工业设计外文文献翻译及原文

The impact of “3r” principles to industrial design

Abstract

While industrial design creates modem life and living surroundings for people，it also accelerates the exhaustion of the natural resources and the energy resources．Besides，it has done harm to the ecological balance，and threatened the existence and the sustainable development of human beings．Confront with this situation，the strategy of sustainable development，proposed in 1990s，is accepted by many people．Recycling economy and its key point，“3r” prin ciple，were born for this situation and become important principle in all kinds of economic activities and in the area of design and manufacture．By decoding the connotation of “3r” principle，the article analyzes the influence and the guidance over industria l design of “3r” principle．Furthermore，the article tries to discuss the conception of redesign，which is the extension of the “3r” principle in the area of industrial design，and explicates 4R principle of industrial design for recycling economy at last．

Key words

3 R principle；industrial design；recycling economy；Redesign

1 Introduction

Industrial design as a cross-cutting technology and the arts disciplines，it is closely related to the economy and to maintain its development and progress of society. It can be summarized：First，it services for industrial mass production，making industrial products enhance the value and value-added. Second，It leads the fashion，to effectively stimulate consumption，so that consumers not only use the product at the same time，but also enjoy the new technology and material；Third，it puts technology to link up with the market，making products enhance competitiveness；Last but not the least，it can bring the innovation into the enterprise. Therefore，the economic development needs industrial design which has become indispensable to the country's economic construction .

However，along with the traditional industrial design creating high-quality modern lifestyle and living environment and promoting economic development ，it also speeds up the consumption of resources and energy. What is more ，it dose harm to the ecological balance of the Earth and brings about a serious of great damage to human survival and sustainable development. Especially the excessive commercialization of industrial design，utilitarian and excessive pursuit of profit，the implementation of "merchandise has plans to abolish the system"

without taking into account production，use，process waste，such as the environment，the impact of resources. It can be said that people are in inappropriate and excessive consumption patterns of life，the industrial design objectively becomes essential medium to encourage people to uncontrolled consume，which is countered to the essence of industrial design—creating a science and healthy way of life.

Facing the threat of human survival and sustainable development，in the 20th century，people began to question the sustainable development of humanity ，to carry out a profound reflection on sustainable development and to put forward a suitable model of circular economy ，the principle of circular economy is “3r” (i.e. Reduce，Reuse，Recycle) which is of great significance to the implementation and promotion of socio-economic stability，sustainable development Against this background，the concept of sustainable development into rapid economic development is inextricably linked to the design，based on this ongoing exploration and practice. “3r” principles intended to sort out this article on various aspects of industrial design and the guiding role，and attempts to explore the “3r” principles of industrial design at the extension.

2 Cycle economic model and the principle of “3r”

Economy is engaged in production，consumption and reproduction activities，which is to meet human material needs of their own material .Recycling economy is considered following the original economy，the agricultural economy，industrial economy after the time of the post-industrial economy，with the industrial economy is different between the resources and environment relationship. Following the economic cycle refers to the natural ecosystem of the material circulation and energy flow reconstruction of the economic system so that it harmoniously into the natural ecosystems of the material energy recycling process to product clean production，resource recycling and efficient recycling characterized eco-economic development patterns，also known as eco-economy，green economy.

2.1 The relationship between economic model，environment and the resources

Human survival and economic activities rely on the resources and the environment. On one hand ，it is the source of the human beings material system；on the other hand，it bears the economic activities of human waste generated by the various roles. The Earth can provide resources but are limited，even though it must have the ability to purify，however it is subject to human economic activity the ability of emissions is also limited.

Industrial economic development patterns are from "One Product One resource pollution" posed by one-way flow of material and an open economy，this openness has led to a global depletion of resources and waste，as well as the serious deterioration of the ecological environment.

Circular economy development pattern is from "one of resources of renewable resources，one of green products" posed by the material energy of the closed-loop feedback loop process，this closed loop system，can maintain economic production of low，high-quality，low-waste，which will be economic activity of natural resources and environmental impacts to minimize damage.

