英语语法

连系动词及系表结构

连系动词也称系动词，它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语共同构成复合谓语。连系动词与其后的表语合起来叫作系表结构。系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。

一、状态系动词

用来表示主语状态，只有be一词。例如：

He is a teacher.他是一名教师。（is与表语一起说明主语的身份。）

二、持续系动词

用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep，remain，stay，lie，stand。例如：

He always kept silent at meeting.他开会时总保持沉默。

This matter remains a mystery.此事仍是一个谜。

三、表像系动词

用来表示“看起来像”这一概念，主要有seem，appear，look。例如：

He looks tired.他看起来很累。

He seems (to be) very sad.他看起来很伤心。

四、感官系动词

感官系动词主要有feel，smell，sound，taste。例如：

This kind of cloth feels soft.这种布手感很软。

This flower smells very sweet.这朵花闻起来很香。

五、变化系动词

这些系动词表示主语变成什么样，主要有become，grow，turn，fall，get，go，come，run。例如：

He became mad after that.自那之后他疯了。

She grew rich within a short time.她没多长时间就富了。

六、终止系动词

表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove，turn out，表达“证实”，“变成”之意。例如：The rumor proved false.这谣言证实有假。

The search proved difficult.搜查证实很难。

His plan turned out a success.他的计划终于成功了。（turn out表终止性结果）

被动语态

1) The blackboard and chalk _______________(正在被电脑和投影机所取代).

2) The book _______________(到今年年底就将已出版).

3) Computer models _______________(可以用来演示细胞工作的方式).

4) When the bill of fare was brought, _______________(我惊呆了，价格大大超出了我的预料).

5) _______________(必须立即采取有效措施)

情态动词

1) The phone is ringing, _______________(但是没人接听。她一定不在家).

2) I can’t find my sunglasses. _______________(我可能昨天落在咖啡店里了).

3) You screamed in your sleep last night. _______________(你一定梦见什么可怕的东西了).

4) It’s a pity. _______________(你本应该邀请她来参加你的毕业典礼的).

5) _______________(其实我没必要穿上我最好的套装去参加那次聚会的); most of the guests were wearing jeans and sweaters.

参考答案：

被动语态

1) is being replaced by the computer and the projector

(考点：被动语态的现在进行时)

2) will have been published by the end of this year

(考点：被动语态的将来完成时)

3) can be used to demonstrate the way that cells work

(考点：1. 被动语态与情态动词联用; 2. 汉语有些没有“被”字等标志词的句子也表示被动, 要译成英语的被动语态)

4) I was startled, for the prices were a great deal higher than I had anticipated (考点：同“3”的考点2)

5) Effective measures must be taken immediately

(考点：汉语的无主句通常翻译成英语的被动语态)

情态动词

1) but there is no answer. She can’t be at home

考点：情态动词可以表示可能性，can’t 表示“一定不”)

2) I may have left them in the coffee shop yesterday

(考点：“情态动词can/could, may/might, must + 完成式”用于表示对过去发生的动作的主观判断)

3) You must have dreamed of something terrible

(考点：同上)

4) You should have invited her to your graduation ceremony

(考点：“情态动词should/ought to + have done” 用于评论过去应该做而实际并未做的动作，含有批评的意思)

5) I needn’t have put on my best suit to go to the party

(考点：“情态动词needn’t + have + done”表示对过去发生的动作进行评论，认为“无须发生”，“不必做”)

动词+介词

go over 复习listen to 听... think about 考虑look for 寻找

rely on 依靠depend on 依靠look into 调查play with 玩...

send for 派人去请consist of 由...构成arrive at 到达

动词+副词

eat up 吃光give up 放弃hold up 举起put on 穿，上演turn on 打开try on 试穿

动词+副词+介词

catch up with 赶上get on with 与...相处keep up with 跟上

do away with 废除look down upon 轻视look forward to 期待

keep away with 脱离go on with 继续

动词+名词+介词

catch hold of 抓住give lessons to 给...上课

make friends with 与...交朋友take care of 照料

动词+形容词+介词

be fond of 爱好be familiar with 熟悉be suitable for 适合于

be late for 迟到be good at 擅长于be afraid of 害怕

“动词+副词”这类短语动词较容易出错。这类短语动词的宾语若是名词，这个宾语可在短语的中间，亦可在短语的后面。如：Turn the light on. 或Turn on the light. 宾语若是代词，这个宾语只能放在短语的中间。如：Turn it on.

