英语介词的用法详细介绍

英语介词的用法详细介绍
英语介词的用法详细介绍

介词

一、介词的定义

介词是一类虚词,不能独立作句子成分,必须与名词或代词等词类一起构成介词短语,才可以充当句子成分。介词在句子中一般不重读。

二、介词的种类

l.简单介词

例如:at,in,on,under,of,after,over,past等。

2.复合介词

例如:into,onto,throughout,without,within,nearby等。

3.短语介词

例如:in front of,because of,instead of,according to,out of等。

三、介词短语的用法

1.在句子中作表语

Between my school and the zoo is a stone bridge.

在我的学校与动物园之间是一座石桥。

Mary and John are from Australia.

玛丽和约翰来自澳大利亚。

Our school is in front of the factory.

我们的学校就在那个工厂的前面。

2.在句子中充当后置定语

The young man under the tree is my friend Li Ming.

那个在树下的年轻人是我的朋友李明。

China is a country with a long history.

中国是具有悠久历史的国家。

This is not the key to the door.

这不是那扇门的钥匙。

3.在句子中作状语

My mother looks younger for her age.

我妈妈显得比实际年龄更年轻。

Our library keeps open from eight o'clock in the morning to nine o'clock in the evening.

我们图书馆从上午8:00到晚上9:00都开门。

4.在句子中作宾语补足语

We all think Li Mei as a good girl.

我们都把李梅看作是一个好姑娘。

She found herself in a strange room when she woke up.

她醒来时发现自己在一个陌生的房间里。

5.在句子中作介词的宾语

The policeman took the picture from under the book.

警察从那本书的下面把照片取了出来。

It's said that the secret is from inside the well.

据说秘密来自这口井的里面。

四、表示时间的介词。

l.at,on,in

(1)at用于表示某一具体时刻或时间点。例如:

at night在夜晚

at noon在中午

at midnight在午夜

at ten o'clock在十点钟

at Christmas在圣诞节

at present在目前

(2)on指“具体的某一天或某天的上午、下午、晚上”,在重大节日前也可用on。例如:

on a cold day在一个寒冷的日子

on Sunday在星期天

on the morning of Oct.1st

在十月一日的早晨

on September l0th在九月十号

on Christmas Eve在圣诞前夜

on Monday evening在星期一晚上

年、月、日表示法:无“日”添上“in”,有“日”就用“on”。

(3)in表示周、月、季节、年或泛指上午、下午、晚上。例如:

in a week在一周内in February在二月

in spring在春季in the day在白天

in2004在2004年

泛指上午、下午、晚上时,用in,特指某一日的上午、下午、晚上时,用on.

in the evening在晚上on Sunday evening在周日晚上

注意

英语中时间状语不用介词的情况很多,现归纳如下:

①在this,that,these等组成的词组前不用介词。如:

We are in Grade Two this year.

今年我们上二年级。

Bob's wife told him that he had forgotten his wallet that morning.

鲍勃的妻子告诉他,他那天早晨忘带钱包了。

Tom's trouble is very common to boys these days.

汤姆的问题这些天在男孩们中间很常见。

②由next或last构成的词组前不用介词。

如:

When did you go to bed last night?

你昨晚几点上床睡觉的?

The next day she got up early and went to school without breakfast.

第二天她起得很早,没吃早饭就去了学校。

③当yesterday,tomorrow用作副词或由它们构成的短语前不用介词。如:

Can you be here at eight tomorrow morning?

你明早八点能在这里吗?

Were you at home yesterday evening?

你昨晚在家吗?

④在含有a,one,every,some,all等词的短语前不用介词。如:

One day the woman learned that Liszt himself Was in town.

一天妇人听说李斯特本人就在镇上。

I hope to go to the moon some day.

我希望有一天去月球。

2.before,after

(1)before表示“在某时刻或某件事之前”。例如:

He must be at home before5:00pm.

下午五点之前他一定在家。

Check your papers carefully before handing them in.在交卷之前,仔细检查你的试卷。

(2)after表示“在某时刻或某件事之后”。例如:

After breakfast she hurried to school。

早饭后,她匆忙上学去了。

Call me at once after you get there.

到那儿之后马上给我打电话。

She came here after me.

