胡壮麟版语言学名词解释

胡壮麟《语言学教程》第四版笔记

Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics 1.3 Design features of language The features that define our human languages can be called design features which can distinguish human language from any animal system of communication. 1.3.1 Arbitrariness Arbitrariness refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meanings. 1.3.2 Duality Duality refers to the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization. 1.3.3 Creativity Creativity means that language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness. Recursiveness refers to the rule which can be applied repeatedly without any definite limit. The recursive nature of language provides a theoretical basis for the possibility of creating endless sentences. 1.3.4 Displacement Displacement means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of conversation. 加1 Each sound in the language is treated as discrete. 加2 the direct/non-arbitrary/non-symbolic relation between meaning and form. There are resemblances between the language form and what they refer to. That relationship is called icon. Iconicity exists in sounds, lexicons and syntax. It is the motivation between language forms and meanings. It is a relation of resemblance between language form and what they refer to. 1.5 Functions of language As is proposed by Jacobson, language has six functions: 1. Referential: to convey message and information; 2. Poetic: to indulge in language for its own sake; 3. Emotive: to express attitudes, feelings and emotions; 4. Conative: to persuade and influence others through commands and entreaties; 5. Phatic: to establish communion with others; 6. Metalingual: to clear up intentions, words and meanings. three metafunctions: 1. function: to convey new information, to communicate a content that is

语言学教程第四版第二章 胡壮麟 主编

Chapter 2 Speech sounds Contents ?How sounds are made? ?Consonants and vowels ?Phonological processes, phonological rules and distinctive features ?Suprasegmentals 超音段 ?Two major areas for studying speech sounds: phonetics and phonology ?Phonetics: it studies how speech sounds are made, transmitted and perceived. ?Three branches of phonetics: ?Articulatory phonetics发声语音学 is the study of the production of speech sounds. ?Acoustic phonetics声学语音学 is the study of the physical properties of the sounds produced in speech. Auditory phonetics听觉语音学 is concerned with the perception of speech sounds ?Phonology：it deals with the sound system of a language by treating phoneme 音素 as the point of departure. ?It studies the sound patterns and sound systems of languages. ?Ultimately it aims to discover the rules that underlie the sound patterns of all languages. How speech sounds are made? ? speech organs 言语器官 ?Speech organs are also known as vocal organs（发音器官）. ?Parts of human body involved in the production of speech sounds: lungs, trachea (windpipe) 气管, throat, nose, mouth ? organs of speech (Figure 2.2, p.26 on our books)

【免费下载】胡壮麟语言学名词解释总结

胡壮麟语言学名词解释总结 1.design feature: are features that define our human languages,such as arbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacement,cultural transmission,etc. 2.function: the use of language tocommunicate,to think ,https://www.360docs.net/doc/3010624399.html,nguage functions inclucle imformative function,interpersonal function,performative function, emotive function,phatic communion,recreational function and metalingual function. 3.etic: a term in contrast with emic which originates from American linguist Pike’s distinction of phonetics and phonemics.Being etic mans making far too many, as well as behaviously inconsequential,differentiations,just as was ofter the case with phonetic vx.phonemic analysis in linguistics proper. 4.emic: a term in contrast with etic which originates from American linguist Pike’s distinction of phonetics and phonemics.An emic set of speech acts and events must be one that is validated as meaningful via final resource to the native members of a speech communith rather than via qppeal to the investigator’s ingenuith or intuition alone. 5.synchronic: a kind of description which takes a fixed instant(usually,but not necessarily,the present),as its point of observation.Most grammars are of this kind. 6.diachronic:study of a language is carried through the course of its history. 7.prescriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are prescribed how ought to be,https://www.360docs.net/doc/3010624399.html,ying down rules for language use. 8.descriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are just described. 9.arbitrariness: one design feature of human language,which refers to the face that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. 10.duality: one design feature of human language,which refers to the property of having two levels of are composed of elements of the secondary.level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization. 11.displacement: one design feature of human language,which means human language enable their users to symbolize objects,events and concepts which are not present c in time and space,at the moment of communication. 12.phatic communion: one function of human language,which refers to the social interaction of language. 13.metalanguage: certain kinds of linguistic signs or terms for the analysis and description of particular studies. 14.macrolinguistics: the interacting study between language and language-related disciplines such as psychology,sociology,ethnograph,science of law and artificial intelligence etc.Branches of macrolinguistics include psycholinguistics,sociolinguistics, anthropological linguistics,et https://www.360docs.net/doc/3010624399.html,petence: language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules. 16.performance: the actual use of language in concrete situation. https://www.360docs.net/doc/3010624399.html,ngue: the linguistic competence of the speaker. 18.parole: the actual phenomena or data of linguistics(utterances). 19.Articulatory phonetics: the study of production of speechsounds. 20.Coarticulation: a kind of phonetic process in which simultaneous or overlapping articulations are involved..Coarticulation can be further divided into anticipatory coarticulation and perseverative coarticulation. 21.Voicing: pronouncing a sound (usually a vowel or a voiced consonant) by vibrating the vocal cords. 22.Broad and narrow transcription: the use of a simple set of symbols in transcription is called broad transcription;while,the use of more specific symbols to show more phonetic detail is referred to as narrow transcription.