?The Advantages of Traveling

旅游的好处

?Nowadays, more and more people prefer to travel quite often. By traveling, we not only can relax ourselves but also broaden our knowledge circles. From my aspect, I think we can make many friends and travel with them.

现在，越来越多的人会经常去旅游。通过旅游，我们不仅能够放松自己，并且也能开阔我们的视野。在我看来，我们可以在旅游中结识到新朋友和他们结伴同行。

?Firstly, we can enjoy the beautiful scenery and relax ourselves. For modern life, we are busy with our work with high pressure. However, when we travel, we will be attracted by great landscape and forget pressure from both work and life.

第一，我们能在欣赏风景之余放松自己。现代生活中，我们整天忙于工作，压力很大。但是，当我们旅游的时候，我们会被美景吸引，暂时忘记工作和生活的压力。

?Secondly, we can make friends by traveling. For most travelers, they tend to find many companions to travel with. If you check the internet, you will find that some people will call others to join them for travel. Through this kind of travel, we can meet many different people and make friends with them to broaden our social circle.

第二，在旅游中能够交朋友。对于许多旅游的人来说，喜欢与人结伴同游。如果你到网上搜一搜，你会发现有很多人都会叫其他人加入他们去旅游。通过这种方式的出游，我们能见到各种各样的人，与他们交朋友，扩大我们的交际圈。

?Thirdly, we can learn much knowledge form travel. Before you go to somewhere to travel, generally, you need to make plans for your travel. You can find lots of things you don’t know when you make a plan, such as, the origin of a certain area, t he customs of different areas, local food and so on.

第三，在旅游中，我们能学到很多的知识。在你想去某个地方旅游之前，通常你需要制定一个计划。制定计划的过程中，你会发现许多你不知道的事情，例如，某个地区的由来，不同地方的人的风俗习惯，当地的美食等等。

?In conclusion, we can not only relax ourselves and make new friends but at the same time we can learn much from travel.

总之，通过旅游，我们不仅能放松自己，结识新朋友，同时也能学到新知识。

?My View on Employment Problems of College Students

大学生就业问题之我见

?Nowadays, the difficulty of college students for employment has been brought to the attention of the public. Not only have the students themselves worried about it but also the government concerns about. There is some researches show that both the employee and employer should take the responsibility.

如今，大学生就业难已经引起了公众的注意。不仅学生自己担心政府也担忧。有研究表明，出现这个问题员工和雇主都应承担责任。

?First of all, college students do not master the knowledge their major require. Some students regard the school as a place for enjoyment. Their aim at college is to get the diploma instead of learning something. They often play computer games or sleep in the dormitory or go out to play with friends. As a result, they learn little from college. So they can’t qualify the job they applying for, which makes the employment difficult. On the other side, many employers always want the students are full of experience so that they can make contribution to the company right away. In other words, they regard experience more important that knowledge. At the end, they always think that the graduates are not good enough to satisfy their requirement.

首先，大学生没有掌握好专业所要求的知识。有些学生把学校作为享乐的地方。他们去上学的目标是得到毕业证而不是学到知识。他们经常在宿舍玩电脑游戏或睡觉或和朋友出去玩。结果他们从大学里什么都没学到。所以他们无法胜任所申请的工作，使得就业越来越难。另一方面，许多雇主都希望学生有充分的经验能立刻为公司做贡献。换句话说，他们把经验看得比知识更重要。所以他们总是认为毕业生不足以满足他们的要求。

?In summary, as the problem between both the employee and employer makes employment become more and more difficult. If students can realize their responsibility in

university and try their best to learn knowledge, and the job finder can put more patience and value students’ potential ability, the problem will be solved sooner or later.

