Aboriginal, Ukrainian, Dutch, South Asian, and Scandinavian. Since the 1970s, m ost immigrants have com e from Asian countries.
今天，许多种族和宗教群体做为自豪的加拿大人在和平的生活和工作。最大的族群是英国人，法国人，苏格兰人，爱尔兰人，德国人，意大利人，中国人，原住民，乌克兰人，荷兰人，南亚的和斯堪的纳维亚人。自20世纪70年代，大多数移民来自亚洲国家。
Non-offi cial languages are widely spoken in Canadian hom es. Chinese languages are the second m ost-spoken at hom e, after English, in two of Canada’s biggest cities. In Vancouver, 13% of the population speaks Chinese languages at hom e; in Toronto, the num ber is 7%.
非官方语言广泛使用在加拿大家庭。在加拿大最大的两个城市，中国语言是第二个最大使用语，仅次于英语。在温哥华，13％的人口在家中讲中文，在多伦多，这个数字是7％。
The great m ajority of Canadians identify as Christians. The largest
religious affiliation is Rom an Catholic, followed by various Protestant
churches. The num bers of Muslim s, Jews, Hindus, Sikhs, and m em bers of
other religions, as well as atheists, are also growing. In Canada the state
has traditionally partnered wi th faith comm unities to prom ote social
welfare, harm ony and m utual respect; to provide schools and health care;
to resettle refugees; and to uphold religious freedom and freedom of
conscience. Together, these diverse groups, sharing a comm on Canadian
identity, m ake up today’s m ulticultural society.
绝大多数的加拿大人确定为基督徒。最大的宗教信仰是罗马天主教，其次是各种新教。穆斯林，犹太人，印度教徒，锡克教徒，和其他宗教成员以及无神论者的人数，也越来越大。在加拿大，国家历来与宗教团体合作，促进社会福利，和谐，相互尊重;提供学校和医疗保健;安置难民以及维护宗教自由和意识自由。总之，这些不同的群体，共享一个共同的加拿大身份，组成今天的多元文化社会。
From left to right: Christmas in Gatineau从左至右依次为：圣诞节在加蒂诺
Chinese-Canadian war veter ans加拿大华裔退伍军人
Notre-Dame-des-Victoir es, Quebec City圣母大教堂，魁北克市
Chinese N ew Year c elebr ation, Vanc ouver中国农历新年的庆祝活动，温哥华Left: Olympian Marjorie Turner-Bailey of N ova Sc otia is a desc endant of blac k Loyalists, esc aped slaves
and fr eed men and women of African origin who in the 1780s fled to
Canada fr om Americ a, wher e slavery r emained legal until 1865.
左：新斯科舍省奥运选手玛乔丽特纳，贝利是黑人保皇党后裔，释放了众多的奴隶
并帮助非洲裔男人女人们获得自由，他于1780年从直到1865年奴隶制仍然合法的
美国逃亡到加拿大。
Canada’s History加拿大历史
Indian enc ampment, 印第安人的营地，
fur tr ade er a皮毛贸易时代
Aboriginal peoples原住民
When Europeans explored Canada they found all regions occupied by native peoples they called Indians, because the first explorers thought they had reached the East Indies. The native people lived off the land, som e by hunting and gathering, others by raising crops. The Huron-Wendat of the Great Lakes region, like the Cree and Dene of the Northwest, were hunter-gatherers. The Iroquois were hunters and farm ers. The Sioux were nom adic游牧民族, following the bison (buffalo) herd. The Inuit lived off Arctic wildlife. West Coast natives preserved fish by drying and sm oking. Warfare was comm on am ong Aboriginal groups as they com peted for land, resources, and prestige.
当欧洲人探索加拿大时，他们发现所有地区都被他们称为印第安人的原住民占领，因为第一个探险家认为他们已经达到了东印度。原住民以土地为生，一些人靠狩猎和采集，另一些通过种植农作物。大湖区的休伦- Wendat族，像在西北的Cree族和Dene族一样，是猎人和采集人。Iroquoi族是猎人和农民。Sioux族是游牧民族，追随着野牛群。因纽特人以北极野生动物为生。西海岸土著熏制鱼干。战争在土著群体间是常见的，因为他们争夺土地，资源，和威望。
The arrival of European traders, m issionaries, soldiers, and colonists changed the native way of life forever. Large num bers of Aboriginals died of European diseases to which they lacked imm unity. However, Aboriginals and Europeans form ed strong econom ic and m ilitary bonds in the first 200 years of coexistence which laid the foundations of Canada.
