大学英语自学教程下册课文翻译及答案

大学英语自学教程下册课文翻译及答案
大学英语自学教程下册课文翻译及答案

第一部分 Text A

【课文译文】

什么是决策?

决策是从可供挑选的行动方案中作出选择,目的在于确定并实现组织机构的目标或目的。之所以要决策是因为存在问题,或是目标或目的不对,或某种东西妨碍目标或目的实现。

因此,决策过程对于管理人员非常重要。管理者所做的一切几乎都与决策有关,事实上,有人甚至认为管理过程就是决策过程。虽然决策者不能预测未来,但他们的许多决策要求他们必须考虑未来可能会发生的情况。管理者必须对未来的事情作出最佳的猜测,并使偶然性尽可能少地发生。但因为总是存在着未知情况,所以决策往往伴随着风险。有时失误的决策带来的后果不很严重,但有时就会不堪设想。

选择就是从多种选项中进行取舍,没有选择,就没有决策。决策本身就是一个选择的过程,许多决策有着很广的选择范围。例如,学生为了实现自己获得学位的目标,可能会从多门课程中进行选择,对于管理者来说,每一个决策都受到政策、程序、法律、惯例等方面的制约,这些制约存在于一个组织的各个部门里。

选项就是可供选择的种种可行的行动方案。没有选项,就没有选择,因而也就没有决策。如果看不到任何选项,这意味着还没有对问题进行彻底的研究。例如,管理者有时会用“非此即彼”的方式处理问题,这是他们简化问题的方法。这种简化问题的习惯常常使他们看不到其他的选项。

在管理这个层次上,制定决策包括:识别选项和缩小选项范围,其范围小到微乎其微,大到近乎无限。

决策者必须有某种方法来断定几种选项中的最佳选项,即哪个选项最有利于实现其组织的目标。组织的目标是指该组织努力完成或达到的目标或现状。由于个人(或组织)对于怎样实现其目标的方式都有不同的见解,最佳的选择就在于决策者了。常常是一个组织的下属部门做出的决策对自己有利,而对上一级的部门来说,就不是较佳选择了。这种增加部门的局部利益而减少其他部门的局部利益所作出的权衡,叫做局部优化。例如,市场营销经理为增加广告预算可能会讲得头头是道,但从更大的布局来看,增加优化产品的研究经费也许对组织更有利。

这种权衡的存在是因为组织想要同时达到的目标很多,其中有些比另一些重要,但其重要性与排序是因人和部门而异的。不同的管理者会对同一问题持不同的看法。面对同样一种情况时,销售经理倾向于销售方面的问题,而生产经理则着眼于生产方面的问题,如此等等。

多种目标的重要性与排序还部分地取决于决策者的价值观,这些价值观具有个人色彩,令人难以

捉摸,甚至其本人也很难讲清楚,因为价值观是动态和复杂的,在很多业务场合,对于风险与收益可接受的程度往往会使不同价值观的人对其决策的正确性产生不同意见。

人们常常认为,决策是一个孤立的现象。但从系统的观点看,问题的产生有多种原因,而且决策有预期的和意料之外的结果。一个组织是一个发展中的实体,今天做出的决策可能会在很远的将来才会有结果。因此,老练的管理人员要放眼于当前决策在将来可能会产生的后果。

【课文难点注释】

1.A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action…

“among alternative courses of action”是介词短语作介词“from”的宾语,能够这样用的介词有:from,except,until,by,in等。

That machine was done by between forty and fifty workers. 这台机器是由人数在40~50之间的工人制作的。

He goes nowhere except to the church on Sundays. 星期天他除了去教堂外不去任何地方。

2.…and try to leave as little as possible to chance.

这是由leave…to…和as…as possible两个短语组成的句子,前者意为“把…留给…”,后者意为“尽可能地”

[例句]They had to leave as little as possible to chance. 他们得尽可能少地使偶然性发生。

We should leave as little as possible to incorrect decisions. 我们应该尽可能少地做出错误决策。

3.Alternatives are the possible courses of action from which choices can be made. which 是关系代词,指代the possible courses of action,作介词from的宾语,关系代词指代物体作介词宾语时必须是关系代词which,代词前的介词一般是由从句中的谓语动词来决定的,或所修饰的词来决定的。

[例句]The computer is a subject about which many books are written.计算机是许多书所写的一个课题。

The door of which you lost the key cannot be opened.你丢钥匙的那扇门开不了。

4.These trade offs occur because…,occur是不及物动词,意为“发生,产生,存在,意识到”等,通常是事物作其主语,它既可指难以预料的事发生,也可指预料中的事发生,如某人想起了什么或发生了什么则用介词“to”。

An idea occurred to him. 他想到了一个主意。

5.When presented with a common!case,sales managers…

这是由when引起的省略句,省略部分为“they are”。能够引起这样省略句的词有:when,if,as if等等。

[例句]When something wrong with his car,he would always go to his autorepair man.

当他的车出毛病时,他总是去找他的汽车修理师。

这里省略的词为“there was”。

He will give us a hand when necessary. 必要时他会帮助我们的。

这里省略的词为“it is”。

【课文练习答案】

Ⅰ. 1-d 2-c 3-c 4-a 5-d

Ⅱ.1.alternative 2.fundamental 3.accompany 4.implement 5.precedent

6.attain

7.objectives

8.vary

9.multiple 10.isolate

Ⅲ.1-c make decisions 2-d design programs 3-i solve problems 4-j survive accidents 5-g seize opportunities 6-e pursue studies 7-h attain goals 8-a earn money 9-f consume time 10-h pay debts Ⅳ.One evening while my wife and I were entertaining our dinner guests,our five-year-old daughter Debbie helped her mother serve dessert.Debbie brought the first slice of pie from the kitchen and placed the plate in front of me.I politely passed it to the woman next to me.Debbie put another slice of pie before me and again watched as I passed it to another guest.“You might as well keep it,”my daughter said,“They are all the same size.”

Ⅴ.

1.Decision makers should be able to make a best guess at what the future will be.

2.Some people suggest that all a manager does involves decisions.

3.If there is no right choice there is no right decision to be made.

4.Solutions vary because different people define the same problem in different terms.

5.Decision makers are usually the key to the business development of a company.

【词汇练习答案】

Ⅰ. 1.a.be organized https://www.360docs.net/doc/539748009.html,anizational https://www.360docs.net/doc/539748009.html,anization

2.a.simple b.simplified c.simply d.simplification

3.a.profit b.profitable c.profitability

4.a.intention b.intended c.unintended

Ⅱ. 1.prece dent 2.skilled 3.achievement 4.implement 5.optimal

6.goal

7.accomplish

8. accompanies

9.tendency 10.ongoing

Ⅲ.

1.He was accompanied to the concert by his friend.

2.He has argued her out of her decision.

3.His success was due in part to luck.

4.In accordance with his suggestion,the procedure has been greatly simplified.

5.The broadcast station predicted that it would be cold tomorrow.

6.Movement is defined as a change in position or place.

第二部分 Text B

【课文译文】

面试成功的秘诀

我们今天的话题是面试。

成功的秘诀是准备与信心,这两条秘诀会使你获益匪浅。

首先,做好面试前的准备工作。

尽可能多地了解你所申请的工作与将要为其司职的单位的情况。

我所采访过的雇主对应聘者作了同样的批评:“应聘者对求职的工作的日常业务会产生什么样的结果一无所知,对‘拓展公司的前景’或‘为社区服务’有些模糊的认识,但却从不下气力去了解他们将要去做的实际工作。”

不要让人们这样说自己。这样的话就说明你对你的雇主和工作漠不关心,毫不在意。

花点儿时间替面试官想一想,他们所需要的是一位勤奋、能干、性格开朗,并对工作真正感兴趣的人。

你所了解的新雇主的任何有关情况对你都有利,在面试中可以为你所用;它表明你为将要司职的雇主下了功夫,掌握一些情况。

把你想要问面试官的问题写下来(并记住),当面试官让你提问时不至于无话可说,切记要避免一开始就问休假与报酬的事。如果你准备的所有问题在面试过程中都得到了答复,你可以说,“我刚才

在面试过程中,你想要弄明白对方所说的某些话的确切含意,就向对方询问,不必畏缩,但要有礼貌。

在去面试之前,应把应聘广告原文、未来雇主的信件、求职信、求职表和个人简历的复印件再看一遍。

然后,你会记住你说过的话和对方所要求的条件。这一点对在短时间内应聘几个工作尤其重要,因为应聘一多就容易搞混,并给人留下效率不高的印象。

一定要弄清楚何时何地去面试。必要的话,可在面试前的一两天去看看那幢面试楼(但不要进办公室),核实一下路程有多远,详细地址在哪里。

真正面试时最好提前5~10分钟赶到。这样,留有一点多余时间,如有耽误也不会惊慌。如果是慌慌张张地赶到,或迟到了几分钟,那你一开始就使自己处于不利的境地。

穿着要整洁、传统一些,面试可不是试试朋克打扮或女孩子穿袒胸上衣超短裙的时候。另外,一定要保持你的鞋子、头发、手(还有牙齿)都干干净净。

准备好约你去面试的信件,以防交谈有困难时用。

面试时,你面前可能是一位面试官,或者是面试小组,几个人来考你确实让你害怕,但你不必过分担心。

面试官前可能有桌子,但你不要把你的东西或手臂放在桌子上。

如果你有手提包或公文包,就把它放在你座椅旁边的地上,不要紧抓着它不放。要是包掉在地上,东西撒了一地,将会更糟。

如果面试官主动与你握手,可以和他握手;如果是五人面试组,一般不会逐个与你握手,所以,没人与你握手也不必感到不安。

握手时要有力——没力的手意味着没有个性;当然过于用力会使人感到疼痛;也不要一触到对方的手就马上放下,那样似乎表明你对对方没有好感。

即使自己感到不好意思,说话时也要礼貌、自然,做到任何问题都是先想后答。

如果你听不懂对方的提问,就问“对不起,刚才的问题你不介意再解释一遍吧?”这时,对方会换一种说法把问题重复一遍。

如果对方当时没有明确地接受你,也没有回绝你,你可以问“我什么时候能够知道面试的结果”?

如果你真的收到让你前去工作的信,应尽快复信(保留复印件)。

祝你好运!

【课文难点注释】

1.The key words here are preparation and confidence,which will carry you far.

which是关系代词,引导的是非限定性定语从句,指代的是preparation和confidence,非限定性定语从句的关系代词前有逗号,关系代词有时候还指代前面的整句话。

[例句]He missed the train,which annoyed him very much.他没赶上火车,这事使他很恼火。

He is not on the telephone,which makes it difficult to get in touch with him.

他没有回电话,这使同他联系变得困难了。

2.Do not let this be said of you.不要让别人这样说你。

be said 作宾语补足语,来修饰this,动词let的用法是 let sb. do sth.或 let sth.be done,意为:让某人做某事,或某事由他人来做。

[例句]She does not want to let this be done by others.她不想让这事由其他人来做。

We should not let our surroundings be polluted.我们不应该让我们的环境被污染。

3.Have the letter inviting you for an interview ready to show in case there is any difficulty in communication. 将约你去面试的信件准备好,以防交谈有困难时用。

in case是从句连接词,后接状语从句,意为“一旦,以防,免得”等。容易出错的是同“in case of”这个短语相混,这是介词短语,后接名词。

[例句]He left the key at home in case his wife might come back.他把钥匙留在家中,以备妻子回来。

Bring your umbrella with you in case it rains.带着雨伞,以防下雨。

4.You may find yourself facing one interviewer or a panel.你面前可能是一位面试官,或是面试小组。

find sb doing sth 发现某人正在做某事,facing one interviewer or a panel是现在分词短语作宾补,这一类的动词还有see,hear,have,notice watch,observe等。

[例句]These conditions cannot have them doing the experiment. 这些条件不能使他们做这项实验。

He saw an automobile coming to him. 他看见一辆汽车正朝他开过来。

5.There is little likelihood that…很少有可能…,这是个惯用句型,that是个引导词,引导同位语从句,故that之后应是一个完整的句子。类似的句型还有There is evidence that…,有证据证明;There is an indication that…,有迹象证明…。

周的时间。

There was not much indication that the next few weeks would be peaceful.