总之，由于雇主和员工之间的问题让就业变得越来越困难。如果学生能意识到自己在大学的责任并努力学习知识，而招聘者可以更加的耐心并看重学生的潜在能力，这个问题迟早会解决的。

英语中日期有两种写法，一种是按月、日、年的顺序排列，另一种是按日、月、年的顺序排列．牢记将年份放在最后，其前用逗号与月、日隔开.

a.把月份写在日期前面，这通常是美国写法。如：March 21st,2001读作March the twenty-first, two thousand and one(2001年3月21日)

b.先写日子，再写月份和年，这通常是英国写法。如:：21st March,2001读作the twenty-first of March, two thousand and one.还有就是月份也可以间写．

become的用法

1. 用作连系动词，其后可接名词、形容词、过去分词等作表语。如：He became a teacher at (the age of) 17. The weather became warmer. 天气变得暖和起来。Soon the room became crowded. 不一会儿房里就挤满了人。注意：其后接过去分词时，可表示被动或结果；表示被动时，其后一般不接 by短语。如不说 Soon the room became crowded by students.

2. become 是终止性动词，因此要表示“成为…有多长时间”有多长时间，英语不能将become与表示一段时间的词或短语连用。如：他成为老师有十年了。正：He became a teacher ten years ago. /It

is ten years since he became a teacher. /He has been a teacher for ten years.

误：He has become a teacher for ten years.

3. become 之后一般不接不定式表示“逐渐…” (此时可用 come, begin＋不定式)。如：＋不定式，正：He began [came] to like English. 他开始喜欢英语起来。误：He became to like English. 正：He became ill yesterday. 他昨天病了。误：He became to be ill yesterday.

4. 用于习语 become of, 表示“发生”、“遭遇”等 (常与 what连用)。如：What has become of the girl? 这个女孩后来怎样了?

I don’t know what will become of me if I fail this time. 要是我这次不成功，我不知

我会怎么样。

Need的用法

包括need的动词名词及there is no need to do的用法关键词：need的用法,need sb. to do, need doing

一、need作情态动词的用法：

need用作情态动词时表“必须必要”的意思，后直接跟动词原型，且need无人称、数的变化（第三人称单数不加s），也没有非谓语形式（不定式、分词）。注意:

need用作情态动词时常用于否定句和疑问句中。

例：Need he bring his laptop tomorrow? 明天他必须带他的笔记本过来吗？Come on, you needn't worry about it because it's not your fault. 行啦，你不必担心的因为那不是你的错。

She needn't have arrived so early, need she? 她本不必到得这么早，不是吗？注意: must引导的一般疑问句的否定回答必须使用needn't。例如： -Must I leave? 我必须离开吗？ -No, you needn't. 不，你不必离开

二、need作实意动词的用法： 1、need + something 需要某物

例：I need some fruits to eat. 我需要些水果来吃。

2、need to do something 需要做某事

例：You don't need to have the bike repaired right away. 你不必马上去修车。

3、need doing = need to be done 需要...

例：The room needs cleaning = The room needs to be cleaned. 房间需要打扫了。4、need somebody to do something 需要某人做某事

例：I need someone to help me out of this problem. 我需要找人来帮助我解决这个问题

三、need作名词的用法：

need用作名词时，既可以是可数名词，也可以是不可数名词。主要常用句型如下：

1、(There's) no need to do something 没必要做某事

例：There's no need to cover such a long distance. 没必要走那么远的距离。

There's no need for me to break the window because I have the key. 我没必要打破窗户因为我有钥匙。

No need to run since we're not pressed for time. 不必跑啦，我们又不赶时间。也可以单独使用：There's no need. 意思是“没有必要”。

2、in (great) need of （非常）需要

例：The rescue team is in great need of medicine. 救援小组非常需要药品。

3、if need be 如果需要的话

例：If need be, I'm going to do you a favor. 如果需要的话我会帮你的。

四、关于need的一些短语、俚语用法。

1、A friend in need is a friend indeed. 患难之交才是真朋友.

