英文缩写--

Abbreviations

quasi-error free(QEF)

equivalent noise degradation (END)

ACE Active Constellation Extension

ADSL Asymmetric digital subscriber(订户)

line--A COFDM-coded digital data stream with a rate up to8 Mbit/s (down stream) and 1 Mbit/s (up stream) is

transmitted via telephone lines, mainly for video on demand.

QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

Type of modulation for digital signals (DVB-C and -T). Two signal components I and Q are each quantized and modulated onto two orthogonal carriers as appropriate for the QAM level (4, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256). The constellation diagram is obtained by plotting the signal components with I and Q as the coordinate axes. Therefore, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 bits of a data stream are transmitted with one symbol, depending on the QAM level (4, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256). This type of modulation is used in cable systems and for coding

the COFDM single carriers

ATSC Advanced Television Systems Committee--american standardization group for digital

terrestrial transmission

16-QAM 16-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

256-QAM 256-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

64-QAM 64-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

ACM Adaptive Coding and Modulation

BB Base Band

BCH Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem multiple error correction binary block code

BICM Bit Interleaved Coding and Modulation CBR Constant Bit Rate

CNR Carrier to Noise Ratio--Indicates how far the noise level is down on carrier level

CCM Constant Coding and Modulation

CI Cell Interleaver

CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check

COFDM(DVB-T)Coded Orthogonal Frequency Domain Multiplex--Up to 6817 single carriers

1.116 kHz apart are QAMmodulated with up to 64states. "Coded" means that the data to be modulated has error control.Orthogonality means that the spectra of the individual carriers do (almost) not influence each other as a spectral maximum always coincides with a spectrum zero of the adjacent carriers. A single-frequency network is used for the actual transmission. Constellation Diagram--Way of representing the I and Q components for QAM or QPSK modulation. The

position of the points in the constellation diagram provides information about distortions in the QAM

or QPSK modulator as well as about distortions after the transmission of digitally coded signals.

D Decimal notation

DBPSK Differential Binary Phase Shift Keying

DFL Data Field Length

DNP Deleted Null Packets

DVB Digital Video Broadcasting --Broadcasting TV signals to a digital standard

DVB-C Digital Video Broadcasting-Cable Broadcasting TV signals to a digital standard by cable DVB-S Digital Video Broadcasting-Satellite Broadcasting TV signals to digital standard via satellite

DVB-T DVB system for Terrestrial broadcasting

Terrestrial broadcasting of TV signals to digital standard

DVB-T2 DVB-T2 System as specified in the present document

Convolutional Coding

The data stream to be transmitted via satellite and terrestrial (DVB-S, DVB-T) is loaded bit by bit into shift registers. The data which is split and delayed

as it is shifted through different registers is combined in several paths. This means that

double the data rate (2 paths) is usually obtained. Puncturing follows to reduce the data rate:

the time sequence of the bits is predefined by this coding and is represented by the trellis diagram. EBU European Broadcasting Union

EIT Event Information Table--TV guide

ETT Extended Text Table--Table ID 0Xcc

ETM Extended Text Message

FEC Forward Error Correction

Error control bits added to useful data in the

QAM/QPSK modulator for DVB-C, -S and DVB-T.

FEF Future Extension Frame

FFT Fast Fourier Transform

FIFO First In First Out

GCS Generic Continuous Stream

GF Galois Field

GFPS Generic Fixed-length Packetized Stream GS Generic Stream

GSE Generic Stream Encapsulation

HEM High Efficiency Mode

HEX Hexadecimal notation

IF Intermediate Frequency

IFFT Inverse Fast Fourier Transform

IS Interactive Services

ISCR Input Stream Time Reference

ISI Input Stream Identifier

ISSY Input Stream SYnchronizer

ISSYI Input Stream SYnchronizer Indicator LDPC Low Density Parity Check (codes) LSB Least Significant Bit

MIS Multiple Input Stream

MISO Multiple Input, Single Output NOTE: Meaning multiple transmitting antennas but one receiving antenna. MODCOD MODulation and CODing

MPEG Motion Picture Experts Group--sometimes called Moving Picture Experts Group

MUSICAM Masking Pattern Adapted Universal Sub-band Integrated Coding and Multiplexing Compression method for audio coding

