英雄与梦想

Hero And Dream

—Analysis Of Childe Harold And Tom Sawyer

by

Zhao Lili

May, 2007

Xiaogan University

Abstract

Each nation in any age has its own heroes.Heroes are those people who pioneer and realize some glorious dreams.Childe Harold is the reprensentative of Byronic hero;Tom Sawyer stands as a successful image of realization of American dream.Either Childe or Tom is a hero in millions of heart.Their experiences are not only individual legends,but also a cultural phenomenon with a certain social value system.To some extent,they reflect the longings and inner world values of hero in two climes at different ages.With titanic passion and revolted spirit,Byron gave prominence to his Byronic hero in “larger than life”way;while Mark Twain, “A mirrior of America” presented us with a genuine and realistic popularist hero—Tom Sawyer.This thesis maintain the hero are neither depended on their backgrounds nor their success or failure.The real heroes are a galaxy of men who are upright and honest concerning about the sky.Their existence,to some extent,is the significance to the prospect of one nation.

Key words: Byronic hero; American dream; Cultural phenomenon

英雄与梦想

—恰尔德·哈罗尔得与汤姆·索亚之探析

摘要

每个国家，每个年代都有属于自己的英雄。他们是一群开拓并实现自己伟大梦想的人。恰尔德就是“拜伦式英雄”的一个典型代表;而汤姆·索亚则是实现“美国梦”的成功形象。他们都是众多人心目中的英雄。他们的经历不仅是个人的传奇，也是一种有着特定社会价值体系的文化现象。在一定程度上，他们反映了两大地域在不同时代对英雄的渴求和对某种价值的认同。具有强烈个人情感和反叛精神的拜伦，突现其笔下“拜伦式英雄”某种高于生活的浪漫气质；而号称“美国之镜”的马克·吐温，却展现给我们一个真诚而真实的大众英雄—汤姆·索亚。本文认为既不能以出身论英雄，也不能以成败论英雄。真正的英雄应该是一群正直诚实而且“关注天空”的人。他们的存在，再某种程度上对一个民族的未来有着重大意义。

关键词：拜伦式英雄；美国梦；文化现象

Contents

1.Introduction (1)

About the authors (1)

About the works (2)

2.Hero and Dream (2)

Hero and heroism (2)

Byronic hero (3)

American dream (4)

3.Analysis of heroes in the two works (4)

3.1 The strikingly different backgrounds (4)

3.2 The revolted spirit (5)

3.3 Honor and devotion (5)

3.4 The loving longings (6)

3.5 The success and failure (7)

4. Analysis of the causes of successfully eastablishing the heroes as idols and significance of heroes (7)

4.1 The causes of eastablishing themselves as idols (7)

4.2 The significance of the hero (8)

5. Conclusion (8)

Notes (10)

Bibliography (11)

Hero and dream

—Analysis of Childe Harold and Tom Sawyer

1.Introduction

1.1About the authors

George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron (1788-1824), English poet, was born in London on the 22nd of January 1788. His father, Captain John Byron, was a wild but irresponsible profligate; and his mother was a weak but passionate Scotswoman. To him had been given the passionate temper of both father and mother. Though he was born lame, he was good at sports, especially at swimming. According to Shelley, everything he did was affected by his club-foot which made him feel sore and angry all his life. As a leading Romanticist, Byron?s chief contribution is his creation of the "Byronic hero". The figure is, to some extent, modeled on the life and personality of Byron himself, and makes Byron famous both at home and abroad.

On the whole, Byron's poetry is one of experience. His heroes are more or less surrogates of himself. Childe Harold's Pilgrimage is such an example.

When he heard the news of the Greek revolt against the Turks, Byron not only gave the insurgent Greeks financial help but plunged himself into the struggle for the national independence of that country. In July 1823, Byron joined the Greek insurgents at Missolonghi. The Greeks made him commander in chief of their forces in January 1824. Because of several months? hard work under bad weather, Byron fell ill and died. The whole Greek nation mourned over his death.

