phrases
1.abide by(=be faithful to ; obey)忠于；遵守。
2. be absent from…. 缺席，不在
3. absence of mind(=being absent-minded) 心不在焉
4. absorb(=take up the attention of)吸引…的注意力(被动语态)be absorbed in 全神贯注于…近义：be engrossed ; be lost in ; be rapt in ;be concentrated on ; be focused on ; be centered on
5. (be) abundant in(be rich in; be well supplied with) 富于,富有
6. access(to) (不可数名词) 能接近,进入,了解
7. by accident(=by chance, accidentally)偶然地,意外. Without accident(=safely) 安全地,
8. of one’s own accord(=without being asked; willingly; freely)自愿地,主动地
9. in accord with 与…一致. out of one’s accord with 同….不一致
10. with one accord (=with everybody agreeing)一致地
11. in accordance with (=in agreement with) 依照,根据
12. on one’s own account 1) 为了某人的缘故, 为了某人自己的利益2) (=at one’s own risk) 自行负责 3) (=by oneself)依靠自己 on account 赊账; on account of 因为; on no account不论什么原因也不;of …account 有…..重要性.
13. take…into account(=consider)把...考虑进去
14. give sb. an account of 说明, 解释(理由)
15. account for (=give an explanation or reason for) 解释, 说明.
16. on account of (=because of) 由于,因为.
17. on no account(=in no case, for no reason)绝不要,无论如何不要(放句首时句子要倒装)
18. accuse…of…(=charge…with; blame sb. for sth. ; blame sth. on sb. ; complain about) 指控,控告
19. be accustomed to (=be in the habit of, be used to)习惯于.
20. be acquainted with(=to have knowledge of) 了解; (=to have met socially ) 熟悉
21. act on 奉行,按照…行动; act as 扮演; act for 代理
22. adapt oneself to(=adjust oneself to) 使自己适应于
23. adapt…(for) (=make sth. Suitable for a new need) 改编, 改写(以适应新的需要)
24. in addition (=besides) 此外, 又, 加之
25. in addition to(=as well as, besides, other than)除…外
26. adhere to (=abide by, conform to, comply with, cling to, insist on, pe rsist in, observe, opinion, belief ) 粘附; 坚持, 遵循
27. adjacent(=next to, close to) 毗邻的, 临近的
28. adjust..(to) (=change slightly)调节; 适应;
29. admit of (=be capable of, leave room for) …的可能，留有…的余地.
30. in advance (before in time) 预告, 事先.
31. to advantage 有利的,使优点更加突出地.
32. have an advantage over 胜过. have the advantage of 由于…处于有利条件 have the advantage of sb.知道某人所不知道的事33. take advantage of (=make the best of, utilize, make use of, profit from, harness)利用.
34. agree with 赞同(某人意见) agree to 同意
35. in agreement (with) 同意, 一致
36. ahead of 在…之前, 超过…;……………. ahead of time 提前.
37. in the air 1)不肯定, 不具体. 2)在谣传中.
38. above all (=especially, most important of all) 尤其是, 最重要的.
39. in all (=counting everyone or everything, altogether) 总共, 总计
40. after all 毕竟,到底; (not) at all 一点也不; all at
once(=suddenly)突然; once and for all 只此一次; above all 最重要的; first of all 首先; all in all 大体上说; be all in 累极了; all but 几乎.
41. allow for (=take into consideration, take into account) 考虑到, 估计到 .
42. amount to (=to be equal to) 总计, 等于.
43. answer for (undertake responsibility for, be liable for, take charge for) 对…负责.
44. answer to (=conform to) 适合,符合.
45. be anxious about 为…焦急不安; 或anxious for
46. apologize to sb. for sth. 为…向…道歉
47. appeal to sb. for sth. 为某事向某人呼吁. appeal to sb. 对某人有吸引力
48. apply to sb. for sth. 为…向…申请; apply for申请; apply to 适用.
49. apply to 与…有关;适用
50. approve of (=consent to, be in favor of, favor, agree to, consider good, right) 赞成, approve vt. 批准
51. arise from(=be caused by) 由…引起.
52. arrange for sb.sth. to do sth. 安排…做…
53. arrive on 到达; arrive at 到达某地(小地方);得出,作出; arrive in 到达某地(大地方);
54. be ashamed of (=feel shame, guilt or sorrow because of sth. done) 以…为羞耻
55. assure sb. of sth. (=try to cause to believe or trust in sth.) 向…保证, 使…确信.
56. attach(to) (=to fix, fasten; join) 缚, 系,结
57. make an attempt at doing sth. (to do sth.) 试图做…
58. attend to (=give one’s attention, care and thought)注意,照
顾;attend on(upon)(=wait upon, serve, look after) 侍候,照料
59. attitude to towar d …对…的态度.看法
60. attribute…to…(=to believe sth. to be the result of…)把..归因于.., 认为..是..的结果
61. on the average (=on average, on an average) 平均
62. (be) aware of (=be conscious of , having knowledge or consciousness)意识到,知道.
63. at the back of (=behind) 在…后面
64. in the back of 在…后部(里面); on the back of 在…后部(外面); be on one’s back(=be ill in bed) 卧病不起.
65. at one’s back(=supporting or favoring sb.) 支持,维护; have sb. at one ’s back 有…支持, 有…作后台
66. turn one’s back on sb. (=turn away from sb. in an impolit e way) 不理睬(某人),背弃,抛弃
67. behind one’s back 背着某人(说坏话)
68. be based on upon 基于
69. on the basis of 根据…, 在…基础上
70. beat…at 在…运动项目上打赢
71. begin with 以…开始. to begin with (=first of all) 首先, 第一(经常用于开始语)
72. on behalf of (=as the representative of) 以…名义
73. believe in(=have faith or trust in; consider sth.sb. to be true) 相信,依赖,信仰.
74. benefit (from) 受益,得到好处.
75. for the benefit of 为了…的利益(好处)
76. for the better 好转
77. get the better of (=defeat sb.) 打败, 胜过.
78. by birth 在出生上,论出身,按血统at birth 在出生时; give birth to 出生
79. blame sb. for sth. 因…责备某人 . blame sth. on sb. 把…推在某人身上
80. in blossom开花(指树木) be in blossom开花(强调状态) come into blossom开花(强调动作)
81. on board 到船上, 在船上, 上火车或飞机
82. boast of (or about) 吹嘘
83. out of breath 喘不过气来
84. in brief(=in as few words as possible)简言之
85. in bulk 成批地,不散装的
86. take the floor 起立发言
87. on business 出差办事.
