HND出口学outcome1报告

HND出口学outcome1报告

1.0OligopolyTheproductionandsaleofacommodityfromthemarket,fewcomp aniescontrolledbyseveralmajormarketstructure. Features:(1)interdepend enceisthebasiccharacteristicofoligopolymarketswithindependentfeatures ,buttheiractionsaffecteachotherandinterdependent. Thisoligopolyfirmsc anreachatotalofavarietyofwayscooperationcansignanagreementtosecretlyu nderstanding. Afewfirmsaccountforalargemarketsharesothatthesecompanie shaveverystrongmonopolypower. (2)Thebasicfactorsistheexistenceofthese industriesobviouseconomiesofscaleofeconomiesofscalemakelarge-scalepro ductionhasagreatadvantage.highprofitswillattractmorecompaniestoentert heindustryandprofitstothecompanytofinancedevelopment. largecompaniesg rowing,smallcompaniescannotsurvivethefinalformationofasmallnumberofhi ghlycompetitivebusinesssituation.

2.0ChartinterpretationMarketsonthesamepriceasthepriceisquitealon gtime,rigid,demandandcostchanges,pricesareunchanged. Inthisregard,Swe ezyhasbeenidentifiedfromapricestartingoligopolisticmarketIllustratedw ithakinkeddemandcurve

AslongastheMCcurveandtheMRcurveintersectstheMRcurvediscreteparto ftheprofitmaximizingproductionandsalesandpricesareunchanged. Becausep ricesduringthisperiodisrelativelystable,theperformanceoftheadhesive. Abductionofthemodelusedtoanalyzethefoldingofthedemandcurveoligopoly. Thereasonsfortheformationofthisdemandcurve: 1. Ifthecompanytoraisepri ces,whiletheotheroligopolyfirmsintheindustryremainunchanged,thecompan yreducedsales .2Ifthecompanycutprices,othermanufacturerswillfollowpri cecutsinordertoavoidlosingtheirmarketThemanufacturerscanlowerpricesto increasesalesofsmall.

3.0monopolymarketingIwouldchoosethemonopoly. Thereisonlyoneseller onthemarket,itcontrolsalloftheindustrysupply. Inthemonopolymarket,ven dorsandtheindustrycompletelyoverlapthetwoconcepts,theindustry'sonlyco

mpanyisamonopolycompany,andthisrepresentsamonopolyindustryvendors. Mo nopolyvendorproductsdonotsubstituteverysimilartoamonopolistcontrolbec auseallthesupply,andtheproducthasapermanentfeature,sothepriceofmonopo lyisthedecisionmakerswho. Notallownewcompaniestoenterthemarketaroundt hemonopolistcontrolsalltheentrybarriers,entrybarriersSomeofthesetarif fsasthegovernment,licensesissued,grantedpatentsandotherformsofprotect ionformed,somecontrolovercertainnaturalresourcesformed,andsoon.

4.0monopolymarketingDiagramdcurveandMRcurvefacedbythemonopolist,r espectively,themarketdemandcurveandmarginalrevenuecurves,LACcurveandt heLMCcurveforthemonopolistwerelong-termaveragecostcurveandlong-termma rginalcostcurve. MonopolistisassumedthatthestartcurveandSMC1 bySAC1 c urverepresentstheproductionscaleofproduction. Intheshortterm,themonop olistcanonlybeinaccordancewiththeprinciplesofMR=SMC,intheexistingscal eofproductionoutputandpriceswilladjusttotheQ1 andP1. E1 intheshortter mequilibrium,themonopolistprofitsintherectangularareainFigureAP1CB. I nthelongrun,themonopolistonproductionscaleadjustment,andfurtherincrea seprofits. MR=LMCinaccordancewiththeprinciplesoflong-termequilibrium, monopolisticfirmslong-runequilibriumpointE2,long-runequilibriumoutput andequilibriumpricesfortheQ2andP2,monopolistoptimalchoiceoftheappropr iatescaleofproductionbytheSAC2curvesrepresentcurvesandSMC2. Atthistim e,companiesgetgreatermonopolyprofits,theprofitamountisequivalenttothe figureoftherectangularareaHP2FG. Thisshowsthatthemonopolistisabletoga inmoreinthelongtermprofit,thereasonliesinthelongruntheproductionscale isvariableandthemarketentryoffirmsiscompletelyclosed.