That引导的宾语从句

宾语从句是一种名词性从句，在句中作及物动词的宾语，或介词的宾语，或形容词的宾语。根据引导宾语从句的不同连词，宾语从句可分为三类。

（1）that引导的宾语从句

（2）whether / if引导的宾语从句

（3）疑问词引导的宾语从句

一、由that引导的宾语从句：that只有语法作用，没有实在的意义，在口语和非正式文体中可以省略。例如：

He said (that) he wanted to stay at home.他说他想呆在家里。

She doesn?t know (that) she is seriously ill.她不知道她病得很严重。

I am sure (that) he will succeed.我确信他会成功。

主语从句

在复合句中充当主语成分的句子叫做主语从句。常规主语从句，即句子在复合句中充当一个主语。主语从句的时态,不受主句的时态影响和限制。

（1）That he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all.

写完作文在这么短的时间

（2）Whether we will go for an outing tomorrow /What caused the accident remains unknown.仍然是

（3）Who will be our monitor hasn't been decided yet.

（4）Whom we must study for is a question of great importance.一个很严重的问题（5）Whatever you did is right.

（6）What we need is time. / are good doctors.

主语从句小结:

（1）引导主语从句连词有that，what，who，whether，whatever等。

（2）连词位于句首不能省略。

（3）主语从句大多数情况下视为第三人称单数，但也有例外，如例（7）

注意：当what引导的名词性分句作主语时，主谓一致问题极为复杂。

表语从句

连接表语从句的连接词有：that, what, who, when, where, which, why, whether, how, whoever，whomever，whichever ，whatever等。还有如because, as if, though等。He has become a teacher. 他已经成为一名教师。

He has become a teacher what he wanted to be ten years ago. 他已经成为了他10 年前想成为的一名教师。

His suggestion is good. 他的建议是好的。

His suggestion is that we should stay calm. 他的建议是，我们应该保持冷静。

The question is confusing. 这个问题令人困惑。

The question is when he can arrive at the hotel. 问题是，他什么时候可以到达酒店。宾语从句

宾语从句就是一个句子作动词或介词的宾语。宾语从句在复合句中作宾语，位于及物动词后。

Tell him which class you are in. Do you know what he likes？

宾语从句的分类

A 、作动词的宾语：

e.g．I (主语) heard (谓语动词) the news.名词作宾语

I (主语) heard (谓语动词) that he would come here later on.一个句子作宾语---宾语从句

B、做有动词意义的形容词的宾语

e.g. I'm afraid that I can't win.

三要素

1：语序

宾语从句必须用陈述语序。

He is wondering when he can finish this difficult job.

【注】否定前移，及完成反义疑问句；

在think/believe/suppose/guess/imagine/expect等动词后跟宾语从句否定式时，可以转移到主句上去，完成反意疑问句时，应与从句主、谓保持一致。（注：否定前移的条件是，主句主语是第一人称）

I don't think you are right, are you？

I don't believe they have finished their work yet, have they？

【注】在表示建议suggest，advise；要求demand 、desire、require、request、propose；决定decide; 命令order、command; 坚决主张insist;等动词后跟宾语从句，用（should）+v．（虚拟语气）。

I suggested that you（should）study hard．

He ordered that we should go out at once．立即; 一起; 同时; 立刻

【注】如果宾语从句后有宾语补足语，用it作形式宾语，把宾语从句后置。You may think it strange that he would live there．

2：连接词

带有宾语从句的复合句就是用连接词把一个主句和一个宾语从句连接在一起。连接词有：that(可省略)，what, who, when, where, why, which, if, whether, how。1．从句为陈述句，常选择连接词that或将that省略，直接与主句相连。【注】that常在以下情况下不能省略：

（1. 当that作learn ,suggest, explain, agree, wonder, prove, mean, state, feel, hold等动词的宾语时；