88. be busy with sth.于某事。be busy doing sth. 忙于做某事
89. last but one 倒数第二.
90. but for (=without) 要不是. 表示假设
91. buy sth. for…money 用多少钱买
92. be capable of 能够, 有能力 be capable of being +过去分词是能够被…的
93. in any case(=for love or money, at any rate, at any price, at any cost , whatever happens; anyhow)无论如何
94. in case (=for fear that) 万一;
95. in case of (=in the event of)如果发生…万一 in the case of 至于…, 就…而言
96. in no case在任何情况下都不(放句首倒装句)
97. be cautious of 谨防
98. center one’s attention on(=focus one’s attention on) 把某人的注意力集中在…上
99. be certain of (=be sure of) 有把握, 一定.
100. for certain of (=for sure )肯定地,有把握地
101. by chance(=accidentally, by accident)偶然
102. for a change换换环境(花样等)
103. charge sb. with …控告某人犯有…
104. in charge of (=responsible for) 负责(某事) in the charge of …由…管
105. take charge of (=to be or become responsible for)负责管理(照顾)
106. charge…for 因…索取(费用) , charge sb. with sth. 控告某人犯有…
107. round the clock(=all day and all night, usually without stopping) 昼夜不停地
108. comment on 评论
109. commit oneself to 使自己承担… commit sb. to prison把某人送进监狱; commit one’s idea to writing 把某人的想法写下来; commit a matter to a committee 把某事交给委员会讨论
110. in common (和…)有共同之处,共用. be common to sb. 是与某人所共有的
111. keep company with (=be friendly and go out together) 和…要好.
112. compare…with … 把…与…比较
113. compare…to… 把…比作…
114. by comparison 比较起来
115. in comparison with (=in contrast to) 和…比起来
116. compensate for (=give sth. to make up for) 补偿, 赔偿,弥补compensate sb. for sth. 赔偿,弥补
117. complain of (or about)抱怨;诉苦;控告;complain about 抱怨某人或事情; complain to sb. about sth. (or sb.) 向某人抱怨…; complain (抱怨); complement (补充); compliment (恭维)
118. comply with (=act in accordance with a demand, order, rule etc.) 遵守, 依从
119. conceive of (think of, imagine, consider) 想象,设想
120. concentrate on (or upon) 集中,专心
121. be concerned with (=about) 与…有关
122. concern oneself about with 关心
123. in conclusion(=as the last thing)最后一点; at the conclusion of 当…结束时;
124. condemn sb. to 判决
125. on condition that (=if)以…为条件, 假如. in that = because因为; now that = since既然 for all that = although 尽管
126. in out of condition (=thoroughly healthy or fit not fit) 健康状况好不好 . in good (bad) condition处于良好(坏)状态
127. confess(to)(=admit a fault, crime, or sth. wrong)承认, 供认; confess to a crime 承认罪行.
128. confide in (=to talk freely to sb. about one’s secret) 对…讲真心话, 依赖
129. in confidence 推心置腹地; with confidence 满怀信心地; have confidence in 对…有信心
130. confidence in sb. sth. 对…的信赖
131. be confident of 有信心; confidential 机密的
132. confine…to… 把…限制在某范围内
133. confirm sb. in 使某人更坚定(信念等)
134. conform to (=be in agreement with, comply with) 符合,遵照,遵守;1)obey 服从; 2) observe; 3)comply with照…办; 4)keep to遵循; 5)abide by服从;6)stick to按..做
135. be confronted with(=be brought face to face with) 面对, 面
临
136. congratulate sb. on 祝贺
137. in connection with(=with regard to)关于,
138. be conscious of(=be aware of)觉察,知道
139. consent to(=give agreement to permission)同意
140. in consequence (=as a result) 结果
141. in consequence of (=as a consequence of)由于…的结果
1. 14
2. under consideration 在考虑中
143. in consideration of (=in return for, on account of, because of )由于
144. on no consideration(in no case)无论如何也不
145.take…into consideration (=take account of, take…into account)考虑到, 把…考虑进去
146. considerate (=thoughtful of the needs) 体贴的, 考虑他人需要的, considerable相当大的,值得考虑的
147. consist of(=be composed of)由…组成的. consist in主要在于. consist with符合,与…一致
148. be consistent with(=be in agreement with)与…一致. be consistent in一贯的 ,
149. consult sb. on about sth. 向…征求…方面的意见, 就…向…请教
150. to one’s heart’s content尽情地,痛痛快快
151. be content with(=be satisfied with) 满足于be content to do sth. 愿意做某事
152. contrary to (=in opposition to) 与…相反
153. on the contrary 相反
154. contrast…with 把…与…相对(对照)
155. in contrast to/with 和…形成对比by contrast 对比之下156. contribute to 有助于
157. under control (被)控制住out of control无法控制
158. at one’s convenience(=where and when it suits one) 在方便的时间或地点 .be convenient to for 对…方便
159. convince sb. of (=cause sb. to believe or feel certain; to persuade sb.) 使某人确信,try to persuade sb. to do sth.劝说某人做…
160. cope with(=deal with, try to find a solution to)应付, 处理161. in the corner(of)在角落里;on(at) the comer of a street在街道拐弯处;round the comer拐过弯; be in a tight corner陷入困境162. correspond (with) ( =exchange letters regularly) 通信163. correspond to 相当于 . correspond with 符合,一致
164. at all costs不惜任何代价 . at the cost of 以…为代价
165. a matter of course 理所当然的事
166. as a matter of course 当然地, 自然地
167. in (during) the course 在…过程中