MSB Most Significant Bit

MSS Modulation Signalling Sequences

NA Not Applicable

NM Normal Mode

NPD Null-Packet Deletion

O-UPL Original User Packet Length

PAPR Peak to Average Power Ratio

PCR Programme Clock Reference节目时钟基准--Reference in TS for the 27-MHz clock recovery. Transmitted at least every 0.1 sec

PCM Pulse Code Modulation

PER (MPEG TS) Packet Error Rate

PID Packet Identification--Identification of programs in the transport stream

PLL Phase Locked Loop

PLP Physical Layer Pipe

PRBS Pseudo Random Binary Sequence

Pay Load Useful data in TS

Prediction Prediction of a picture (P or B)

with indication of a motion vector

Profile Subdivision(细分，一部) of video coding into different resolutions

PS Program Stream--Multiplex of several audio and video PES using the same clock.

Q Quantization

Q-1 Inverse quantization

QS Quantization scaling

QEF Quasi Error Free--Less than one uncorrected error per hour at the input of the MPEG2 decoder.(BER 10-11)

QPSK Quaternary Phase Shift Keying

Type of modulation for digital signals (DVB-S and -T). The digital, serial signal components I and Q directly control phase shift keying. The constellation diagram with its four discrete states is obtained

by representing the signal components using the I and Q signals as coordinate axes. Due to the high nonlinear distortion in the satellite channel, this type of modulation is used for satellite transmission: The 4 discrete states all have the same amplitude that is why nonlinear amplitude distortions have no effect QEF: quasi-error free

RF Radio Frequency

RLC Run Length Coding--Coding of data with different number of bits. Frequently reoccurring(重新出现) data has the smallest number of bits, data seldom很少）reoccurring have the highest number of bits.

SDT Service Description Table

SIS Single Input Stream

SISO Single Input Single Output (meaning one transmitting and one receiving antenna) SoAC Sum of AutoCorrelation

TDM Time Division Multiplex

TF Time/Frequency

TFS Time-Frequency Slicing

TS Transport Stream

TS Header The first 4 bytes of each TS packet contain the data (PID) required for the demultiplexer in addition to the sync

byte (0x47). These bytes are never scrambled.

TSPS Transport Stream Partial Stream TSPSC Transport Stream Partial Stream Common

TTO Time To Output

CABAC = Context Adaptive Binary Arithmethic Coding

TV TeleVision

UP User Packet

UPL User Packet Length

VCM Variable Coding and Modulation

END:equivalent noise degradation

LO:Local oscillator signal

BER:Bit error ratio

CCDF:Complementary cumulative distribution function

DVB-T/H Digital Video Broadcasting - Terrestrial / Handheld

ICFT Initial carrier frequency tolerance MER Modulation error ratio

PEP Peak envelope power

RS Reed Solomon

16-byte long error control code added to every transport packet consisting of 187 (scrambled) bytes +1 syncbyte with the following result:

The packet has a length of 204 bytes and the decoder can correct up to T = 8 errored bytes. This code ensures a residual Bit Error ratio BER of approx.

1x10-11 at an input error ratio of 2x10-4.

Trellis Diagram

The time sequence of the bits(DVB-S and -T) is predefined by convolutional coding and, like the state diagram of a finite automaton, is represented as a trellis diagram.

Viterbi Decoding

Viterbi decoding makes use of the predefined time sequence of the bits through convolutional coding (DVB-S and -T). Thanks to a series of logic decisions, the most probably correct way is searched for through the trellis diagram and incorrectly transmitted bits are corrected.

SFN Single frequency network

Transmitter network in which all the transmitters use the same frequency. The coverage areas overlap. Influece of echoes are minimized by guard intervals. The transmitters are separated by up to 60 km. The special feature of these networks is efficient frequency utilization

Guard interval

additional safety margin between two transmitted symbols in the COFDM standard. The guard interval ensures that echoes occurring in the single-frequency

network are eliminated until the received symbol is processed.

Interleaver

The RS-protected transport packets are reshuffled byte by byte by the 12-channel interleaver. (RS FEC Reed Solomon FEC) Due to this reshuffle what were neighbouring bytes are now separated by a maximum of 2244 bytes from other TS packets. The purpose of this is the burst error control for defective data blocks Mapping

Conversion of bytes (8 bits) to 2n-bit wide symbols.

n is thus the bit width for the I and Q quantization; eg at 64 QAM the symbol width is 2n = 6 bit, n = 3, ie I and Q are subdivided into 23 = 8 amplitude values each

Puncturing

Puncturing (DVB-S and -T) follows to reduce the increased data rate after convolutional coding: Various registers are not used. The additional redundancy is used for error control. The two data streams after puncturing are directly applied as I and Q input signals to the QAM or QPSK modulator after filtering to fulfil the first Nyquist criterion.