2.2 Interpretation of the circular economy mode “3r” principle

“3r” principle is the basic manifestation of the economic cycle，and its specific contents are as follows：

"Reduction" principle is the first principle of circular economy，that is the source of control method，which requires the source of economic activity - the design stage，pay attention to the use of resources-saving and pollution reduction requirements with fewer resources to achieve the established purpose of the production or consumption In the production areas，usually the energy-saving production processes，materials and conservation of resources，the products of small size and lightweight，and easy and simple packaging requirements in order to achieve the purpose of reducing waste emissions；In the consumer area，reduction of the supremacy of the principle of a change in consumer lifestyles and advocate moderate consumption and green consumption. "Reuse" principle is the second principle of circular economy，that is，process control methods，with the aim to improve the products and resources use efficiency，it calls for product design to initial the form of packaging for multiple items to prevent premature become waste. In the design，to the use of

standard-sized parts，repair and upgrade in order to replace，thus prolonging the service life of products；In the consumer area，to promote the purchase of durable consumer goods，to reduce the use of disposable products，such as after-sales service by strengthening the means to extend the product life as possible and not waste.

"Recycling" principle is the third principle of circular economy，that is，terminal control method of production and consumption in the process of waste generated，through the "resources" of the means of its re-processing of raw materials can be re-used or product，put it back on consumption. Resources of the so-called class of resources usually include the original

and secondary resources. The original class of resources is the waste of resources after the formation of the same with the original products，sub-resource is the waste of resources into different types of after the new products. To promote waste recycling economy will be the source of the original and sub-class of combining resources in order to fully realize the recycling use of resources.

3. The impact of the “3r” principle of to industrial design

“3r” principle is not only on products from the design，production，sales，use，disposal and so on throughout the life cycle have an impact on all aspect，but also on the industrial design itself，a more extensive and profound changes：

3.1 The impact of design concept

In modern industrial economy，the product design is often to serve the people，just from the people to meet needs and solve the problem as the starting point，and do not consider the follow-up products，use of resources and energy consumption and emissions on the environment and other ecological problems. “3r” principle in the design concept under the influence from the "people-oriented" towards the "harmony between man and nature" of green design，while respecting the needs of people，but also consider the safety of the ecosystem. Cycle economic model of the industrial design under the design concept，put people and nature live in harmony and common development in the first place，the use of systems theory and Calibration of all acts of industrial design，from product design at the beginning of the

macro-environment had priority to consider and pay attention to the coordination of products that run the various elements of the process in order to achieve system optimization. Here，the environmental factors are the starting point of the whole design and end points，through the design，efforts to improve and reduce the products in the production，use，recycling process，such as the adverse impact of the environment. So Green Design Products are in the "harmony between man and nature" under the guidance of thought to the harmonious development of man and nature，the principle of human - machine system one considers the environment，a comprehensive optimization of the industrial design of a new concept.

3.2 The impact of design style

Simple is an aesthetic pursuit of extremists on the design of easy style，popular in the 20th century，in the United States age 80. If we say that in the industrial economic model，the simple style of product design aesthetic is a subjective pursuit of people，then in the recycling economy mode，the structure of the simplest and most parsimonious of the materials，the most

beautiful modeling，the most pristine appearance simplicity of product design，sustainable development concept is a concrete manifestation. “3r” Products doctrine of the meaning of this simple style more in-depth，specific，practical significance.

First，the premise of ensuring the functionality as far as choice of materials can be recycled，such as biological materials，so less material on refined，appropriate；Second，to promote. Small is beautiful ". Less Is More"，the lightweight and pleasant form of products. Third，the design features of the object collation，evaluation，definition，must always focus on the merger，to simplify，optimize，and makes the core functions briefly products；Fourth，the product is intended to be simple and clear language；Fifth，the structure of simple，easy to create；Sixth，the choice of degradable material，the structure of easy solutions，such as withholding together.

3.3 The impact of design method

The impact of the “3r” principle and under the guidance of the implementation of green design methods are：modular design，removable design，recyclable design，long-life design.

Modular design is at a certain range of different functions or different functions the same performance，different specifications of the products on the basis of functional analysis，and design into a series of functional modules，through the selection and combination of modules can constitute different products to designed to meet the different needs of the Ways. The benefits of modular design：First，make products with good performance Recycling demolition，settled design different types of products and waste of resources；Second，it will be able to be easy to use or duplicate the functions of independent recovery，enhance the versatility of the components，once the end-of-life products，they can re-use or recycling；Third，improve the repair of products can extend the life of the product.