168. in due course (=without too much delay) 没经过太久, 到一定时候
169. on credit赊购; with credit以优异成绩; to one’s credit使某人感到光荣; do sb. credit 使…感到光荣
170．be critical of 爱挑毛病的，批评的
171. cure sb. of+某种疾病治好某人的疾病
172．a danger to对…的危险; be in danger(of)处于…危险中; be out of danger脱离危险
173. to date(=so far, until now) 到目前为止
174. out of date过时的；up to date新式的,时兴的; date back to可追溯到; date from从某时期开始(有)
175. deal with (=concern) 论及
176. be in debt to sb. 欠…的债
177. on the decline 在衰退中, 在减少中 in decline 下降; on the increase 在增加
178. to one’s delight 令某人感到高兴to one’s regret 遗憾; sorrow 悲痛; relief 安心; distress 苦恼; shame羞愧; surprise 惊奇; astonishment 惊奇;
179. delight in(=take great pleasure in doing sth.)喜欢, 取乐180. take (a) delight in 喜欢干…, 以…为乐
181. demand sth. of sb. 向某人要求(非物质的)东西. demand sth. from sb. 向某人要求(物质的)东西
182.in demand有需求;on demand受到要求时
183. be dependent on 依靠
184. deprive sb. of sth. 剥夺某人某物
185. derive…from(=obtain…from)从…取得,由…来的.derive
from(=come from)起源于
186. despair of (=lose all hope of) 绝望
187. in despair 绝望
188. despite (=in spite of) 不管, 尽管
189. in detail 详细地
190. deviate from 偏离, 不按…办
191. on a diet 吃某种特殊饮食, 节食
192. differ from…in 与…的区别在于…
193. in difficulties…有困难,处境困难,
194. discharge sb. (from)…for (=dismiss sb. from a job for) 因…解雇, 开除
195. fall back (=retreat, turn back) 撤退; in disorder 慌乱地, 狼狈不堪
196. on display(=being shown publicly)陈列
197. dispose of (=get rid of ,throw away)处理掉
198. beyond dispute不容争议的,无可争议
199. in dispute 在争议中
200. in the distance 在远处. make out 辩认出
201. (be) distinct from ( = be different from) 与…截然不同
202. distinguish between (=make or recognize differences) 辨别203. distinguish…from 把…与…区别开
204. do away with(=get rid of; abolish; discard eliminate) 除去,废除,取消; do away with (=kill) 杀掉, 镇压
205. have…to do with 与…有关系
206. without doubt (=undoubtedly)无可置疑地
207. in doubt(=in a condition of uncertainty)对…表示疑惑
208. be due to 是由于
209. come off duty 下班
210. go on duty 上班
211. be on duty 值班, 值日, 在上班时
212. be in duty bound to (do) (=be required by one’s job or esp. by conscience) 有义务(做)
213. be eager for 想得到, 盼望
214. by ear (=play music from memory without having seen it printed) 凭记忆,不看乐谱
215. have an ear for (=have keen recognition of sounds esp. in music and language)对..有鉴赏力
216. a word in one’s ear 私房话, 秘密话
217. on earth 究竟, 到底, 全然
218. with ease ( = easily) 容易, 不费力
219. at (one’s) ease ( = without worry or nervousness) 自在,不拘束
220. put sb. at his her ease (=free sb. from worry or nervousness)使某人感到无拘束
221. economize on (=save sth. instead of being wasteful) 节省222. have an effect on 对…有影响
223. be in effect (=be in operation) 有效
224. go into effect 生效. ( 近come into effect; take effect; be brought into effect)
225. in effect (=in fact, really) 实际上
226. give effect to (=carry out) 实行,使…生效
227. to no effect 不起作用,没有取得任何效果
228. (be) of no effect (=useless) 无效
229. to the effect that 大意是…,主要内容是…
230. to that effect 是那个意思的…
231. emerge from ( =appear, become known ) 出现, 暴露(问题. 意见等)
232. place(or put, lay) an emphasis on 强调, 把重点放在…上233. encourage sb. in 鼓励; encourage sb. in hisher work 鼓励某人工作; encourage sb. in hisher idleness 怂恿某人游手好闲
234. encourage sb. in …with sth. 用…鼓励某人做某事235. on end (=continuously) 连续地
236. (be) at an end (=finished) 结束了
《中国经典文学作品欣赏》教学大纲
《中国经典文学作品欣赏》教学大纲 课程编号：4261319 英文课程名：Chinese Classical Literature Appreciation 总学时：37学时 学分：2学分 课程类别：专业选修课 适用专业：对外汉语 先修课程：中国现当代文学、中国古代文学 一、课程性质与目的、要求 《中国经典文学作品欣赏》是对外汉语专业学生的专业选修课。该课程将系统地为学生讲解文学作品的各种体裁与文本特点，并结合中国文学史上的经典著作让学生掌握基本的赏析技巧，目的在于培养学生阅读、欣赏、理解经典文学作品的能力。通过阅读和分析经典文学作品，培养学生阅读欣赏能力，提高学生的审美情趣和文化品味，增强学生对中国文学及文化的了解。 二、教学内容及学时分配 本课程的教学内容共分四章 第一章：中国经典诗词欣赏 10课时 第一节：诗词的产生及体式特征 2课时 1、诗的产生及各类体式 2、词的兴起、特征及分类 第二节：先秦诗的顶峰——《诗经》、《楚辞》 2课时 1、《诗经》——《关雎》、《蒹葭》赏析 2、《楚辞》——《离骚》、《湘夫人》赏析 第三节：繁花似锦唐代诗——李白、杜甫、李商隐 2课时 1、李白——《将进酒》、《蜀道难》赏析 2、杜甫——《春望》、《登高》赏析 3、李商隐——《夜雨寄北》、《无题·相见时难别亦难》赏析 第四节：宋词三大家——苏轼、李清照、辛弃疾 2课时 1、苏轼——《念奴娇·赤壁怀古》、《水调歌头·明月几时有》赏析 2、李清照——《如梦令·昨夜雨疏风骤》、《醉花阴·薄雾浓云愁永昼》、《声声慢·寻寻觅觅》赏析 3、辛弃疾——《永遇乐·京口北固亭怀古》、《破阵子·醉里挑灯看剑》赏析 第五节：中国现代新诗三大家——郭沫若、徐志摩、戴望舒 2课时
Phrases
Bookk11 unit2 Detectivestories 一、核心词汇 一）单词 1. vt.侦查；探测；检定 2. n. 跑步锻炼的人；慢跑者 3. adj.法庭的；法医学的 4. vt.喷射；喷溅 5. n．指纹；手印 6. n.污点；污处 7. vt.包；裹 8. vt.缚；绑 9. n..（人体的）驱干 10. n．外科医生 11. vt.照X光；照X射线 12. adj.不正常的；反常的；变态 13. n．紧急情况；紧急事件 14. n陪审团；评判委员会；陪审员 15. n. 关押；监禁 16. n.评估；评价 17. n.寡妇 18. vt.补偿；赔偿；酬报 19. n．＆adj.最大量（的）；最 20. n.动机；目的 21. adv. 野蛮地；残酷地 22. n．病房；病室 23. adj.跛的；瘸的