没有多大迹象表明今后几个星期将会太平。

【课文练习答案】

Ⅰ.1.T 2.T 3.F 4.F 5.F 6.F 7.F 8.F 9.F 10.T

Ⅱ.

1.preparation,confidence

2.idea

3.unattractive indifference

4.hardworking,personality,interest

5.speechless

6.holidays,pay

7.clean,neat,conservative

8.the floor beside your chair

9.politely,naturally

10.Would you mind rephrasing the question,please

【词汇练习答案】

1.at a disadvantage

2.conservative

3.indifference

4.make sure

5.vague

6.clutched

7.turned down

8.to your advantage

9.clean and neat 10.prospect

11.take the trouble 12.place

Unit 2

第一部分 Text A

【课文译文】

黑洞

什么是黑洞?说起来,很难回答这个问题,因为通常我们用来描述科学现象的这个术语在这里就不恰当了。天文学家和科学家认为,黑洞是一片空间区域(而不是某个东西),物质掉落其中,但什么也不能从中逃逸——甚至连光也不能。所以,我们看不见黑洞。黑洞产生很强的引力,但却不具有物质;它只是空间,或者说我们这样认为。黑洞是怎样产生的呢?

从理论上讲,一些恒星的密度增加到某一程度就会爆炸;这些恒星崩溃瓦解,有时产生超新星。从地球上看,超新星像天空中一盏明亮的灯,白天也能发光。天文学家在十七、十八世纪对超新星就有所报道。有些人认为,圣诞星可能是一颗超新星。恒星的崩溃瓦解可能产生白矮星或中子星,这种星的物质密度极大,使它在自身引力的作用下不停地收缩。如果这种星体非常大(远比太阳大),它的收缩非常剧烈,就会产生黑洞。试想一下,如果地球缩小到弹子球那么大,但仍具有同样的质量和更强的引力,你就会对黑洞的引力有所认识。任何靠近黑洞的物质会被吸了进去,却不能说明在黑洞内部发生了什么。科学家们称黑洞边缘地区为“事界”。对于通过这个边界时物体究竟发生了些什么事件,我们一无所知。从理论上讲,物质在黑洞里面的属性一定会截然不同。

打个比方,如果一个人落入黑洞,他会想自己很快就到达了黑洞中心,而在世界上的观察者会认为这个人根本没有到达黑洞中心。看来我们的时空观念并不适用于黑洞区域的物体。只有爱因斯坦的相对论才能解释这种现象。他说,物质与能量是相互转换的,因此不存在“绝对”的时间与空间,不存在常量;时间与空间的测量取决于观测者的位置,它们二者是相对的。我们仍未透彻地理解相对论的意义,但有趣的是,在天文学家开始寻找黑洞存在的证据之前,爱因斯坦的理论就为黑洞学说提供了理论基础。直到最近,天文学家才开始对黑洞进行专门的研究。1997年8月发射了一颗卫星,搜集关于人们认为存在于银河系中的一千万个黑洞的数据资料。天文学家还计划建一个新的天文观测站,对那些正在爆炸的、人们认为可能会成为黑洞的恒星分别进行研究。

对双星星系的研究为黑洞的存在提供了最令人信服的证据。双星,顾名思义就是两颗恒星,其空间位置相互影响。天文学家们已经表明,在一些双星系中都有一颗看不见的“伴星”,陪伴着天空中我们能够看得见的星。那颗可见的恒星上的物质一直被一颗看不见的另一颗恒星吸引着。这颗产生如此之大引力的不可见恒星会不会是个黑洞呢?天文学家们已有几颗其他恒星的证据,证明它们可能会有黑洞作为陪伴。

黑洞理论仅仅是个开始,关于黑洞的猜测却是不胜枚举。在我们银河系中心可能有一个巨大的黑洞,高速吞噬着恒星,人类可能会在某一天要面临这一命运。另一方面,科学家们已经提出,也许有一天高科技会利用黑洞的能量为人类造福。这些假想听起来像科幻故事,然而,空间黑洞的理论已为许多严谨的科学家和天文学家所接受。他们向我们展示了一个运转方式完全不同于我们这个世界的世界,他们对我们关于时空的最基本认识提出了质疑。

【课文难点注释】

1.Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is a region of space (not a thing)into which matter has fallen and from which nothing can escape-not even light.

2.“into which…”及“from which…”是两个限定性定语从句,修饰a region of s pace,两个which都是

Text A,课文难点解释3(P.3)

3.It is only space-or so we think.

“so”这里是副词,意为“这样”或“那样”,“确实”等。注意不要与代词“so”的用法相混。

She's got a job,or so she tells me. 她找到了一份工作,或她是这样告诉我的。

Copper conducts electricity,so it does. 铜导电,它确实是这样。

4.The collapse of a star may produce a White Dwarf or a neutron star—a star,whose matter is so dense that it continually shrinks by the force of its own gravity.

关系代词whose引起一个非限定性定语从句,作matter的修饰语,意为这种星的物质。

They also raise deer,whose horns provide valuable medicine.他们还养鹿,其鹿角是珍贵的药材。

This is George,whose class you will be taking next week.这是乔治,下个周你将要接他的班。5.Imagine the earth reduced to the size of a marble,but still having the same mass and a stronger gravitational pull,and you have some idea of the froce of a black hole.

第一个分句是祈使句,相当于“if”引起的条件句,第二个分句应由“,”和“and”连接,意为“如果你…,你就…”。

Hold a picture of yourself…in your mind's eye ,and you will be drawn toward it.

如果在你自己的心目中树立起一个你自己的形象,你就会向这个形象靠拢。

Picture yourself vividly as defeated,and that alone will make victory impossible.

如果把自己维妙维肖地想象成一个失败者,单这一点就会使胜利化为泡影。

6.There might be a massive black hole at the center of our galaxy swallowing up stars at a very rapid rate.

swallowing up …是分词短语作black hole的定语,由at the center of our gallaxy割裂开来,相当于由which引起的定语从句,即which is swallowing up…

The streets were crowded with people out shopping 街道上人满为患,他们都是外出购买东西的人。

Is there any train I can take leaving here at night and going directly to Beijing?

有没有我能够乘座的晚上在这里发车直达北京的火车?

【课文练习答案】

Ⅰ. 1.b 2.c 3.a 4.c 5.d

Ⅱ. 1.inadequate 2.astronomers 3.density 4.shrink 5.intense

6.boundary

7.theory

8.convince

9.invisible 10.speculation

Ⅲ. 1.density 2.observation,observer,observatory 3.speculation 4.mass

5.region

6.gravitation

7.relativity

8.basis

9.evidence 10.endlessness

Ⅳ.

A 21-year-old Texas City man was charged with theft after police caught him trying to drag a newspaper vending machine toward his running vehicle.When the officer approached,the man stopped and acted as if he were re ading the newspaper inside.“I was dragging it over here so that I could read the paper better,”he explained.

After an officer pointed out that the light was brighter where the machine had been,the man replied,“I read but in the dark.”

Ⅴ.

1.Astronomers have not yet fully answered the question of what a black hole is.

2.It is believed that a black hole can swallow up any objects like stars near it.

3.The research into black holes is just beginning,and speculations about them are endless.

4.It is still impossible for scientists to say what happens inside a black hole.

Black holes would not be so intimidating if we have some idea of them.

【词汇练习答案】

Ⅰ. 1.a.exploded b.exlosion c.explosive

2.a.dense b.densely c.density

3.a.measurable b.measurement c.measured

4.a.basis b.basic c.based d.basically

Ⅱ. 1.implication 2.gravity 3.boundary 4.interchangeable 5.explode

6.galaxy

7.convincing

8.speculation

9.shrank 10.sucking

Ⅲ.

1.A black hole exerts a very strong force.

2.His company collapsed because of poor management.

3.Several satellites were launched in our country in the 1980's.

4.Is the medicine operating now?

5.His figure was swallowed up in the dark.

第二部分 Text B

【课文译文】

我们先来看一下绕太阳运转的行星地球(也就是我们这个世界)。地球是绕太阳轨道运行的九大行星之一。这九大行星和太阳一起构成了我们所说的太阳系。这个神奇的星系是怎样起源,以及什么使它如此精确运行仍在相当程度上是个谜。而天文学家告诉我们,太阳系是太空中亿万个类似星系中的一个,并且是属于最小星系之列。

在晴朗的夜空中我们看到的闪烁恒星,基本上都是其他太阳系的太阳,与我们的太阳很相似,但它们与我们相距十分遥远,要想详细了解它们是不可能的。然而,对于我们的太阳系,每天我们对它都有新的认识。

在美国和俄国宇航员进行令人振奋的太空旅行之前,我们很难知道地球从几十万英里之外看是什么样子。而从宇航员拍的照片来看,从太空中看地球与我们在地球上看到的月亮的样子没有很大差别,其实地球同月球大不一样。美国宇航员已发现,月球上没有生命和植物,而地球上的每一个地方都是生机勃勃。顺便提一下,月球也叫卫星,因为它即绕太阳运行,也绕地球运转,换句话讲,月球随地球一道绕太阳运转。

地球表面是大面积的陆地和比陆地面积更大的水域。先让我们来看一下水域。水域面积大约是陆地面积的三倍,非常大的独立水域称为“洋”,小一些的称为“海”。

人们发现,在大多数的大洋大海里,一部分水会朝某一个方向流动,即从海洋的一个区域流向另一个区域。这样流动的水体称为“洋流”。在海洋的水域里有成千上万条洋流,但我们只给某些较为强大和显著的洋流命名,而且这些洋流非常重要。说它们重要原因之一是这些洋流影响其流经区域的气候,原因之二是洋流夹带着大量的微生物和植物,是鱼类的食物的主要来源。

地球陆地表面的自然形态和特征因地域而变化很大。有些地域的表面多以高山深谷为主,而另一些地区则大部分是平原。如果到世界各大陆作一番旅行,就会看到地表的各种形态:山脉、平原、高原、沙漠、热带雨林,还有常年冰雪覆盖的空旷地带。

当我们思考和认识这个世界时,不应忘记我们的世界是许多不同民族的家园,他们具有不同的肤色,过着不同的生活,还有各自不同的对宗教、政府、教育和社会行为等重要问题的看法;不同人群的生活环境使我们的生活方式与他们的有着很大不同。因此,我们的任务是应该了解那些不同的环境,以便更好地了解异国的人民;最为重要的是,在没有首先对他们以及他们必须过着的那种生活有着相当多的认识时,应避免对他们产生想当然的看法。但可以肯定地说,对别人了解越多,就能更好地理解他们的思想,而且作为常理,我们就越发喜欢他们。

【课文难点注释】

1.…,but they are so far away in space that it is unlikely that we shall ever get to know very much about them.

这个分句是由“so…that”连接,结果状语从句中又有“it is…that”结构,“ it”是先行主语,其真正主语是由“that”引起的主语从句,注意不要与强调句相混。

It is unlikely that they will soon start their experiment.他们不可能很快就开始做他们的试验。

It is likely that he will arrive late. 他极有可能晚到。

2.The earth is,however,very different from the moon,which the American astronauts have found to be without life or vegetation,….

which是关系代词,引导的是非限定性定语从句,指代the moom,在从句中作have found的宾语,这里的which是不能省略的。

The activity was postponed again,which we had been expecting for a long time.这项活动又延期了,我们期盼这项活动已有很长时间了。

She shows great patience toward children,which her husband seldom has.她对孩子们显示出极大耐心,她丈夫却极少有此耐心。

3.The total water area is about three times as large as the land area.