On the other side of the Atlantic ocean and ten years of Byron?s death,a great realis t—Mark Twain was born. When Mark Twain was just four, his family moved to Hannibal, Missouri to improve their fortunes. Hannibal later inspired one of twains most famous works, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer.Twain's father died in 1847, leaving an enormous debt behind. Mark's oldest brother, Orion, began publishing a newspaper as Twain contributed as a journeyman printer and occasional writer. During this time Twain traveled to St. Louis and New York to work as a printer. Ten years later, he became a pilot on a steamboat that sailed on the Mississippi. In 1861, the American Civil War put an end to steamboat traffic on the Mississippi. So Clemens traveled west and became a reporter for newspapers in Nevada and California.

Twain became famous for his story, "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County" in 1865.Mark Twain was already a successful writer before he became famous as a public speaker. Over the years, he had invested a lot of money in unsuccessful businesses. In eighteen ninety-three, he found himself deeply in debt. So to earn money, he traveled around the world giving humorous talks.

Sorrowly, his later life was not a happy one. Two of his daughters died. His wife died in 1904 after a long sickness. Some critics think Mark Twain's later works were more serious because of his sadness. He died of heart failure in 1910.

1.2 About the works

Prior to 1920?s ,while Mark Twain was alive,critics often querried his

“Bad-Boy”story and wondered why he didn?t write some serious works which had it in him.As being “vulgar”or “lacking consequence”, his works were banned from libraries.While, after some years after he died,critics and experts took to be more interested in why he didn?t cater for the prevailing current to write some significant terms.Some theories were proposed in the wake of Freudian psychology and others were the result of the “anti-patriotic”sentiments.

As the first full length novel Mark Twain attempted to write ,The Adventure of Tom Sawyer is usually studied as an example of Twain?s works before he began writing the triumph of his career,Huchleberry Finn.In recent years, there are some specialized points about this work,such as Frankin Roger?s book,Mark Twain’s Burlesque Patterns in which some chapters he clarified the relationship between Tom Sawyer and the long tradition of burlesque novel.He shows how Mark Twain used the burlesque as a narration frame for a series of adventures would otherwise be disconnected.Frank Baldanza discusses Tom Sawyer in its relationship to Mark Twain?s personality.

As the most disputed Romantic poet and satirist,Byron created his own cult of personality,the concept of the Byronic Hero－a defiant ,melancholy,young man,brooding on something mysterious in his past.From its first review,Childe Harold has suffered both the praise and odium of various critics.His comtemporary critics,even those old enemies at the Edinburgh Review who ridiculed the teenager?s first publication in 1808 of Hours of Idleness,praised the poem?s vigor and originality while others complained of the seeming lack of point of a poem which is subtitled,A Romaunt,led readers to believe that Byron had produced a typical romance quest.In the past century,Paul West,T.S.Eliot,Philip Martin have argued the idea of Byron?s poetic sterility. Mr. West calls the poet a “spewer”who assimilated his surroundings into poetry written with little thought or purpose.Eliot stands firm in his claim that Byron efforted nothing to the English language and that his mind was devoid of a sensitivity to both words and philosophy.Martin encourages “the sincere student of Byron [to] accept that a large proportion of his time will be spent examining poetry without serious intent”[1].Luckily, the re-examinination of Romanticism in the late 1960?s provided Byron with a new literary reputation.Critics began to examine both his life and works justly.The thesis interprets the two works from the perspective of hero?s self-realization and social significance to illuminate the influence of the hero who are the product of public psychological need on the moral and spiritual persuit and lifestyle inclination of ordinary people.

2.Hero and dream

Hero and heroism

From childhood to grown-up, nearly everybody does bear some hero image in his or her mind.Maybe they are Superman or Monkey King who saved lives from the wicked soul with super power; or they are Napoleon,Lincoln or Sun Yat-san who devoted themselves to his own country;Yuri Gagarin,Yang Liwei and Liu Xiang who created miracle for human beings and the nation; and Jin Ke (of Qin dynasty),Lord Byron and Che Guevara(of Cuba) who fought for beliefs and truth with daring and

stamina……No matter what status or personal background they stand, they are outstanding and worth of respect and worship.