24. n.惊险读物（电影） 25. adj.机密的；秘密的 26. n.（政府的）部门 27. n．葬礼；丧礼 28. n.纪念物；纪念碑 29. n.趋势；趋向 30. n.失业；失业状态 31. n.纳税人 32. vt.输入；进口；引进 33. n.铝 34. adj.过剩的；剩余的n.剩余 35. n.火焰 36. n.蔬菜水果商 37. 蔬菜水果商店 38. n.小巷，胡同 39. vi.＆vt.说；谈论；评论 40. n.应试者；候选人；候补者 41. vt.陈设；布置 42. vt.开除；赶出 43. n.津贴；补助 44. adj.古怪的；奇特的；特殊的Phrases： 1. 偶尔；时常 2. 了解；理解；
3. 犯罪现场 4. 分辨辨别 5. 提出 6. 根据法律 7. 关于至于 8. 快速穿越，快速阅读，扮演，排演 Language points: 1. people collected samples of blood that had sprayed over the front and back seats and after laboratory tests, they found the blood belonged to three different people.警方采集了溅在汽车前后座位上的血样，经过实验室化验之后确定是三个人的血。(P12,para2) 这是一个并列复合句，由and连接前后两个句子。在前一个句子里有一个由that引导的定语从句that had sprayed over the front and back seats修饰前面的blood。在后一个句子里有一个宾语从句the blood belonged to three different people用作found的宾语。 A sample of blood可说blood sample，意思是“样品、标本、实例”的意思。 56%of the women in the sample said that they supported the go vernment’s policies. 在抽样的人中有56%的妇女说她们支持政府的政策。 Here are some sample questions from last year's exam．这是去年考试中的一些样题。 spray n.①浪花，水花，飞沫 e.g. Sea spray 海上的浪花 A cloud of fine spray came uo from the watefall.飞瀑溅起一片水雾。 ②喷剂，喷雾的液体 e.g. a can of insect spray (=used to kill insects)一罐喷雾杀虫剂 body spray 喷雾香水 spray在本句用作不及物动词，意思是“飞溅”，还可以表示“（液体）喷雾”的意思。There was a hole in the hose, and water sprayed out all over me.水管上有个洞，水溅了我一身。The paint was sprayed evenly on the wa11．墙上油漆喷得很均匀。 spray也常用作及物动词，意思是“向……喷雾状的（液体）”。 spray sb/sth (with sth) 往…上撒，向…扫射（或抛洒） 如：The his crops with pesticide．农民给庄稼喷洒农药。 She sprayed herself with perfume．她往自己身上喷了香水。 The gunman sprayed the building with bullets.持枪歹徒向那座房子扫射。 Pieces of glass sprayed all over the room.屋里到处落满了玻璃碎片。 spray sth (on/onto/over sb/sth)喷，喷洒，向…喷洒 e.g. spray the conditioner onto your wet hair.往你的湿头发上喷些护发素。 She’s had the car sprayed blue.她让人把她的车喷成了蓝色。 补充：spray can 喷雾罐 sprayer 喷雾器，喷枪 spray gun 喷枪 2. Several people reported seeing such a man and some said that the man had followed them and threatened them with he bow and arrow.有好几个人都报告说看到过这样一个人，还有人说那个人曾经跟踪过他们，还用弓箭威胁过他们。（P12 para4）
9Bchapter1-5 笔记
9 B Chapter 1 一、基础篇 1.单词 1．review 动词:复习----revision 名词:复习 2.write 动词:写----writer 名词:作家 3.pollute 动词:污染,弄脏----pollution 名词: 污染 4.chemical 形容词: 化学的----chemistry 名词:化学 5.Britain 名词:不列颠,英国----British 名词:英国人; 形容词:英国的 6.save 动词:搭救;节省;储蓄----safe 形容词:安全的; 名词:保险柜----safety 名词:安全 ----safely 副词:安全地;平安地 7.mean 动词:意味着----meaning 名词: 含义, 意思 8.drive (drove—driven) 动词:驾驶;驱赶----driver 名词: 驾驶员,司机 9.Africa 名词:非洲----African 形容词: 非洲的; 名词: 非洲人 10.heat 名词: 热度;热量; 动词: 加热----hot 形容词:热的 11.suggest 动词建议——suggestion 名词建议 12.cover 动词，覆盖；名词封面——discover 动词，发现 13．bad 形容词，坏的——worse 比较级 14．danger 名词，危险——dangerous 形容词危险的 （二）词组 1.tell sb to do sth., 告诉某人做某事tell sb not to do sth告诉某人别做某事 2.become green (连系动词+形容词) 3. a piece of +不可数名词 4.talk to sb about sth和某人谈论谋事 https://www.360docs.net/doc/3713157999.html,e from/be from 来自 6.protect …from…保护…免受… 7.in danger 处于危险中 8.act like look like sound like (like像, 介词) 9.keep …from….使…不做… 10.as…as…和…一样, not as(so)…as和…不一样 11.such as 例如 12.rise升起,上升;起立(不及物) raise 举起;使升高;饲养;抚养;筹钱(及物) 13.cut down 砍倒 14.take in 吸入,吸收 15.as well as 和 16.throw away 扔掉, throw it away (let out, pick up, work out, give up) 17.what to do with the rubbish 怎么处置垃圾 18.either 也（用于否定句的句末） 19.reach, get to, arrive in/at 到达 20.spend…on…在…上花费(钱/时间) 21.wear –wore—worn 穿,戴, put on 穿;戴上;上演 22.allow…to do…允许…做… 23.ask for reasons (询问理由), give reasons (给出理由) 24.because+句子, because of +名词或名词短语或代词
文学作品的篇章阅读与欣赏.doc
文学作品的篇章阅读与欣赏 1、直击难点 近几年高考的大阅读，均以文学作品为材料设题。2000年是《长城》，2001年是《门》，2002年是《话说知音》，2003年是《乡土情结》。变化的趋势是：难度降低，考查的能力较全面，鉴赏的要求越来越低，题量变少。从文章的体裁看，都是有文化内涵、有较高文学品位的散文；从考点的设置看，各有侧重，或是鉴赏，或是理解，或概括和理解。考纲也将“归纳内容要点，概括中心思想”中的“思想”改为“意思”。准确性要求有所降低，增大了答案的弹性。 【例题】（2003全国高考题）阅读下面的文字，完成1—4题 乡土情结柯灵 每个人的心里，都有一方魂牵梦萦的土地。得意时想到它，失意时想到它。逢年逢节，触景生情，随时随地想到它。辽阔的空间，悠邈的时间，都不会使这种感情褪色：这就是乡土情结。 人生旅途崎岖修远，起点站是童年。人第一眼看见的世界，就是生我育我的乡土。他从母亲的怀抱，父亲的眼神，亲族的逗弄中开始体会爱。乡土的一山一水，一草一木，都溶化为童年生活的血肉，不可分割。而且可能祖祖辈辈都植根在这片土地上，有一部悲欢离合的家史。在听祖母讲故事的同时，就种在小小的心坎里。邻里乡亲，早晚在街头巷尾、桥上井边、田塍篱角相见，音容笑貌，闭眼塞耳也彼此了然，横竖呼吸着同一的空气，濡染着同一的风习，千丝万缕沾着边。一个人为自己的一生定音定调定向定位，要经过千磨百折的摸索，前途充满未知数，但童年的烙印，却像春蚕作茧，紧紧地包着自己，又像文身的花纹，一辈子附在身上。 “金窝银窝，不如家里的草窝。”但人是不安分的动物，多少人仗着年少气盛，横一横心，咬一咬牙，扬一扬手，向恋恋不舍的家乡告别，万里投荒，去寻找理想，追求荣誉，开创事业，富有浪漫气息。有的只是一首朦胧诗，——为了闯世界。多数却完全是沉重的现实主义格调：许多稚弱的童男童女，为了维持最低限度的生存要求，被父母含着眼泪打发出门，去串演各种悲剧。人一离开乡土，就成了失根的兰花，逐浪的浮萍，飞舞的秋蓬，因风四散的蒲公英，但乡土的梦，却永远追随着他们。浪荡乾坤的结果，多数是少年子弟江湖老，黄金、美人、虚名、实惠，都成了竹篮打水一场空。 安土重迁是中华民族的传统，鸟恋旧林，鱼思故渊；树高千丈，落叶归根。但百余年来，许多人依然不得不离乡别井，乃至飘洋过海，谋生异域。有清一代，出国的华工不下一千万，足迹遍于世界。美国南北战争以后，黑奴解放了，我们这些黄皮肤的同胞，恰恰以刻苦、耐劳、廉价的特质，成了奴隶劳动的后续部队，他们当然做梦也没有想到什么叫人权。为了改变祖国的命运，孙中山领导的革命运动发轫于美国檀香山，第一代中国共产党人，很多曾在Qian法国勤工俭学。改革开放后掀起的出国潮，汹涌澎湃，方兴未艾。还有一种颇似难料而其实易解的矛盾现象：鸦片战争期间被清王朝割弃的香港，经过一百五十年的沧桑世变，终于回到了祖国的怀抱，这是何等的盛事！而一些生于斯、食于斯、惨淡经营于斯的香港人，却宁愿抛弃家业，纷纷作移民计。这一代又一代炎黄子孙浮海远游的潮流，各有其截然不同的背景、色彩和内涵，不可一概而论，却都是时代浮沉的倒影，历史浩荡前进中飞溅的浪花。民族向心力的凝聚，并不取决于地理距离的远近。我们第一代的华侨，含辛茹苦，寄籍外洋，生儿育女，却世代翘首神州。当祖国需要的时候，他们都作了慷慨的奉献。香港蕞尔一岛，从普通居民到各业之王、绅士爵士、翰苑名流，对大陆踊跃捐助，表示休戚相关、风雨同舟的情谊，是近在眼前的动人事例。