胡壮麟语言学教程课件Part12

Literary linguistics studies the language of literature. It focuses on the study of linguistic features related to literary style. 9.1 Theoretical background

9.2.1 Foregrounding and grammatical form 9.2.2 Literal language and figurative language Simile Metaphor Metonymy Synecdoche 9.2.3 The analysis of literary language

9.3.1 Sound patterning 9.3.2 Different forms of sound patterning Rhyme Alliteration Assonance Consonance Reverse rhyme Pararhyme Repitition

-Metre(Dimetre, Trimetre, Tetrametre, Hexametre, Heptametre, Octametre) -Foot (Iamb, Trochee, Anapest, Dactyl,Spondee, Pyrrhic) 9.3.4 Conventional forms of metre and sound Couplets Quatrains Blank verse Sonnet 9.3.5 The poetic functions of sound and metre 9.3.6 How to analyse poetry?

胡壮麟名词解释

胡壮麟《语言学教程》术语表 第一章 phonology音系学 grammar语法学 morphology形态学 syntax句法学 lexicology词汇学 general linguistics普通语言学theoretical linguistics理论语言学historical linguistic s历史语言学descriptive linguistics描写语言学empirical linguistics经验语言学dialectology方言学 anthropology人类学 stylistics文体学 signif ier能指 signif ied所指 morphs形素 morphotactics语素结构学/形态配列学 syntactic categori es句法范畴syntactic classes句法类别序列 sub-structure低层结构 super-structure上层结构 open syllable开音节 closed syllable闭音节 checked syllable成阻音节 rank 等级 level层次 ding-dong theory/nativistic theory本能论 sing-song theory唱歌说 yo-he-ho theory劳动喊声说 pooh-pooh theory感叹说 ta-ta theory模仿说 animal cry theory/bow-wow theory模声说 Prague school布拉格学派 Bilateral opposition双边对立Mutilateral opposition多边对立Proportional opposition部分对立Isolated opposition孤立对立 Private opposition表缺对立 Graded opposition渐次对立Equipollent opposition均等对立Neutralizable opposition可中立对立Constant opposition恒定对立Systemic-f unctional grammar系统功能语法 Meaning potential意义潜势Conversational implicature会话含义Deictics指示词 Presupposition预设 Speech acts言语行为 Discourse analysis话语分析Contetualism语境论 Phatic communion寒暄交谈Metalanguage原语言 Applied linguistic s应用语言学Nominalism唯名学派Psychosomatics身学 第二章trachea/windpipe气管 tip舌尖 blade舌叶/舌面 front舌前部 center舌中部 top舌顶 back舌后部 dorsum舌背 root舌跟 pharynx喉/咽腔 laryngeals喉音 laryngealization喉化音 vocal cords声带 vocal tract声腔 initiator启动部分 pulmonic airstream mechanism肺气流 机制 glottalic airstream mechanism喉气流 机制 velaric airstream mechanism腭气流机 制 Adam’s apple喉结 Voiceless sound清音 Voiceless consonant请辅音 Voiced sound浊音 Voiced consonant浊辅音 Glottal stop喉塞音 Breath state呼吸状态 Voice state带音状态 Whisper state耳语状态 Closed state封闭状态 Alveolar ride齿龈隆骨 Dorsum舌背 Ejective呼气音 Glottalised stop喉塞音 Impossive内爆破音 Click/ingressive吸气音 Segmental phonology音段音系学 Segmental phonemes音段音位 Suprasegmental超音段 Non-segmental非音段 Plurisegmental复音段 Synthetic language综合型语言 Diacritic mark附加符号 Broad transcription宽式标音 Narrow transcription窄式标音 