清华大学考博英语真题常见从句及其解析
清华大学考博英语真题常见从句及其解析
长难句是历年英语考试中必考的内容，不管是阅读还是翻译，几乎无处不在。许多同学由于阅读习惯和思维方式受到句子长度和难度的干扰，英语成绩提升困难，其实正是因为这也是出题者的意图所在。育明教育英语教研室杨凤芝老师认为，给大家介绍几种常见的英语长难句，方便大家复习。需要各大院校历年考博英语真题及其解析请加扣扣七七二六七八五三七或二
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1.复合从句
对于复合从句，要首先找出从属连词并确定主句，接着按照简单句的分析方法，梳理各分句的结构和意义，然后确定各从句的性质，也就是明确每个从句在句中分别修饰哪些词语或结构，最后综合整体考虑全句大意。如：In the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization—with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed-was spread over nearly a century,whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so.
在这个句子中，首先确定连词whereas(而)表示对比，确定主句并找出主干结构，也就是the process of industrialization—was spread over nearly a century，破折号中间的短语是附加成分，修饰主语中心词process，其中social patterns后面that followed是一个定语从句。
最后需要提醒的是，在进行长难句分析时，还应特别注意以下几点：
(1)是否有省略、倒装等现象;(2)明确替代词的所指对象;(3)判断并列成分的层次;(4)句首的并列连词and、or、but、for通常起承上启下的作用，
不要将它们归入后文的句法分析;(5)在有多个从句的复合句和并列句中，要准确判断状语(单个词、短语或从句)究竟是全句的修饰语还是某个从句或词语的修饰语。
2.被从句拉长的简单句
这些句子较长，有时甚至出现一个从句套另一个从句、环环相扣的情况。遇到这种情况时，考生在阅读过程中经常会遗忘前面刚刚读过的内容，往往读了几遍，还搞不清整个句子的结构。
如：Probably there is not one here who has not in the course of the day had occasion to set in motion a complex train of reasoning, of the very same kind,though differing in degree,as that which a scientific man goes through in tracing the causes of natural phenomenon.
事实上，无论多长多复杂的句子，都是由主干和修饰成分这两部分组成的。主干是整句话的主体框架，主要指主谓宾结构(He plays basketball)或主系表结构(This is an apple)。修饰成分可以是单词，可以是短语，也可以是从句，无论是何种形式，它在句中都只起到修饰和补充主干的作用。因此，对于这种类型的长句，我们要做的首先是确定主干，然后理清从句结构，再按照所确定的各个成分想想句子的大意，再联系上下文看是否与语境相吻合。如果前后文理不通，则可能是分析有误，这时就需要对句子结构重新进行分析。
用上述的方法简化上述的那句话，就会发现，句子的主干是there is not one，后面都是修饰成分。定语从句who has not…natural phenomenon修饰先行词one，在这个定语从句中，of the very same kind…as that…作为后置定语修饰a complex train of reasoning;句中有一个让步状语
though differing in degree作为分隔结构，把the very same…as that 分隔开;as that which…中的that是先行词，被which所引导的定语从句修饰。
在考博英语阅读中，常用来拉长简单句的就是定语从句和状语从句。尽管很多考生对这两种从句并不陌生，但仍然被它们迷惑，分不清单词、短语和从句之间的相互关系。比如分不清定语从句所修饰的先行词是哪一个，或者一个从句究竟该在哪里结束。出现这种情况并不完全是因为对语法不够熟悉，而是因为忘记了一个重要的原则——在没有列举的情况下，以句号为标记的一句话中一般只能有一个谓语动词。因此，从句应该在其后的第一个谓语动词和第二个谓语动词之间结束。如果从句中出现连词and等，则有可能连接了两个谓语动词，那么从句就应该在第二个和第三个谓语动词之间结束，以此类推。
3.含有分隔结构的句子
分隔结构在英语表达中经常出现，它的作用主要是调整语气、补充信息以及平衡句子结构。在阅读长难句中出现较多的分隔形式是插入语。
插入语有很多不同的类型，可以是一个词，比如形容词(strange，etc)、副词(personally，honestly，fortunately，luckily，etc);可以是短语，比如形容词短语(worst still，sure enough，etc)、介词短语(of course，in short，as a matter of fact，by the way，etc)、分词短语、动词不定式(to be sure，to tell you the truth，etc);也可以是句子，比如if I may say so，if you don't mind，that is(to say)等都是非常常见的插入语。通常，去掉句中这些插入成分不会影响句子的完整性。如：I say/hear，I think/hope/believe，you know/see，what's more，I'm afraid，do you think/suppose等。
如：His journey to the e-mail hell began innocently enough when, as chairman of Computer Associates International，a software company，he first heard how quickly his employees had accepted their new electronic-mail system.这是一个典型的含有多个插入语的长句。as chairman of Computer Associates International是he的同位语，a software company是Computer Associates International的同位语，它们将从属连词when引导的时间状语从句的主语分隔开了。去掉这些插入语后，这句话的意思就很清楚了。4.多个并列句构成的长句
这是一种相对简单的情况，我们首先要做的就是找到并列连词(and,so, but,or,etc)，然后将长句分解成多个分句，理清各分句的内部结构和句意，然后再综合考虑全句，即可明了整句话想表达的意思。如：In the1970s he was a surgeon at Yale，had a wonderful wife and five beautiful children，but he was terribly unhappy.需要注意的是，这种类型的句子中常出现省略现象，比如在本例中，第二个并列句即had前面就省去了and he。
本文由“育明考博”整理编辑
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