关于人口老龄化 英语论文 绝对精髓

Think of the world population aging

Abstract: Population aging is one of the world's population development tendency. Of the world's population aging and the aging of the population in developed countries the same time.,China's aging population has intensified. The aging of the population have is social progress and economic development. This paper will analysis about Chinese and American population ageing. But, the aging of the population has led to the burden of the working population growing problems affecting social and economic development, legal system and other material and the spirit of building the new requirements.So the 21 st century the aging of population across the world.

Key worlds: Population old age Population burden Sustainable development

世界人口老龄化的思考

摘要：在世界人口走向老龄化和发达国家人口老龄化发展的同时，中国人口老龄化也在加剧。人口老龄化的产生，正是社会进步、经济发展的结果。本文将通过对中国和美国的社会老龄化问题作出分析。然而，人口的老龄化就导致了劳动力人口负担不断增大的问题，影响了世界社会经济的发展，并对相应基础设施、法律制度等物质及精神各方面的建设提出了新的要求。

关键词：人口老龄化；人口压力；可持续发展；

Outline

Abstract (Chinese & English)

1 . What is poplution aging?

1.1 Introduction Chinese aging problem

1.2 Introduction American aging problem

2 .Reason

2.1 The reason about Chinese aging problem

2.2The reason about American aging problem

3.Solution

3.1 China solution

3.2 American solution

4. Conclusion

1.What is poplution aging?

The problem of old age is known as one of the most serious problem in today's world. The old people can be seen everywhere. As is shown in the graph, the number of people in the world over the age of sixty will have increased to 600 million by the

end of this century. And by the time, there will also be twice as many people over the age of eighty. In the ten years between 1970 and 1980, there was a 23.7% increase in the number of people aged over sixty-five in the industrial world, and an even bigger increase of 38.2% in the developing world.

Figure 1. International comparison of average

annual increase rates (%) of elderly populations

1.1I ntroduction Chinese aging problem

China formally became an aged society in 2000, when the population aged 60 or above accounted for 10 percent of its 1.3 billion people.

China will pay dearly if it does not act now to build up an old-age social security system, as its population aged 80 or above will hit 83 million by 2050, a population expert has warned.

Many countries will experience aging populations in the next century because of declining birth and mortality rates. China will soon join their ranks. According to statistics, the aging of China's population will approach its peak by the middle of the next century, with the percentage of the people aged beyond 60 making up 27.4 percent of the total. That means one out of every four people will be elderly.

Trend of Population in China

As for the issue of aging, its situation has been growing increasingly severe in spite of the fact most people are still ignorant of the problems it brings about. Firstly, with families becoming smaller and living pace escalating, it is even graver for families to care for aged members adequately. Secondly, aging causes a relative decline in working force in that fewer people have to support the increasing aged people. Consequently, the productivity of the whole society is affected to some extent. Thirdly and most importantly, the aging of population in China resulted from the successful implementation of family planning has not been synchronized with national economic progress.

1.2Introduction American aging problem

America is growing older. Fifty years ago, only 4 out of every 100 people in the United States were 65 or older. Today, 10 out of every ]00 Americans are over 65. The aging of the population will affect American society in many ways - education, medicine, and business. The graying of America has made us a very different society ——one in which people have a quite different idea of what kind of behavior is suitable at various ages.

The fiscal constraints related to aging are well known, caused mainly by spiraling healthcare and pension costs. However, the repercussions are much wider. In an aging society, labor markets, saving patterns and migration flows will change. Most worryingly, labor shortages, declining labor market flexibility and slowing productivity pose a serious threat to growth.

2 . Reason

2.1The reason about Chinese aging problem

In China, the number of people reaching retirement age is growing, while the number of working age people is declining.The number of people aged 80 and older is growing at a faster rate than any other age group worldwide.In the past three decades, a dramatic increase in life expectancy underpinned by the strict family planning policy prompted the greatest demographic transition in the world. During three decades of economic expansion, China's growing workforce added a

"demographic dividend" of about 2 percent a year to GDP.

With rapid aging, the situation has now reversed. The demographic dividend is vanishing, while the dependency ratio of children and elderly on the working age population is increasing. The labor force shrank for the first time in 2012. By 2050, about 30 percent of the population will be above 60, against a world average of 22 percent.

