从省略结构看英语新闻标题的明晰化阅读_王玲英

第8卷第4期2008年7月

湖南大众传媒职业技术学院学报

JOURNA L OF H UNA N MASS M EDIA VOCAT IONA L TECH NICA L COLL EGE Vo l .8No .4

July 2008

[收稿日期]　2008-03-12

[作者简介]　王玲英,女,湖南醴陵人,湖南农业大学外语学院讲师,翻译理论与研究学硕士;姚敏,女,湖南长沙人,湖南农业大学外语学院讲师,英语语言教育学硕士。

从省略结构看英语新闻标题的明晰化阅读

王玲英　姚　敏

(湖南农业大学外语学院,湖南长沙410128)

[摘　要]　在阅读过程中,对英语新闻标题的理解常常被笼统化。针对这一现象,本文从新闻标题的省略特征着手,通过对其省略结构进行分类和对其相关的语法结构、功能进行综合分析,以实例阐述英语新闻标题阅读的明晰化过程。

[关键词]　英语新闻标题;省略;明晰化

[中图分类号]　G 210 [文献标识码]　A [文章编号]　1671-5454(2008)04-0055-02

一、新闻标题的省略与理解

新闻标题有新闻“眉眼“之称,它是吸引读者阅读兴趣的关键。好的新闻标题简约醒目,能迅速抓住读者注意力。中国读者在阅读英语报刊时,往往习惯于先浏览标题,再取舍阅读内容,甚至仅靠标题阅读获取所需信息。因此,新闻标题是新闻极为重要的组成部分。同时,因为英语新闻标题提纲挈领,言简意赅,形成自身独有的语法特点,所以更值得关注。在实际阅读过程中,有些读者特别是初入门者往往笼统看过,不能尽领英语新闻标题中的含义,容易忽略或误解原文内容。如:Red Cross :M any ev acuees staying w ith

friends ,hotels .①

稍有新闻阅读经历的人都不难猜到,

这条标题涉及一场灾难报道:Red Cr oss 表明新闻出处红十字组织,evacuees 为幸存者,但对于f riends ,ho -tels ,因为介词的省略可能理解为w ith friends in ho -tels ,事实上ho tels 与f riends 是并列结构,表示evacu -ees 的两种暂时去向。

其实,英语新闻标题的阅读就像翻译一样,它包含着一个对原文含义理解逐步深入的过程。我们可以采用释义、阐述或增词的方法,把原文中本来需要想象、推导才能领悟的隐含意义明示出来,这样的过程能使有限字数内的丰富含义得到明晰化理解。

二、常见的省略结构形式

(一)新闻标题就其构成要素来说,不外乎众所周知的五要素或五个W ,即W ho ,W ha t ,When ,W he re ,Why 。因为新闻标题趋向短小精悍,事实上并不能包

括所有的五个W ,所以,新闻标题未能包含的要素通常放在导语中详细叙述。如下例:

例1:Co stume leads to “hold ”o n M yer s 'senate confirmatio n .

例2:M om demands answe rs to son 's dea th .例3:C riminal pro be into Bay A r ea oil spill launched .

以上例1新闻标题都只包含W ho ,W ha t ,其他三要素被省略了,例2暗含W hy (so n 's death ),而例3Bay A rea 其实充当标题五要素的W he re ,意为“Crimi -nal pro be into oil spill in Bay A rea launched .”

除此之外,为了在有限的篇幅内尽量多安排实义词,使标题言简意明,英语新闻标题常常出现省略现象,最常见的省略有虚词省略和主从句的句子结构省略。以上标题都出现了冠词、代词的省略现象,我们可以分别补全上面的例子为:(T he )Co stume leads to (a )“ho ld ”o n M y er s 'senate confir matio n ;(T he /A )M o m demands answe rs to (her )so n 's death ;(T he /A )Crim -inal pr obe into (the )Bay A r ea oil spill launched .为了高度浓缩,新闻标题虚词的缺省很常见,但是这种省略并不妨碍读者的理解,不应以语法错误对待。

(二)英语中的介词短语、定语从句都是后置定语,放在所修饰的名词后面,但在新闻标题中力求定语前置,因此,介词短语省略介词,定语从句变成词组做前置定语,是英语新闻标题中常见的堆砌现象。事实上,这种定语前置不仅符合思维逻辑,而且与汉语类似,容

—

55—DOI :10.16261/j .cn ki .cn43-1370/z .2008.04.028

易被中国读者所接受。

仍以例3为例,这里Bay A rea本来充当标题的地点状语,意为“Criminal pr obe into oil spill in Bay A rea launched.”为了简练,介词in被省略,地点状语变成前置定语。这条标题同样在CNN新闻还有另一版本“San fran oil spill probe launched.”本是地点状语的Sa n fr an象Bay A rea一样,与名词oil spill堆砌共同修饰主题事件probe。

(三)除了构成要素和虚词、短语、从句的省略,新闻标题主句本身的结构省略也很常见,一般表现为时态的简化,be动词的省略,类似于英语语法中的独立主格结构,只不过后者要依靠主句不能单独使用。具体如下:

1.名词(或代词)+现在分词。如:

例4:Ha rry Po tter boo k f lying off the shelve s.

例5:Go og le investing heavily in cell pho nes-WSJ.

2.名词(或代词)+过去分词。如:

例6:U.S bridg es over used and unde r stress.

例7:G rain traffic halted after bridge collapse.

3.名词(或代词)+形容词。如:

例8:L arry King Liv e.

例9:Bridge collapse recove ry tedio us.

4.名词(或代词)+不定式。如:

例10:F iserv to buy CheckFr ee fo r＄4.4billio n.