Discussion phrases
It is useful sometimes to make concessions to the opposing view because arguments are seldom absolute. This strategy requires some acknowledge of opposite viewpoint to demonstrating that the writer has already considered those view. Some phrases to introduce another viewpoint: Although there is some merit in this stance… The other case has sometimes been argued that… Even though it’s rare, it does sometimes… On the opposite side Nevertheless some points are valid… Sometimes it has to be considered… However, there is at least some partial truth… Alternatively, it can be argued… On the other side… In contrast to… In spite of/despite t his, there are alternative options… While one side of the issue compels, it must be noted that… This differs from this scenario time to time when… While noting the appeal, at the same time… Notwithstanding the charm of this view, deeper inspection reveals… On the surface it might seem that……however The fundamental question is not, however, …… On first sight it might seem plausible to argue that…… however, on closer
chapter11
第十一章核酸的降解和核苷酸代谢 核酸的生物功能DNA、RNA 核苷酸的生物功能 ①合成核酸 ②是多种生物合成的活性中间物 糖原合成，UDP-Glc。磷脂合成，CDP-乙醇胺，CDP-二脂酰甘油。 ③生物能量的载体A TP、GTP ④腺苷酸是三种重要辅酶的组分 NAD、F AD、CoA ⑤信号分子cAMP、cGMP 食物中的核酸，经肠道酶系降解成各种核苷酸，再在相关酶作用下，分解产生嘌呤、嘧啶、核糖、脱氧核糖和磷酸，然后被吸收。 吸收到体内的嘌呤和嘧啶，大部分被分解，少部分可再利用，合成核苷酸。 人和动物所需的核酸无须直接依赖于食物，只要食物中有足够的磷酸盐，、糖和蛋白质，核酸就能在体内正常合成。 核酸的分解代谢： 第一节核酸和核苷酸的分解代谢 一、核酸的酶促降解 核酸是核苷酸以3’、5’-磷酸二酯键连成的高聚物，核酸分解代谢的第一步就是分解为核苷酸，作用于磷酸二酯键的酶称核酸酶（实质是磷酸二脂酶）。 根据对底物的专一性可分为：核糖核酸酶、脱氧核糖核酸酶、非特异性核酸酶。 根据酶的作用方式分：内切酶、外切酶。 1、核糖核酸酶 只水解RNA磷酸二酯键的酶（RNase），不同的RNase专一性不同。 牛胰核糖核酸酶（RNaseI），作用位点是嘧啶核苷-3’-磷酸与其它核苷酸间的连接键。 核糖核酸酶T1（RNaseT1），作用位点是3’-鸟苷酸与其它核苷酸的5’-OH间的键。 图 2、脱氧核糖核酸酶 只能水解DNA磷酸二酯键的酶。DNase牛胰脱氧核糖核酸酶（DNaseI）可切割双链和单链DNA。产物是以5’-磷酸为末端的寡核苷酸。
牛胰脱氧核糖核酸酶（DNase Ⅰ），降解产物为3’-磷酸为末端的寡核苷酸。 限制性核酸内切酶：细菌体内能识别并水解外源双源DNA 的核酸内切酶，产生3ˊ-OH 和5ˊ-P 。 图 Pst Ⅰ切割后，形成3ˊ-OH 单链粘性末端。 EcoR Ⅰ切割后，形成5ˊ-P 单链粘性末端。 3、 非特异性核酸酶 既可水解RNA ，又可水解DNA 磷酸二酯键的核酸酶。 小球菌核酸酶是内切酶，可作用于RNA 或变性的DNA ，产生3’-核苷酸或寡核苷酸。 蛇毒磷酸二酯酶和牛脾磷酸二脂酶属于外切酶。 蛇毒磷酸二酯酶能从RNA 或DNA 链的游离的3’-OH 逐个水解，生成5’-核苷酸。 牛脾磷酸二脂酶从游离的5’-OH 开始逐个水解，生成3’核苷酸。 二、 核苷酸的降解 1、 核苷酸酶 （磷酸单脂酶） 水解核苷酸，产生核苷和磷酸。 非特异性磷酸单酯酶：不论磷酸基在戊糖的2’、3’、5’，都能水解下来。 特异性磷酸单酯酶： 只能水解3’核苷酸或5’核苷酸（3’核苷酸酶、5’核苷酸酶） 2、 核苷酶 两种： ① 核苷磷酸化酶：广泛存在，反应可逆。 ② 核苷水解酶：主要存在于植物、微生物中，只水解核糖核苷，不可逆 三、 嘌呤碱的分解 P301 图18-2嘌呤碱的分解 首先在各种脱氨酶的作用下水解脱氨，脱氨反应可发生在嘌呤碱、核苷及核苷酸水平上。 P 299 反应式 不同种类的生物分解嘌呤碱的能力不同，因此，终产物也不同。 排尿酸动物：灵长类、鸟类、昆虫、排尿酸爬虫类
phrases and sentences--答案
Unit 9 --Shopping 1.对其他购物者的影响 the influence on other buyers 2.其次是衣服和首饰 followed by clothes and jewelry 3.高消费为导向的社会 a highly consumption-oriented society 4.越来越注意到新产品和新品牌 become increasingly aware of new products and brands 5.除了对市场的直接影响外 in addition to their direct impact on the marketplace 6.对许多产品和品牌有着次要/间接的影响 have a secondary influence on many of the products and brands 7.四分之三的青少年会影响他们父母的购物决定 three out of four teens influence their parents’ purchasing decisions 8.劝家长购买新产品 convince their parents to buy the new product 9.随着双职工家庭的大量增加 with the large growth in the number of families of two working parents, 10.大量参与家庭的食物采购 be heavily involved in family food shopping 11.分发给学校里的青少年 distribute to teenagers in school 12.占据重要的位置 occupy an important position 13.从其对父母购买决定的间接影响来看 in terms of its secondary influence on parents’ buying decisions 14.一直持续到成年后 last well into adulthood 15.如果换算成市场数据 translated into total market figures 16.影响很多购买决定的一个重要因素 an important factor affecting many buying decisions 17.同龄人的影响
审计学课堂笔记上课讲义
审计学课堂笔记
审计总体目标: 1:对财务报表整体是否不存在由于舞弊造成错误导的重大错报获取合理保证,使得注册会计师能够对财务报表是否在所有重大方面按照适用的财务报表编制基础编制发表审计意见. 2:按照审计准则的规定,根据审计结果对财务报表出具审计报告,并与管理层和治理层沟通. 接受业务委托 是否接受或保持某客户关系和具体审计业务.应考虑:客户诚信,是否具备执行审计业务所必须的素质,专业胜任能力,时间和资源,能否遵守职业道德要求. 主要工作:了解和评价审计对象的可审性;决策是否考虑接受委托;商定业务约定条款;签订审计业务的约定书等. 计划审计工作 在本期审计业务开始时开展的初步业务活动；制定总体审计决策；制定具体审计计划等；计划审计工作不是审计业务的一个独立阶段，而是一个持续的、不断修正的过程，贯穿于整个审计业务的始终。 评估重大错报风险 了解被审计单位及其环境；识别和评估财务报表层次以及各类交易、账户余额、列报认定层次的重大错报风险，包括确定需要特别考虑的重大的错报风险即特别风险，以及仅通过实质性程序无法应对的重大错报风险等。