Product design is removable at the design stage，so that parts of the Products has a good performance of the demolition. Conducive to the re-use of components or recycled materials to save not only protect the environment and Materials. The demolition of the design requirements，Product First，connect the various parts and components，as far as possible the use of detachable connection，such as threaded connections，unified type fasteners，reducing the number of fasteners，try not to use welding，riveting，bonding and other non-removable the connection；Second，in the selection and processing of raw materials，the demolition of the connection；to use and reuse of recyclable materials，the types of materials，such as less as possible.

Recyclable design refers to product design，to take full account of the various materials Product components the possibility of recycling，recovery treatment，recycling and product recovery of costs related to a series of questions，thus saving materials and reducing waste，minimum of environmental pollution for the purpose of a design method. Long-life design is the design of products based on life in the economic indicators to ensure that products，value and environmental requirements at the same time try to make our products to extend the life to achieve the slow resource consumption of a design method. Specifically include the following：First，improving product reliability and durability；Second，products are easy to repair and maintenance；Third，using standard，modular product structure

3.4 The impact of design material

“3r” principle in guidance and norms，product design，material selection should be taken into consideration：First of all，minimize the use of materials. Try using high quality materials to enhance the service life of products；the prohibition of the use of contaminated material against big，look for the corresponding sound material substitution；Reuse as much as possible the use of recyclable materials. Secondly，the preferred sound of the ecological environment of the material，after the preferred decomposition of waste and the natural world to absorb the material，preferred low power，low cost，low-polluting materials，preferred easy processing，and processing of non-polluting or less polluting materials，preferred materials recycling. Finally，to reduce the use of the types of materials in order to reduce the cost of Recycling Materials；maintain original material，as far as possible the use of simple materials，the use of alloy materials，to avoid material harm to the environment of the surface treatment；Marked parts Products material composition for the materials to facilitate recycling and so on.

4. From “3r” to 4R

In the recycling economy mode，the product life cycle from the previous end-of-life for the end product，after the extension to the end-of-life recycling. It should be noted that starting from the waste products for the consideration of a second use for them，so that the product design is no longer a product before，but the other products. Therefore，the design process we will call it "re-engineering (Redesign)"

4.1 The concept of re-engineering

The so-called re-engineering，that is，through the product components as well as their overall utilization of the re-design method to save resources. Given the United Kingdom Environmental Design Alliance is defined as："Materials by Product，the structure of a

meaningful way to re-use，in order to save resources for the purpose of the premise，to extend the product life cycle，and tap the potential ecological value of the design method." In short，the product re-engineering refers to the product life cycle after the re-use design.

Whether they are re-engineering the design of a new trend，or the design of a self-activity changes，which are related to the sustainable development strategy in line belong to the scope of green design. If it is said that green design is usually considered the entire product life-cycle environmental impact，and re-design considerations are at the end of product life-weeks to reduce the environmental impact of problem，it is the “3r” principle in the extension of the field of industrial design. Therefore，the re-engineering in conjunction with the “3r” principle，as a mode of circular economy 4R principles of industrial design.

4.2 The form of re-engineering

Product re-engineering is aimed at new products to effectively use the original parts and components products and materials. Product re-engineering have a variety of forms，for the same product re-engineering can have a variety of forms，can be divided into assimilation and alienation of the re-engineering.

Assimilation refers to re-design is a before and after re-engineering products，have been recycling their own re-engineering of the parts not changed before and after. For example，before the re-design car audio，re-engineering the home was converted into sound.

Alienation refers to the re-engineering re-design before and after are different products，

re-use of components was necessary in order to be used transformation. For example，

re-engineering before the cell phone components，into a walkie-talkie after the re-engineering of an important part of；In another example，the re-engineering of old jeans before，by

re-engineering can be turned into shorts，vest and so on.

5. Conclusions

Circular economy is to achieve sustainable human development of new economic development model，“3r” principle is the core substance of the economic cycle，the idea of circular economy is the fundamental expression. "Re-design" are able to make the best of “3r” in the extension of the field of industrial design and development，is a matter of deep study and practice the new task，it should be，together with the “3r” principle，become a model of circular economy are industrial 4R principles of design.