Orthoepy正音法 Orthography正字法 Etymology词源 Active articulator积极发音器官 Movable speech organ能动发音器官 Passive articulator消极发音器官 Immovable speech organ不能动发音 器官 Lateral边音 Approximant [j,w]无摩擦延续音 Resonant共鸣音 Central approximant中央无摩擦延续 音 Lateral approximant边无摩擦延续音 Unilateral consonant单边辅音 Bilateral consonant双边辅音 Non-lateral非边音 Trill [r]颤音trilled consonant颤辅音 rolled consonant滚辅音 Labal-velar唇化软腭音 Interdent al齿间音 Post-dental后齿音 Apico-alveol ar舌尖齿龈音 Dorso-alveol ar舌背齿龈音 Palato-alveolar后齿龈音 Palato-alveolar腭齿龈音 Dorso-palat al舌背腭音 Pre-palat al前腭音 Post-palatal后腭音 Velarization软腭音化 Voicing浊音化 Devoicing清音化 Pure vowel纯元音 Diphthong二合元音 Triphthong三合元音 Diphthongization二合元音化 Monophthongization单元音化 Centring diphthong央二合元音 Closing diphthong闭二合元音 Narrow diphthong窄二合元音 Wide diphthong宽二合元音 Phonetic similarity语音相似性 Free variant自由变体 Free variation自由变异 Contiguous assimilation临近同化 Juxtapostional assimilation邻接同化 Regressive assimilation逆同化 Anticipatory assimilation先行同化 Progressive assimilation顺同化 Reciprocal assimilation互相同化 Coalescent assimilation融合同化 Partial assimilation部分同化 Epenthesis插音 Primary stress主重音 Secondary stress次重音 Weak stress弱重音 Stress group重音群 Sentence stress句子重音 Contrastive stress对比重音 Lexical stress词汇重音 Word stress词重音 Lexical tone词汇声调 Nuclear tone核心声调 Tonetics声调学 Intonation contour语调升降曲线 Tone units声调单位 Intonology语调学 Multilevel phonology多层次音系学 Monosyllabic word多音节词 Polysyllabic word单音节次 Maximal onset principle最大节首辅 音原则 第三章词汇 liaison连音 contract ed f orm缩写形式 frequency count词频统计 a unit of vocabulary词汇单位 a lexical item词条 a lexeme词位 hierarchy层次性 lexicogrammar词汇语法 morpheme语素 nonomorphemic words单语素词 polymorphemic words多语素词 relative uninterruptibility相对连续性 a minimum f ree f orm最小自由形式 the maximum f ree f orm最大自由形式 variable words 可变词 invariable words不变词 paradigm聚合体 grammatical words(function words)语 法词/功能词 lexical words(cont ent words)词汇词/ 实义词 closed-cl ass words封闭类词 opened-class words开放类词 word class词类 particles小品词 pro-f orm代词形式 pro-adjective(so)代形容词 pro-verb(do/did)代副词 pro-adverb(so)代动词 pro-locative(there)代处所词/代方位词 determiners限定词 predeterminers前置限定词 central determiners中置限定词 post determiners后置限定词 ordinal number序数词 cardinal number基数词 morpheme词素 morphology形态学 free morpheme自由词素 bound morpheme黏着词素 root词根 aff ix词缀 stem词干 root morpheme词根语素 pref ix前缀 inf ix中缀 suff ix后缀 bound root morpheme黏着词根词素 inf lectional aff ix屈折词缀 derivational aff ix派生词缀 inf lectional morphemes屈折语素 derivational morphemes派生语素 word-f ormation构词 compound复合词 endocentri c compound向心复合词 exocentri c compound离心复合词 nominal endocentric compound名词性 向心复合词 adjective endocentric compound形容 词性向心复合词 verbal compound动词性复合词 synthetic compound综合性复合词 derivation派生词 morpheme语素 phoneme音位

英语语言学教程(胡壮麟版).