欧洲商人，传教士，士兵和殖民者到达，并最终改变了当地的生活。大量的土著人死于来自于欧洲的疾病，因为他们缺乏免疫力。然而，在前200年里，土著人和欧洲人形成了共存的强劲的经济和军事纽带，而这奠定了加拿大的基础。
The first europeans第一批欧洲人
The Vikings from Iceland who colonized Greenland 1,000 years ago also reached Labrador and the island of Newfoundland. The rem ains of their settlem ent, l’Anse aux Meadows, are a World Heritage site.
殖民格陵兰1000多年前来自冰岛的北欧海盗也到达了拉布拉多和纽芬兰岛。他们定居的遗迹，l’Anse aux 草地，是一个世界遗产。
European exploration began in earnest in 1497 with the expedition of John Cabot, who was the first to draw a m ap of Canada’s east coast.
欧洲认真地探险东海岸开始于1497年的John Cabot远征队，他是第一个绘制加拿大东岸地图的人。
John Cabot, an Italian imm igr ant to England, was the
first to map Canada’s Atlantic shor e,
约翰卡博特，一个从意大利到英国的移民，是第一个绘制加拿大
大西洋海岸地图的人，
setting foot on N ewfoundland or Cape Breton Island in
1497 and claiming the
在1497年踏上纽芬兰或布雷顿角岛，并宣称，
New Founde Land for England. E nglish settlement did not begin until 1610
新纽芬兰归属英格兰，而英国定居者直到1610年才开始到来
Jac ques Cartier was the卡蒂埃是
first Eur opean to explor e第一个从欧洲来探索
the St. Lawrenc e River圣劳伦斯河
and to set eyes on并见到
pr esent-day Quebec City现在的魁北克市
and Montr eal和蒙特利尔
Exploring a river, naming Canada探索一条河，命名加拿大
Between 1534 and 1542, Jacques Cartier m ade three voyages across the Atlanti c, claim ing the land for King Francis I of France. Cartier heard two captured guides speak the Iroquoian word kanata, m eaning ―village.‖ By the 1550s, the nam e of Canada began appearing on m aps.
1534年和1542年之间，Jacques Cartier进行了三次跨越大西洋的航行，声称这个大陆归属法国国王弗朗西斯一世。Cartier听到两名被俘的导游讲了一个Iroquoian语的词“卡娜塔”，意为“村庄。”到1550年，“加拿大”这个名字开始出现在地图上。
Royal New France皇家新法兰西
In 1604, the first European settlem ent north of Florida was established by French explorers Pierre de Monts and Sam uel de Cham plain, first on St. Croix Island (in present-day Maine), then at Port-Royal, in Acadia (present-day Nova Scotia). In 1608 Cham plain built a fortress at what is now Quebec City. The colonists struggled against a harsh clim ate. Cham plain allied the colony with the Algonquin, Montagnais, and Huron, historic enem ies of the Iroquois, a confederation of five (later six) First Nations who battled with the French settlem ents for a century. The French and the Iroquois m ade peace in 1701.
1604年，法国探险家Pierre de Monts和Sam uel de Cham plain将北佛罗里达建立成第一个欧洲人移居地，首先在圣克罗伊岛（在今天的缅因州），然后在阿卡迪亚（今新斯科舍省）的皇家港口。1608年尚普兰建立了一个要塞，就是现在的魁北克城。殖民开拓者与恶劣气候抗争。Cham plain尚普兰与Algonquin阿尔冈昆, Montagnais蒙登雅,和Huron休伦湖联合成殖民地，对敌历史上著名的组成五邦联（后来是六个）的原住民Iroquois易洛魁人。Iroquois易洛魁人与法国移居者斗争了一个世纪。法国人与Iroquois易洛魁人在1701年取得了和平。
The French and Aboriginal people collaborated in the vast fur-trade econom y, driven by the dem and for beaver pelts in Europe. Outstanding leaders like Jean Talon, Bishop Laval, and Count Frontenac built a French Em pire in North Am erica that reached from Hudson Bay to the Gulf of Mexico.