As the international chairman of the Federation of Societies of Industrial Design，Mr. Peter said "the design of human development as an important factor，with the exception of

self-destruction might be the ruin of mankind，human arrival may also become a shortcut to a better world." Today，in the framework of national sustainable development strategies，the role of industrial design is changing，and actively looking for a new direction for the development of circular economy at all levels play a role. Industrial design will become a powerful for cycling of our country economic.

“3r”原则对的工业设计的影响

摘要

在工业设计为人类创造了现代生活和生活环境的同时，也进一步加速自然资源和能源资源的消耗。此外，它已经危害到生态平衡、威胁到人类的生存和可持续发展。面对这种形式，20世纪90年代，可持续发展战略被提出后被许多人所接受。循环经济和其关键——“3r”就在这样的情况下应运诞生了，成为在各种经济活动以及设计和制造领域的重要原则。本文通过对“3r”原则的解析，分析其在工业设计中影响和导向。此外，本文还试图探讨“再设计”的概念，这是“3r”原则在工业设计领域的延伸，最后阐述了在循环经济中工业设计的“4R”原则。

关键词

“3r”原则；工业设计；循环经济；“再设计”

1介绍

工业设计作为技术与艺术领域的交叉学科，它在维持经济的发展和社会的进步上有密切的联系。它可以简要地概括为：第一，它服务于工业大规模生产，制造工业产品和提高其价值并使其增值。第二，引领时尚，有效地刺激消费，促使消费者在使用产品同时，也感受带来的新技术和新材料。第三，迫使产品将技术与市场联系起来，以提升其市场竞争力。最后一点，也是至关重要的一点，它能够给企业带来创新力。因此，工业设计已成为国家的经济建设和发展不可或缺的部分。

然而，随着传统工业设计创造优越现代生活方式和居住环境以及促进经济发展的同时，也加快了资源与能源消耗。更重要的是，它已经损害了地球的生态平衡，并带来了一系类严肃的人类生存和可持续发展的危害。特别是工业设计过度的商业化、功利主义以及过度追求利益，在产品生产、使用、加工工程中没有加入“商品计划性废止体系”，导致对环境和资源造成影响。可以这样说，人们在不适当的过度消费的模式中生活，工业设计成为客观的鼓励人们随意消费的媒介，而这与工业设计原本创造科学健康的生活方式的初衷是完全背道而驰。

面对人类生存和可持续发展的威胁，在20世纪，人们开始质疑并深刻反思人类的可持续发展，提出了合适的循环经济模式，发展循环经济的原则就是“3r”(即减量化、再使用、再循环)，在此背景下，这“3r”原则对实现和提升社会经济发展的稳定、经济的可持续发展具有重要的指导意义，在这种探索与实践的基础上，经济飞速发展，而其中贯彻的可持续发展的概念与设计是不可分的。本文试图整理出工业设计在各个方面的指导作用，并试图探索在工业设计的延伸领域的“3r”原则。

2循环经济模型和“3r”原则

经济是从事生产、消费和生殖的活动，这些活动是去满足人类的基本物质需要。循环经济被认为是跟随原始经济、农业经济，工业经济在后工业化时代的一种经济形式，始终有别于工业经济与资源和环境的关系。随着涉及自然生态系统的物质循环和能量流动的经济循环重建体系，以至于和谐的深入到自然生态系统的物质和能量循环的过程中去生产清洁产品，资源循环利用和具有高效回收性的资源循环生态经济发展模式，也称为生态经济，绿色经济。

2.1经济模式之间的关系，环境和资源

人类的生存和经济活动依赖于资源和环境。一方面，它是人类物质系统的来源：另一方面，它承担着经济活动所产生的人类废弃物的各种角色。地球能提供资源是有限的，即使它必须有净化能力、然而这种能力也是以人类经济活动中排污能力的限制的。

工业经济发展模式是“一件产品换来一份污染”式的单向型物质流转的开放经济模式，这种开放式导致了全球性的资源消耗与浪费，以及生态环境的严重恶化。

循环经济发展模式是物质和能源以“一份可再生资源得到一件绿色产品”的形式封闭循环反馈的过程，这个闭环循环反馈系统，能保持经济产品低价、优质、低消耗，它将使经济活动对自然资源和环境的影响最小化。

