(完整)苏教版英语8B-unit1-past-and-present知识点梳理(2),推荐文档

8B unit1 past and present

标题解析：Past and present

(1)past 做名词，表示“过去，往昔”in the past 在过去，从前=years ago

Past 做形容词，表示”过去的“，in the past few years在过去的几年当中

Past 做副词，表示”经过，过去“，walk past the house, drive past the post office 走过...;驶过...

Past 做介词，表示”超过，在...之后“，ten past seven, 7点10分

辨析：past/pass

past做介词，跟动词连用，如run past, walk past, hurry past, drive past...不能单独使用表示经过

Pass做动词，直接跟宾语，如pass the house, pass the supermarket; 此外，pass当动词表示“递给”pass me the salt 例题：

When I walked the playground, I saw a lot of boys there.

A.Past; play football

B.Passed; playing football

C.Past; playing football

D.Passed; play football

(2)Present 做名词，表示“现在”，at present现在=now

Present 做名词，表示“礼物”，buy sb. a present=buy a present for sb.

Present 做形容词，表示“现在的，目前的”，the present condition 目前的状态the present day当代的

例题：汉译英

他们经常谈论过去，现在和将来。

请访问我们的网站，来购买特别的礼物。

一.词汇拓展

1.marry v. →married (adj.) 已婚的

2. communicate v. →communication (n.)

3. north n. →northern (adj.)

4. wife n. →wives(复数)

5. interview v. →interviewer (n.) 采访者

6.recent adj. →recently (adv.)

7.exact adj. →exactly (adv.)

8.pollute v. →pollution(n.)

二.重点短语

1.和某人分享某物

2.对某人好

3.不同时期的交通工具

4.阳光镇的变化

5.非常了解这个地方不太了解那个地方

6.从那时起自从2005年以来自从去年以来

自从三个星期前以来

7.搬家搬到南京搬走

搬出搬进一座新公寓

搬到两个街区以外

8.在…南部

9.结婚

10.变化很大变成

change n.改变（可数）找零，零钱（不可数）

11.在过去在现在

12.这些年以来

13.把…变成翻到

14.打牌下中国象棋

15.简单快捷

16.花费时间做某事

17.水污染噪音污染减少污染

18.过去经常做某事

19.像以前一样经常地

20.把…扔进

21.一个很严重的问题

22.采取行动做某事

23.在某种程度上顺便问一下

在去…的路上挡路

24.开阔的空间/ 户外活动场所

25.不时地，偶尔

26. 一处自然景点地方

27.从…借…借给某人…/把…借给…

28.在使用中

29.带…去…

30.独自地

31.居住环境

32.清新的空气

33.和他的父母一起出国

37.保持联系

38.近期照片recent 在近几年中

39. 通过email交流

40.使交流简单

41. 在镇中心

三.重点句子

1.-Eddie，have you seen my food ? ----Yes. I’ve just eaten it.

Just 表示“刚刚”，表示刚刚发生的事情，用于现在完成时态。

辨析：just/just now/just then/right now

Just:刚刚，用在现在完成时态如：我刚刚完成作业。

Just now: 刚才，用在一般过去时态如：我刚才在花园里找到了手表。

Just then: 就在那时，用于一般过去时态如：就在那时，车祸发生了。

Right now: 现在=now, at present, at the moment, 用于一般现在或者现在进行时

如：他们正在做一个历史课题。.

2.You’ve eaten my food? 陈述式疑问句，常用在口语当中，表示对某件事情的把握比较大，但是需要对方证实一下，结构仍然用陈述句，在句末加上问号。

如：你已经去过老师的办公室了吗？老师对你说什么了？

3. You used to share food with me!

辨析：used to do/be used to do/be used to doing /get used to doing

(1)used to do表示过去常常做某事而现在不再做了，只有过去时态，变否定为didn’t use to do/usedn’t to do；一般疑问句也有两种形式。

(2)Be used to do sth. 表示被用来做某事，be 动词形式根据具体时态来定，如：wood is used to make tables.

(3)Be used to sth./doing sth. 表示习惯于(做)某事，常与一般现在时态和现在完成时态连用。

如：My sister is used to the new school now.

My sister has already been used to studying in the new school.

注意，如果表示习惯于做某事，动词一定要用ing形式。

如：他已经习惯了在新环境里生活。.

(4)Get used to (doing) sth. 习惯于做某事比较侧重动作。

例题：

--Do you remember there a river here?

--Of course. I often swam in it when I was young.