Canseefromthechart,inthemonopolist'sMR=LMCyieldsonlong-termequili brium,theoptimalscaleofproductiononbehalfoftheSACandLACcurvetangentcu rve,thecorrespondingcurveofSMC,LMCcurveandMRcurvesintersectatonepoint . Therefore,themonopolist'slong-runequilibriumconditions:MR=LMC=SMCmo nopolistinthelong-runequilibriumpointcanmakeaprofit

5.0RolesofProfitinaMarketEconomyPrincipleofprofitmaximization:Tom arketsignalsistoincreaseprofits,markettootherproducers. Whenexistingf irmsareearninghugeprofits,thissignalcanbeprofitableatbothendsofthepro ject,inordertoprotectitslong-termmarketposition. Virginmobliehavemore customerswillbringmoreprofitsMarketEntry:Greatprofitifthecompanyhadma nyothercompaniestoenterthisindustry,therearemanynewenterprisestoenter themarket. Effortstoincreaseindustrycompetition,newtechnologiesandnew productstoincreasespeedbecomesfaster.richardbransantradetothecorrectw ayofmakingtradeafterthreeyearsheturnedaprofit. Makeitmorecompaniesent eringthisbusiness,sotogetmoreprofits

6.0Tworolesofprofitmaximisationsalesrevenuemaximization：obtaininghighestsalesrevenue:thegoaloftryingtoachievethehighestpossib letotalsalesrevenue. Itisachievedwheremarginalrevenueiszero. Marketsh areisconsideredagoodsignofprogressinenterprise. satisficingBehavior：satisficingBehaviorissatisfiedbythecompanywhoisseekingprofitsandsatis factorygrowth,notprofit-maximizingbehaviormanifestations. Thenmaximiz ingbehaviormaybereplacedbythatoftheminimumscoretomeetasatisfactorylev el.

7.0Totalcost,AveragecostandMarginalcostTotalcost:Thetotalcostisam anufacturer,bothfixedcosts. TFCAnd,asalwaysTVCvariablecosts. Inaperio dofproductionandsalesofallproductsandallexpensesisthetotalcostcurve. Thetotalcostisfixed,variablecosts. Thetotalcost(TC)andtotalvariableco sts(TV). Asafixedcost(TFC)doesnotchangeintheproductionprocess,nomatte rwhatkindofcompanyprofit,buttotalvariablecostscanchange,itisthetotalc ostsriseorfall. Manyfactorsaffectthetotalcostsriseorfall,suchasLabour costs,etc. Inthecaseoflaborcostsarerisingortechnicalcostrisewillaffec tthetotalcost. TFCunchanged,howmuchmorewillincreaseTVC,sohowTCparalle l

Averagecost:referstotherangeandtheaverageperiodoftimeandcost,the

averagecostwillincreasewiththeproduction,becausewiththefixedcostsofpr oductionandcommitmenttotheproportionofproductioncostsperunitless. Thi smeansthateverycompanyhopestoreduceitsaveragecostofthelowestpoint,iti sstillmakingaprofit. AveragecostcurveisU-shapedShortrunmarginalcost:i sintheshortterm,manufacturersforeachadditionalunitofoutputcausedbythe increaseinvolumeofthetotalcost.

Theaveragecostandmarginalcostofu-shapedcurve. Isadiminishingincom e. Initially,themarginalcostofproductionincrease,reduce,whenproductio nincreasedtosomeextent,andincreasedproduction. Short-termmarginalcost curveisfirstly,then"U"shapedcurve. Ifthemarginalcostislower,thecurve. AVCWhenyieldsdecreaseinthe25thstartstorise. Averagetotalcosttoriseab ovetheaverageinQ2,variablecostsdeclineandcommonfixedcost. Thesecondis theminimumyieldcurveofATCintheshortterm.Thisistheso-calledoutputprodu ctionefficiency