这是倍数的表达方式之一,用“as…as”加长、短、宽、窄、大小、多少等形容词或其他表示程度的副词等。

Line A is twice as long as Line B. A线是B线的两倍长。

This substance reacts three times as fast as the other one.这种物质反应的速度是另一种物质的三倍。

【课文练习答案】

Ⅰ.1.T 2.T 3.T 4.T 5.F 6.F 7.F8.F9.F10.T

Ⅱ. 1.planets,orbit 2.suns 3.life,vegetation 4.satellite,sun

5.very large,separate,lesser

6.one part,another part

7.nature,characteristics 8.plateaus,deserts,plains

9.religion,government,education,special behaviour,10.circumstances

【词汇练习答案】

1.cloudless

2.above all

3.concerned

https://www.360docs.net/doc/539748009.html,rgely

5.glitter

6.as a rule

7.unlikely

8.thrilling

9.whereas 10.revolve

Unit 3

第一部分 Text A

安乐死:赞成还是反对

“我们千万别再拖下去了…,我吞咽困难,呼吸困难…,那些部位的肌肉一点劲也没有了…,千万别再拖了。”

这是一名叫齐思·范·万德尔·尤德的荷兰人在恳求他的医生帮助他死时说的话。范·万德尔因身患重病,言语含混不清,他自己也知道根本没有康复的希望,因为他的病情在迅速恶化。

在让医生给自己注射最后一针也是致死一针之前,范·万德尔生命的最后三个月被拍成了电影,去年在荷兰电视上首次播出。在这之后20个国家先后购买了这套电视节目,每次播放,都引发了全民对安乐死问题的大讨论。

荷兰是欧洲惟一允许安乐死的国家。从技术上讲安乐死不合法,但如果医生按照两年前荷兰议会制定的严格的指导原则实施安乐死,一般不会受到法律的追究。指导原则规定:患者正在经受极大的痛苦,没有治愈的可能,患者一再请求实施安乐死。另外,必须由另外一位医生证明一切都符合上述条件;病员死亡必须向公安机关报告。

是否应该允许医生剥夺他人的生命呢?齐思·范·万德尔的医生威尔弗雷·德范·奥仁医生谈了自己对这个问题的看法:

“实施安乐死与我计划用机关枪杀一大群人不能等同,要是那样,我觉得是最恶毒不过的杀人方式了。作为医生,我这样做与用机关枪杀人绝对不同。我关心人,尽力不让他们太受罪,实施安乐死完全是另一回事。”

但许多人坚决反对实施安乐死。“反对安乐死,实施保健护理”组织主席安德鲁·福格森说:“绝大多数实施安乐死的病例中,患者实际上在要求别的东西,他们可能是想让保健医护人员替他们与自己心爱的人或家人沟通——几乎是每个问题的背后总有另外别的问题存在。”

英国晚期病人收容院有着优良的传统,他们专门护理临终病人,照顾他们的特殊要求。英国国家收容院理事会主席,收容运动的发起人西西莉·桑德斯争辩说,安乐死将看护临终病人的方法置之度外。此外,她还担心允许安乐死会使要求护理和得到人们广泛关怀的念头减少。“在今天的社会里,这会让老年人、残病人和依靠别人生活的人容易感到自己是负担,因此,他们感到应该从生活中消失掉。我认为任何允许合法地缩短人的生命的事情,肯定会让人们更加脆弱”。

许多人认为剥夺个人死亡之权是生硬专横的。尽管他们赞同生命重要,应该得到尊重,但他们感到生命的质量也不该忽视。奥仁医生认为,如果人们想死,他们就有选择的最基本的权力。“那些反对实施安乐死的人们告诉我的是这样的一些话:临终者没有这个权力,人们病得严重时,我们都要担心他们的死亡;但有时候死亡是个好事,在这种情况下,为什么不允许他们死呢?”但是“为什么不允许”是个可能会引起强烈反响的问题。那部反映齐思·范·万德尔死亡的片子既令人动情又令人敏感。显而易见,他的医生是他家的朋友,他的妻子也是一心想为她的丈夫好。但有人会说,用这个特殊的事例来为安乐死叫好是危险的。并非所有的病人都会受到那样的个别护理和关注。

【课文难点注释】

1.Affected with a serious disease,Van Wendel was no longer able to speak clearly……affected with…是过去分词短语作状语,相当于一个原因状语从句,它的逻辑主语是Van Wendel.即Bacause Van Wendel was affected with a serious disease,…

[例句]Born a countryman,he was bewildered by London. 由于生在乡下,伦敦使他惊诧不已。

Disappointed at the news,he left his family. 那消息使他失望,所以他离开了他的家人。

2.Cicely Saunders,President of the National Hospice and a founder member of the hospice movement ,argues that euthanasia doesn't take into account that there are ways of caring for the dying.

take…into account 意为考虑…,因宾语是个从句,故把into account提到宾语之前,以保持句子平衡。类似短语还有take…into consideration。

[例句]They should take into account that the surroundings need to be protected.

他们应该考虑到环境需要得到保护。

He took into consideration that the patient needed a special care.

他已考虑到那位病人需要特殊的护理。

3.Many find this prohibition of an individual's right to die paternalistic.

find是个带复合宾语的动词之一。它的基本结构是find+n.+complement,即find 加宾语,加补足语,类似的动词还有feel,think,make,consider等等。

[例句]His device made the ways to do things easier. 宾补语他的装置使做事情的方法更容易些了。

We consider it necessary to do that experiment.我们认为有必要做那项实验。

4.…“What those people who oppose euthanasia are telling me is that dying people haven't the right.

这是一个复杂句,由what引起的从句作主语,从句里又有另外一个从句,由who引起修饰people,

[例句]What he is telling me(主语从句) is that he has no right to do that(表语从句).

他告诉我的事是他无权做那事。

We cannot agree with those people who oppose our program(定语从句).我们不能

同意那些反对我们计划的人们。

【课文练习答案】

Ⅰ. 1.c 2.d 3.b 4.d 5.c

Ⅱ. 1.delay 2.recovery 3.lethal 4.debate 5.permit 6.criterion/criteria(复)

7.majority 8.take …into account9.undermine 10.vulnerable

Ⅲ.

1.Dr Wilfred Van Oijen's arguments for euthanasia:

a.people have the fundamental right to choose death.

b.the practice of euthanasia is quite different from planning to kill a crowd of people with a machine gun.

c.sometimes there are situations where death is a frien

d.

2.Dr Andrew Ferguson's arguments against euthanasia:

a.what the patient is actually asking for is something else.

b.the patients want a health professional to open up a communication for them with their loved ones or family.

3.Guide lines for carrying out euthanasia in the Netherlands:

a.the patient is experiencing extreme suffering.

b.there is no chance of a cure.

c.the patient has made repeated requests for euthanasia.

d.a second doctor must confirm that the criteria above have been met and the death must

be reported to the police department.

Ⅳ.

After I was sent to Egypt for the Operation Bright Star training program.I saw a weekend pass sightseeing in Cairo.A local offered to take my picture on his camel.“Free,”he said.“No charge.”

I thanked him and handed him my camera.The man then shouted a com mand,and his camel

sat down,allowing me to board.After taking the whole roll of film,the man said:“That

will be $5.”

“But you said you would take my picture free.”

“Yes,that was free,“he agreed.“But is costs $5 to get you down from the camel.

Ⅴ.

1.Euthanasia can actually relieve dying people from their suffering.

2.Don't you know that the Netherlands is the only country in Europe which permits the practice of euthanasia?

3.Doctors who are for this view do not mean that they do not care for patients.

4.After the first doctor has diagnosed the disease,the second doctor must confirm the diagnosis.

5.Opponents argue that the patients do not really want to die,and that they might be asking for something esle.

【词汇练习答案】

Ⅰ.1.a.considerably b.considerate c.consideration d.considerable 2.a.able b.ability c.unable d.enable e.disabled f.disabled

3.a.Traditional b.tradition c.traditionally

Ⅱ.

1.weaken

2.opt out

3.deteriorate

4.lethal

5.request

6.debate

7.is/was affected with

8.take into account 9.elderly 10.vulnerable 11.sensitive 12.ensure 13.legal

Ⅲ.

1.They requested that the prisoners(should)be set free.

2.His talents will ensure his success.

3.They are planning a nationwide debate.

4.He is very sensitive to changes of weather.

5.The quality of his work has been deteriorating in recent years.

第二部分 Text B

【课文译文】

不公平的优势

作家瓦尔特·埃利斯是《牛津——剑桥帮》一书的作者,他认为英国仍在牛津——剑桥老同学关系网的控制下:一个人懂什么不重要,重要的是他认识谁。他说,在牛津和剑桥两所大学(简称牛津——剑桥)求学的少数经过严格选拔的优秀人才一开始就登上了青云之梯,几年之后,他们便乘青云之梯登上了特权和权力的顶峰。他的研究表明,所有最好的职位仍继续由剑桥毕业生把持着,百分比不到90%,也有60%或65%。

然而,埃利斯指出,牛津——剑桥毕业生只占全英国大学毕业生的20%。另外一些研究似乎也证实了他的这一看法,即牛津——剑桥毕业生在就业市场上从一开始就拥有不公平的优势。一份新近发表的报告表明,在法律界,去年由高等法院任命的26名高级法官都上过私立学校,其中21名曾就读过牛津——剑桥。

但这能说明形成了帮派吗?英国最好的私立学校威斯敏斯特学校的前任校长约翰·雷博士对此持反对看法。

“我承认过去在英国生活的某些重要领域里存在着偏见,但现在这种偏见已不存在了。在60年代或更早的某个时期,进入牛津或剑桥大学不一定全靠学业成就。现在毫无疑问,在任何客观的观察者眼里,入牛津和剑桥大学的竞争是异常的激烈。”

然而,许多人不同意这种看法。因为尽管英国3/4以上的学生在国立大学接受教育,但去牛津——剑桥大学读书的学生的半数以上曾上过私立学校,即所谓的“公学”。这难道是私立学校的学生比那些公立学校的学生更聪明吗?或是就是比他们准备得更充分吗?

每年每个私立学校的平均费用是五仟英磅,是国立学生的两倍多。所以,如果公立学校开设的课程少得多,怎么能指望他们与私立学校竞争呢?又怎么能让学生准备好牛津大学的专门入学考试呢?这个考试需要额外的准备,为此,许多公立学校的学生一般要在校多学一个学期。

直到最近,许多人还指责大学专门入学考试存有偏见(剑桥大学在1986年废止了入学考试)。

不过,牛津大学在去年二月决定废止考试,以鼓励更多的国立学生申请入学。自1996九六年秋,申请就读牛津大学的学生像申请其他大学的学生一样,将只根据他们中学的A级学业成绩和面试表现来判断录取与否,当然有些系部可能会进行专门的考试。不过,有些人反驳说,设置精英学校没有什么不妥;他们还说,从本质上讲,这类学校就不应该轻易地可以入学。多数国家是由杰出的人才领导着,并有高水平的人才集聚的学术中心。瓦尔特·埃利斯认为这一点是正确的。“但比如在法国,有40所水平相当的大学,这些大学通过更宽的基础上培养精英人才。再比如美国,有“常春藤”联合会,核心是哈佛和耶鲁,其他的还有普林斯顿和斯坦福大学等等。不过这些大学——一流的大学,加起来总数有10~15所,并且有芝加哥、伯克利和其他院校紧随其后,这样就不存在集中在两所院校范围狭窄地培养近亲精英人才的局面了。”

当谈到牛津大学和剑桥大学因录取私立学校学生数量之多而成为一流大学时,牛津大学的斯顿教授说,他和他的同事们不能忽视这样一个简单的事实:

“如果某些学校做得比别的学校好,我们必须接受这种现实。我们不是进行补习教育的场所,这不是牛津大学所做的事。”

不过,既然学习优异确实看来与在每个学生身上花的钱有关,那么这似乎在暗示,首相梅杰要让英国成为无阶级的社会的设想还十分遥远。而且值得注意的是,约翰·梅杰虽本人没有

【课文难点注释】

1.…network:it isn't what you know that matters,but who you know.