A. used to being

B. used to be

C. was used to be

D. was used to being

4. Why didn’t you take a bus?=why not take a bus?

表示乘坐交通工具的方法：

（1）by+交通工具名称，如：by car/bus/boat/plane/bike... on foot

（2）By+地理名词，表示“通过...的途径”，如：by water(走水路)，by sea (走海路)，by air（=by plane）

（3）Take +限定词+交通工具，如：take a bus, take a train

（4）In+限定词+全封闭交通工具，如：in a taxi/car/plane

（5）On+限定词+开放式或半封闭的交通工具，如：on a bike

5. There were always too many people on the bus, and it took a long time to wait for the next one.

(1)辨析：too many/too much/much too

too many 太多，修饰可数名词复数，too many books, too many fans

too much 太多，修饰不可数名词，too much time, too much money, too much homework

much too 太，修饰形容词，much too busy, much too noisy

(2)On the bus 在公交上get on/off the bus 上/下公交车

(3)It takes +时间段+to do sth. =sb. spend +时间段+doing sth. 花费时间做某事

如：她花了一天的时间读完了这本有趣的故事书。

(4)Wait for sth./sb.等某人、某物

如：快点，Bobby正在大门口等你。

等不及/迫不及待做某事：can not/hardly wait

我迫不及待的想参加这个活动: .

(5)One替代可数名词单数。

6.When I got married in 1965, my wife and I moved two blocks away and we’ve lived in this area since then.

= A

= There 这些年，镇子已经发生了很大的变化。

8.There was once a steel factory near the Sunshine River. Once曾经

9. Later the government realized the problem and took action to improve the situation.

(1) Realize the problem意识到这个问题

Realize: Vt. 意识到意识到环境保护的重要性

意识到我错了

知道现在我才意识到保护环境的重要性

Vt. 实现realize my dream 实现梦想

(2) Take action 采取行动action 是不可数名词，前面不加冠词

我们必须尽早采取行动.

(3)Improve the situation 改善情况改善生活

10. In some ways it is. 嗯，在某些方面是这样的。

In some ways 在某些方面，在某种程度上

例句：就某事而言，这是个不错的主意。

在某些方面，火星上的生活未必会好于地球上的生活。

11.It’ll really nice to have a beautiful modern town.

It’s been impossible for us to see each other as often as possible.

这两个结构都采用It’s +形容词+（for sb.）to do sth.的结构。

注意与It’s +形容词+of sb. to do sth.区别。

四.词义辨析：

1. lonely和alone

(1)lonely 为形容词，修饰人表示“孤独的；寂寞的”；修饰地方表示“无人烟的，荒凉的”。

过着孤单的生活一位孤独的老人

感到孤独一座荒岛

(2)alone 作形容词，意为“单独的，独自的；独一无二的”，只作表语。

他独自在家里。

I am not alone in thinking so.

(3)alone 还可作副词，意为“单独地，独自地”。

他独自回家了。

2.happen和take place

happen与take place两者都作“发生”讲，都不能用于被动语态，但它们之间也有差别。

(1)happen指“碰巧发生”，强调偶然性，常指事情在人们无意识、无准备的情况下发生。

The accident happened yesterday. 这起事故发生在昨天。

What has happened to his family? 他家出什么事了？

(2)take place 是不及物动词词组，意为“发生”，指事情按照计划发生。

去年我们村发生了许多巨大变化。

In 1919, the May 4th Movement took place in China. 一九一九年，中国爆发了五四运动。

(3)take place 还可作“举行”讲，相当于hold。但take place 没有被动语态，而hold 有被动语态。The Olympic Games take place every four years.=

When will the wedding take place?＝？

五.语法

?现在完成时/一般过去式

1. 意义上的区别

一般过去时态只是单纯地表示过去某一时间发生过的动作或者存在的状态, 和现在没有任何联系, 只着眼于过去. 现在完成时态重点强调与现在的联系, 表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响和结果, 属于现在时的范畴. 试比较下列例句:

I have washed my shoes . 强调的是过去的某一时间发生的动作"洗" 对现在产生的影响是" 鞋是干净的" .

I washed my shoes yesterday . 强调昨天做过"洗" 这个动作, 与现在鞋是否干净没有关系.

My father has bought a new car . 对现在造成的结果是" 他有了一辆新车".