她在我之后来这儿。

3.by,until(till)

(1)by表示“在……之前;到……为止”。例如:

You must finish your job by six o'clock.

你必须在六点之前完成这项工作。

By the time he got here,the meeting had been over.他到这儿时,会议已结束了。

We had learned5,000words by the end of last year.

到去年年底为止,我们已学了五千多单词。

(2)until(till)”表示“直到……才…….”。例如:

She didn't go home until lunch time.

直到午饭时间她才回家。

We waited until10o'clock last night.

昨晚我们一直等到十点钟。

注意:until与瞬间动词(点动词)连用时,必须用否定式;而与延续性动词连用时,用肯定式。

My father didn’t buy me a bike until last week.

我父亲直到上星期才给我买了一辆自行车。(buy是瞬间动词,所以用否定)

You can keep this book till next month.

这本书你可以借到下个月。(keep是延续性动词,用肯定式)

4.from,since

(1)from表示“从……时起”。一般都是用词组from……to…,from用于现在时,过去时和将来时。例如:

from ten o'clock to twelve o'clock

从十点到十二点

from this year从今年开始

from Sunday从星期天开始

from day to night从白天到黑夜

The meeting will be held from eight to ten.

这个会议将从8点开到10点。

(2)since表示“自过去某一时刻或行为以来”。经常用于含有完成时的句子里,后面跟过去某一时间点;since还可以用作副词和连词。例如:

They came to Beijing in1950and have lived here since then.

一九五O年他们来到北京,以后就一直住在这儿。

He's worked on the farm since he left the army.

(自从)他离开部队以来,一直在农场工作。

5.for,during,through

(1)for引导一段时间,强调时间由始至终,可译为“(时间)长达……”,一般与有长度的时间短语连用,如for three weeks,for a long time等,可用于现在(过去)完成时或过去时的句子里。例如:

He studied English for three years.

他学了三年英语。

The French teacher has been in China for about a month.

这位法国老师在中国已经大约一个月了。

(2)during意为“在……期间”,与一段时间的整体连用。如:during the spring,during last year,during l980等,也可以和表示延续性事件的名词连用,如during my childhood.during our stay,during his visit等,一般不用于现在完成时的句子里。例如:

During the winter we play football.

冬季我们踢足球。

Many comrades went to see him during his illness.

在他生病期间许多同志去看望了他。

(3)through表示“从……开始到……结束(全过程)”例如:

It is very hot through the whole summer this year.

今年整个夏季都很热。

6.in,within

(1)in表示“过……之后”,多用于将来时(一般将来时和过去将来时)例如:

in ten minutes十分钟之后

in two weeks两周之后

The delegation will arrive in three days.

代表团将于三天后到达。

They said they would return home in a week.

他们说他们一周后回家。

(2)within意为“在……以内”,指在一定时间内。例如:

I don't think he will go away within three days.

我想他在三天之内不会离开。

within还可以表示距离,意为“不远于”,“在……(距离)之内”。例如:The bus stop is within fifty meters of the station.

公共汽车站离火车站不到50米远。

五、表示场所与方向的介词

1.at,in,on

at在某地点,表示“相对于说话者来说较近或较狭窄的地方”;

in在某地,表示“相对较大或较宽敞的地方”;

on“在……之上(有接触面)”。例如:

at the table在桌旁

at college上大学

at school上学

at home在家

in a hospital在医院里

in a hotel在宾馆里

in China在中国

in the world在世界上

on the desk在桌子上

on the wall在墙上

on the ground在地上

2.under,over,above,below

(1)above意思是“在….上方”,但不一定是正上方,指一个物体比另一个物体所处的位置高,通常两个物体相互不接触。其反义词是below。例如:

I raise my right hand above my head.

我把右手高举过头。

There are a lot of fishes below the surface of the water.

水面下有许多各式各样的鱼。

above也可表示“超过”,“……以上”,一般和数词连用。例如:

It weighs above five tons.

这东西有五吨多重。

(2)over表示“在……正上方(反义词是under)”,即垂直的上方。例如:

There was a table with an electric light over it.

有一张桌子,桌子上方悬挂着一盏电灯。

The ceiling over us was about three meters high.