英语语言学教程（胡壮麟版） Chapter one. Invitation to Linguistic. 1.What is language? “Language is system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. It is a system, since linguistic elements are arranged systematically, rather than randomly. Arbitrary, in the sense that there is usually no intrinsic connection between a work (like “book”) and the object it refers to. This explains and is explained by the fact that different languages have different “books”: “book” in English, “livre” in French, “shu” in Ch inese. It is symbolic, because words are associated with objects, actions, ideas etc. by nothing but convention. Namely, people use the sounds or vocal forms to symbolize what they wish to refer to. It is vocal, because sound or speech is the primary medium for all human languages. Writing systems came much later than the spoken forms. The fact that small children learn and can only learn to speak (and listen) before they write (and read) also indicates that language is primarily vocal, rather than written. The term “human” in the definition is meant to specify that language is human specific. 2.Design Features of Language. “Design features” here refer to the defining properties of human language that tell the difference between human language and any system of animal communication. They are arbitrariness, duality, productivity, displacement, cultural transmission and interchangeability (1)Arbitrariness: By “arbitrariness”, we mean there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. (2)Duality: The property of having two levels of structures (phonological and grammatical), units of the primary level being composed of elements of the secondary level and each level having its own principles of organization. (3)Productivity: Productivity refers to the ability to the ability to construct and understand an indefinitely large number of sentences in one’s native language, including those that has never heard before, but that are appropriate to the speaking situation. The property that enables native speakers to construct and understand an indefinitely large number of utterances, including utterances that they have never previously encountered. (4)Displacement: “Displacement”, as one of the design features of the human language, refers to the fact that one can talk about things that are not present, as easily as he does things present. In other words, one can refer to real and unreal things, things of the past, of the present, of the future. Language itself can be talked about too. (5)Cultural transmission: This means that language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation, but that the details of the linguistic system must be learned anew by each speaker. (6)Interchangeability: Interchangeability means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages. 3.Functions of Language. Language has at least seven functions: phatic, directive, Informative, interrogative, expressive, evocative and performative. (1)Phatic function: The “phatic function” refers to language being used for setting up a certain atmosphere or maintaining social contacts (rather than for exchanging information or ideas). Greetings, farewells, and comments on the weather in English and on clothing in Chinese all serve this function. (2)Directive function: The “directive function” means that language may be used to get the hearer

语言学重要知识点(胡壮麟版)

Language is a means of verbal communication. It is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 1.Design features of language The features that define our human languages can be called design features which can distinguish human language from any animal system of communication.Arbitrariness refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meanings.eg.the dog barks wowwow in english but 汪汪汪in chinese.Duality refers to the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.eg.dog-woof(but not w-oo-f)Creativity means that language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness. Eg. An experiment of bee communication.Displacement means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication. 3. Origin of language The bow-wow theory In primitive times people imitated the sounds of the animal calls in the wild environment they lived and speech developed from that.The pooh-pooh theory In the hard life of our primitive ancestors, they utter instinctive sounds of pains, anger and joy which gradually developed into language. The “yo-he-ho” theory As primitive people worked together, they produced some rhythmic grunts which gradually developed into chants and then into language. 4.Linguistics is the scientific study of language. It studies not just one language of any one community, but the language of all human beings. 5. Main branches of linguistics ?Phonetics is the study of speech sounds, it includes three main areas: articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics, and auditory phonetics. ?Phonology studies the rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables. ?Morphology studies the minimal units of meaning – morphemes and word-formation processes. ?Syntax refers to the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a language, or simply, the study of the formation of sentences. ?Semantics examines how meaning is encoded in a language. It is concerned with both meanings of words as lexical items and levels of language below the word and above it. ?Pragmatics is the study of meaning in context. It concerned with the way language is used to communicate rather than with the way language is structured. 6.Important distinctions in linguistics 1)Descriptive vs. prescriptive For example, ―Don’t say X.‖ is a prescriptive command; ―People don’t say X.‖ is a descriptive statement. The distinction lies in prescribing how things ought to be and describing how things are.Lyons 2)Synchronic vs. diachronic A synchronic study takes a fixed instant (usually at present) as its point of observation. Saussure’s diachronic description is the study of a language through the course of its history. E.g. a study of the features of the English used in Shakespeare’s time would be synchronic, and a study of the changes English has undergone since then would be a diachronic study. 3)Langue & parole langue: the linguistic competence of the speaker. parole: the actual phenomena or data of linguistics(utterances). Saussure 4)Competence and performance According to Chomsky,a language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules is called the linguistic competence, and the actual use of language in concrete situations is called performance. Competence 7.consonant is produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some places to divert, impede, or