论勃朗特《简爱》中女权主义 意识以及对当代女性的启示

JIUJIANG UNIVERSITY

毕业论文（设计）

题目论勃朗特《简爱》中女权主义

意识以及对当代女性的启示

英文题目On the Feminist Awareness

and its Enlightenment for

Modern Women of

Bronte’s Jane Eyre

院系外国语学院

专业英语

姓名齐艳容

年级外 A1124 指导教师陈腊春

二零一五年四月

Abstract

Jane Eyre is a masterpiece of Charlotte Bronte, who is considered to be an outstanding woman writer. The author depicts a heroine, different from the tradition, Jane Eyre, a lady pursuing for freedom, equality and happiness. To some extent, it’s an autobiographical novel. In the history of English literature, Jane Eyre is a representative figure, who is a standard feminist. She stick to her own principles to resist the unfair society and tried her best to pursue freedom, equality, independence and true love. Finally, after her hard work and effort, she gained self-esteem and true love. In the novel, Jane Eyre is a pure, thoughtful, self-esteem, stubborn character, pursuing equality and happiness. It’s the noble quality that makes Jane Eyre becoming a female representative with rebel consciousness in the Victorian era.

This paper will begin from the feminism theory angle to analyze main characters in the novel. The paper is consists of five parts. Part one presents Bronte’s life experience briefly, the story plot and the writing background. Part two lists some literature reviews about author and the work, and a brief introduction of feminist theory and its development process. Part three gives a brief introduction of author’s concept of women and analyzes the main characters in the novel. Part five makes a conclusion of the whole paper.

Key words: Jane Eyre; feminist consciousness; self-respect; equality; true love

摘要

《简?爱》是现实主义时期著名的女作家夏洛蒂?勃朗特的代表作品,她被认为是一位卓越的女作家。作者在小说中描述的是位与传统不同的女主人公简?爱，她勇于追求自由、平等和幸福。这是一本自传体小说。书中通过对简?爱的性格进行剖析，证明了简?爱是一个标准的女权主义者。在英国文学史上，简?爱这个人物形象是位具有代表性的人物。她坚持自己的原则去不断反抗不公平的社会。她用尽全力去追求自由，平等，独立和真爱。经过坚持不懈的努力她最终获得自尊，自由真爱。这本小说里,夏洛蒂?勃朗特塑造了简爱心地纯洁、善于思考、自尊、倔强的性格和勇于追求平等和幸福的精神,使简爱成为维多利亚时代具有反叛意识的女性的代表。

本文分为五个部分。第一章介绍夏洛蒂勃朗特的生平简介，故事情节和写作背景。第二章列举对作者和小说的文学评论，并简要概述女性主义理论及其发展历程，第三章简述作者的妇女观，并通过对小说中主要人物形象的分析来向读者展现女权主义在作品中的体现。第四章分析简爱中女权主义意识对当代女性的启示。第五章总结全文。

关键词：颜色词；象征意义；文化差异；跨文化交流

Contents

Abstract....................................................................................... 错误！未定义书签。摘要 ...................................................................................................................... i ii

1. Introduction (1)

2. Literature Review (2)

2.1 Feminism theory (3)

2.2 The development of feminism theory (4)

3. Feminist Awareness in Jane Eyre (4)

3.1 Feminist awareness of Charlotte Bronte’s (4)

3.2 Feminist awareness of Jane’s (5)

3.2.1 Jane Eyre’s personality of self-reliance and self-esteem (5)

3.2.2 Jane Eyre’s spirit of resistance (6)

3.2.3 Jane Eyre’s pursuit of equality and freedom (8)

4. The Enlightenment of the Feminist Awareness for Modern Women (9)

5. Conclusion (11)

Bibliography (13)

Acknowledgements (14)

1. Introduction

Jane Eyre is a masterpiece of Charlotte Bronte, a famous British woman writer of the nineteenth century. It is generally believed that Jane Eyre is Charlotte Bronte's ―poetic portrayal of life‖ and it is an autobiographical work. In the book, Charlotte Bronte shows readers the view of life of independent women, namely, self-esteem and love for life. And the view of life has its own significance, both in historical aspect and practical way. It was an inspiration for those women, who fight for equality and self-reliance of that era. To some extent, it’s an inspirational textbook for the growing of Independent women. It is the noble quality that makes Jane Eyre becoming a model in many women’s mind.