我们头上的天花板约有三米高。

Under the chair there is a cat sleeping.

椅子下有一只猫在睡觉。

3.near,nearby,by

near表示“离……近”,与beside,nearby相近,by表示“比near更近的地方,在……旁边”。例如:

in the near future在不久的将来

near the river在河边

the farm nearby附近的农场

the lake nearby附近的湖泊

by the lake在湖边

by the window在窗户边

4.in front of,in the front of,behind

in front of表示“在……的前面”,即处在某个人或某个地方范围外的前边。at(或in)the front of表示“在……的前部”,即还处在某个地方的范围之内。试比较:

The girl is standing in front of the bus.

这个女孩站在公共汽车前面。(在车外)

The girl is standing at/in the front of the bus.

这个女孩站在公共汽车的前部。(在车内)

注意:“in front of”和“before”都含有“在……之前”的意思,但当表示地点时,用“in front of”而不用“before”。例如:

in front of the gate而不用before the gate

另外,表示马路、河流、房屋等对面的东西时,不能用in front of,而用opposite。

试译:我们学校对面有一家商店。

误:There is a shop in front of our school.

正:There is a shop opposite our school.

5.in,into,out of

in意为“在……内”,是表示静态的介词。

into意为“进……里”,是表示动态的复合介词。

out of“从…..里出来”,与into互为反义词,表示有一定的运动方向。

例如:

She is walking in the room.她正在房间里踱来踱去。

She walked into the room.她走进了房间。

He took the card out of his pocket and showed it to the guard.

他把证件从兜里拿出来给卫兵出示了一下。

在put,throw,break,lay,fall等动词之后,既可以用in,也可以用into,这时in也表示动态,常含有into的意思。例如:

He put all the books in/into the bag.

他把所有的书都放进书包里。

in可以用作副词,into则不能。例如:Come in进来!

6.across,through,along

两者都有“穿过”的意思,但在用法上有所不同。

across指横过,横跨,强调从表面“穿过”;

而through指通过,贯穿,着重指从一个立体的空间穿过。例如:

Go across the bridge.走过桥去。

The students walked through the gate with Uncle Wang.

学生们同王大伯一起穿过大门。

along指顺着,沿着。

I was walking along the river when it began to rain.

我正沿着河边散步,突然下起雨来。

7.to,towards,for,from

to表示“到达目的地”,而towards指方向,朝向,表示“向……进发(不表示到达之意)”。例如:

He went to Shanghai by air last night.

他昨天晚上乘飞机去了上海。

Be sure to come to school on time.

一定准时到校。

I hear they are going towards the Great Wall.

我听说他们正向长城进发。

for表示“向……”,表示目的地。

for表示目的时,一般与固定动词搭配。

leave for动身去……start for…..出发去……

I’ll leave for America next week.

下周我将动身去美国。

from表示“从……地点起”

It’s about ten minutes’walk from here to the cinema.

从这到电影院大约需步行十分钟。

How far is it from our school to the hospital?

从我们学校到医院有多远?

六、其他介词

介词除了表示时间、地点、方向外,还可以表示原因、手段、工具等意义。

1.表示材料与手段的介词with,by和in

(1)with表示用什么工具,所用的东西都是具体的。如:

Please cut the apple with the small knife.

请用这把小刀切开苹果。

We write with our hands.我们用手写字。

(2)by指“靠……手段”,“用……方法”,

“凭借……动作”,所表示的方法、手段、途径比较抽象,后接名词、代词或动名词,也可和bus,train,plane,bike等词连用,表示交通或通讯手段。如:

We learn to swim by swimming.

我们通过游泳学习游泳。

He always comes by bus.

他一向坐公共汽车来。

You must learn every word by heart.

你必须把每个单词都记住。

注意:

by bus=on a bus by bike=on a bike

by plane=on a plane by train=on a train

by car=in a car by ship=on a ship

by后跟交通工具名词时,不加任何冠词。

(3)in表示“所用的材料以及所用的语言、声音、衣饰等”。例如:

They are talking in English.

他们正在用英语交谈。

I like to draw the picture in red ink.

我喜欢用红墨水画画。

The girl is usually in white.

这个姑娘通常穿着白色的衣服。

You mustn't fill in the form in pencil.