这是由强调句型it isn't…that…和but连接的句子,强调部分是what you know 和who you know,句中的谓语是matters,意为是重要的,有价值的。

[例句]It is what she said that really matters. 她所说的才是真正重要的。

It is not what he did that really matters. 他做的并不真正重要。

2.In the law a recently published report showed that out of 26 senior judges appointed to the High Court last year…

这句里的published和appointed都是过去分词,published作report的前置修饰语,appointed 作judges的后置修饰语,通常分词短语是后置修饰,而单一的分词可用作前置修饰语。

[例句]What is the suggesed answer? 建议答案是什么?

There is a special room reserved for the aged. 有间为老人预定的专用房间。

3.…,there are something like 40 equivalents of university,…

这句里的something like 是副词短语,意为大约,有点。

[例句]The airship was shaped something like a cigar. 那飞船的外型有点像雪茄。

He left something like ten thousand pounds. 他留下了大约一万英磅。

4.When it comes to Oxford and Cambridge being elitist because of the number of private school pubils they accept,…。

when it comes to是个习惯用法,意为“当说起…时”,引导的是状语从句,being elitist是

如不是在句子开头可以用普通格,人称代词用宾格,但主语是无生命的东西时,只能用普通格。

[例句]I don't like people smoking. 我不喜欢人们抽烟。

Is there any hope of Helen winning the championship? 海伦有没有获得冠军的希望?

5.And it may be worth remembering that while John Major didn't himself….

worth是介词,意为值得,有价值等,故后跟动名词doing。

[例句]It is worth discussing this problem. 值得讨论一下这个问题。

[辨析]be worthy of,这里的worthy是形容词,故后跟of再加动名词或名词。

[例句]His question is worthy of answer. 他的提问值得答复。

[辨析]worthwhile,worthwhile是形容词,意为值得花费时间或精力的,可以用做表语或名词修饰语。

[例句]That is a worthwhile experiment. 那是一项值得做的实验。

【课文练习答案】

Ⅰ. 1.F 2.T 3.F 4.T 5.T 6.F 7.T 8.T 9.T 10.F

Ⅱ. 1.Oxford,Cambridge 2.old-body work 3.two 4.bias 5.public

6.A level results,performance

7.easily accessible

8.better prepared

9.Harvard,Yale,Chicago,Berkeley 10.constantly replicating

【词汇练习答案】

Ⅰ. 1.unfair 2.main 3.profession 4.private 5.accessible

Ⅱ. 1.appoint 2.performance 3.equal 4.amount to 5.by nature

6.prime

7.merits

https://www.360docs.net/doc/539748009.html,petitive

9.Remedial 10.worth

【语法练习答案】

Ⅰ. 1.has 2.is 3.are 4.seem 5.is 6.was 7.are 8.were 9.is 10.are 11.is

12.is 13.are 14.am 15.is 16.have 17.has 18.have 19.have 20.was 21.is

22.has 23.speak 24.is 25.races 26.were 27.approve 28.was 29.says 30.appeal

31.are 32.is 33.are 34.was 35.is 36.has 37.are 38.has 39.is 40.is 41.are

42.am 43.are 44.is 45.is 46.have 47.are 48.have 49.has 50.is

Ⅱ. 1.he 2.our 3.its 4.its 5.her,her 6.their 7.our 8.they 9.his 10.their

Unit 4

第一部分 Text A

【课文译文】

家门口的奴隶制

据估计在不列颠工作的外籍家庭佣人有两万之众(确切的数字尚不得而知,因负责这一事务的政府部门内政部没有做这方面的数字统计)。这些佣人通常都是由在英国的外商、外交官或从国外回来的英国人带来的。根据一个总部设在伦敦旨在帮助在英国工作的外国佣人的政治团体的说法,在这两万人中有近两千人正遭受到雇主的剥削和虐待。

虐待有几种形式:家庭佣人常常不允许外出或不给工钱;可以受到肉体、性或精神方面的虐待,可以被没收护照,使他们根本不可能离开或是“逃跑”。

今年早些时候,由于几桩广为人知的案件,世界各地女佣人的悲惨处境受到了舆论界的极大关注。案件之一是一位菲律宾女佣因证明有谋杀罪在新加坡被处死,尽管各地纷纷抗议,说这名女佣的罪名还不完全成立。像“反奴役国际”这样的组织声称,其他一些不太显眼的案件也同样值得关注,例如在伦敦工作的菲律宾女佣莉迪亚·加西亚一案:

“1989年,一名沙特外交官直接把我从菲律宾雇到伦敦工作。说好了每月给我120英镑,但我从来没有拿到那么多,而且他们还常常威胁要把我遣送回国。”

再就是斯里兰卡的女佣库马里一案。她家主要靠她挣钱维持生活,她曾在一家斯里兰卡的茶厂工作,收入微薄。因难以养活自己的四个孩子,库马里便同意到英国当女仆。她说在伦敦那幢房子里做活,感觉像个囚犯:

“没有节假日。甚至没有歇息的时间,也没有一口像样的饭菜。我没有自己的房间,睡在搁板上,在我上方只有三英尺的空间。不允许我同任何人讲话,甚至连窗户都不允许我开。我的雇主总是威胁要向内政部或警察局告我的状。”

1994年底,英国政府采取了新的措施,以保护家庭佣人不遭受其雇主的虐待。这些措施包括:把受雇人的最低年龄提高至18岁,让受雇人读懂并理解建议手册,责成雇主同意提供足够的生活费用和适宜的工作条件,把工作的主要项目和条件形成文学(受雇人应该看到文字本的复印件)。

但是,许多人对此能否有效地减少虐待发生仍怀有疑虑。因外籍女佣和家仆想对恶劣的生活和工作条件提出申诉所面临的主要问题是,他们没有独立的移民身份,因此不能改换雇主(英国移民法中规定,外国人有携带家仆的特权)。所以,佣人如果真想抱怨的话,他们就面临着被遣送回国的危险允许家庭佣人有根据自己意愿寻找同种工作但是不同雇主的自由,是“反奴役国际”这类组织正

【课文难点注释】

1.Of these 20,000,just under 2,000 are being exploited and abused by….

being是助动词,在此句构成了被动态的进行时,意为正在…。

[例句]The problem is being discussed. 那个问题正在讨论之中。

The experiment is being conducted. 实验正在进行之中。

2.…in Singapore after being convicted of murder,despite protesting from various quarters that….

being convicted of murder是动名词短语,作介词after的宾语,相当于由连词after引起的状语从句的作用,即:after she was convicted of murder,注意不要与convince of 相混。

[例句]After being convicted of fraud,she was put in prison.确认犯有欺骗罪之后,她被投入监狱。

He made every effort to go on the research after being convinced of his error.

在相信自己的错误之后,他努力继续进行他的研究。

despite是个介词,后接名词,构成介词短语,相当于一个让步状语从句,意为“尽管,不顾”,与词语in spite of同义,不要把两者混淆。易出现的错误是despite of。

[例句]He remains modest despite his great achievement. 尽管成绩斐然,他依然保持谦虚谨慎。

He came to the meeting despite his serious illness. 尽管病情严重,他仍出席了会议。

3.Allowing domestic…,if they so choose,…

so在此句里是副词,意为这样或那样,来修饰动词choose,不要同so的其他用法相混淆。

[例句]She was so employed. 她是这样被雇用的。

If he so decides,he will take responsibility for the result.如果他是这样决定的,他将会对后果负责任。

【课文练习答案】

Ⅰ. 1.b 2.d 3.c 4.b 5.b

Ⅱ. 1.diplomats 2.abuse 3.remove 4.quarter 5.guilt

6.hire

7.breadwinner

8.introduce

9.maintenance 10.immigrant

Ⅲ. 1—i,2—c,3—b,4—e,5—j,6—g,7—h,8—f,9—a,10—d Ⅳ.

My son gave a party one Saturday night.I was hesitant about having a group of teenagers in our home.but to my surprise,they were all charming .The kids complimented me on my energy,and how young I looked(I was 34).When the partyws over ,I told my son how much I enjoyed his friends and their comments .He smiled and asked if I felt like a teenager again.

“Yes”,I responded,“and I felt wonderful.”

“I'm glad," he said."By the way,I told everyone that you were 54.”

Ⅴ.

1.The government department that deals with the matter concerned does not keep statistics.

2.It was because she could not support her family that she accepted a job as a domestic.

3.She was hired by a Saudi diplomat directly from the Philipines to work in London.

4.The working conditions of the domestics have received media attention.

5.The employers always threatened that they would sent us back to our country.

【词汇练习答案】

Ⅰ. 1.a.exploited b.exploitation c.exploitable

2.a.execution b.executed c.executive

3.a.employed b.employees c.employment

4.a.immigrants b.immigrated c.immigration

Ⅱ. 1.status 2.slavery 3.minimum 4.despite 5.diplomat 6.domestic

7.abroad 8.convicted 9.deported 10.incidence 11.supposed 12.deserving

Ⅲ. 1.The resources should be exploited properly.

2.The order was executed very well.

3.This program deserves (is deserving of)further investigation.

4.We have reduced the expenses to the minimum.

5.I wouldn't believe the news despite what she said.

6.Can such a small boat bring them over to the other side of the river?

第二部分 Text B

【课文译文】

目击者说,这简直就是50年代某部黑白电影的一幕:太阳升起在美国南部阿拉巴马州享茨维尔市的田野上,一群罪犯从运送他们的卡车上下来。在持枪卫兵的监视下,这些囚犯迈着一致的步伐朝州际65号高速公路走去。英国广播公司的驻华盛顿记者克莱尔·博尔德森就在现场并发回如下报道:“他们穿着背部写有“ChainGang”的白色囚服,他们五人一组,用一条八英尺长的铁链把腿脚连在一起。这些囚犯要这样连在一起劳动多达90天:他们要清除布满杂草的排水沟,修复阿拉巴马主干道上的防护栏。在连在一起劳动期间,囚犯们还生活在美国监狱一些最为恶劣的环境中。他们没有电视,不能接打电话,许多日常生活的权力也被剥夺。”

阿拉巴马州当局声称,事隔30年之后,许多人赞成恢复锁链囚队这种刑罚(乔治亚州在60年代早期废除了最后一支锁链囚队)。许多人认为,这是让罪犯向社会赎罪的有效方法。

囚犯们去厕所时带着镣铐,他们对遭受的待遇反应强烈:

囚犯甲说:“这样对待我们就像马戏团,像动物园。所有的人被链子锁在这里,我们现在都是动物园的动物。”

囚怨乙说:“这让人感到耻辱,这让人感到尴尬。”

囚犯丙说:“戴着铁链,十足的奴隶制!”