风险应对：实施控制测试和实质性程序。实施进一步审计程序，包括实施控制测试和实质性程序。 完成审计工作和编制审计报告 根据所获取的各种证据，合理运用专业判断，形成适当的审计意见。 审计过程中修改重要性 修改的情况:审计过程中情况发生重大变化;获取新信息；通过实施进一步审计程序，注册会计师对被审计单位及其经营所了解的情况发生变化。 总体审计策略用以确定审计范围、时间安排和方向，并指导具体审计计划的制定。内容：审计范围；报告目标、时间安排以及所需要沟通的性质；审计方向；审计资源配置。 具体审计计划 错报的汇总数=已经识别的具体错报+推断错报=事实错报+判断错报+抽样推断错报 事实错报：毋庸置疑的错报；判断错报：由于注册会计师认为管理层对会计估计作出不合理的判断或不恰当地选择和运用会计政策而导致的差异；推断错报：注册会计师对总体存在的错报作出最佳估报数，涉及根据在审计样本中识别出的错报来推断总体的错报。 审计证据的充分性：审计证据的充分性是指审计证据的数量足以将与每个重要认定相关的审计风险限制在可接受的低水平。
深圳牛津版九年级英语chapter11 Point of view 知识点详解
Chapter 11 The Points of view 热身练习： 句意解释： 1. Only the wealthy can afford to travel around the world. A. strong men B. useful people C. poor people D. rich people 2. To keep fit, we should eat more vegetables and less meat. A. good B. healthy C. wealthy D. thin 3. The government may ban an advertisement which forces children to buy things. A. forbid B. allow C. encourage D. offer 4. Advertisers earn a lot of money because of advertisements. A. lend B. make C. keep D. borrow 5. Is it illegal for children under 16 to buy cigarettes in China ? A. allowed by law B. against the law C. not polite D. not right 6. In addition, he loves playing computer games. A. What’s more B. Beside C. However D. As a result 正确形式填空： 1.traveller --travel 2. illegal非法的-- legal (反) 合法的 3. wealthy富有的e.g. a wealthy family 近义词：rich ---wealth n. 财富 4. effective adj. 有效的---effect （n. 影响v. 产生，达到目的） 5. identify 确定；认同；一致identify with sb 与某人产生共鸣、认同某人、以某人为模式 e.g. The play was so wonderful that the audience quickly identified with the actors. 6. possession n. -- possess v. 持有 7. act --- actor --actress 1.The long walk across the desert is ___________ his strength. (consume) 2.Who's in charge of the ___________ of students in this school? (manage) 3.Tree planting can __________ prevent sandstorms. (effective) 4.What do you think of the idea "little ___________ are big ones"? (spend) 5.He works in an __________ company as a vice-director. (advertise) 6.I won't go to the concert __________ because I have no money to waste. (simple) 7.Lower ____ levels make it difficult for some people to find good jobs in big cities. (educate) 8.Some educators believe children who watch many TV advertisements will become more __________ in possessions. (interest) 9.The Game is the biggest sports event for _________ People. (Asia)
SCI常用句型库-- Stock Phrases
五. SCI常用句型库-- Stock Phrases Recognizing Stock Phrases： Standard phrases (“stock phrases”) are used in many research articles in biomedical journals just as readers are used to seeing articles organized according to the standard format. Objectives 1. This paper concerns/tests/investigates/reports/proposes/ demonstrates/considers/evaluates/measures… 2. This present study discusses/explains… 3. This project describes/examines… 4. This research calculates… 5. This survey analyzes… 6. The objective of this study was to examine the relation between … 7. The purpose of this study was to determine whether … 8. Our goal was to evaluate whether … 9. The aims of this study were (1) to…, (2) to …., and (3) to… 10. We aimed/sought to … Methods 1. Male (or female ) …year-old SD rats, from…animal department ,were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. 2. The primary groups of cultures were exposed to … medium 3. The medium was changed every … days. 4. Study participants with known malignancies … were excluded 5. Serum ferritin levels were entered as … variable 6. Analyses were performed with SPSS… 7. Study participants were classified as … 8. We found no clear relationship between … 9. …was obtained from… 10. …were randomly chosen for each specimen … 11. Results were expressed as mean values ± standard deviation. 12. Results were significantly different compared with those of elicited statistically significant increases in the levels of … 13. Results were expressed as mean values ± standard deviation. 14. Unpaired tests were used to compare … 15. We also measured … 16. The study comprised 20 consecutive patients suffering from___ 17. The statistical association between ___ and ___ was performed by ___ 18. Differences between ___and ___ were tested by... 19. Blood samples for determination of … levels were drawn. 20. A total of… patients with (disease) were included in the trial. 21. …were randomized into treatment groups and dosed topically 4 times per day..
二语习得引论-读书笔记-chapter-1-2
一．概论 Chapter 1. Introducing SLA 1.Second language acquisition (SLA) 2.Second language (L2) （也可能是第三四五外语） also commonly called a target language (TL) 3.Basic questions: 1). What exactly does the L2 learner come to know? 2). How does the learner acquire this knowledge? 3). Why are some learners more successful than others?