（2．当宾语从句较长时；

（3．当主语状语置于主句尾，宾语从句之前时；

（4．当主语谓语动词(包括非谓语动词)与宾语从句之间有插入语时；

（5．当一个动词带有两个或两个以上宾语从句时，此时第一个that可以省略，第二个that不可以省略；

（6．当宾语从句中的主语是this, that或this, that做主语的定语时；

（7．当宾语从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时；

（8．当宾语从句的主语是非谓语动词或主语从句时；

（9．当主语中的谓语动词是固定词组时；

（10．当宾语从句有it做其先行词时；

（11．在直接引语中，转述分句把宾语从句隔开时。

2．从句为一般疑问句，常选择连接词if或whether。在whether…or not结构中不能用if替换。

【注】if/whether区别

①if和whether在作“是否”解时，引导宾语从句常放在动词know, ask, care,

wonder, find out等之后，介词后一般不用if

②少数动词，如：leave, put, discuss, doubt后的宾语从句常用whether.

③whether后可以加or not,但是if不可以。

④在不定式前只能用whether。

如：I can?t decide whether to stay. 我不能决定是否留下。

⑤避免歧异时，我们常用whether而不用if.

3．从句为特殊疑问句，常选择what, when, where, which, why, who, how等的疑问代、副词作连接词。

★当who为主语时，句式为：who+谓语+其他

3：时态

1．主句是一般现在时，从句时态不变。

He says (that) he will leave a message on my desk.

They know (that) he is working hard.

2．主句是一般过去时，从句为各种相应过去时态。

He answered that he was listening to me.

3．主句是一般将来时，一般从句为一般现在时（“主将从现”）。

4. 当从句所叙述的事实为一个定理或客观存在时，无论主句是什么时态，从句

均用一般现在时。但与人有关的均不是定理。

He told me that he was a boy. （虽然性别是客观存在的，但“男”“女”也是人为定义的，故非第4种情况）

Father told me that practice makes perfect. （所叙述的事实为一个定理，用一般现在时）熟能生巧

例题

1. The teacher told the children that the sun ____ round. A. was B. is C. were D. are 选B，因其陈述为无可争议的客观事实。

2. I believe that our team ____ the basketball match. A. win B. won C. will win

D. wins 选B或C ，这既是讲话人现在对将来情况的主观推测，也是对未来发生动作的肯定。

3. The soldiers soon reached ( ) was once an old temple ( ) the villagers used as a school.

A. which; where

B. what; which

C. where; which

D. what; where

选B，动词reach后接宾语从句，从句缺少宾语，where不可，which引导宾语从句时表疑问含义“哪一个”而此句中并非疑问含义，不知道哪一座庙宇，而是用what从句表陈述含义，意“过去的一座旧庙宇”；temple后为对其修饰的定语从句，用关系代词which代替，并在从句中作动词used的宾语。（注：use sth. as译为“把…用作”）

注意

A. 有时候可以用it作形式宾语，而把真正的宾语从句放在后面。

F: I thought that he could finish this job in just two hours impossible.

T: I thought it impossible that he could finish this job in just two hours.

B. 带有宾语从句的复合句的否定形式一般是否定主句。

F: I think he doesn?t like the English teacher.

T: I don’t think he likes the English teacher.（否定前置）

连接词

①从属连词

连接宾语从句的从属连词主要有that，if，whether；that引导表示陈述句的宾语从句，而if和whether引导表示“是否”的宾语从句。

例句：He told me that he would go to the college next year.

I don’t know if there will be a bus any more. 我不知道是否还会有公交车。Nobody knew whether he could pass the exam. 没人知道他是否会通过考试。

②连接代词

连接代词主要有who, whom, whose, what, which，whoever, whomever, whosever, whatever, whichever等。

连接代词一般指疑问，但what, whatever除了指疑问外，也可以指陈述。

例句：

Do you know who has won…Red Alert? game？你知道谁赢了这一局红警游戏吗？

I don’t know whom you should depend on. 我不知道你该依靠谁。

The book will show you what the best CEOs know.

③连接副词

连接副词主要有when, where, why, how, whenever, wherever, however等。

例句：He didn?t tell me when we should meet again.

Could you please tell me how you/to use the new software? 你能给我展示怎么用这个新的软件吗?

None of us knows where these new parts can be bought.