用铁链锁在一起的囚犯60%是黑人,正是因为如此,锁链囚队让人想起过去几百年前奴隶制的影子:当时黑人们带着脚镣被白人们从非洲带来,强迫他们在白人的种植园里干活。这不足以为怪,因为阿拉巴马州有3/4的白人赞成带链服刑,而只有一小部分黑人不反对。阿拉巴马州政府支持这样做。发言人唐·克莱克斯顿坚持认为这种办法不是种族歧视。

“这样做并非是种族和政治原因。这样做是为了帮助阿拉巴马州人减少税金,因为他们不必负担工作在高速公路上那么多的官员。而且,这样做将有利于清理高速公路的卫生,也有利于清理全州的卫生。”

但是,恢复这些措施招致了许多人的非议。人权组织声称,给囚犯带上锁链既不人道也不起作用。“公民自由协会”会员阿尔文·布朗斯坦说,一次又一次的研究表明,用惩罚或用惩罚进行威胁并不能阻止人们犯罪。”用惩罚和用惩罚进行威胁会使罪犯更恼怒,更敌对,结果当他们出狱后,他们会变本加厉地进行犯罪活动。”

“公民自由组织”认为,用锁链将犯人串在一起解决不了犯罪的根源,例如社会上的贫困与不满,这样做是为社会的罪恶而惩罚罪犯。这些组织说,这种做法把美国带回到了中世纪时代,是美国社会的耻辱。然而,这种观点不可能赢得美国南方腹地许多人的赞成。阿拉巴马州的这种尝试将会推广到更多的犯人身上,诸如阿肯色和亚利桑那等其他四州也很有可能推出自己的锁链囚队的计划。

【课文难点解释】

1.“They wore white uniforms with the words‘Chain Gang'on their backs…”

这是由with加复合结构构成的介词短语,作状语。其复合结构为以下几种形式:名+介词短语,名+过去分词,名词+现在分词,名词+副词/形容词,名词+动词不定式短语。

[例句]He was siting in a chair with his hands folded. 他双手交叉在胸前坐在椅子上。

With Dick and his wife helping,she moved the wounded soldier at night.

在狄克和他妻子的帮助下,她晚上把伤员转移了。

They are highly mechanized farms,with machinery to do all the work.

它们是高度机械化的农场,所有工作都由机器进行。

2.The prisoners stay shackled when they use toilets.

stay用作系动词,后接动词过去分词,表状态,类似的词还有remain,go ,get等。

[例句]His effort went unnoticed. 没人注意到他的努力。

The problem remains unsolved.问题仍未解决。

3.…,when black people were brought from Africa in leg irons and made to work in plantations…

made是过去分词,构成被动态,意为迫使,被迫,主动态时后接动词不定式时,不带“to” ,被动态时则一定要带“to”,这是测试的要点。

[例句]They were made to work at night. 要他们在夜间工作。

He was made to leave his country. 他被迫离开自己的祖国。

主动态:They made her repeat the story. 他们要她复述那个故事。

4.…What they will do is make prisoners more angry,…what从句作主语表示强调时,其表语的动词不定式可以不带“to”.

[例句]What he has to do is go there right away. 他必须要做的是立即去那里。

What the government needs to do is clean up the highways.

政府需要做的是清理一下高速公路。

5.But that's not an argument likely to win favour among….

likely to win…是形容词短语作名词argument的后置定语,相当于which is be likely to win…”

[例句]This seems to be a suggestion likely to win the support from the public.

The children easiest to teach are in Class One. 最好教的孩子在一班。

【课文练习答案】

Ⅰ. 1.F 2.F 3.T 4.T 5.T 6.F 7.T 8.F 9.T 10.F

Ⅱ.

1.leg irons,chain,groups,day-to-day privileges

2.the harshest,television,phone calls

3.circus,a zoo,slavery

4.six out of every ten

5.racial,political,heling clean up the highways,the State.

6.inhuman,ineffective

7.more angry,more hostile 8.poverty,disaffection within society

8.Middle Ages,shame

9.Deep South,Arkansas,Arizona

【词汇练习答案】

Ⅰ. 1.denied 2.gang 3.prevented 4.an argument 5.punishment

Ⅱ. 1.degrading 2.called up 3.liberty 4.in unison 5.union

Unit 5

第一部分 Text A

【课文译文】

新音乐

新音乐是在已有的音乐素材上发展起来的:它们是布鲁斯音乐、摇滚乐、美国民间音乐。新音乐虽然保留了原有的形式,但却在上述几种较老的形式上推出了全新的,具有独创性的内容,其创新的力度连新音乐家们自己也始料不及。这种革新是发生1966~1967年。在那之前,布鲁斯音乐一直是黑人表达忧伤情感的主要形式。由布鲁斯音乐派生出的摇滚乐是富有节奏感的舞曲音乐,民间音乐无论是老歌还是新曲颇受大学生的欢迎。这三种音乐从音乐和文化的角度来看都特色鲜明。直到1965年,三种音乐都没有反映出全新的意识形态。布鲁斯音乐表达的是黑人的思想情感;摇滚乐表现的是青年人的勃勃活力;民间音乐则表达的是反战情感和爱与希望。

1966~1967年音乐发生了自发性转变。在美国,这种转变起源于在旧金山演出的充满青春气息的摇滚乐队;在英国,皮头士(甲壳虫)乐队则是这场变革的领头羊,此时它已发展成非常优秀的极具个性的摇滚乐队。当时发生的情景,如用语言可能表达出来是这样的:首先是将分类的音乐流派融合在一起,鲍勃·狄伦和杰弗逊飞机乐队演奏了民间摇滚乐,一种伴有摇滚节奏的民间音乐。白人摇滚乐队开始尝试演奏布鲁斯音乐。当然,在这之前白人乐手经常演奏布鲁斯,但基本上是模仿黑人的风格。但这时这种融合演奏开始成为白人乐队自己的音乐。所有这些乐队都向更宽的折中和相互融合的方向发展,他们随意继承了爵士乐与美国乡村音乐的成分,随着时间的推移,他们借鉴了甚至更多种类的素材,发展成为一种形式丰富多彩、表现内容几乎无所不能的音乐。

发生的第二件事是所有的乐队都开始使用全套的电子乐器和电子扩音技术。电子吉他是件老式的乐器,但同新的电子音响合在一起效果截然不同,使一位1967年新听到这种音响的听众觉得,世界上以前可能从未有过这样的声音。的确,电子技术使这种声响成为可能,直到那时,没有任何乐器能够奏出这样的声音。在录音室制作录音时,新技术能制作出甚至电子乐队现场表演都演奏不出的效果。电子放大器能让音量有惊人的增大,使音乐变得尽量响和有穿透力,而人耳又能够承受,以此来实现“整体”效果。所以,听众不再是被动的听众,而是全身心参与的听众,感受到音乐正撼动着他们每一处神经和每一根筋骨。

第三,音乐成了多媒体的体验,音乐成为整个场景的一部分,舞厅墙壁上的灯光变幻不定,灯光表演这种新艺术就是这样开始的。听众们不是翘首而坐,而是边听边舞。随着家庭有了唱盘,听众就尽力去模仿这种照明效果,甚至用药物来强化这种整体感受。通常音乐在户外演奏,在户外,大自然提供了这种环境。

【课文难点注释】

1.Folk music,old and modern,was popular among college students.

形容词短语作状语,相当于一个让步状语从句,即whether it was old and modern.

[例句]Coal miners ,old and young,all went on strike.矿工们无论是年轻的还是年老的都参加了罢工。

All the machines,old and new,will be on sale.所有的机器无论是旧的还是新的都将出售。

1.…a new listener in 1967 might well feel that there had never been….

might/may well do…,是习惯用法,意为很可能会,有理由,值得…等。

[例句]They might well do that experiment. 他们可能会做那个实验。

He might well think that nothing had happened. 他可能会认为什么也没发生过。

3.Electronic amplifiers also made possible a fantastic increase in volume ,the music

becoming是其逻辑谓语,相当于一个状语从句,这种结构的主语与主句的主语不一致,其逻辑谓语可以是分词,也可以是形容词、副词、介词短语等。

[例句]The old man sat down,his face pale with pain(介词短语).

The meeting over,everyone went out.

People were seen in holiday dresses, their faces shining with smiles

现在分词).看到人们穿着节日的服装,笑容满面。

They had to live in the open,the storm having destroyed their house

现在分词).他们不得不住在露天,暴雨把他们的房子冲毁了。

【课文练习答案】

Ⅰ. 1.d 2.a 3.b 4.d 5.b

Ⅱ. 1.original 2.transformation 3.distinct 4.spontaneous 5.individual

6.essentially

7.diverse

8.live

9.imitate 10.out of doors

Ⅲ. 1.maintenance 2.spontaneity 3.popularity 4.expression 5.rhythm

6.distinction

7.penetration

8.immigration

9.transformation 10.synthesis

1.a.blues b.rock’n roll c.folk music

2.a.an essentially black medium b. rhythmic dance music

c. popular among college students

3.a.In the United States,it originated with youthful rock groups playing in San Francisco.

b. In England,it was led by the Beetles,who were already established as an extremely

fine and highly individual rock group.

4.a.The separate musical traditions were brought together.

b.All the musical groups began using full range of electric instruments and the

technology of electronic amplifiers.

c. The music becomes a multi-media experience;a part of total environment.

Ⅴ.

1.The new music was built out of the three forms of music in existence .

2.Rock'n roll,with its strong beat was popular among young people.

3.The Beetles were a famous rock group in England.

4.The modern music stresses the participation of the audience and listeners in the performance.

5.Electronic amplifiers made the music penetrating.

【词汇练习答案】

Ⅰ. 1.a.music b.musical c.musically d.musician

2.a.conscious b.Consciousness c.consciously

3.a.limited b.limits c.limitation d.limitless

4.a.original b.originated c.originality

Ⅱ. 1.synthesis 2.studio 3.spontaneous 4.readily 5.passive

6.multimedia

7.distinct

8.sentiment

9.anti-war 10.eclecticism

Ⅲ.

1.This chapter is on the transformation of heat energy into dynamic energy.

2.A crowd of people gathered spontaneously on the spot of the accident.

3.The quarrel originated from misunderstanding.

5.The troops took over this city since 1949.

6.You should not take on so much work for the sake of your health.

第二部分 Text B

【课文译文】

不同类型的作曲家

在我看来,音乐史上有三类不同的作曲家,他们都以各自不同的方式创作音乐作品。

最能激发公众想象力的作曲家是靠灵感即兴创作的类型,即弗朗兹·舒伯特型。当然,所有的作曲家都受灵感的启迪,但舒伯特型的作曲家得到的即兴灵感更多一些。音乐就像泉水从他的心中喷涌而出,多得他都来不及迅速地把乐谱记到纸上。我们通常可以根据曲作多产来判断这一类型的作曲家。在某些月份里,舒伯特日作一歌;雨果·伍尔夫也是如此。

从某种意义上说,这类作曲家与其说是从某一音乐主题开始创作,倒不如说一开始他们就有一个完整的作品。他们总是对较短篇作曲创作最擅长。即兴创作一首歌曲要比即兴创作一部交响乐容易得多。连续长时间靠灵感进行即兴创作不是件容易事,即使舒伯特也是在处理较短篇形式的音乐更得心应手。靠灵感进行即兴创作只是作曲家的一种类型,并具有其自身的局限性。

我们的创作过程的理论,因为他们确实是以音乐主题开始构思的。就贝多芬来说,无疑就是从这样的音乐主题开始的,我们仍保留着他记录音乐主题的笔记本。从他的笔记中,我们可以了解他是怎样反复修改他的音乐主题——他是怎样尽量使他的音乐主题完美才肯罢休的。贝多芬不是舒伯特式的即兴灵感型的作曲家,他是从音乐主题开始的那种类型,再使其成为初步创立型,然后再根据这一构思,日复一日地苦干,写出一部音乐作品。贝多芬时期以来的多数作曲家都属于第二种类型。

第三种类型的作曲家,因缺少更好的称谓,我只好称之为传统型作曲家。帕莱斯特里纳和巴赫属于这一类型。他们二人都是诞生在音乐史某一时期的代表作曲家。在这一时期某种音乐风格即将发展到其鼎盛阶段。这个时期的问题是用人们熟悉的认可的风格创作音乐,并用一种比任何前人更好的方法来创作音乐。

传统派作曲家是从主调而不是从主题开始创作的。帕莱斯特里纳的创作不是主旋律概念,而是对确定好的格调进行个人处理。甚至巴赫事先已知道,他创作的风格各异最具有灵感的48首《平均律钢琴曲》是填入这种总的正式模式的。不言而喻,我们现在已不是生活在传统派的时期了。

为了全面起见,还可以加上第四种类型的作曲家——开拓型作曲家,如17世纪的杰苏阿尔多,19世纪的穆索尔斯其和柏辽兹,以及20世纪的德彪西和埃德加·瓦雷兹。概括这样一个多样复杂群体的作曲方法是困难的,但可以肯定地说,他们的作曲方法与传统派型作曲家的恰恰相反。他们明确地反对用常规的方法解决音乐方面的问题。在许多方面,他们的态度是探索性的——他们力图增加新的合声,新的音色,并力图创立新的正规音乐理论。开拓型作曲家在17世纪之交和20世纪初期曾是特点突出的典型,但现在其特点已远不如从前那么明显了。

【课文难点注释】

1.…I can see three different types of composers in musical history,each of whom creates music in a somewhat different fashion.

whom是个关系代词,代指three different types of composers,引导的是一个非限定性定语从句,作介词宾语时,代词是宾格,作动词宾语也要用宾格,如是指物,一定要用代词which,见第三页注释No.3

[例句]There are 2,000 workers in this factory,of whom 800 are college graduates.