It’s a story about a little poor orphaned girl struggling against the unfair society of that time. Although suffering much pain when as a little child, Jane Eyre still stick to her inner voice, follow her heart and gained happiness in the end. Through the presentation of the true love between the hero and heroine, the author successfully created an image that fight for equality and freedom.

Charlotte Bronte, an English novelist of the early 19th century, was born in poor pastor family. She studied at a boarding school when she was a girl, after that, she served as teacher and tutor. In 1847, Charlotte Bronte won a great fame along with the publication of Jane Eyre, a very famous novel. During the autumn of 1848 to 1849, her brother and two sisters have passed away. In the shadow of death and confusion, she insists on writing her book Shelly, a book that reflect her grief for her sister Emily, and describe the spontaneous labor movement that start in the early times in British. The two works, Villette and Teacher, were written in accordance with her own life experiences. Charlotte Bronte is good at the description of natural scenery by using the technique of lyric, and most of her works are full of a strong emotion.

When Bronte writes her book Jane Eyre, Britain is already the world's top industrial nation, but the status of women in the United Kingdom has not changed. Women still in a subordinate, dependent status, so, the survival goal of women at that

time is to get married the rich people. Women of that era take marriage as the only way to achieve wealth and status. The only best occupation at that time for women is to be a good wife and a good mother. Be a female writer, like Charlotte Bronte, as a career woman would be considered as a rebel to the society rules of that era and men would despise the career women.

This paper will begin from the feminism theory angle to analyze main characters in the novel. Th e paper is consists of five parts. Part one presents Bronte’s life experience briefly, the story plot and the writing background. Part two lists some literature reviews about author and the work, and a brief introduction of feminist theory and its developm ent process. Part three gives a brief introduction of author’s concept of women and analyzes the main characters in the novel. Part five makes a conclusion of the whole paper.

2. Literature Review

For more than a century, Jane Eyre is very popular among people from different countries. For this reason, Charlotte Bronte won a great fame. The image of Jane Eyre is immortal in the mind of people that throughout the world and experts also speak highly of the masterpiece. Publishers published the work in October 1847. Thackeray praised it as ―a great genius’s masterpiece.‖ When the third edition published in the following year, ―the two works, Jane Eyre and the Vanity Fair are very popular among readers, and George Eliot is deeply fascinated by Jane Eyre‖ is referred in Quarterly Review, which is a kind of magazine. Eugene Fu Sade evaluated Jane Eyre ―a personality that full of intelligence.‖ But there are a lot of people thought that Jane Eyre is not a perfect book, which still has many flaws. Sinclair Lewis, the Nobel laureate writer, thought that the ending of Jane Eyre, and it was not a perfect book at that time. Because it did not reflect the social status of women of that era. So, in Sinclair Lewis’s view, the book, Jane Eyre is a ―failure‖. In additio n, in the novel, the poetic lyrical dialogue between the hero and heroine makes contribution to literature that follows. The language feature, in the book, is becoming an important reason for

readers, especially young readers. And, particularly, its social significance plays an most important role in women's liberation.

2.1 Feminism theory

Feminism, also known as feminist, women's liberation, the doctrine of gender equality, is a kind of social theory and political movement that aims to end sexism, sexual exploitation, sex discrimination and sexual oppression, and pursuit sexual equality. It also focus on the analysis of gender inequality and the promotion of rights, interests and issues of those people, who come from the lower class.

There is no difference in nature between feminism and feminist, because the two show the same meaning. Feminism believes that the existing social order is founded on male-centered patriarchal system. The purpose of feminist theory is to understand the nature of inequalities in sexual politics, power relations and sexuality. Feminist political movement challenges the issue of reproductive rights, abortion rights, the right to education, domestic violence, equal salary, voting rights, representation, sexual harassment, gender discrimination and sexual violence, and so on. Feminist themes include discrimination, the body, and patriarchal oppression.

Feminism movement is the social movements that across class and ethnic lines. Feminism movement of different culture has its own features and issues, Such as, the issue of women in politics, the problem of low salary of female, the problem of the high proportion of laid-off women, abortion and issues of abandoned infanticide. And the issue of rape and incest is a universal one.