2．2“3r”原则循环经济模式内涵

“3r”原则是经济循环的基本体现，具体内容如下：

“减少”原则是经济循环的第一原则，那是从源头上控制的方式，它要求从经济活动的源头-设计阶段，注重资源使用的节约性和减少污染的要求，在生产区域内以更少的资源去达到生产或消费的既定目标，通常是节能的生产工艺、材料和节约资源，产品体积小、重量轻、操作简单，方便包装要求以达到减少制造废物排放的目的；在消费者领域、从消费者的生活方式上，减少霸权消费的原则，提倡适度消费和绿色消费。“再利用原则”是循环经济的第二个原则，即过程控制方式，目的是提高产品和资源利用效率的，它要求为初始产品设计多个项目的包装形式避免因方案不成熟而造成浪费。在设计时，使用标准尺寸的部分，修理和升级为更换做准备，从而延长产品使用寿命；而在消费区，促进购买耐用消费品，减少使用一次性产品，如售后服务尽可能通过强化手段延长产品寿命并且不浪费。

“循环”的原则是循环经济的第三原则，即产品和消费在废物产生过程中实行终端控制的方法，通过原材料再加工的方法得到的“资源”可以被再利用与生产，把它重新消费。资源中所谓的一类资源通常包括原原始资源和二次资源。原来的一类资源再形成原有产品后是资源的浪费，在形成新产品后，子资源是资源不同类型的浪费。去促进废物循环经济的发展将是原始与分支资源的结合的源泉，从而充分的实现资源的循环利用。

3 “3r”原则对工业设计的影响

“3r”原则不仅对产品从设计、生产、销售、使用、处置等整个生命周期的各个方面产生影响，而且还使工业设计本身，更广泛而深刻的变化：

3.1概念设计的影响

在现代工业经济中，产品设计经常是为人服务，就从满足人们的需求和解决人们的问题为出发点，并没有考虑到后续产品、资源利用、能源消耗、污染物排放、和其它生态问题。设计理念中的“3r”原则在“以人为本”思想指导下更多的体现在“天人合一”的绿色设计中，尊重人们需求的同时，还要考虑生态系统的安全。循环经济模式下的工业设计的设计理念，把人与自然和谐发展放在首要位置，工业设计中所有行为的使用体系和标准，是从产品设计之初优先考虑宏观环境，在注重产品的协调运行的各种要素的过程中达到系统优化。在这里，全部的设计和终了都以环境因素为出发点，经过设计，努力地改进和降低产品的生产、使用、循环工艺过程，例如对环境造成的不良影响。所以绿色设计的产品是在“天人合一”思想的指导下达到人与自然和谐发展的基本原理，人、机系统包括环境的理论，是一个综合优化的工业设计的新概念。

3.2影响设计风格的因素

简约的是一种在设计上追求极端审美的设计风格，流行于美国建国80年左右的20世纪。我们若说在工业的经济模式下，简单的产品款式设计美学是主观人的追求，然而在循环经济模式下，结构的最简单、最吝啬的材料，最美丽的建模、最原始外观简朴的产品设计、是产品可持续发展理念的具体体现。这种简约风格对“3r”产品具有重要、深刻的内涵和现实意义。

第一，在保证功能的前提下，尽可能的选择可以回收再用的材料，如生态材料，以减少化工材料使用；其次，促进。麻雀虽小肝胆俱全。“少即是多”，重量轻，令人愉快的形式的产品。第三，目标设计的设计特点的整理、评估、定义、必须总是关注合并、简化，优化，使核心职能简要的产品；第四，本产品倾向于使用简单易懂的语言；五、结构简单、容易产生；其六，选择不同的可降解材料、结构简单的解决方案，例如捆绑式。

3．3 设计方法的影响因素

“3r”原则的影响的指导下，绿色设计的实施方法有：模块化设计的，可移动的设计，可回收的设计、长寿命设计。

模块化的设计是在一定的范围内不同的功能或同种性能、不同功能、不同规格的产品进行基本功能分析，设计成一系列功能模块，通过模块的选择、组合能构成不同的产品来设计来满足不同需求的来。模块化设计的好处：第一，使产品具有良好的拆卸回收性能、解决不同类型的产品设计形式不同造成的资源浪费；第二，它可以是易于使用或独立恢复