So, what is the meaning of the hero on earth? Websters?s Nintch Collegiate Dictionary defines “hero”as a) a mythological or legendary figure often of divine descent endowed with great strength or ability; b) an illustrious warrior; c) a man admired for his achievement and noble qualities; d) one that shows great courage. Then,a question will be raised:the persons like Hilter or Sadame belong to heroes? Some people clinging to Right Wing undoubtedly stand by the pro.Therefore,that?s all depended on what value you take.But in most cases,a hero is an “individual elevated moral strature and superior ability who persues his goal indefatigably in the face of powerful antagonists”.(Dr. Andrew Bernstein)

The traditional idea of heroism, is derived from ancient Greek influences such as two major epic poems,the Iliad and Odyssey.The mythological figure of heroism is endowed with great strength and ability and of divine descent.

From Homer and Beowulf to Shakespeare, the manifestation of the hero in literature corresponds a celebration of the core value of the author?s society.Both Byron and Mark Twain are armed with their own distinguished peculiarities and bring their inclination of value into their protagonists.The concept of “heroism”is a high-level abstraction－it is a national philosophical system,including the principle of mind-body integration as its proper base.

Byronic hero

It is undenying that the term are originated from Byron. “As a Leading Romanicist, Byron?s chief contribution is his creation of the …Byronic hero?, a proud ,mysterious rebel figure of noble origin.”[2] Childe Harold is the first appearance of this kind character. Byronic hero is, according to Peter Thorslev, one of the most prominent literary character types of the Romantic Period. He is isolated from society as a wanderer. Emotional and intellectual capacities heightened and prompted him to be arrogant, sensitive and extremely concious of himself. With defiance on his brow and misery in his heart, he struggles with a cruel world. From the part of some scholars, Byronic hero doesn?t possess “heroic virtue” in the usual sense, and he even has some dark qualities. Owing to his intellectual capacity, self-respect and the hypersensitivity, he is certain of self-identity and pride. In other words, he loses his status as traditional hero. Definitely, we are far from his life and thought. Besides, many people can justify not choosing his living way. However, his deed is a reminder that the world can?t be the chain of living things ruled by “the fittest survive”, but a community enhancing the harmonious and moral belief. Childe is a wanderer and waker of this kind.

American dream

The term was first used by James Truslow Adams in his book The Epic of America. He states:The American dream is that dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement. In the Declaration of Independence, founding fathers proclaimed:…held certain truths to self-evident that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these

are life. Liberty and Persuit of Happiness. This sentiment might be considered the foundation of the American dream.

How does one achieve the American dream? The answer lies in one?s definition of this dream. One component of American dream is fairly consistent: the quest for money. During the Colonial Period, Benjamin Franklin inspired people “on the way to wealth through thrift and hard work.” The ubiquitous “rags to riches” legend became a cornerstone of American society, and anyone could succeed and achieve wealth if they work hard. Following the Civil War , industrialization and West Advance Movement shift and shape the notion of success. Work values changed dramatically when the assembly line production and machine driven atomosphere of industrial America swallowed up skilled workers. Many Americans no longer harboured a vision for the future by means of sweat to the ultimate success. Instead, they covet the shortcut to wealth. Mark Twain is no exception. He realize his dream by making Tom Sawyer find treasures which is essential to his rosy future.