The so-cal led feminism is to achieve gender equality of the world. It’s an alliance that is based on the interests of the anti-patriarchal political. The purpose of women's development is to gain the rightful place in the community and society. It’s a kind of self-identity and social identity. Women's liberation, freedom and development are the trilogy of feminist development, which aims to the contribution to women's development and women’s culture.

2.2 The development of feminism theory

In general, the Western feminist is divided into three sections, namely, liberal feminism, radical feminism, and post-structural feminism.

Liberal feminism is also known as the first-wave feminism, which can be traced back to 1792, with the book named A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, written by the British writer, Mary Wollstonecraft. But it’s well known to the public during the period from 1918 to 1928, during which the World War I broke out. The main goal of the first-wave feminism is to win the official position for women in the legal and political. At the same time, women of European and American began to participate in politics, fighting for the right. And finally, those women gained the voting rights.

The second-wave feminism, radical feminism, is mainly active in the period between the 1960s to the 1980s. Radical feminists believe that there is no use to gain the vote, since the election system is determined by men. So, they proposed a ―patriarchal society.‖ The most famous declaration of radical feminism is that ―life is p olitics‖, which means the struggle for one’s own right in the life also has its important political significance.

Post-structural feminism is known as the third-wave feminism. The scholars of this wave hold the view that women in the world, they may face the different compress, live with different environments, have their own different coping styles.

3. Feminist Awareness in Jane Eyre

3.1 Author’s feminism

Charlotte Bronte was born in the family of a village priest in northern England in 1816. She lives in an era of social unrest. Capitalism was developing fast and exposed its flaws increasingly. There was a sharp contradiction between labor and capital, the unemployment of the poor and the death of lot of children labors. As for the author, Charlotte, because of the death of her mother, she was sent to a charity institution,

which received orphan of clergy. With the bad living conditions, Charlotte’s two sisters, Maria and Elizabeth, contracted tuberculosis and died. So, Charlotte and her sister, Emily, returned home, spending their childhood in the desolate mountain Yorkshire. At the age of 15, she entered the Miss Wooler's school, and a few years later she acted as a teacher at this school. After that, she was a governess the rich. But because she could no t stand the dames’ discrimination and harsh attitudes to governess, she gave up her mind that as a governess and intended to make a living by running a school of her own. For this reason, with her aunt’s help, she went to Italy with Emily and studied French and German. However, because there is no student to attend, the school could not run. All these affected Charlotte Bronte deeply and she became a person that has a strong pursuit of freedom, equality and independence.

Charlotte Bronte has a gentle and passionate side, and, meanwhile, she is a warrior that shows a contempt for the hypocrisy of high society and makes a sharp satire to the ugly state of the world. Thus, the two aspects of her personality form her with a rich inner world.

Influenced by the era, social and family background of that time, and dominated by her own personality, Charlotte Bronte gradually developed a unique feminist ideology, namely, self-esteem, rationality, the pursuit of equality and independence, and a high degree of self-awareness and sense of equality. And Jane Eyre, the heroine, is created based on the feminist ideology. To some extent, Jane Eyre is an autobiographical novel. Jane Eyre, in the novel, is the embodiment of the author, Charlotte Bronte. By the portray of the image of Jane Eyre in the novel, Bronte want to show readers the background and social status of her own at that time and her own rebellious spirit and pursuit of equality and freedom.

3.2 Feminist in Jane Eyre

3.2.1 Jane Eyre’s personality of self-reliance and self-esteem

Jane Eyre grew up without parents, living with her aunt, Mrs. Reed, in Gateshead,

where Jane suffered a lot of pain that her aunt treated her badly and her cousins always bullied her. Although suffering pain, Jane developed a unique personality of self-esteem and self-reliance, and a girl full of positive sides. Facing with misfortune and frustration, Jane did not lose faith, on the contrary, she struggle for survival and still was a good girl. Though young as she was, she already knew that without a stunning appearance, one must has her own thought; without a privileged life, one must be independent and not rely on others; without a high social status, then, she must own a noble quality that appreciated by others. In Gateshead, in order to maintain her dignity, she even fights with her cousin. She is also a diligent girl. In Lowood charity school, she tried her best to learn the general curriculum, French, music, painting, etc.. Be a governess with a humble status, Jane never had the idea that she was a self-abased person. She thought that everyone is born equally, and people should mutually respect. Rochester, the owner of his manor, was attracted by Jane’s noble quality and fell in love with Jane, regarding Jane as one that can talk with him in spirit equally. Jane was moved by him and accepted him. When she knew that Rochester had a wife, she left him sensibly on the day that they married. Although Rochester showed his love sincerely and she also loved him deeply, she left Rochester, with her strong self-esteem. Jane made such a rational decision, for she realized that she was cheated by Rochester in their pure love. Feeling disappointed, she left, alone.