4. linguistic; psychological; social. Only one (x) Combine (√) Chapter 2. Foundations of SLA Ⅰ. The world of second languages 1.Multi-; bi-; mono- lingualism 1)Multilingualism: the ability to use 2 or more languages. (bilingualism: 2 languages; multilingualism: >2) 2)Monolingualism: the ability to use only one language. 3)Multilingual competence (Vivian Cook, Multicompetence) Refers to: the compound state of a mind with 2 or more grammars. 4)Monolingual competence (Vivian Cook, Monocompetence) Refers to: knowledge of only one language. 2.People with multicompetence (a unique combination) ≠ 2 monolinguals World demographic shows: 3.Acquisition 4.The number of L1 and L2 speakers of different languages can only be estimated. 1)Linguistic information is often not officially collected. 2)Answers to questions seeking linguistic information may not be reliable. 3) A lack of agreement on definition of terms and on criteria for identification. Ⅱ. The nature of language learning 1.L1 acquisition
文学作品欣赏论文
将爱情进行到底 ————纪《怀念萧珊》，反思大学生的恋爱观一直以为，爱情只是进行时和将来时，当爱情遭遇过去时的时候，每一个当局者都无法成为路人甲或者路人乙，我们想要纪念的，不仅仅是心中的那份温情。 其实我们还是没有长大的孩子，还不知道怎么去爱，甚至我们根本不知道什么是爱，理解不了亲人的爱是如何潜伏在我们的身边，因为我们一直畏缩在这样的环境中，我们忘记的身外的一切。 或许，当爱情和亲情交织在一起的时候，那种难舍难分的感情才是真正的爱情，因为它早已成为生活中不可或缺的一部分，只是，现在的我们，是真正意义上的懂得么？ 大学的爱情是否太过廉价？理解不了这种如同快餐式的恋爱方式，甚至一些人已经习惯了？ 起码我不是在故作深沉，甚至我们很多人都不是在故作深沉，只是我们门多人没有去深思过。仅仅是理想中的爱情，没有自己的事业做基础，用什么来和另一半同偕共老？ 没人理解老一辈的爱恋，因为环境改变了太多人的意识。 我不曾想过爱情是轰轰烈烈，只求平淡温情，或许，我只是在细嗅蔷薇。我想象着当我老去的时候，是不是还会初恋般的笑容？我只是喜欢在初夏傍晚的凉风中，走过校园并不喧闹的小路，偶尔看到给我的第一感觉是很甜蜜的情侣，也只是理解的笑笑而已。 沉溺的如同在旧爱新欢的香炉中，怯懦的如同是藕断丝连的不舍中。我想，博爱的大学生们，是不是应该相守着一个人，直到终生？在确定自已的另一半的时候，是不是应该收收心，好好经营呢？是不是等到失去了才懂得珍惜？而是不是因为没有珍惜而泪水打眼湿？ 我想，等到我们的心智都已成熟的某一天，在转过街角的咖啡店，遇到曾经的爱，彼此安心的笑了，为曾经幼稚的小想法，为曾经立下的地老天荒，为曾经想象的牵手终生。 人生，怎能如初见？ 可曾想象过，现在的我们，十年后会是怎样？二十年后会怎样？ 不可否认，现在的大学拜金女不少，庸俗男也甚多，也许在一起，女人只是为了高档的化妆品，或者精致的时装，男人想要一个漂亮的花瓶，只是为了在朋友的圈子里有个面子。我们理解，甚至很多人都有过这种想法，却没有多少人想过一辈子。或许，这样子真的有些想的太远的，走一步算一步，今朝有酒今朝醉。呵呵，是啊，大学生就是这个样子，堕落的已经没有理想，吃在嘴里，看着碗里，想着锅里，把自己的爱情观当作随意抛弃的烟头，抽过了，就没有价值了。 很多人没有经历过文革的惊心动魄与小心翼翼，更不记得那段历史，而很多真正的爱情确实在那时候考验过来的，可是90后，甚至00后会不屑的告诉你，你OUT了。 是啊，我们理解不了那些非主流式的想法，他们也理解不了老一辈的爱情价值观，巨大额鸿沟将社会分割成两个阵营：一方面是保守的守护和小心经营温馨的爱情，另一方面是冒险的冲突和尝试不同新鲜的异性。孰是孰非，显而易见，我们都懂。 当我们把所有的思念雨压抑沉淀于笔下的时候，不是婉转悠扬的情书，是对自己沉重的审判。我们都辜负了谁？ 我曾经幻想着，当我们老去的时候，是不是一起在通红的炉火旁一起翻阅老旧的相册集，翻过背过她的宽厚的后背，翻过可以依靠的厚实的肩膀？一起翻过在初晨的阳光中吃温馨的早餐，一起牵着女儿的手，走过路边的梧桐树，走过泛黄的路牌？ 相见，相识，相恋，相爱。 现在的我们不太会经历那时的同甘共苦，不太会懂得那时的相濡以沫。可是现在的我们是不是应该懂的珍惜，而不应该存在欺骗呢？现在的我们，是不是应该告诉自己，我们不是小孩子了，一辈子的事情，迟早要来的，为什么不早一点长大，不应该有的廉价的爱情观，为什么要保留呢？就好像是手心里的爱情线，为什么要断呢？ 我们，是不是应该将爱情进行到底？
尼泊尔日常用语——Words and Phrases
你好——hello——namaste 再见——goodbye——namaste 你好吗——how are you——Tapaailaai kasto chha 是的——yes——hajur, haas 不是——no——chhaina 请——please——dinuhos 谢谢——thank you——dhanyabaad 不客气——you are welcome——Tapaailaai swagat chha 好——good——raamro 哪里——where——kaaha chha 抱歉——I am sorry——ma mafi chahanchu 我——I——ma 你会说英文吗——do you speak English——tapaai angreji botna saknu hunchha 我不明白——I don’t understand——maile bujhina 救命——help——guhr 快叫医生——call a doctor——dktarlai bolunuhos 请问厕所在哪里——where is the toilet——shauchlaya kah chha 我迷路了——I am lost——ma harye 我不舒服——I fell not well——mali sanchochhaina 多少钱——how much——kati ho 钱——money——paisa 贵——expensive——mahango 便宜——cheap——sasto 一点儿——a little bit——alikati
我不喜欢这个——I don't like this——malaai yo man pardina 这是什么做的——what is it made of——kele baneko 鸡蛋——egg——phul 盐——salt——nun 糖——sugar——chini 矿泉水——boiled water——khna paani 茶——tea——chiyaa 牛奶——milk——dudh 面包——bread——roti 米饭——rice——bihaat 水果——fruit——phala
《演讲的艺术》chapter1-5课后summary
Chapter1 speakinginpublic People throughout history have used public speaking as a vital means of communication and empowerment. Because you will live the rest of your life in a globalized world, the need for English public speaking will almost surely touch you at some time. To be successful giving speeches in English, you need to be culturally competent communicator. You must show respect for the cultural values and expectations of the people who come to hear you. This dose not mean that you have to devalue your own culture. There is no inherent conflict between being a competent English public speaker and being fully Chinese. Because public speaking involves the use of English as a working language, it requires critical thinking skills. Critical thinking helps you organize your ideas, spot weaknesses in other people’s reasoning, and avoid them in your own. There are many similarities between public speaking and