这家工厂有2000名工人,其中800名是大学毕业生。

There were three groups of children he was supposed to teach, each of whom would

be taught at different levels.

有三组孩子要他来教,他们当中的每一组将要从不同的程度教起。

2.It is a question at such a time of creating music in a well-known and accepted style…

at such a time是介词短语,在句中作状语,把question的修饰语of creating …割裂开了,注意such在此处是形容词,当修饰可数名词单数时such要置于不定冠词a/an之前。

[例句]He got here on such an occasion. 他在这样一种场合到达这里的。

She gave him such a great surprise. 她给了他一个如此大的惊喜。

3.One can safely say that their approach to composition is the opposite of…

approach是个名词,意为方法,如是做某事的方法,后接介词“to”,作道路讲时也用介词to,这也是常测试的重点,类似的词还有:way,method,solution,answer,key等。

[例句]All the approaches to the palace were guarded by soldiers.所有通往王宫的路都由士兵把守着。

That is a good solution to the problem. 那是解决这个问题的好方法。

4.The creative act with Palestrian is not the thematic conception so much as the personal treatment of a well-established pattern.

这里的not…so much as意为“与其说…不如说…”,或“不是…,而是…。

[例句]He is not so much a writer as a re porter.与其说他是个作家,倒不如说他是个记者。

He is not so much unintelligent as uneducated. 说他不聪明,还不如说是未受教育。

【课文练习答案】

Ⅰ. 1.T 2.T 3.F 4.T 5.T 6.T 7.F 8.T 9.T 10.F

Ⅱ.

1.the spontaneously inspired(Franz Schubert)type,the constructive type,the tranditionalist type

2.Well

3.completed composition,musical theme

4.shorter,a stretch 5.creative,musical theme

5.notebooks/case

6.preliminary

7.pattern,theme

9.harmonies,sonorities,formal principles

【词汇练习答案】

Ⅰ. 1.a 2.b 3.b 4.b 5.a

Ⅱ. 1.invariably不变地 variable易变的,变量variety各种各样various 各种各样的

2.creative创造性的create创造 creation创造

https://www.360docs.net/doc/539748009.html,poser作曲家compose作曲,写作 composition 作曲,作文

4.characteristic典型的,有特征的character品质,特性,人物

characterize刻画,表现,塑造characterization刻画,塑造

5.diverse多种多样的,不同的 diversified多样化了的,不同的

diversify 使…多样化diversity多样化,多种多样

6.tradition传统,习俗 tradtional传统的tradtionalist传统主义者,传统派

7.construct建设,建造 constructive建设性的,积极的 construction建设,修筑,建筑物

8.fruit水果,果实,成果fruitful硕果累累的,多产的fruitless不结果的,无收效的【语法练习答案】

Ⅰ.

1.Young as she was,she was quite experienced in this work.

2.Hard as they tried,they couldn't find a solution to this problem.

3.Little did they realize that they had made an important discovery in science.

4.No sooner had we put down the receiver than the telephone rang again.

5.Hardly did I expect that his condition would turn for the worse.

6.Not only should we work hard ourselves,we should also get other people interested in the work.

7.Not until you talked with him did he realize the seriousness of his mistake.

8.Never did he expect that the project would be completed so soon.

9.Rarely did we see anyone so devoted as she to medical science.

10.Scarcely had she said the words when she began to regret it.

11.Ahead of us lie many difficulties.

12.Far in the distance lay ranges of mountains covered with forests.

13.Next to him stood Edgar Snow.

14.Standing in the doorway was a young man in blue uniform. 15.Out rushed the man and his wife.

Ⅱ.

A:1.The second point I'll explain later.

2.This one I shall send by ordinary mail.

3.All these we shall take into full account.

4.What you've just said,I'll always keep in mind.

5.This we shall understand.

B:1.The time has now come to put an end to this practice.

(修饰the time)

2.The question will arise of how to prevent air pollution.

(修饰the question)

3.The belief is commonly held that Englishmen are more reserved than Americans.

(修饰the belief)

4.A list will be sent to you of the major items they have produced.

(修饰a list)

5.The order soon came that we have to leave the small town immediately.

(修饰order)

Ⅲ.

1.He likes sports very much.So does his child.

2.She did not like this idea.Nor did her husband.

3.Only in this way can we expect to do our work well.

4.Not until in 1990 did I know he was a teacher of English.

5.Never has any country made so great an effort to develop industry .

6.Not far away from the bridge was a tall building.

7.Not only did they work hard,but they worked very well.

8.Before us were walking a crowd of Young Pioneers.

9.Had I been informed earlier,I would have been of help.

Unit 6

第一部分 Text A

【课文译文】

利用机器人技术提高工业效率

机器人,发达国家工厂里越来越普及的一种设备,经过编程和工程设计就可以不需人工干预而完成各种工业作业。

现在的机器人大多用在汽车工业中,它们按编好的程序接任了汽车和卡车车身的焊接和喷漆这一类的工作。它们也装卸浇铸汽车和卡车框架的机器中所用的炽热、笨重的金属铸模。

在汽车工业上,机器人已经取代了人的工作。现在其他工业行业中也开始使用机器人。在这些行业中,机器人生产电机、小型电器、袖珍式计算器,甚至还造手表。运用在核电站的机器人处理放射性物质,使核电站工作人员免遭核辐射的伤害。这些机器人可以减少这一新型工业中与工作有关的伤害。

是什么使得机器人是机器人而不是别的什么自动化机器呢?机器人与自动化机器的区别在于它们在完成一项特定任务后可由计算机重新编程去执行另一项任务。例如,一个做点焊的机器人做了一个月,可以被重新编程让它下个月去喷漆。相反,自动化机器无法进行多用途使用,它们造出来就只能做一种工作。

下一代机器人将会有视觉,有触觉,还会做分析性判断。精通微电子技术和计算机技术的工程技术人员正在为机器人开发人工视觉。机器人有了“视力”,就能从一堆不同的物体中识别和检查某一类的物品。机器人的视觉系统中使用了含有许多种光敏材料的电子数码相机。当一件物体如机械零件的光照射到相机上时,光敏材料就测量光的强度然后把光线转化成一系列的数码。这些数码是一个灰度系统的一部分,光的亮度在灰度系统里是以一定范围的数值来测量的。一级灰度值从0到15,而另一级灰度值则从0到225。0代表黑,最大值是白,在中间的数值代表不同的灰度。然后计算机进行计算,并将数字转换成一幅表明该物体形象的图像。现在,还不知道将来的机器人能否具有和人一样的视觉。技术人员相信会有那么一天,只是还要经过数年的开发研究。

在其他方面努力取得进展的工程人员正在设计和实验新型金属手臂和手指,使机器人具有触觉。还有一些技术人员在编写新的程序,使机器人能够作出判断,例如剔除成品中的坏零件。要想实现这一点,机器人还需要有识别坏零件的能力。

未来的机器人将集触觉、视觉和判断能力于一身,其工作的范围更为广阔。人们可以利用它们到海底、到人不能进去的危险矿区探矿。它们可以充当加油站服务员、消防队员、看门人、保安员等等。想要了解未来工业的人应该对机器人有所了解。

【课文难点注释】

1.Robots ,becoming increasingly prevalent in factories and industrial pl ants throughout the developed world,are programmed and engineered to perform industrial tasks without human intervation.

becoming…the developed world”是一个现在分词短语作定语,相当于一个非限制性定语从句。

“to perform industrial tasks”是动词不定式短语,用作目的状语。

[例句]The young man,sitting between John and Mary,is a teacher.坐在约翰和玛丽之间的年轻人是一名教师。

2.It is not yet known whether robots will one day have vision as good as human vision. whether引导的主语从句是句子的真正主语,it作形式主语。

[例句]It is not very important whether he will come or not.他来不来不太重要。

【课文练习答案】

Ⅰ. 1.a 2.c 3.c 4.c 5.b

Ⅱ. 1.prevalent 2.welding 3.appliance 4.switch 5.artificial

6.identify

7.convert

8.discard

9.defective 10.assemble

Ⅲ. 1.f 2.d 3.b 4.j 5.c 6.i 7.e 8.g 9.h 10.a Ⅳ. 1.not https://www.360docs.net/doc/539748009.html,e 3.sign 4.one 5.means 6.end 7.him

Ⅴ.

1.The use of robots has been increasingly prevalent in recent years.

2.The newly developed robots have the sense of vision ,which allows them to see objects,and the ability of making decisions.

3.Robots are widely used in automotive industry.

4.Both light-sensitive materials and digital cameras are part of photographic equipment.

5.Robots differ greatly from automatic machines.

【词汇练习答案】

Ⅰ. 1.a.efficiency b.efficient c.efficiently

2.a.has increased b.increasingly c.increasing

https://www.360docs.net/doc/539748009.html,pletely https://www.360docs.net/doc/539748009.html,pleted https://www.360docs.net/doc/539748009.html,pletion

Ⅱ. 1.reduction 2.shade 3.appliance 4.prevalent 5.personnel

6.defective

7.specific

8.capable of

9.in between10.asembled 11.expose

Ⅲ.

1.At the critical moment,we should be capable of facing all difficulties.

2.After considering the problem,they switched their attention to other things.

3.Spray painting on the desks.

4.We should expose children to new ideas.

5.We have plenty of natural resources.

6.He is critical of her ignorance of the law.

7.He switched from one job to another in the past three years.

第二部分 Text B

【课文译文】

预报地震

地震可以预报吗?科学家们正在对预报地震在何时何地发生进行研究。他们希望开发一套早期报警系统来预报地震,挽救生命。

地震是最危险、最致命的自然界的活动。它们发生在世界的许多地方。伊朗、中国、危地马拉、智利、印度和阿拉斯加都有发生大地震的记录。有记录的两次最强的地震分别发生在中国和阿拉斯加,震级都在里氏8.5级左右。里氏震级是1935年由查尔斯·里克特创制的,用以表达地震产生的能量级。里氏震级测定为2级的地震,人们可以感觉到,但几乎造不成破坏。里氏4.5级地震能造成破坏,但比较轻。里氏7级地震造成的破坏就很大了。有一点值得注意:如果一次地震的里氏震级定为4级,那么该地震的强度比定为里氏3级的地震大九倍。科学家们希望能预报里氏4级以上的地震。

地震是怎样发生的呢?地震是由沿着地壳中的裂缝,或称断层处的岩石发生位移而引起的。当相邻的岩石被拉向相反方向时,就产生了断层。众所周知的北美洲的断层是位于美国加利福尼亚的圣安德里亚斯断层。

致力于地震预报研究的国家有日本、中国、俄国和美国。这些国家在认为可能发生地震的地区建起了地震台网。这些地震台网一直处于戒备状态,搜寻着震发前岩层松动的迹象。地震台网使用多种地震仪来监视地壳的活动。科学家们还检测深井里的水,观察与断层移动相关的水位及温度的变化。

中、俄、美三国的科学家还测定地下水中氡的含量。氡是岩石中放射性元素镭衰变时产生的气体。这些气体从地层中逸出,在地下水流和井水中溶解。科学家们认为,当岩层移动时,地下氡的含量就会增加。有新岩层露出时,氡会增加更多。中俄科学家曾报告说:地下压力增加时,水中氡的含量也会增加;当水中氡的含量下降并恢复到正常水平时,就可能发生地震。美国科学家已在地震带,尤其在加利福尼亚建立了氡监测站。不过,科学家们都一致认为,需要有更多的资料才能证明:水中氡的含量是否真与可能发生的地震有联系。

地震预报还是一门年轻科学。大家都认为对地震的预报不可能有把握。原因是科学家们对引发地震的物理过程远未充分了解,还需要做大量的研究工作。需要新的更为先进的方法来收集、分析有关地震的数据资料。但在地震预测方面,科学家们还是取得了一定的成就。美国东部纽约州发生的几次小地震被成功地预报了;中国科学家成功地预报了1975年的海城大地震;1978年,俄国科学家预报了加尔姆大地震。起步虽小,但毕竟是一个开端。

【课文难点注释】

1.It is important to note that a reading of 4 indicates a n earthquake ten times as strong as one with a reading of 3.