PIT Program Identification Table

TPS Transmission parameter signaling LVDS: low voltage differential signaling(低压差分信号)

ETI：ensemble transport interface（复用传输接口）

AEC: adaptive echo cancellation（回波消除）DDRF: direct digital RF直接射频

ADPC：adaptive digital precorrection自适应预校正

AIM: adaptive impedance match自适应输出阻抗匹配

CCDF Complementary cumulative distribution function

DVB-T/H Digital Video Broadcasting - Terrestrial / Handheld

ICFT Initial carrier frequency tolerance MER Modulation error ratio

PEP Peak envelope power

RS Reed Solomon

SFN Single frequency network

TPS Transmission parameter signaling AAL:ATM Adaptation Layer ATM适配层

ATM：Asynchronous Transfer Mode异步传输模式a．g．l：above ground level地平面之上

CA: Conditional access 条件接收

ECM: Entitlement Control Message授权控制信息

EMM: Entitlement Management message授权管理信息

EPG: Electronic Program Guide电子节目指南ERP: Effective Radiated Power有效辐射功率PDH: Plesiochronous digital Hierarchy准同步数字系列

PN: Pseudo-random Noise伪随机噪声

PTS: Presentation Time Stamp显示时间戳--Time stamp for vision and sound, transmitted at least

every 0.7 sec. Integrated into PES

SAW: Surface Acoustic Wave声表面波

SDH: Synchronous Digital Hierarchy同步数字系列

SDTV:Standard Definition Television标清电视SF：second frame秒帧

SIP:second farme initialization packet秒帧初始化包

STM:synchronous time stamp同步时间戳

ASI Asynchronous Serial Interface 异步串行接口

PPS pulse per second 秒脉冲

PID Packet Identifier 包标识

APD——振幅概率分布（Amplitude Probability Distribution

SPI——同步并行接口（Synchronous Parallel Interface）

PN——伪随机序列（Pseudo-random Noise sequence）

CRC8 = Cycling Redundancy Check;

MPTS = Multi Program Transport Stream; SPTS = Single ProgramTransport Stream;

T2-MI = T2 Modulator Interface

ARB: analog rates bit

LTE: Long Term Evolution长期演化，长期进化SMT: service signaling table

SLT: service labeling table

GAT: guide access table

CIT: cell information table

CBR：constant bit rate

VBR：variable bit rate

ECM：Entitlement control messages

EMM：Entitlement management messages

SMPTE： Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers

AVC :advanced video coding

AAC:advanced audio coding

CAVLC: context-based adaptive variable length code

CW: control words

SFDR：spurious-free dynamic range无杂散动态范围

MCPA: multicarrier power amplifiers DHCP:动态主机配置协议

EMS :电磁抗扰度

EMC :电磁兼容

FDDI:分布式光纤数据接口

GPIB:通用型接口总线

SCPI:可编程仪器标准命令

VSWR:电压驻波比

ACLR:Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio临信道泄漏功率比

BITE: Built-In Test Equipment

EPG: electronic program guide 电子节目单

MHP: multimedia home platform 多媒体家用平台SSU: System software update

ESG: Electronic service guide

ES:Elementary stream VA基本流--Compressed data stream for video, audio or data. Preliminary stage to PES节目流初始阶段

VBV：video buffer verifier

HRD：hypothetical reference decoder假想参考解码

FFM (fixed frequency mode)

FSCAN (frequency scan)

MSCAN (memory scan)

WFFM (wideband fixed frequency mode)

DDC:数字下变频器

(PSCAN)全景扫描

(FSCAN)频率扫描

（LPI）低截获概率

复基带 (I/Q)

RRC filter:根升余弦滤波器

MMSE：minimum mean square error

TCO：total cost of ownership

(DFD)Difference frequency distortion差频失真DFD Displaced Frame Difference取代帧间差Differential picture if there is motion DPCM Differential Pulse Code Modulation差值脉冲编码调制

(MOD DIST)Modulation distortion

(RDBs) raw data blocks

(LTE)Long Term Evolution

(PFP)picture failure point

(MHL)mobile high-definition link

(CTS)compliance test specifications (HDMI)High-definition multimedia interface

(HDCP) High-bandwidth digital content protection (AVI Info-Frame)Auxiliary video info frame (SPD) source product description