conversation, but there are also important differences. First, public speaking requires more detailed preparation than ordinary conversation. Second, it requires more formal language. Third, it demands that speakers adjust their voices to the larger audience and work at avoiding distracting physical mannerisms and verbal habits. The speech communication process includes seven elements: speaker, message, channel, listener, feedback, interference, and situation. The interaction of these elements determines the outcome of any public speech. Chapter2 speakingconfidentlyandethically stage fright is an issue for public speakers in all countries. Rather than trying to eliminate every trace of stage fright, you should try to transform it into positive energy. To some extent, this will happen naturally as you gain experience as a speaker, but you should also think positively, prepare thoroughly, visualize yourself giving a successful speech, remember that most nervousness is not visible to the audience, and think of your speech as communication rather than as a performance in which you must do everything perfectly Because public speaking is a form of power, it carries with it heavy ethical responsibili ties. There are four basic guidelines for ethical speechmaking. The first is to make sure your goals are ethically sound. The second is to be fully prepared for each speech. The third is to be honest in what you say. The fourth is to put ethical principles into practice at all times Of all the ethical lapses a speaker can commit, few are more serious than plagiarism lobal plagiarism is lifting a speech entirely from a single source. Patchwork plagiarism involves cutting and pasting a speech from a limited number of sources. Incremental pla giarism occurs when a speaker fails to give credit for specific quotations and paraphrases that are borrowed from other people Because it is so easy to copy information from the Internet, it poses special challenges with regard to plagiarism. If you don't cite Internet sources, you are just as guilty of plagia- rism as if you take information from print sources without proper citation. As you research your speeches, be sure to take accurate notes of the Internet sources you use so you can identify them in your speech Chapter3 giving your first speech One of your first assignments will be to present an introductory speech, either a speech of self-introduction or a speech introducing a classmate. Focus the speech on a limited number of ideas and be creative in developing them. Use interesting supporting materials and present them in colorful, descriptive language. When organizing the speech, make sure you have a clear introduction, body, and conclusion. Most introductory speeches fall naturally into chronological or topical order. Using clear transitions will help your audience follow you from point to point. Although you will write a complete manuscript or outline of your speech when preparing it, you should deliver it extemporaneously. This means you have rehearsed fully and can present your talk from a brief set of speaking notes. Concentrate on establishing eye contact with the audience and on speaking in a dynamic, engaged tonof voice Chapter4 selecting a topic and purpose The first step in speechmaking is choosing a topic. If you have trouble picking a topic, you can use clustering, a personal inventory, or an Internet search to come up with something that is right for you. The general purpose of your speech will usually be to inform or to persuade. When your general purpose is to inform, your goal is to communicate information clearly, accurately, and interestingly. When your general purpose is to persuade, your goal is to win listeners over to your point of view Once you know your topic and general purpose, you must focus on a specific purpose statement that indicates precisely what your speech seeks to achieve. The specific purpose statement should (1) be a full infinitive phrase; (2) be worded as a statement, not a question:(3) avoid figurative language;(4) not be vague or general; (5) be appropriate for your audience; and(6) be achievable in the allotted time. The central idea is a concise statement of what you will say in your speech, and it usually crystallizes in your thinking after you have done your research and have decided on the main points. In most cases, it encapsulates the main points in a single declarative