同位语从句

与先行词同位或等同的从句叫作同位语从句。其关联词多为that。同位语从句用法比较"固定"。

一、在复合句中用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。它一般跟在某些名词后面，用以说明该名词表示的具体内容，如：

I heard the news that our team had won．我听到了我们队获胜的消息。

I had no idea that you were here．我不知道你在这里。

二、可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有news，idea，fact，promise，question，doubt，thought，hope，message，suggestion，words（消息），possibility等。如：

I?ve come from Mr.Wang with a message that he won’t be able to see you this

afternoon．

三、英语中引导同位语从句的词中有连词that, whether,连接副词how, when, where等。（注：if 不能引导同位语从句。）如：

l have no idea When he will be back．我不知道他什么时候回来。

He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not.

四、有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在说明的名词后面，而被别的词隔开。如：Several years later，word came that Napoleon himself was coming to inspect them．The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city．他突然想起可能敌人已经逃出城了。

五、同位语从句与定语从句的区别：

1．同位语从句与前面的名词是同位关系，即说明它前面名词的内容；而定语从句与前面的名词是修饰与被修饰关系，即限定它前面的名词范围，或补充一些情况。如：

The news that l have passed the exam is true．我通过了考试这一消息是真的。

（同位语从句，即从句所表达的意思就是前面名词的内容。）

The news that he told me just now is true．他刚才告诉我的消息是真的。

（定语从句，从句对前面名词起修饰限制作用，即“他告诉我的”那个消息，而不是别的消息。）

2．引导同位语从句的that是连词，在从句中不充当任何成份，而引导定语从句的that是关系代词，除起连接作用外，还在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语等。如：The idea that computers can recognize [?r?k?ɡ?na?z]human voices surprises many people. 计算机能够识别人的声音的想法使许多人感到惊奇。（that在从句中不充当任何成份。）

The idea that he gave surprises many people．他提出的观点令许多人感到吃惊。（that在从句中作gave的宾语。）

一个名词(或其它形式)对另一个名词或代词进行修饰，限定或说明，这个名词(或其它形式)就是同位语。同位语与被它限定的词的格要一致，并常常紧挨在一起。

1) 非独立的同位语：常出现在被限定词前

Doctor Wang (职称，头衔) 王博士/ Uncel Liu (亲戚的称呼) 刘叔叔

die Stadt Shanghai (类属名称) 上海市/ the Province Hebei (类属名称)河北省

three Kilo tomato (度量名称) 三公斤西红柿/ the University Bremen (专有名词)

国际上另一种分法为关系从句（relative clause)

关系从句的理解与翻译

人们习惯称由关系代词that，which，who，whom，whose和关系副词when，where 等引导的从句为“定语从句”，认为这种从句的功能同汉语定语相当，只不过英语的定语从句后置，汉语的定语前置罢了。但随着对语言认识的不断深入，人们发现很多这样的从句不能用定语来翻译。让我们先看一例：

Kennedy was rushed to a hospital where he died immediately. 肯尼迪被急忙送到一家医院，在那里他很快就死了。

这里“where”起过渡连接的作用，相当于“and there”，在语义上属另一新层次，绝无修饰，更无限制“怎样的医院”之意。从句中“died”这一动作发生于主句中“was rushed”的动作之后，进一步交待了事情发展的结果。

1．When he was still a little boy, Jack London wrote some compositions which were praised by his teachers. 杰克·伦敦还是小孩时，他写的些作文就受到老师的赞赏。2．I met the boatman who then took me across the ferry.

我遇到了那位船夫，他将我渡到对岸。(不宜译为：我遇到那位将我渡到对岸的船夫。)

而英语的连接手段相当丰富，构成信息焦点的中心词后面可马上由关系代词引导从句补充信息，从句中需补充信息的名词后又衍生出二度、三度……从句，但仍能使人感到句子层次清楚。如：

5．The snake catches the toad that eats the insect that nibbles the green leaves that grow on the branches.

遇到这种一个从句扣一个从句的句子，汉语只有以简驭繁：断句。译为：

那么如果主、从句中谓语的动作是持续性的，或时序不清楚又怎么样呢？例句：6. He is a professor who gives lectures in several universities this semester.