Aging in China is particularly complex because it is happening at a low-income level. Social safety nets are weak, with most of the elderly depending on family support. Declining family size and the erosion of traditional values magnify the challenge and place a heavy burden on small households.

2.2 The reason about American aging problem

In 1950, there were 12 people of working age for every person age 65 or older. In 2010, there are only 9 contributing to old age support in their countries. That means that here in the U.S., fewer people are contributing to Social Security and Medicare in proportion to the number of people needing and using those programs.

EarthSky spoke with Carl Haub, a demographer at the Population Reference Bureau, a Washington D.C.- based think-tank, about why the population is getting older. He said it's because couples are having fewer children, on average.

Carl Haub: If a couple has two children themselves, then they basically replace themselves. But if they have 1.2 or 1.3 or 1.4, every succeeding generation gets smaller and smaller.Haub said that some governments, such as Spain and Russia, have offered couples incentives to have more children.

3.Solution

3.1 China solution

High-income countries have offset the losses caused by a declining workforce by adopting innovation-driven growth models. China could achieve the same by decisively rebalancing the economy, shifting to consumption-led growth and developing the services sector.

First, support systems for the elderly require comprehensive reform. A program for old-age income support and healthcare is needed, financed through tax revenue. Financing should be based on accurate actuarial projections, with benefits and contributions designed to be sustainable. Initially the system could prioritize the elderly, poor and those with functional dependencies, rather than providing far costlier universal benefits. At a later stage, the coverage could be expanded.

Second, labor markets need to be opened and the workforce expanded. The

household registration (hukou) system and restrictions on the portability of social benefits hinder migration, geographical mobility and, ultimately, urbanization. Compounded by skill shortages, they impede China's movement up the value chain. The 12th Five-Year Plan (2011-15) envisages a gradual dismantling of the hukou system, and the new leaders have indicated their intention to improve living conditions for China's 220 million migrant workers. These efforts should be accelerated.

Third, workers' skills need strengthening, and productivity and innovation need to be enhanced. Otherwise, deficits in the labor force will erode the country's competitiveness, reducing exports and economic growth. Substantial investments in research and development and a shift toward student-centered education are essential to increase labor productivity and support innovation.

3.2 American solution

Firstly,as production becomes more sophisticated, the technical and vocational skills of the workforce are increasingly important. Skill development must be aligned with labor market needs and help companies respond flexibly to changing circumstances. China currently suffers from skill shortages in several sectors, and a rapidly aging population is likely to reduce labor market flexibility.

Secodly,greater investments in human development will result in higher labor productivity and help indigenous innovation to take root. High literacy rates and universal primary education are not sufficient for China to raise incomes. Tertiary education, and technical and vocational education need to be aligned with the country's development strategy, supported by private and public initiatives. The government must ensure that all income groups have an opportunity to acquire the skills demanded by innovation-driven growth.

Third the pension system has recently been strengthened, but much more is required. While coverage has been expanded, benefits are very low, and the system is financially weak. In addition to structural reform, the underfunded social security sector needs a large upfront financial injection. The 2-percent increase in social security expenditure planned by 2015 is insufficient.Strengthening pensions also requires financial liberalization. A more sophisticated financial system, including a wider range of investment options and an open regulatory framework, would lay the foundation for the establishment of private pension funds to complement government efforts.

4. Conclusion

The problem of old age is known as one of the most serious problem in today's world. The old people can be seen everywhere. As is shown in the graph, the number of people in the world over the age of sixty will have increased to 600 million by the end of this century. And by the time, there will also be twice as many people over the age of eighty. In the ten years between 1970 and 1980, there was a 23.7% increase in the number of people aged over sixty-five in the industrial world, and an even bigger increase of 38.2% in the developing world.

With the development of economy, the rise in people's living standards and the improvement of medical conditions, people are living longer and longer. Furthermore, birth rates are falling as the pace of population growth slows down. As a result, the number of old people in the world is experiencing an increase. Though the increase will cause manifold social and economic consequences, we can take effective measures to deal with it. So I believe a bright tomorrow for old people will be achieved through efforts of every person.

The rapidity of the population's aging has made it more urgent for the adoption of countermeasures. No doubt they key is to build a solid economic foundation. Meanwhile, importance shall be attached to overall social progress by changing the backward situation in social security, welfare and service. What's more, family care and community services shall also be encouraged.