以上几类表达通常相当于一种主系表结构,只要加上系动词,我们可以使之恢复成完整的句子,意义更清晰。如例4:H arry P ot te r boo k fly ing off the shelves,我们可以用完整的句子表达为Ha rry Po tter bo ok is fly ing o ff the shelves.意为“《哈里·波特》一书销售一空。”

常见的句法省略还有:

5.名词(或代词)+介词。如:

例11:P ath to the presidency.

6.名词(或代词)+名词。如:

例12:Do g the bounty hunter.

7.名词(或代词)+副词。

例13:O il up.

三、省略结构的明晰化理解

新闻标题省略结构的语法功能不仅表现在时态、语态方面,同时具有表意功能。

(一)时态功能

在英语中,表述不同时间发生的动作要用动词的不同时态,英语新闻标题也不例外。前面的例子中有很多是显示时态功能的,包括现在时、过去时、完成时和进行时等。新闻报道的事件通常是过去发生的事情,按一般语法规则谓语动词应该用一般过去时,但在英语新闻标题中普遍使用一般现在时,使已经发生的事仍然活生生地显现在读者面前。例如:A r gentine first lady claims presidential win.昔日的第一夫人已经在总统大选获胜。标题仍然用现在时,这样就给读者一种新鲜感、现实感和直接感。

新闻标题在表示正在进行的动作或事件时,原则上使用进行时,但be动词通常省略,只使用现在分词来强调动作或事件的正在进行,如例4。

如果新闻标题表示的是将要发生的事情,原则上使用将来时态“系动词be+动词不定式”结构,而实际上我们也经常用“系动词be+动词现在分词”结构表示将来,其中系动词be通常都被省略,以减少标题字数,因此,动词不定式和现在分词常常直接表示未来动作,如例10。这里的不定式呈现出一种将来时态,F iserv 将出资44亿美元收购Checkf ree公司。再看例5,这条标题表现的是一种现在进行时态,报道的是Go og le公司正要大力投资发展移动电话。

当然,英语时态的显现有时候不会那么清晰,还需要我们思考回味甚至结合以往的阅读经验。如例7,这里的过去时态需要结合新闻标题内容“桥塌了”造成了“交通受阻”来推论。

(二)语态功能

就像独立主格结构可以表示主动和被动的语态一样,新闻标题的省略除了表示时态功能之外,也可以表示语态功能。在英语新闻标题中,很少见到完整的被动语态结构,通常be动词被省略,分词本身体现了这种语态功能。象所有语法条例定义的一样,现在分词除了表现进行和将来时态外,还表示主动语态,过去分词表示过去时态和被动语态。但如我们前面谈到的,由于新闻标题特殊的过去时态现在化,过去分词往往只留下表示被动意义的功能,因此,读者切忌将之误解为单一的动词过去时。如例6:U.S bridges ove rused and under stress.美国桥梁被过度使用而受压。过去分词o ver used具有表示被动的功能。

(责任编辑　陶新艳)

[注释]

①本文所举新闻标题均选自http://w https://www.360docs.net/doc/5e17000265.html,n.new s. com。

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二、添加注释性词语即使是明白易懂的新闻标题，我们在汉译时也常需酌情加上逻辑主语，或新闻人物的国籍、消息的事发地点等等。总之，应兼顾中英语新闻标题之异同，适当增补有关介绍性、注释性词语以利读者理解，避免产生误会。例如： Li Elected Cppcc Head. 李（瑞环）当选为全国政协主席。 Lewis, Xie Voted World's Top Two. 路（易斯）谢（军）当选世界最佳男女（运动员）。 Emperor's Visit A Milestone In Bilateral Ties. 天皇访华：（中日）双边关系的里程碑。 Quake Death Toll Tops 5000. （日本限神地区）地震死亡人数己逾五千。 Young Wheelers, Big Dealers. 青年摩托车手成了（保险公司）大主顾。三、体现原文修辞特点如果英语标题寓意于某种修辞手段，如双关、比喻、押韵等，译成汉语以后中国读者不至于产生理解上的困难，则应尽可能体现原标题的修辞特色。如：押韵：After The Boom Everything Is Gloom.

新闻标题的翻译

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英语阅读理解

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2017年高考英语阅读理解文章结构图题

2017年一模 D Integrity Integrity is the quality of being honest and strong about what you believe to be right. The concept of integrity has played a key role in moral philosophy throughout history and is promoted in all societies because of its importance to social relations. Individual integrity is vital to society, one that enables people to make use of their capacity for critical reflection, does not force people to take up particular roles and does not encourage individuals to betray each other. Besides, societies can be favorable to the development of individual integrity. Individual integrity can lift up the spirits of the entire society. It can shape the lives of people living in a particular society, the lives of all fellow people and, in its broadest sense, even the destiny(命运) of a nation. By contrast, if those living in the society are corrupt, it could have bad effects, jeopardizing the healthy morality of the society. On the other hand, a society can be favorable to the development of individual integrity. Society expects and requires integrity. A society consisting of people of integrity, and people who never compromise on their principles, could have a positive mark on the personal development of its members. Being a part of such a morally lively community could serve as a basis for absorbing traits of good character. This could be of a distinct advantage to any individuals in the society. However, some social structures are of the wrong sort for some individuals to pursue(追求) integrity. If that is the case, we have to ask questions about the moral nature of society first before raising questions about individual integrity. Questions about integrity may turn out to be about what kind of society it is, rather than about the relationship between individual interests and characteristics of a society. The pursuit of adequate individual integrity often depends, not so much on understanding who one is and what one believes and is committed to, but rather understanding what one’s society is and imagining wh at it could be. Under no circumstances can we underestimate the importance of human integrity in a society. People, who are honest, trustworthy, compassionate and caring, are the factors decisive in the growth of individuals as well as the development of a society. 70. Which of the following shows the development of ideas in this passage? A. B. C. D. 1