复制功能，提高独立成分的多功能性，一旦出现使用寿命到期产品，可以回收；第三，提高产品的维修能延长产品的使用寿命。

产品设计在设计阶段是可移动的，因此产品的各部分有很好的拆卸性，性能优良的破坏。有利于组件的再利用及材料的回收利用，既可保护环境又节约材料。拆除设计要求，产品第一，连各零部件、尽可能的利用可分离的连接，例如螺纹连接、统一型紧固件，尽量减少紧固件，不要用焊接、铆钉、纽带和其他固定的连接；第二，选择和加工原料、部件的连接；尽可能的使用和再利用可回收材料，各种类型材料。

可循环的设计是指产品设计工程中，充分考虑产品组件的各种材料的可回收的可能性，回收处理，回收循环和产品的成本相关的一系列问题，从而以节约材料和减少废物污染环境、最小为目的的设计方法。长寿命设计产品的设计基于经济指标的生活为保证，确保产品的价值、环保要求同时，努力使我们的产品达到延长使用寿命、资源消耗缓慢的设计方法。具体包括以下几点：首先，提高产品的可靠性和耐用性；第二，产品便于维修，维修；第三，使用标准的、模块化的产品结构。

3．4设计材料的影响因素

在“3r”原则指导和规范、产品设计、材料的选择，应考虑：首先，尽量减少使用的材料。尝试采用优质材料使用寿命的提高产品，禁止使用受污染的材料与大，寻找相应的吸声材料替代，重复使用尽可能多的可回收材料的使用。其次，首选的声音的生态环境的首选材料，经过分解的废气和自然界来吸收资料，优先考虑低功耗、低成本、低污染材料、优先加工容易，及加工无污染或更少的污染材料、优先材料回收。最后，减少使用的各种类型的物质，以降低成本费用的回收材料；保持原资料，尽量使用简单材料外，使用合金材料，避免资料对环境有危害的表面处理；成品件标记材料组成为材料，便于循环利用等等。

4从“3r”到“4r”

在循环经济模式，整个产品生命周期的前中后期，最终产品延伸到回收。值得注意的是，从废物的思考，所以第二个念头产品设计不再是一个产品之前，但其他产品。因此，设计过程中，我们会把它叫做“重建重新设计”。

4.1概念的重组

所谓的重建，即通过产品元件以及他们利用在设计方法得到的全部部件来节省资源。被英国环境设计联盟是定义为：“产品的材料是再设计的重要途径，是以节省资源的前提，延长产品生命周期、发掘潜力生态价值的设计方法。”简而言之，产品重建是指在整个产品生命周期重用的设计。

不管他们是否再造设计的新趋势，或者设计的自发改变，这与可持续发展战略中的协调一致属于绿色设计的范围。如果据说绿色设计通常被认为是整个产品生命周期环境的影响，和设计要素是产品生命周期结束时减少环境影响的问题，这是“3r”原则在工业设计领域的推广。因此，用结合“3r”原则，作为工业设计中一种循环经济的“4r”原则。

4.2重组的形式

产品重建是针对新产品有效使用原配件产品和材料。产品重建有多种形式，为同类产品重建可以有多种形式，可分为同化与异化重组。

设计是指同化之前和之后，重组产品回收自己的重建的零件之前和之后没有改变。例如，在设计汽车音响，重组家庭被改成了声音。

异化是指产品重新再造之前和之后是不同的产品，是必要的组件的重用以便将来使用的转变。例如，重组在手机零件，在对讲机中的重新整合后的重要组成部分；又如，在旧牛仔裤的重新整合，以重建可变成短裤、背心等等。

5总结

循环经济是实现可持续人类发展的新经济发展模式、“3r”原则为核心的实质是经济周期循环经济的理念的根本体现。“再设计”是能够充分利用“3r”推广工业领域的设计和开发，是一种深入的研究和实践的新任务，它应该，连同“3r”原则，成为一种工业设计领域循环经济模式中的“4r”设计原则。

作为国际联合会与社会的工业设计的主席、彼得先生说“设计作为人类发展的一种重要的因素，除此之外可能是自我毁灭，人类的毁灭也可能成为一个更美好的世界的捷径。”今天，在国家可持续发展战略框架下，工业设计所扮演的角色在发生变化，在循环经济中积极寻找新的发展方向，在各级中扮演一份角色。工业设计将变成我国经济的一个强大的后盾。