他是教授，这学期在几所大学兼课。

7. All this time I was living with a young married couple who interested me very much, for they were unlike any people had ever known.

这段时期我一直和一对年轻夫妇同住在一块儿，这对夫妇使我很感兴趣，因为他们同我以前所认识的人都不一样。

以上两例中主句传递了主要信息，从句传递了辅助信息，从另一侧面加以补充描述，或提供某种必要的背景知识，关系代词则起停顿、衔接、过渡的作用，使语义发展顺利进人另一层次，我们似乎察觉不到这些从句跟中心词之间有何限制或修饰关系。

有时关系代词和关系副词还体现了主、从句间的某种逻辑关系，不能简单地视为“代替”某个名词而同时接续从句的词。如：

8．In 1906, Pierre ,who was crossing a road, was run over and killed. (who… ≈ when he…)1906年，皮埃尔在横穿马路时被车压死了

10．We know that a cat, whose eyes can take in many more rays of light than our eyes, can see clearly in the night. (whose eyes… ≈ because its eyes…)

我们知道，由于猫眼能比人眼吸收更多的光线，所以猫在夜里也能看得很清楚。12．There was something original, independent and heroic about the plan that pleased all of them. (that… ≈ so that the Plan…)

此方案新颖，有独创性，有魄力，(所以)他们都喜欢。

定语从句

用作定语的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般皆放在被它所修饰的名（代）词(先行词)之后，这种名（代）词就叫作先行词（Antecedent）。引导定语从句的关联词为关系代词(或称引导词、关系词等）。关系代词在定语从句中可用作主语、宾语、定语等；关系副词在定语从句中用作状语。

①引导定语从句的关联词有who, whom, whose, that, when, where, why 和which.在非限制定语从句中，只可用which, who, whose, where, when.如果指代前面整个句子，多用which.

例句：The dog that/which was lost has been found.（失踪的狗已经找到了。）Those who are in favor of the proposal are expected to discuss it in detail after the meeting.（有人认为那些对这个提案有兴趣的人最好是在会后再具体讨论它。）There are many organizations whose purpose is to help the homeless.（存在着许多旨在帮助无家可归者的组织。）

Air moves from places where the pressure was high to places where the pressure is low.（空气从压强高的地方流向压强低的地方。）

This is the reason why he refused to help us.（这就是他拒绝帮助我们的原因。）They turned a blind eye to the suffering of the people, which enraged all of us.（他们对受苦人们的漠视激怒了我们。）

②当引导定语从句的先行词前有all, any, no, little, much, very first等词，或先行词前为形容词最高级所修饰时，或先行词为all, anything, nothing, something, everything时，从句的引导词只能用that.

The only thing that matters to the children is how soon they can have their holiday.（孩子们唯一关心的是他们什么时候放假？）

These are the very points that puzzle me.（真正困扰我的是这些观点。）

Is there anything that bothers you?（有什么事烦着你吗？）

This is the best film that was ever produced by the company.（这部是那个公司有史以来拍摄得最好的电影。）

③as可做引导词引导定语从句，多和such, the same 连用. As 引导的定语从句也可修饰整个句子，既可放在先行词后，也可放在句子开头。

Such people as you describe are rare nowadays.（你描述的那一类人现在很少了。）As is often the case, the girl forgot to bring her dictionary.（正如往常一样，这个女孩又忘了带上字典。）

We are opposed to such ideas as are not based upon objective facts.（我们是反对这种毫无事实根据的想法的。）

④介词+which/whom/whose从句

Language is a tool by means of which people communicate ideas with each other.（语言就是人们用来和其他人交流的一种工具。）

Jane spent all evening talking about her latest book, of which none of us had ever heard.（Jane整整一晚上都在谈论着也最近学课本，那些内容我们闻所未闻。）Water dissolves a part of nearly everything _______ it comes in contact.

a. where

b. that

c. with which

d. as soon as

⑤代/名+介词+which 从句

He is needing a book, the name of which I don't know.（他需要一本书，但是我不知道书名。）

In factories and in our daily life, there are many waste materials, all of which can be turned into useful things under certain condition.（在工厂里，在我们的日常生活中都有很多垃圾，其实这些垃圾在某种情况下是可以转变为有用的东西的。）