Be surrounded by such a powerful force of love and well conditions for better life, Jane was still able to follow her heart and save her dignity. The most attractive place of the book lies in the noble quality of Jane. From the other side, the novel also tells us that only be a self-esteem woman, with an independent personality and without depending on other people, can she win her own real happiness and win the respect and love from others.

3.2.2 Jane Eyre’s spirit of resistance

Jane Eyre grew up with her rebellious character, which together with her own experiences, step by step. In the first chapter of Jane Eyre, little poor orphan Jane was

knocked in the red house by Mrs. Reed, because she made her respond to her politeness cousin, who always bullied her. When imprisoned in the red house, she felt humiliated and realized that she receive d the different treatment. ―No fair! Unfair ah!‖, from this, we can see a little young but precocious Jane. In the fourth chapter, Jane and Mrs. Reed had an quarrel, Mrs. Reed thought her niece would be scared by her family status. On the contrary, Jane scolded her aunt sharply and actually Mrs. Reed felt afraid. To some extent, the period, that Jane in Mrs. Reed’s house, is the period of infancy that the little poor girl grew up with her rebellious character.

Jane was sent to Lowood school, in this period of time, her rebellious character went further. Jane hated the unfair society of that time because of the reality of darkness. The author strongly criticized the educational system that with the cloak of religion, maiming children. In Lowood School, Jane s aid this to Helen ? Burns: "When we were beaten for no reason, we should fight back fiercely; we are sure that we should fight back - fiercely fought back, teaching that man a lesson, and made him to think twice before he beat people again.‖ From these a f ew chapters we can see the author's main intention is not only to expose the shady charity in the name of the school, but mainly to highlight the spirit of resistance of Jane in such environment without humanity.

Experienced eight lifeless charity school life, Jane desire to seek a new life: ―I yearn for freedom, I want to be free‖, ―Well, at least please give me a new job.‖ Driven by the strong inner desire, Jane successfully found a tutor job and came to Thornfield. The period, at Thornfield, is the matu rity period of Jane’s character. When the first time she met Rochester, she performed self-esteem. And not having an enough understanding of Rochester, Jane still remains her consistent rebellious spirit, ―I think, sir, even though you are older than me, o r see the world more than I, you have no right to command me and whether you have the right to claim that you are superior, and that depends on how you use your age and experiences.‖ From these kinds of conversations, we can see Jane, a true herself, all the time. Gradually, she found that there are many commons between her and Rochester. Jane loved Rochester, not for his status and wealth, but for his equally treatment to her. Even though, Jane

was a governess, Rochester did not despise her. When Jane learned that Rochester has a wife, she felt being treated by Rochester. She would rather leave than be a lover of a married man, so she decided to leave Rochester, to leave Thornfield. At this moment, Jane's spirit of resistance came to the extreme point.

Fro m the aesthetic standards of the social ―lady‖ of that era, Jane is far behind the standard. But it is the resistance character of Jane Eyre, the constant pursuit of freedom and equality, that made Jane becoming the woman that be loved by Rochester.

3.2.3 Jane Eyre’s pursuit of equality and freedom

In her lifetime, Jane Eyre is on the way to pursuit love, happiness and fight for equality and independence. When she was told that Rochester would send her to Ireland for the purpose of forgetting her forever, Jane felt angry. ―Do you think that I’ll stay behind, becoming a person of no importance? Do you think I’m a automatic machine without feelings? Do you think I am soulless and heartless just because of my poor, humble status with a plain appearance? You are totally wrong! I own the soul and heart, just the same like yours. I'm talking to you, not through customs, practices, nor even of the flesh body - it is my spirit that addresses your spirit; just as the two of us standing before God, equally – because we are equal.‖

Jane did not tempted by Rochester’s wealth, on the contrary, she left him, giving up her love, for the pursuit of equality and freedom, without taking away the diamond rings, necklaces, bracelets and other luxury gifts that Rochester bought for her. Even leaving the manor means that she would wander alone, she decided to leave sensibly. Here, we can see a woman full of courage fighting for independence and equality.