3.Analysis of the heroes in the two works

The strikingly different backgrounds

By calling the “You-u Tom”, Aunt Polly has realized that Tom?s playing a trick on her. Marking Twain sums him up well when he says Tom is “not the Model Boy of the village”. Tom always gets into all kinds of trouble－stealing jam, playing hooky, going swimming and getting in late at night with his clothes all messed.What Mark Twain intended to implant in our mind through all the unappropriate acts from Tom is the fact that an important element in the character－is different from“good”boys like Sid who is a tattle-tale and sneaky squealer and the stranger who heaves a rock at him when his back is turned, and then runs home to his mother for protection. We may easily come to be aware that Tom seems far from a respectful hero in that he doesn?t set an example for others at showing good acts which isn?t his goal apparently. He is an orphan adopted by his aunt. In the situation , he should be extremely grateful and become a good little boy or have the intention. However, he just does at his will and tries his best to shake off the “bondage”. Childe Harold, entirely different from Tom in family background, “doesn?t know his place”either. The untamable streak character seems to find out two satisfactory host. Childe appears in a way that “spent his days in riot most uncouth, and vexed with mirth the drowsy ear of Night.”[3] As a profligate son of the noble, he may indulge in that life style as long as the last minute of his life comes to him. For his own part, a life of luxury and dissipation once he lived is dull and senseless. The tour through European Continent finds experssion of dissatisfaction to his own class and sickness of the fame which is inherited. He became a wanderer on the edge of society. Either Childe or Tom wants a life style without reach of social code at that time; even there exists a huge contradiction between reality and dream. The resistance is inevitable and predictable.

The revolted spirit

Byron, a representative romanticist, and Mark Twain, a pioneer of realism in America, witnessed enormous transformality of their age.The conflict of a backward or immature social frame stimulates the minds of the two sensitive writers. They

coincided to creat their rebellious heroes but in different forms. For Childe, a noble youth, he despises the situation of upper class?s ignorant living and departes his motherland to engage in seeking a broader and purer world. In other words, he escapes and wonders as an extremely lonely man. While he travels through the Continent, real scene impinges on his ears and eyes. The oppression and resistance are performed ceaselessly. Childe challenges the frailty and limitness by roaming here and there.Tom, in another way takes more tolerant manner to those vulgar social custums and inbred long-standing curruption in so called democracy. Villagers?attitude toward Muff before and after the clarification by Tom are drawfed by his courageous deed. His revolted spirit is embodied by twice leaving the “cultural world” and becoming pirate or Indian chief. Compared with Tom, Childe?s revolted spirit takes on persistent but melancholy pattern, which underline the tragic image of childe Harold.

Honor and devotion

To a large extent, honor is an integral part of heroes, who should deserve the title. Childe traces the traditional honor. From the title, Byron forced his readers to shape naturally specific preconception of the work: the story of a pilgrim?s travels, the pilgrimage itself implying a definite destination: a young man, upper class, Childe an archaism referring to a young knight, and basic tale of the romance quest where the knight overcomes great dangers and trek large distances to rescue or find the woman of his desires, usually represented by a virgin, symbolizing purity and kindness. “Since the romance genre involve a knight of madieval past, the protagonist?s title are power lie in his connections to land through a hierarchical system.”[4]The knight possess the privileges and responsibilities held by his ancestors. From this point, Byronic hero somewhat is originated from hero of romance. But he can?t achieve his dream as a national hero, and resorts to releasing his energy and passion to obtain honor. He devotes himself to inspiring those people suffering pain and poverty to break down from the yoke of oppression and invasion, such as Spain, Albania and Greece. Especially for Greece, which serves as the origin of western values and example of the rejection of the rule by the sovereign Turks.

“Of the ancient Greeks, we know more than enough, at least the younger man of Europe devoted much of their time to the study of the Greek writers and history, which would be more usually spent in mastering their own.”[5]

As Childe or Byron himself was concerned, Greece was not only fighting for themselves, but also for the notion of Greece—land of heroes and glorious history and culture.For liberty and great souls once on the land, one should be devoted to it and even sacrifice his life.Honor,to Tom sawyer, “the stuff”,seems more distinct and practical.It is possible that Tom?s mental stomach had never really hungered for one of those prizes,but unquestionably his entire being had for many a day longer for the glory and e clat that came with it.

In one way,honor means worship and sense of achievement,which is the object of Tom.More importantly,he?s convinced that only making all-out could be on the way to the success.By making the whitewashing fence—a dull job into an interesting thing “diffcult to attain”before other boys at play,he gained the wealth in selling

whitewashing privileges to boys and then traded the wealth for all colours tickets that is essential to the Bible.