(HEAC)HDMI Ethernet and audio return channel (nom.) Nominal values

(typ.)Typical data

(meas.)Measured values

CW = continuous wave

PEP = peak envelope power

(NM)normal

(HEM)high efficiency

(TR)tone reservation

(ARB)An optional arbitrary

DTS: decoding time stamp--Stamp for decoding time, only transmitted if not identical with PTS; reference

to PID

TDT: time and date table--UTC time and date

TOT: time offset table--UTC time and date with indication of local time offset

UTC Universal Time, Coordinated--Greenwich meantime

VLC Variable Length Coding--Coding of data with variable number of bits (also see RLC)

ZigZag Scan Zigzag scan of quantized DCT coefficient matrix. This gives an efficient run length coding(RLC)

(LOS) line of sight

(AWGN) additive white Gaussian noise

(SNR)signal-to-noise ratio

(DUT)device under test

(GUI)graphical user interface

(LO)Local oscillator

(EIA)Electronic Industries Alliance

(GUM)Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement

(EMI)Electromagnetic interference (DHCP)dynamic host configuration protocol (DNS)domain name system

(UTP)unshielded twisted pair

(STP)shielded twisted pair

(ES)Elementary Streams

(RST)Running_status_table--Accurate and fast adaptation

to a new program run if time changes occur in the schedule

(PES) packetized elementary streams--Video and audio data packets and ancillary data of definable length

PES Header Ancillary data for an elementary stream

(PSI)Program Specific Information--Data transmitted in TS for the demultiplexer in the receiver (eg PAT, PMT, CAT)

(SI)Service Information--All the data required by the

receiver to demultiplex and decode the various programs in the TS

SIF Source Input Format

SCR System Clock Reference--Reference in ES for synchronizing the system demultiplex clock in the receiver, transmitted at least every 0.7 sec. Integrated into PES

SDT Service Description Table--Description of programs offered

STC System Time Clock--27-MHz clock, regenerated(再生)

from PCR for a jitter-free readout of MPEG data

SYNC(_byte) Synchronization byte in TS header value 0x47

MEV = MPEG ES2LOOP VIDEO

CLCH：控制逻辑信道

SLCH：业务逻辑信道

n VSB Modulation

Transmission of n discrete amplitude values using the vestigial sideband method on normal terrestrial (ATSC) channels and conventional IF modulators. The most common variant is 8-VSB transmission already tested in the US. With 8 VSB, 3 bits (23 = 8) of the data stream are transmitted per amplitude value Table ID 0x00

MEA = MPEG ES2LOOP AUDIO

（SDS）:Safety data sheet

(ITS)Insertion test signals

(PAT) Program Association Table--List of all the programs contained in TS Multiplex with reference to PID of PMT

(PMT)TS Program Map Table--Reference to packets with PCR Name of programs, copyright, reference of the data streams with PIDs etc. belonging to the relevant program

(PID)A program normally contains several elementary streams

PSIP Program and System Information Protocol

PTC Physical Transmission Channel

(CAT) Conditional Access Table

CIF Common Intermediate Format Picture format

DCT Discrete Cosine Transform离散余弦变换

DCT-1 / IDCT Inverse Discrete Cosine Transform逆离散余弦变换

NIT: Network Information Table--Information about orbit, transponder etc.

BAT: Bouquet Association Table--Table describing a bouquet of programs offered by a broadcaster

Block 8x8 pixel block, MPEG2 coded

ST : Stuffing Table

MGT : Master Guide Table--Table ID 0xC7

STT: System Time Table

TVCT : Terrestrial Virtual Channel Table CVCT : Cable Virtual Channel Table

RRT : Rating Region Table

ETT : Extended Text Table

DSCQS : Double Stimulus Continuous Quality Scale

SSCQE : Single Stimulus Continuous Quality Evaluation

Section A table is subdivided（细分） into several sections. If there is a change, only the section affected is transmitted GOP : Group Of Picture(group of pictures divided by picture refresh rate)

OBW: Occupied bandwidth

I, P, and B pictures

Intra-coded pictures (I内部编码图片), predicted pictures (P预知图片) and bidirectional prediction pictures (B双向预知图片)

IRD Integrated Receiver Decoder--Receiver with (MPEG)decoder

(TMCC)transmission and multiplexing configuration control

ppm : parts per million