不允许你用铅笔填表。

2.of,from

(1)of表示“属于……的”,表示数量或种类。例如:

Li Min is one friend of my brother's.

李民是我哥哥的一个朋友。

Here is a cup of tea for you.

给你一杯茶。

This is a picture of our classroom.

这是我们教室的图画。

(2)from表示“是哪里人”,以及“时间或地点的起始点”。例如:

Mistakes come from carelessness.

错误源于粗心。

The manager from Japan is strict with us.

这位日本经理对我们要求很严格。

He worked hard from morning to evening.

他从早到晚拼命工作。

3.against,about

(1)against既有紧靠、倚靠的意思,也有反对(反义词是for)的意思。例如:

He stood.leaning against the wall,unable to speak.

他靠墙站着,说不出话来。

She sat with her back against the door.

她背靠着门坐着。

I'm for peace and against war.

我赞成和平,反对战争。

His action was against the law.

他的行为是违法的。

Are you for it or against it?

你是赞成还是反对?

She sold her hair against her will.

她很不情愿地将头发卖了。

(2)about主要有以下四种含义。

①作“关于”讲。

He talked about his family.

他谈了有关他家族的事。

I know nothing about music.

我对音乐一无所知。

This is a book about American history.

这是一本关于美国历史的书。

②作“在……各处;到处;在……附近”讲。

She walked about the town with her mother.她跟她妈在镇上到处走。There is a crowd of people about him.

一群人围着他。

Do you happen to have an umbrella about you?你身边碰巧带有雨伞吗?

③作“大约;左右”讲。

It happened about ten years ago.

这事是大约十年前发生的。

Come about five p.m.下午五点左右来。

④用于某些习语中。

——When shall we meet again?

我们什么时候再碰头?

——How about Friday?星期五怎么样?

What(How)about going there by bike?

骑车去怎样?

英语介词的分类及用法

介词的分类和应用英语介词虽是小词,数量也不多,但它灵活多变,随处可见,功能强大而且难于掌握。在现代英语中,介词的地位非常重要。我们切不可小看这个小角色,不可忽视它的作用。如果你能在英语介词上下一番功夫,那么你的英语水平会有一个飞跃提高。 英语介词分类:按结构英语介词可分为3类: 1.简单介词(约有70个),如:in,at,on,by,with,down,for,beside,along,across等。 2.分词介词(约15个)如:during,following,considering,regarding,speaking,judging,talking等。 3.成语介词(约有500个)如:out of,apart from(除之外:别无、尚有),because of,by means of用、依靠等。 按意义英语介词可分为3类: 1. 时间介词,如:at, on, in, during, over, from, for, until等。 2. 地点介词,如:at, on, in, across, to, over, between, inside, outside等。 3. 其它介词,如:by, with, about, except, instead of, due to, apart from等。 介词-- 从不独立行动的精灵 英语介词不可单独使用,只能与不同的此类构成介词短语来在句子中担当一个成分。常用的五种介词短语 1.介词+名词:at the door, into the bag 2.介词+代词: for me, of others 3.介词+动名词: in doing so, to my saying that 4.介词+连接副词/连接代词/what从句:over what he had better do 5.介词+连接副词/连接代词+不定式:on how to do this 其他类型的介词短语 6.介词+介词短语:from across the street, until after dinner 7.介词+副词:from below 8.介词+复合结构:with the light on 9.介词+不定式(but/except):…did nothing but sleep介词-- 连接词与词纽带 英语经常用介词来表示词与词之间的关系 1. 时间 1)at表示在某一时间点: at 3 o’clock 2)in表示在某一时间段内的某一或某些点:in 2004 in表示在某段时间的结束点:I’ll see you again in a week. 3) during表示某一时间段内自始至终:during the first period 4) on表示在某一day/date或其中的某一段:on Monday, on Sunday morning 5) by表示不迟于某个时间:by now 2. 地点 1)at表示在某处(而非它处):at school 2) in表示在内部或某个范围内:in the office 3) on表示在上面与某平面接触:on the table 4) outside表示在某个范围之外:outside world 5) under表示在比某个位置低的地方或在某表面之下:under a chair 6) by表示靠近或接近:by the window

英语语法-介词用法与固定搭配

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