受到欧洲对海狸毛皮的需求，法国人和土著人在巨大的毛皮贸易经济中展开合作。杰出的领袖像Jean Talon 塔隆，主教Laval拉瓦尔，和伯爵 Frontenac夫隆特纳克，在北美建立了一个从哈得逊湾到墨西哥海湾的法兰西帝国。
(From Left to Right)
Count Fr ontenac refused to surrender Quebec to the English in 1690, saying: ―My only r eply will be from the mouths of m y c annons!‖ 1690年，伯爵夫隆特纳克拒绝魁北克向英国投降，他说：―我只会从我的大炮嘴里回答‖
Pierr e Le Moyne, Sieur d’Iberville, was a gr eat her o of N ew Fr anc e, winning many victories over the English, fr om James Bay in the north to N evis in the Caribbean, in the late 17th and early 18th c enturies，皮埃尔莱莫因，是新法兰西的伟大英雄，他赢得了许多对英国的胜利。从加勒比海的James湾北部到尼维斯，在17世纪末18世纪初。
Sir Guy Carleton (Lord Dorchester), as Gover nor of Quebec, defended the rights of the Canadiens, defeated an Americ an military invasion of Quebec in 1775, and supervised the Loyalist m igr ation to N ova Sc otia and Quebec in 1782-83盖伊查尔顿爵士（多切斯特贵族），作为魁北克总督，捍卫了加拿大人的权利，在1775年击败了军事入侵魁北克的美国人，并监督保皇党在1782年至1783年迁移到新斯科舍省和魁北克省。
Struggle for a continent争夺一个大陆
In 1670, King Charles II of Englan d granted the Hudson’s Bay Com pany ex clusive trading rights over the watershed draining into Hudson Bay. For the next 100 years the Com pany com peted with Montreal-based traders. The skilled and courageous m en who travelled by canoe were called voyageurs and coureurs des bois, and form ed strong alliances with First Nations.
在1670年，英国国王查尔斯二世授予哈德逊湾公司整个哈德逊湾流域贸易专营权。在接下来的100年中，这个公司与蒙特利尔的贸易商竞争。被称为voyageurs和coureurs des bois的娴熟和勇敢的人乘独木舟旅行，与原住民形成强大的联盟。
English colonies along the Atlantic seaboard, dating from the early 1600s, eventually becam e richer and m ore populous than New France. In the 1700s France and Great Britain battled for control of North Am erica. In 1759, the British defeated the French in the Battle of the Plains of Abraham at Quebec City —m arking the end of France’s em pire in Am erica. The com m anders of both arm ies, Brigadier Jam es Wolfe and the Marquis de Montcalm, were killed leading their troops in battle.
从1600s初英国的殖民者，沿着大西洋海岸，最终比新法兰西更富有，且拥有更多的人口。在1700s法国和大不列颠为赢得对北美的控制权展开争夺。1759年，英国人在魁北克城的亚伯拉罕平原战役中打败了法国人-标志着法兰西帝国在美洲的结束。双方军队的指挥官，旅长Jam es Wolfe和侯爵de Montcalm，在领导部队的战斗中被打死。
The province of Quebec在魁北克省
Following the war, Great Britain renam ed the colony the ―Province of Quebec.‖ The
French-speaking Catholic people, known as habitants or Canadiens, strove to preserve their way of life in the English-speaking, Protestant-ruled British Em pire.
战后，大不列颠重新命名了殖民地为―魁北克省‖。以“habitants或Canadiens”知名的普遍讲法语的天主教人，在讲英语的，新教统治的大英帝国中，努力维护他们的生活方式。
A tradition of accommodation传统的和解
To better govern the French Rom an Catholic m ajority, the British Parliam ent passed the Quebec Act of 1774. One of the constitutional foundations of Canada, the Quebec A ct accom m odated the principles of British institutions to the reality of the province. It allowed religious freedom for Catholics and perm itted them to hold public office, a practi ce not then allowed in Britain. It established English crim inal law and French civil law.