The love longings

Love is indispensiable part of of heroes?life.In the Childe Harold ,the relationship between male and female is the typical one of the active,masculine hero and the passive,femine heroine.To some extent,rescuing beautiful and weak maiden is to cast light on the hero?s courage and talent.In contrast,Tom spends great time and energy “show off”.He has many tricky methods to gain the “love” from Becky.When he asks Becky whether she?s ever been engaged,she answers that she hasn?t.So Tom offers to get engaged to her.Before Becky agrees,she wants to know what getting engaged is like.Tom describes it in this way:

“Like? Why it ain?t like anything.You only just tell a boy you won?t ever have anybody but him,ever,ever,ever,and then you kiss and that?s all.Anybody can do it.”

“Kiss? What do you kiss for?”

“Why,that,you know,is to—well,they always do that.”[6]

The tone of the scene is almost idyllic.Tom is a very literate young man.In his games,he imitates something from military fighting.He tries to live his life by the book. “They always do that”is a logical conclusion from all the stories he?s been reading—is evidence enough for Becky.Tom has abstracted an engagement ritual from his reading, and kissing is part of the ritual.Things must be done with proper respect for their form,and he carries this ritualism over into his love affair.When they lose their path in the cave,Tom reacts maturely and wisely in this stressful situation.He consoles Becky and makes her cheer up.To Becky,Tom is responsible and worth trusting.

The success and failure

Critics such as Philip Martin, Andrew Rutherfor have argued the Childe?s Pilgrimage has no quest because Byron?s refusal to maintain an specific and unifying theme within his narrative.His protagonist is an aimless wanderer,unable to reach a specific goal. If the “hero”is defined as the man admired for his achievement and qualities,Byronic hero is not a real hero in a strict sense.Since we are forced to use “success”or “failure”to describe his life and result of persuit,we merely depict him not successful.However,Byron convinced us that his heroes were not established from the perspective of result.On the contrary,Tom Sawyer is a lucky one.The immigrants of America from Europe emphasize on achievement and respect heroes.They have great sense to praise success and heroes.Personal achievement are one of those with highest value.Success is the persuit of most American.It is their attractive future and the incentives for moving forward.They believe that one?s personal value is equivalent to his achievement.Some high achievers in their career such as entrepreneurs,scientists,artists,gold miners and all kinds of other elitists became heroes.The process and result of how they strived have become the frame of reference of social culture value and the real life text book for parents to educate their children.Tom makes it by getting a large fortune due to his perseverance and adventurous spirit.

4.Analysis of the causes of successfully establishing the heroes as

idols and significance of the hero

The causes of establishing the heroes as idols

According to above analysis of the two sorts of heroes,we can conclude that Byronic hero—Childe is possessed with unique property of rebellion, romantism and melancholy.In some way,he is myterious and seperated from real society.Tom Sawyer takes on a sequence of character contradiction and leads to being diffcult to define the hero.Adventurous and cautious feature coexist in his natural instincts.In addition,his inspiration of success motivate him to become great men.That?s the core of American Dream. “ We grow great by dreams. All big men are dreamers. They see things in the soft haze of a spring day or in the red fire of a long winter's evening. Some of us let these great dreams die, but others nourish and protect them, nurse them through bad days till they bring them to the sunshine and light which comes always to those who sincerely hope their dreams will come true.”(Woodrow Wilson)

Either Childe or Tom is the result of the summoning of their own age.In Byron?s time,French Revolution, “Holly Alliance”, “peterloo Massacre”,and all sorts of reform and turbulence teem with society. Revolution and suppression are irrevolable theme in literary works. Therefore,Childe Harold,as the first image of Byronic hero,appears as a rebellious hero from upper class.Mark Twain,witnessed the Civil War and West Advancement Movement and experienced reforming in economy and cultural value.The gospel was rooted in his and his compatriots that is the rags-to-riches saga.Tom proves himself to be a successful case of this kind.In one chapter of The Adventure,Tom was raised as a hero:he breaks his blood oath and endanger his life by testifying that Muff Potter doesn?t kill the doctor.This is no easy decision for Tom to https://www.360docs.net/doc/681006486.html,pared with Huck,Tom has surprising moral courage and social responsibility that are admired and respected by the public.