In the UK, male chauvinism of the 19th century is still playing the dominant position. And Jane’s personality of self-reliance, the spirit of resistance and the determination that do not succumb to the fate and social rules like a gust of new fresh breeze. Jane Eyre’s pure love and her noble quality purify every reader's mind, causing the resonance of them.

4. The Enlightenment of the Feminist Awareness for Modern Women

First, Jane Eyre is a kind-hearted girl. Although Jane Eyre looks ordinary with a humble status, but she has a kind heart as pure as gold. Just as Luo Su’s saying goes ―A natural goodness is most needed in the world among all the moral qualities‖. Kindness is just like air. We can not imagine what will be like in our daily life without kindness. In addition to the sympathy for others, Jane Eyre has a high quality of selflessness and forgiveness that ordinary people do not possess.

The scene that Jane Eyre keep accompany around her dying aunt, Mrs. Reed, has touched countless readers. In the novel, we can get to know that the source of suffering of Jane Eyre is just simply coming from Mrs. Reed. Mrs. Reed, with a ruthless, selfish, hypocritical heart, takes Jane Eyre as servant, instead of taking good care of her. As Mr. Reed’s wife, the only relatives of Jane Eyre, Mrs. Reed should have taken little poor Jane Eyre as her own child to treat, but she did not do that. Not only did she not give sympathy and love to Jane Eyre, but also she let her own children bullied the little poor girl as happy as they are. And Mrs. Reed always taking every effort to put the little poor orphaned children in a very bad living conditions. What was worse, Mrs. Reed sent Jane Eyre to a hellish charity school that flaunt with the goal in the hypocritical tone to punish human body to save the soul, and in face of Mr. Bruch Wales, who is going to take the little poor girl, she lied that Jane Eyre is a lying and nasty girl. Even though Mrs. Reed hurt Jane Eyre deeply in every aspect, Jane Eyre forgave her finally.

When heard the news that the aunt, Mrs. Reed, was in the deathbed, with nobody around, Jane Eyre still went to visit her aunt and showed Mrs. Reed with a great sympathy, along with kissing her aunt with a affectionately emotion, and called out ―my aunt, my dear aunt‖ and make good arrangements for her aunt’s funeral. All that

Jane Eyre has done to her aunt teaches every reader of us that what is tolerance and what is kindness. Mark Twain once said ―It’s the aroma that violet leave to the one who trampled on it with his ankle, and, such is forgiveness‖.

Everyone will make mistakes, hurting others naturally or unconsciously with act, and also will be hurt by others. If one obsessed in these injuries all the time, he will make himself feeling more painful. In the short journey of life, we need forgiveness, for it can make us live better, and allow us to see more beautiful scenes in our life, to meet new friends, to encounter more unexpected beauty. Suffering from the pain that comes from her dependent on her aunt for a living, the tragic childhood, the cruel and the fickleness world, Jane Eyre did not become a cold and numbness girl, on the contrary, she use her kind-hearted bosom to care for others that around her. Jane Eyre, such a ordinary and holy lady, told women of the 21st Century that they should not only love themselves, but also to love his family, friends, love people around who need help, and even to forgive those who bring the hurt to others and try to love those people. One, who always give others selfness help in her daily life day by day and care for people with her pure kindness, can be called a person of a noble character.

Second, in Jane Eyre’s love, she holds the view that in the economy, the pair of love should be independent and not dependent. There’s a general rule that ―the economic base determines the superstructu re‖. The materialist theory is not only for class categories, but also goes for the social relations of men and women. Only be independent in the economy, can women be get the real independent, without depend upon men. Just as ―the bread that earned by hon est labor will be more sweet than those that get freely without hard labor‖. When she was going to marry Rochester, she was still insist to the fact that she was unwilling to depend on Rochester and would rather rely on her own labor to make more property for him. She firmly refused to receive the diamond rings, necklaces, bracelets and other luxury gifts that Rochester gave her. When Rochester asked her to give up the job as a governess immediately, she refused him definitely and continued to fulfill the duties of a governess. She wants to work by her own hard labor to maintain personal dignity, and to maintain their pure and noble love. And just because of this, Jane Eyre can confidently say: ―I’m not in

accordance with custom, convention, or even the flesh and blood, but my soul with your soul in dialogue, and as if the two of us through the grave, and stood at God feet, with equal—as we are.‖