It is important to note…是一个动词不定式作真实主语而It作形式主语的句型

[例句]It is important to remember what the teacher said.记住那位老师所说的话很重要。

that引导的是一个作note宾语的从句。在这个从句中有一个倍数比较级句型,即“倍数+as+形容词或副词的原级+as”,请参照Unit 2 Text B注释。

[例句]The room is ten times as large as that one. 这个房间是那个房间的10倍大。

2.Scientists speculate that the amount of radon increases in the ground w hen rocks layers shift,exposing new rock,and thus more radon.

that引导的是宾语从句 when 引导的是时间状语从句 exposing new rock分词短语作状语,相当于一个时间状语从句 and thus more radon是个省略句,整句应是 and thus there is more radon.

[例句]The teacher found that there were many students in the room when he opened the door.

那位教师打开门,发现屋中有许多学生。

[例句]Standing on the top of the mountain,you'll have a better view.站在山顶,你的视野会更开阔。

【课文练习答案】

Ⅰ. 1.T 2.T 3.F 4.T 5.T 6.T 7.T 8.F 9.T 10.T

5.shifting,cracks,faults,crust.

6.seismic

7.radon,ground water

https://www.360docs.net/doc/539748009.html,es from

9.partial,processes 10.Haicheng,1975

【词汇练习答案】

Ⅰ. 1.b 2.d 3.a 4.b 5.b

Ⅱ. 1.analyze 2.forecast 3.set up 4.reliability 5.preceded 6.subsided 7.speculated 8.warnings

Unit 7

第一部分 Text A

【课文译文】

休闲与引导

观察与研究结果显示,生活在高度发达的工业社会中的人们越来越关心休闲的机会和休闲时做什么。这种关心体现在人们对带工资休假的重视上和面向大众的娱乐休闲业的迅猛发展上。

“生活质量”一语不好下定义,因为它的涵盖面太广,如生活环境、健康、职业、食物、家庭生活、友谊、教育、物质财产、休闲和消遣等等。一般地说,生活质量,特别是在个人看来,其意义是由在多大程度上这些不同的生活领域可以被个人享受或可以使个人满意来衡量的。

休闲是在个人空闲时间进行的个人认为适宜的活动,它有以下作用:放松、休闲和娱乐以及个人的自我发展。这些作用的重要程度是因个人工作的性质和生活方式而异的。所以,工作中消耗体力的人觉得休闲的最佳方式是放松放松。那些受过高等教育、从事专门职业的人更倾向于休闲时消遣和自我发展(如培养技能和爱好)。

休闲时间的利用因人而异。即使同样的休闲活动不同的人也有不同的玩法。故而,看电视这种普遍的休闲方式有以下几种可能的用途:变换一下体验来“逃脱”工作带来的压力和紧张情绪;了解一下自己周围所发生的事情;通过电视节目了解别人的生活体会,为了解自身的情况提供机会。

在城市社会中,结构严密、步调迅速、充满压力的工作笼罩着人们的生活,某种不同性质的经历,不管是看电视还是看鸟,都能导致自我更新和一种“平衡”的生活方式。

由于休闲基本上是自己决定的事,个人就可以培养自己的兴趣和爱好,并以能为自己带来享受和满足的方式来从事某项活动。我们的喜恶、品味和偏爱使我们选择去读书、去看电影、去野营还是去来点文化求索的依据。好与不好、品味与偏爱都和社会环境和学习经历有关。我们从家庭、学校、工作岗位和传媒中获得对许多事物的兴趣。从根本上讲,这些态度逐渐发展成一种认识:休闲是生活的重要方面;同时也形成一种观念;休闲能够也应该过得有意义。

从事娱乐业的专业工作者也发现,使公众具有积极的态度对待休闲对促使他们以创造性的满意方式利用闲暇时间十分必要。可以说,我们在各种各样的场合下接触的人,都有可能对形成我们的休闲态度、我们的兴趣、甚至是我们利用休闲的技巧起到一定的影响。这种影响就是一种引导。

父母、学校的教师、同事和通过或使用大众传播工具的传播工作者都能激发我们潜在的兴趣。例如,学校在多大程度上采用什么方式鼓励学生参加游戏、体育和文娱活动,就可能对学生的休闲态度的形成有一定的作用。

学校一般把教育的目标定为实现一个人的全面发展。越是认真地坚持这个目标,就越是能够促进学校的教学活动,也就越能鼓励积极的休闲态度。

【课文难点分析】

1.Observations and research findings indicate that people in advanced industrial countries are increasingly concerned with opportunities for leisure and what they can do in their leisure time.

这是一个主从复合句。在宾语从句中又有两个宾语:opportunities for leisure and what they can do in their leisure time.

2.The importance (主语部分) people attach to paid holidays and the rapid development(主语部分) of sciences for mass entertainment and creation are signs(系表结构) of this increasing concern.

the importance people attach to paid holidays是一个定语从句。句中出现了两个并列主语。

3.Schools usually set as their educational objective the attainment of a balanced development of the person.

正常语序:Schools usually set the attainment of a balanced development of the person as their educational objective.

set…a s objective 把…作为目标

[例句]The boy student set 100 grades as his objective. 这个男生把100分作为自己的奋斗目标。

4.The more seriously this is sought,the more likely positive attitudes towards leisure as well as academic work will be encouraged. the more… the more …是比较级句型表示“越来越…”

【课文练习答案】

Ⅰ. 1.a 2.d 3.b 4.d 5.c

Ⅱ. 1.leisure 2.provide 3.desirable 4.strain 5.portray

6.stressful

7.context

8.variety

9.impart 10.motivate

Ⅲ. 1.relax 2.entertain 3.recognize 4.possess 5.observe

6.recreate

7.satisfy

8.occupy

9.pursue 10.attain

Ⅳ. 1.at 2.my 3.asked 4.honeymoon 5.forward 6.other 7.sir

Ⅴ.

1.The term “Quality of life”covers a wide scope.

2.In a fast-faced stressful society,setting aside some time for relaxation is good for health.

3.People's interests and preference are related to social contexts and their individual learning experience.

4.The positive attitude underlies people's creative use of their spare time.

5.Researchers and observations show that people are more and more concerned with quality of life.

【词汇练习答案】

Ⅰ. 1.a.desirability 名词,在句中作宾语 b.desires句中缺少中心词,作主语 c.desirable形容词作表语

2.a.occupation under enemy occupation在敌人的控制之下 b.occupies 句中缺少谓语

c.occupant“the+形容词”表示一类人

d.occupation职责

3.a.preference名词,表示“偏爱” b.preferably副词作状语 c.preferable形容词作表语 d.prefer动词作谓语

4.a.recognizable形容词作定语 b.recognition beyond recognition不可辨认,辨认不出 c.recognize

5.a.satisfaction b.satisfied c.satisfactory形容词作表语 d.satisfy e.satisfying

Ⅱ. 1.urban 2.satisfaction 3.relaxation 4.has acquired 5.cocerned with 6.motivated

7.possession 8.impact 9.participation 10.loom 11.portrayed 12.desirable

Ⅲ.

1.He always takes a positive attitude in correcting the mistakes of hi s students.

2.Before going aboard the plane,the passengers attached a tag to their handbags.

3.His skin color is not necessarily relevant to his being a good lawyer .

4.A large ship was looming in the heavy fog.

5.That's not a mistake on our part.

6.Schools should set as their objective the attainment of a balanced development of the students.

第二部分 Text B

【课文译文】

时间的箴言

你以前或许有过这种想法,但现在不妨再听一听。有一条箴言要送给你,而且重要的是,这条箴言响亮而清楚地传送到你的耳际。什么箴言?

管理时间

时间既让人难于把握,又善于捉弄人。世界上最容易的是浪费时间,最困难的是把握时间。当你向前看,时间似乎多得超过了需要。不过,它会像流沙一样从手中悄然流逝。你可能突然发现,就是最高效率地利用剩下的时间,也不可能完成所有的任务。例如,一个刚开学的学生觉得自己手中的时间十分充裕,但将近期末才着了慌,因为时间将尽。怎么办?

掌握时间

时间是危险的。你不去控制它,它就会控制你。如果你不让它为你工作,它就会跟你对着干。要做时间的主人,而不是奴隶。

要学就努力学,要玩就痛痛快快地玩。这是一句古谚,但意义深远。如果使用时间合理,你就会

大学英语自学教程(上下)讲义

视频互动讲义四 课次: 英语二第4次视频互动教学 时间: 月日周三19:30-21:00 主题: 第七、八单元重点回顾,语法讲解,实战演练 主讲: 高伟老师 同学们,大家好!经过前三次的洗礼,你们对英语二教材中的重点知识点的回顾应该有一种感觉:在学习完精讲课件、背过教材中的单词和词组后,应该通过我的讲义对教材有一个更为深层的认识,似乎考点到处密布,要求我们掌握的东西越来越多。请大家冷静,不要烦躁----想通过英语二并非易事,但也绝非不可能。我们只要有信心,有毅力,我想任何考试都不是不可战胜的。 解惑: turn down:关小,拒绝 turn in:上缴,交出 turn into:变成 turn off/on:关掉/接通,打开 turn out:制造,生产,结果是 turn over:移交,翻过来 turn to:变成,借助于 turn up:出现,发生。 near与nearly:前者更多使用的是介词,表示“在附近,近”,后者更多为副词用法,表示“几乎,差不多”。另外,关注一下nearby。 devise与device:前者是动词,表示“想出,设计出”,后者名词,表示“办法,装置”。 drop与fall:两个都是动词,前者表示“失手落下”,后者表示“跌到,落下”。 decline表示“婉拒”,refuse表示“拒绝”,口气更为强烈。 一、第七单元重点内容的回顾

Text A 1.find----finding(s):注意词性转换。 2.★be concerned with/about(As far as I’m concerned):注意词组的固定用法。 3.★attach importance(oneself)to:注意词组的固定用法。 4.generally speaking:注意固定用法。 5.★in terms of:注意与by means of区别。 6.★carry out:注意词组搭配,同时注意与carry有关的所有词组。 7.★desire----★desirable----desired:注意词性转换并注意虚拟语气的使用。 8. ★take to:注意词组搭配,有关与take搭配的词组。 9.enjoy----enjoyment:注意词性转换。 10.★in a (great)variety of:注意词组固定搭配。 11.★It is...belief that:注意belief(fact, suggestion, doubt…)后面从句的连接词that。 12.put to good use:注意词组搭配。 13. impart… to:注意词组搭配。 14. it can be argued that…:注意句型,翻译常考。 15.relevant to:注意词组搭配。 16.leader----leadership:注意词性的转换。 17. set… as objective:注意词组搭配。 18.the attainment of a balanced development of the person:注意中文翻译的准确性。 Text B 1.★get through:注意有关get词组应记牢。 2.look ahead to:注意词组搭配。 3.★run out(of):注意词组含义及搭配。 4.allocate for(to):注意词组含义。 5.★adjust(to)----adjustment(to):注意词性的转换。