⑥同位语从句和定语从句

The news that he has been admitted by Harvard University is very pleasing.（他被哈佛大学录取的消息非常令人兴奋。）

The news that you told me was really exciting.（你告诉我的好个消息真的是很激动人心。）

⑦难句：

NO.1 He is one of the men who were chosen to represent the group.（他是被选为代表该团队的人中一员。）

NO.2 He is the only one of those boys who is willing to take on another assignment.（他是那些男孩中唯一一个愿意再接受任务的人。）

NO.3 I shall never forget the day when we first met.（我永远也不会忘记我们第一次见面的那一天。）

NO.4 I remember the morning when he first came to school.（我记得早上，当他第一次来到学校的时候。）

NO.4 I shall never forget the days which I spent in the countryside.（我永远不会忘记我在农村度过的日子。）

NO.5 The room where he lived is kept in good repair.（他住的房间保持着良好的状态。）

NO.6 Alva found a place in the cellar where he uses as his first laboratory.（馆长在地窖里找到一个地方使用,作为他第一次实验的实验室。）

NO.7 The way in which/that you answered the questions was admirable.（以何种方式/这就是你回答的他所提出的问题，令人钦佩。）

状语从句

用作状语的从句叫作状语从句，其关联词是一些从属连词。修饰主句中的动词、

形容词和副词，通常由从属连词引导，按其意义和作用可分为时间、地点、条件、原因、让步、目的、结果、方式、比较状语从句等。

时间状语从句

1) 常见连词有after, as, before, once, since, till, （not）until，when, whenever （no matter when），while，as long as, as soon as…

As you look at yourself in a mirror, you?ll see an identical image of yourself.

It is a long time before it is possible to test the medicine on human patients.

It was not until…that...

Not until…did he…

Not until I received the letter, did I know he had gone to America.

It was not until….

When I got to the airport, I suddenly remembered that I had left the ticket behind.

I was about to leave, when something occurred which attracted my attention. Whenever we have difficulty, he?ll come to help us.

2) no sooner…than, hardly (scarcely, barely) …when: 刚做…就….

No sooner had I opened the door than the telephone rang.

She had scarcely news when she fainted.

3) 还有immediately, directly, instantly, the moment, the minute, the instant,

the second, every time. etc

I?ll tell you about it the moment you come.

I got in touch with him immediately I received his letter.

地点状语从句

一般用where 或wherever 引导：

I will stand where I can see the parade clearly.

Wherever they went, they were warmly welcome.

条件状语从句

真实条件从句:if, unless, so long as, provided that, supposing that, on condition that, in the event that, in case that .etc

I will not go to her party if she doesn?t invite me.

I will not go to her party unless she invites me.

原因状语从句

从属连词有because, as, since, for, now, that, in that, seeing that, considering that(鉴于，由于)

As the school regulations are written quite clearly, there is nothing more to be explained.

Considering that the sweater was hard made, it was not expensive.

让步状语从句

引导词分类：

1): even if, even though, though, while(尽管), no matter what/how/which, however, whatever, whichever ,however. etc.

He will not give up smoking even though the doctor advises him to.

Whatever the consequence[?kɑ:ns?kwens](结果) may be, I will be on your side. However hard she tried to explain, nobody trusted her.

2) 由as 引起的让步从句，语气较强烈，被强调的词须放在句首.

Simple as the question may seem, it is not at all common in nature.

Cold as it is, the children play outdoors. /Much as I respect him,I can?t agree with him.

3) whether…or,不管…或…

whether you be a student or a teacher, you are required to obey the regulations of the school.

结果状语从句

引导词：so that, so…that,such…that so + 形容词；such + 名词

He is so humorous that we?ll never forget him.

She is such a nice girl that everybody likes to make friends with her.

目的状语从句

引导词：so that, in order that, for fear that, lest, in case

I checked all the results time and again for fear that there should be any mistakes.