Third, as for marriage, Jane Eyre has her own principle. When she discovered that Rochester has a wife, she left him sensibly. Indeed, Jane Eyre loves Rochester very deeply, but she knew that if still living with Rochester, she would lose her dignity, because her staying would make her a mistress. With pain and a strong will, Jane Eyre left him firmly, making a living by her own. For the pure love and marriage is the real one that she pursuit. But when Rochester has his eyes blinded and leg broken after the ruin of his manor, Jane Eyre decided to choose their pure love, staying by Rochester’s side, with the will that n ever leave him again, in respond to Rochester’s sincere love to her. She indicates her concept of love by her own act, and that is independent of equality, sincere dedication.

In a word, Jane Eyre, with a humble status, a stubborn personality, a rich emotion, is a ordinary but independent, self-esteem, extraordinary intelligence and outstanding girl. Although she has an appearance that is not stunning, she owns a clear grasp of her own destiny and values, a rational understanding of her own thought and pers onality and a firm pursuit of her happiness and emotion. Jane Eyre’s personality, the pursuit of freedom, equality, has a positive significance of that era. Her noble quality still owns an enduring charm in the art and gives people enlightenment, especiall y modern women. It’s the noble quality of Jane Eyre that taught people self-esteem, self-confidence, self-respect and self-reliance.

5. Conclusion

Charlotte Bronte’s feminist consciousness has been clearly analyzed in her masterpiece Jane Eyre. Bronte uses woman’s unique observation to describe the novel. The heroine, Jane Eyre is an ordinary person, but it’s the noble qualities that make Jane Eyre different and extraordinary. The author uses female meticulous method to write the novel, from which, we can get a clear understanding of the images that occur

in the book. Bronte depicts women’s social status at that time. To some extent, it’s an autobiographical novel. Jane Eyre, in the novel, is the embodiment of the author, Charlotte Bronte. By the description of the image of Jane Eyre in the novel, Bronte want to show readers the background and social status of her own at that time.

In the book, Charlotte created an extraordinary and unusual governess image, praising the love of joining together the equal of two souls, at the same time, speaking highly of the courage of women that struggle against the patriarchal society, putting the dignity of women in a high position. The happy ending of the novel tells us that in the pursuit of love, People also need the freedom, dignity and equality. In today's society, pure love is rare. The dignity and the equality are missing. People sacrifice pure love to pursuit the money and status. People’s attitudes to love, is more likely to do multiple choices, choosing the rich between rich and poor, and not to love between to love and not to love.

Few people would be like Jane Eyre, the person, who can abandon all for the pursuit of pure love and personality. Jane Eyre presented us a bright, positive side. The good q ualities that Jane Eyre owns, not only can purify the readers’ mind, but also can arouse the reader's sympathy, especially women readers. Those noble qualities make Jane Eyre, an ordinary common lady, becoming tall and extraordinary. The strong female consciousness of Jane Eyre likes a torch in the dark night, providing the light of hope for the majority of women, and show the great significance in awakening and improving the self-consciousness of modern women.

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Acknowledgements

Here, I want to express my sincere gratitude to those people who gave me great help during my writing of the paper.

Foremost, I want to express my thanks to my supervisor, Chen La Chun. In the writing of the thesis, Mr. Chen offered me precious instructions and suggestions. In the selection and modification of the title of the paper, Mr. Chen, the tutor, gave me great help. With his guidance and instruct, I can complete my thesis. During the writing of the thesis, he instructed me to revise my paper. Again, I want to take this opportunity to express the thanks to him.

Moreover, I want to express my sincere gratitude to my teacher, Liao Kai. Mr. Liao also gave me the careful guidance on my paper. And I want to give my thanks to my teachers and friend who care for me these days. Particularly, I would appreciate the teachers of Foreign School who taught and helped me once before.

Last, I wish to express my gratitude to Mr. Chen again for his helping on my paper.