全新版大学英语综合教程1课后翻译题答案

Unit 1 Growing Up Ⅱ. Translation 1.那是个正规宴会,我照妈妈对我讲的那样穿着礼服去了。(formal) As it was a formal dinner party, I wore formal dress, as Mother told me to. 2.他的女朋友劝他趁抽烟的坏习惯尚未根深蒂固之前把它改掉。(take hold) His girlfriend advised him to get out of/get rid of his bad habit of smoking before it took hold. 3.他们预料到下几个月电的需求量很大,决定增加生产。(anticipate) Anticipating that the demand for electricity will be high during the next few months, they have decided to increase its production. 4.据说比尔因一再违反公司的安全规章而被解雇。(violate) It is said that Bill has been fired for continually violating the company’s safety rules. / Bill is said to have been fired for continually violating the company’s safety rules. 5.据报道地方政府已采取适当措施避免严重缺水(water shortage)的可能性。 (avoid, severe) It is reported that the government has taken proper measures to avoid the possibility of a severe water shortage. /The local government is reported to have taken proper measures to avoid the possibility of a severe water shortage. 苏珊(Susan)因车祸失去了双腿。有一段时间,她真不知如何面对自己再也不能行走的事实。 一天,苏珊在浏览杂志时,被一个真实故事吸引住了。那个故事生动地描写了一个残疾(disabled)姑娘是如何成为一位作家的。苏珊读后深受鼓舞,开始相信她最终会成为一个有用的人生活下去。 Inspire vivid scan face up with finally Susan lost her legs because of / in a car accident. For a time, she didn’t know how to face up to the fact that she would never (be able to) walk again. One day, while scanning (through) some magazines, a true story caught her eye /she was attracted by a true story. It gave a vivid description of how a disabled girl became a writer. Greatly inspired, Susan began to feel that she, too, would finally be bale to lead a useful life. Unit 2 Friendship II. Translation 1)半个小时过去了,但末班车还没来。我们只好走路回家。(go by) Half an hour had gone by, but the last bus hadn’t come yet. We had to walk home.

大学英语Unit 1 课文翻译

学外语 学习外语是我一生中最艰苦也是最有意义的经历之一。虽然时常遭遇挫折,但却非常有价值。 我学外语的经历始于初中的第一堂英语课。老师很慈祥耐心,时常表扬学生。由于这种积极的教学方法,我踊跃回答各种问题,从不怕答错。两年中,我的成绩一直名列前茅。 到了高中后,我渴望继续学习英语。然而,高中时的经历与以前大不相同。以前,老师对所有的学生都很耐心,而新老师则总是惩罚答错的学生。每当有谁回答错了,她就会用长教鞭指着我们,上下挥舞大喊:“错!错!错!”没有多久,我便不再渴望回答问题了。我不仅失去了回答问题的乐趣,而且根本就不想再用英语说半个字。 好在这种情况没持续多久。到了大学,我了解到所有学生必须上英语课。与高中老师不同,大学英语老师非常耐心和蔼,而且从来不带教鞭!不过情况却远不尽如人意。由于班大,每堂课能轮到我回答的问题寥寥无几。上了几周课后,我还发现许多同学的英语说得比我要好得多。我开始产生一种畏惧感。虽然原因与高中时不同,但我却又一次不敢开口了。看来我的英语水平要永远停步不前了。 直到几年后我有机会参加远程英语课程,情况才有所改善。这种课程的媒介是一台电脑、一条电话线和一个调制解调器。我很快配齐了必要的设备并跟一个朋友学会了电脑操作技术,于是我每周用5到7天在网上的虚拟课堂里学习英语。 网上学习并不比普通的课堂学习容易。它需要花许多的时间,需要学习者专心自律,以跟上课程进度。我尽力达到课程的最低要求,并按时完成作业。 我随时随地都在学习。不管去哪里,我都随身携带一本袖珍字典和笔记本,笔记本上记着我遇到的生词。我学习中出过许多错,有时是令人尴尬的错误。有时我会因挫折而哭泣,有时甚至想放弃。但我从未因别的同学英语说得比我快而感到畏惧,因为在电脑屏幕上作出回答之前,我可以根据自己的需要花时间去琢磨自己的想法。突然有一天我发现自己什么都懂了,更重要的是,我说起英语来灵活自如。尽管我还是常常出错,还有很多东西要学,但我已尝到了刻苦学习的甜头。 学习外语对我来说是非常艰辛的经历,但它又无比珍贵。它不仅使我懂得了艰苦努力的意义,而且让我了解了不同的文化,让我以一种全新的思维去看待事物。学习一门外语最令人兴奋的收获是我能与更多的人交流。与人交谈是我最喜欢的一项活动,新的语言使我能与陌生人交往,参与他们的谈话,并建立新的难以忘怀的友谊。由于我已能说英语,别人讲英语时我不再茫然不解了。我能够参与其中,并结交朋友。我能与人交流,并能够弥合我所说的语言和所处的文化与他们的语言和文化之间的鸿沟。

大学英语自学教程(上册) unit 23 非言语交际

大学英语自学教程(上册) unit 23 非言语交际 23-A. Non-verbal Communication If anyone asked you what were the main means of communication between people, what would you say? That isn’t a catch question. The answer is simple and obvious. It would almost certainly refer to means of communication that involve the use of words. Speakers and listeners-oral communication, and writers and readers-written communication. And you’d be quite right. There is, however, another form of communication which we all use most of the time, usually without knowing it. This is sometimes called body language. Its more technical name is non-verbal communication. Non-verbal, because it does not involve the use of words. NVC for short. When someone is saying something with which he agrees, the average European will smile and nod approval. On the other hand, if you disagree with what they are saying, you may frown and shake your head. In this way you signal your reactions, and communicate them to the speaker without saying a word. I referred a moment ago to "the average European”, because body language is very much tied to culture, and in order not to misunderstand, or not to be misunderstood, you must realize this. A smiling Chinese, for instance, may not be approving but somewhat embarrassed. Quite a lot of work is now being done on the subject of NVC, which is obviously important, for instance, to managers, who have to deal every day with their staff, and have to understand what other people are feeling if they are to create good working conditions. Body language, or NVC signals, are sometimes categorized into five kinds: 1.body and facial gestures; 2.eye contact; 3.body contact or "proximity"; 4.clothing and physical appearance; and 5.the quality of speech. I expect you understood all those, except perhaps "proximity." This simply means "closeness". In some cultures-and I am sure this is a cultural feature and not an individual one-it is quite normal for people to stand close together, or to more or less thrust their face into yours when they are talking to you. In other cultures, this is disliked; Americans, for instance, talk about invasion of their space. Some signals are probably common to all of us. If a public speaker (like a professor, for example) is all the time fiddling with a pencil, or with his glasses, while he is talking to you, he is telling you quite clearly that he is nervous. A person who holds a hand over his mouth when he is talking is signaling that he is lacking in confidence. If you start wriggling in your chairs, looking secretly at your watches or yawning behind your hands, I shall soon get the message that I’m boring you. And so on. I'm sure you could make a whole list of such signals-and it might be fun if you did. All the signals I have mentioned so far can be controlled. If you are aware that you are doing these things, you can stop. You can even learn to give false signals. Most public speakers are in fact nervous, but a good speaker learns to hide this by giving off signals of confidence. Other kinds of NVC are not so easy to control. Eye contact, for instance. Unless you are confessing intense love, you hardly ever look into someone else’s eyes for very long. If you try it, you’ll find they will soon away, probably in embarrassment.

英语 大学英语综合教程2 翻译

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(1)这个婴儿还不会爬(crawl),更不要说走了。(let alone) The baby can’t even crawl yet, let alone walk! (2)威尔声称谋杀案发生时他正在与一群朋友吃饭,但是我认为他在说谎。(claim, in one’s opinion) Will claimed he was dining with a group of friends at the time of the murder, but in my opinion he told a lie. (3)一定程度上阅读速度与阅读技巧密切相关;有了阅读技巧,你就可以更好地应对课外阅读了。(to a certain extent, relate …to …, cope with) To a certain extent the speed of reading is closely related to reading skills; and with reading skills you can cope with outside class reading better. (4)根据规则他俩都可以参加比赛。(according to) According to the regulation/rule, they both can play the game/participate in the game. (5)有些人想当然地认为日语(Japanese)中的每一个词在汉语中都有对应的词语。(assume, equivalent) Some people assume that there is a Chinese equivalent for every Japanese word. (6)我们已将所有的相关信息告知了警方。(relevant) We have passed all relevant information on to the police. (7)关于那件事你问我再多的问题也没用,因为我是不会回答你的。(it’s no use) There is no use asking me any more questions about that matter because I won't answer. (8)事先没有仔细阅读合同(contract)就签了名是吉姆的错误。(on one’s part) It was a mistake on Jim's part to sign the contract without reading it carefully. (9)他们拒绝向我们提供所需要的全部信息。(provide …with) They refused to provide us with all the information we need. (10) 这起事故与三年前发生的一起事故极为相似。(similar to) This accident is very similar to the one that happened three years ago. (11)这部影片是根据莎士比亚的戏剧改编的。(base on) The film is based on a play by Shakespeare (12)如果你的英语和电脑技能都掌握得好,那么你在谋职时就一定比别人更有优势。(have an advantage over) If you have a good command of English and computer skills, you will surely have an advantage over others in finding a job.

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Unit 1 1. A very curious boy, Tom, is interested not only in whats but also in whys and hows. 汤姆是个非常好奇的男孩,他不仅对“是什么”感兴趣,而且也对“为什么”和“怎么会”感兴趣。 2. Happiness, according to Prof. Smith, is the ability to make the most of what you have. 据史密斯教授说,幸福就是你能充分利用你所有的一切。 3. You’d better keep the book where your 15-year-old son can’t get his hands on. 你最好把这本书放在你15岁的儿子找不到的地方。 4. The story was very funny and Bill kept laughing while reading it. 这故事非常滑稽,比尔一边读一边不停地笑。 5. High-achieving students do not necessarily put in more time at their studies than their lower-scoring classmates. 成绩优秀的学生未必比他们得分较低的同学在学习上花费更多的时间。 6. How did you manage to persuade these students to take the speed-reading course 你是怎样设法说服这些学生修读快速阅读课的 7. Working hard is important, but knowing how to make the most of one's abilities counts for much more. 用功是重要的,但知道如何充分利用自己的才能更重要得多。 8. She asked her students to think for themselves rather than telling them what to think. 她要求学生独立思考,而不是告诉他们该思考什么。 Unit 2 1. Referring to the differences between American English and British English, he said, “The United States and Britain are, after all, two different countries.” 在谈及美国英语和英国英语的差别时,他说:“美国和英国毕竟是两个不同的国家。” 2. Prof. Smith encourages his students to think for themselves. “I am just as happy,” he often says, “even if you challenge me or completely disagree with me.” 史密斯教授鼓励他的学生独立思考。他常说:“即使你们对我提出质疑或者完全不同意我的看法,我也同样高兴。” 3. We called on him to take part in our conversation about pop music, but as soon as he joined in, he introduced a new topic and referred to the NBA finals of the previous week. 我们请他参加我们关于流行音乐的谈话,但他一参加进来就引入一个新的话题,谈起了上周的NBA决赛。 4. The driver is responsible for this accident. His car knocked down a tree and a man on his bike. 司机应对这次事故负责。他的车撞倒了一棵树和一个骑车的人。

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