为了更好地统治占多数的法裔罗马天主教徒，英国国会通过了加拿大的基础宪法之一的1774年的魁北克法案。魁北克法案使全省实际顺应了英国惯例原则。它允许天主教徒的宗教自由，并允许他们担任公职，而在英国当时不允许那么做。它确立了英国刑法和法国民法。
United empire loyalists联合帝国保皇党
In 1776, the thirteen British colonies to the south of Quebec declared independence and form ed the United States. North Am erica was again divided by war. More than 40,000 people loyal to the Crown, called ―Loyalists,‖ fled the oppression of the Am erican Revolution to settle in Nova Scotia and Quebec. Joseph Brant led thousands of Loyalist Mohawk Indians into Canada. The Loyalists cam e from Dutch, Germ an, British, Scandinavian, Aboriginal and other origins and from Presbyterian, Anglican, Baptist, Methodist, Jewish, Quaker, and Catholic religious backgrounds. About 3,000 black Loyalists, freedm en and slaves, cam e north seeking a better life. In turn, in 1792, som e black Nova Scotians, who were given poor land, m oved on to establish Freetown, Sierra Leone (West Afri ca), a new British colony for freed slaves.
1776年，十三个英国殖民地在魁北克南部宣布独立，并组成美国。北美再次被战争分裂。超过40,000效忠于王权的被称为―保皇党‖的人，逃离美国独立战争的压迫定居在新斯科舍省和魁北克省。Joseph Brant约瑟夫布兰特率领成千的莫霍克印第安保皇党进入加拿大。这些保皇党来自荷兰，德国，英国，斯堪的纳维亚，土著居民和其他来源，并有长老会，圣公会，浸信会，卫理会，犹太教，教友会，和天主教的宗教背景。约3,000名黑人保皇党，自由民和奴隶，来北方寻求更好的生活。接着，在1792年，一些拥有很少土地的新斯科舍黑人，从Sierra Leone塞拉利昂（西非）搬迁并建立了Freetown，一个属于自由了的奴隶的新英国殖民地。
The first elected Assembly of Lower Canada, in Quebec City, debates第一次选举集会的下加拿大，魁北克市，辩论whether to use both Fr ench and E nglish, January 21, 1793是否同时使用法语和英语，1793年1月21日
The Beginnings of Democracy民主的开端
Dem ocratic institutions developed gradually. The first representative assem bly was elected in Halifax, Nova Scotia, in 1758. Prince Edward Island followed in 1773, New Brunswick in 1785. The Constitutional A ct of 1791 divided the Province of Quebec into Upper Canada (later Ontario), whi ch was m ainly Loyalist, Protestant, and English-speaking, and Lower Canada (later Quebec), heavily Catholic and French-speaking.
民主体制逐步发展。1758年，第一次代表大会在哈利法克斯，新斯科舍省进行了选举。爱德华王子岛是在1773年，之后，新不伦瑞克省是在1785年。1791年宪法法案把魁北克省分为上加拿大（后来的安大略省），它主要是保皇派，新教徒和讲英语的人，和下加拿大（后来的魁北克），大部分是天主教和讲法语的人。The Act also granted to the Canadas, for the first tim e, legislative assem blies elected by the people. The nam e Canada also becam e offi cial at this tim e and has been used ever since. The Atlanti c colonies and the two Canadas were known collectively as British North Am erica.