My father bought a new car last Sunday . 我爸爸上个周日买了一辆新车.只说明这个动作发生在上周日。

2. 时间状语的区别

一般过去时态只能与具体明确表示过去的时间状语用, 如 yesterday, last week, three years ago,in 1990 , just now 等. 现在完成时态中往往没有明确具体的时间，只有一个大概的时间或者时间段. 如: just 刚刚, before 以

前, "since / ever since +过去时间 " 自从...... 开始, ever 曾经, never 从未, 未曾, "already" 已经 , " for+ 时间段"已有多长时间了. in the last/ past ten years 在过去的十年里, so far 到目前为止. up to now 直到现在, .

?现在完成时态的两种形式

1. 现在完成时的"完成用法"

现在完成时的"完成用法"指的是动作发生在过去某一时刻并已结束，但该动作对现在产生了影响，与现在情况具有因果关系。

例如：He has turned off the light.他已把灯关了。(动作结束于过去，但说明的是现在的情况--灯现在不亮了。)

现在完成时"完成用法"的特点是动作不延续，因此，该时态只能与表示不定的过去时间状语(如：already，yet，before，recently等)、频度时间状语(如：never，ever，once等)而不能与时间段连用。

例如：Have you found your pen yet？你已找到你的钢笔了吗？

2. 现在完成时的"未完成用法"

现在完成时的"未完成用法"指的是动作开始于过去某一时刻，一直延续到现在，或可能还要继续下去。

例如：He has lived here since 1978.

I have been in the army for more than 5 years.

此种用法的句中常需一个表示一段时间的状语(由since+时间点或for+时间段)，或与up to now，so far到目前为止例如：I have leant English for 10 years up to now.

注意：现在完成时的未完成用法只适用于延续性动词，不可用于非延续动词，如：come，go，arrive，leave，join，become，die等。但如果要保留表一段时间的时间状语，必须将动词改为延续性动词。

fall asleep (ill) →be asleep (ill) get to know→ know begin,(start)→ be on

open →be open buy→ have get up→ be up die→ be dead

go out→ be out come→ be in close→be closed arrive--be here

join→be in, be a +名词finish( end )→be over leave, move →be away, be out of borrow →keep

go to school→be a student catch(a cold)→ have(a cold) begin to study→study

come back→be back put on→wear 或be on

虽然他已经去世7年了，但是我还是能够清楚的记得他。

自从2001年他就来到了这个美丽现代的小镇。

3.经验性用法。

表示从过去到现在之间曾经经历过的事情。一般译为汉语“过”，常和often，never，ever，once，twice，three times 等频率词，before，since等连用。

我曾经去过颐和园两次。

我以前曾去过你们学校。

?用于现在完成时的句型

1.It is the first / second time that…. that…结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。

如：It is the first time that I have visited the city. .

2.This is the+形容词最高级+ that I have ever done结构，that 从句要用现在完成时. 表示“这是我...的最...的事情”如：This is the best film that I've (ever) seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。

3.It is /has been +数字+years since 从句表示自从...已经...年了

如：It’s three years since I moved to Suzhou. 自从我搬来苏州已经3年了。

典型例题:

(1) ---Do you know our town? ---No, this is the first time I ___ here.

A. was

B. have been

C. came

D. am coming

答案B. This is the first time 后面所加从句应为现在完成时，故选

B。 (2) ---Have you ____ been to our town before? ---No, it's the first time I ___ here.

A. even, come

B. even, have come

C. ever, come

D. ever, have come

即时自测

用括号内所给词的适当形式填空

1. David and Mary got ________ (marry) three months ago.

2. Less air ________ (pollute) in the countryside than in big cities.

3. My problem is that I have no ______________ (commute) with my parents.

4. Now the rivers in my hometown are much ________ (clean) than before.

5. Linda lives in the ________ (north) part of London.

单项选择

()1. How many English words ________ you ________ since last year?

A．did; learn B．have; learned C．are; learning D．do; learn

()2.—Does your aunt live ________？

—Yes. But she never feels ________．

A．lonely; alone B．alone; alone C．alone; lonely D．lonely; lonely ()3. Millie has seen the TV ________. Have you seen it ________？

A．yet; already B．already; already C．yet; yet D．already; yet

()4. Jack has worked here since he ________school.

A．leaves B．left C．has left D．was leaving ()5. —How does your uncle usually go to work?

—He ________ drive a car, but now he ________ a bike to lose weight.

A．used to; is used to ride

B．was used to; is used to riding

C．was used to; is used to ride

D．used to; is used to riding

作业：巩固以上内容给并完成实验班题目，下次课订正。

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