No matter what era or which country is,heroes and their pioneering traits would be advocated and set up as a model.

The significance of the hero

The hero,never can be concluded a single image,and never denied or boosted by his failure or success.His value rests on what moral concept and enlightenment he provides for the public.Just like Childe, a tragic hero, gives us more than his individual destiny.To live isn?t for living only.Second,the hero?s value orientation could reflect and affect the moral standard of the public.This point has been illustrated in the last part. In addition,both Childe Harold and Tom Sawyer expose some flaws which is exhibited frequently on ordinary person.They are not gods,but an earthly soul.To Childe,loving adoration are like smoke and clouds passing before eyes.In some way,he takes little responsibility of love.Due to overemphasis of egotism,his dream for liberty and reform go beyond the realm of society at his time.As for Tom,showing-off is a part of his life.And in the persuit of glorious promise,he presents possessive psychologh.But in a objective perspective,these weakneses illustrate their genuine and mortal aspect of heroes and thus distinguish from the traditional and masked hero image of former works.

Heroes exist to provide people with support and comfort in their lives. They give

security and provide people with a module of a lifestyle that they should live. How can we really celebrate heroes of our times? Is there really a person today who lives, or should I say not lives up to the definition of hero? If there must exist true heroes in the world, then they should have to live up to a virtual code of heroism, not just the basic definition. Whether this society's hero is the imperfect human form or the near-perfect non-human, someone will always be able to overcome the challenges of his or her world. Maintaining an open mind, clear conscience, and healthy body and soul are the basic needs of a hero, while traits like reason and patience come with age and experience. The question of society today is not "what is our wasteland?" but "who is our hero?" Individuals often speak of a certain movie star or TV actor as "their hero," but how true is this? Is he overcoming the demands of society, or merely glorifying them? That is what each of us needs to decide for himself; who our hero is and what he can help us to overcome. Once we accomplish this, our idols will become valid ones, and we can all learn to overcome our wastelands and not only survive, but thrive, in today's society.

5.Conclusion

From Childe Harold and Tom Sawyer,we are given a glimpse of advocated moral concepts of their own age and country.As for the Byronic hero,his dream seems indistinct and remote,like the stats in the winter;while Tom?s dream is just like a tired and hungery traveller?s looming light of city in his eyes.When they are persuing their dreams,their bravery, determination and distinguishing essence make fellow men confident and vigorous to promote development and proceed to seek prime ideal level only conceived in positive futurologists?mind.Although our world has been developing at an unimaginable speed since 20th century,the basic value and admiration of heroes don?t change its route to the extent of the situation the pessimists sigh at.The influence of great leaders and traditional heroes could never be ignored.Nowadays,we have innumerable idols. However,the real heroes are acknowldged sparsely.The former is an individual choice while the latter need to be tempered by the whole society,reprensenting enhanced moral standards.If a nation attaches too much importance to wealth,profit and individual miracle,its destiny is just the same as the heroes?.As the philosopher Hegal states, “A nation with some people concerning about the sky will be hopeful;Just showing concern about matters in the short run ,it is doomed no prospect.”

Notes

[1]Martin,Philip W. Byron:A Poet Before His Public[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1982: 57

[2]张伯香.英国文学教程(II)[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,1998: 193

[3]Wu Weiren .History And Anthologh of English Literature[M]. Beijing:Foreign Language and Research Press 1988 : 32

[4]O?Neil,Michael,ed. Literature of the Romantic Period: A Bibliograph Guide[M].Oxford: Clarendon,1998:59

[5]Byron,Lord George Gordon,Noel. Byron’s Letter and Jourals[M].Leslie A.Marchand.13 V ols Cambridge University Press,1994:13

[6]Twain,Mark. The Adcenture of Tom sawyer[M] . Yili:Yili People?s Press,2003:68

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