该法案还第一次，授予加拿大，由人民选举产生立法议会。与此同时，加拿大这个名字也正式被官方认可并一直使用至今。大西洋殖民地和这两个加拿大被统称为英属北美。
From left to right:
Lieutenant Colonel John Gr aves Sim c oe中校约翰格雷夫斯锡姆科
was Upper Canada’s fir st Lieutenant Governor是上加拿大的第一副州长
and founder of the City of Yor k (now Toronto). 和约克（今多伦多）城市的创始人。
Sim coe also made Upper Canada the fir st 锡姆科也让上加拿大成为
provinc e in the British E m pir e to abolish slavery废除奴隶制的大英帝国第一个省
Mary Ann (Shadd) Carey was an outspoken 玛丽安（Shadd）凯里是一个直言不讳的
activist in the movement to abolish slavery在废除奴隶制运动中的活动家
in the USA. In 1853 she bec ame the first woman在美国。1853年她成为加拿大第一位女性
publisher in Canada, helping to found and edit出版商，帮助创办和编辑
The Pr ovincial Freeman, a weekly newspaper dedic ated省自由人周报，专门用于
to anti-slavery, blac k immigr ation to Canada, 反奴隶制，并帮助黑人移民到加拿大，
temper ance (urging people to drink less alc ohol), 节制（劝酒，少喝酒），
and upholding British rule并坚持英国统治Abolition of slavery废除奴隶制
Slavery has existed all over the world, from Asia, Africa, and the Middle East to the Am ericas. The first m ovem ent to abolish the transatlanti c slave trade em erged in the British Parliam ent in the late 1700s. In 1793, Upper Canada, led by Lieutenant Governor John Graves Sim coe, a Loyalist m ilitary officer, becam e the first province in the Em pire to m ove toward abolition. In 1807, the British Parliam ent prohibited the buying and selling of slaves, and in 1833 abolished slavery throughout the Em pire. Thousands of slaves escaped from the United States, followed ―the North Star,‖ and settle d in Canada via the Underground Railroad, a Christian anti-slavery network.
奴隶制存在于世界各地，从亚洲，非洲，中东到美洲。第一个废除跨大西洋奴隶贸易的运动出现于1700s晚期的英国议会。1793年，上加拿大，由一个保皇党军官，副州长John Graves Sim coe约翰格雷夫斯锡姆科领导成为全帝国走向废除奴隶制的第一个省。1807年，英国国会禁止购买和销售的奴隶，而在1833年在帝国各地废除奴隶制。成千上万的奴隶跟随着―北极星‖逃离美国，并通过地下铁路（基督教反奴隶制联盟）定居在加拿大。
A growing economy经济增长
The first com panies in Canada were form ed during the French and British regim es and
com peted for the fur trade. The Hudson’s Bay Com pany, with French, British, and Aboriginal em ployees, cam e to dom inate the trade in the northwest from Fort Garry (Winnipeg) and Fort Edm onton to Fort Langley (near Vancouver) and Fort Vi ctoria —trading posts that later becam e ci ties.
加拿大的第一个公司形成于法国和英国的政体和毛皮贸易争夺中。哈得逊湾公司，带着法国，英国，原住民员工，主宰了从加里堡（温尼伯）和埃德蒙顿堡到兰利堡（靠近温哥华）和维多利亚堡的西北的贸易-贸易站后来成为城市。
The first financial institutions opened in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. The Montreal Stock Ex change opened in 1832. For centuries Canada’s econom y was based m ainly on farm ing and on exporting natural resources such as fur, fish, and tim ber, transported by roads, lakes, rivers and canals.
在18世纪末和19世纪初第一个金融机构开设。蒙特利尔证券交易所于1832年开业。几个世纪以来，加拿大的经济主要以农业和出口天然资源为基础，如皮毛，鱼类，木材，通过道路，湖泊，河流和运河运输。
From left to right: HMS Shannon, a Royal N avy frigate, leads the c aptured USS Chesapeake
从左至右：HMS Shannon,皇家海军护卫舰，领航捕获的美国军舰Chesapeake号into Halifax harbour, 1813. There wer e also naval battles on the Gr eat Lakes在哈利法克斯港，还有在大湖的海战，1813年。
Major Gener al Sir Isaac Br oc k and Chief Tecumseh. Together, British tr oops, First Nations,
少将Isaac Br oc k 爵士和酋长Tec umseh。英国军队同原住民在一起，and Canadian volunteer s defeated an Amer ic an invasion in 1812-14在1812年至1814年和加拿大志愿者击败美国入侵
The War of 1812 1812年的战争
After the defeat of Napoleon’s fleet in the Battle of Trafalgar (1805), the Royal Na vy ruled the waves. But Am ericans resented British interference with their shipping. The USA believed that it would be easy to conquer Canada and launched an invasion in June 1812. Canadian