英语专四之比较结构
专四语法考点串讲之四形容词、副词及比较平行结构
一、形容词后置情况总结：
（1）修饰不定代词something, anything, nothing, everything等时，例：
There is something difficult in this book.
（2）形容词后面有介词短语或不定式短语的时候。例：
This is a student worth of praise.
（3）用and或or连接两个形容词通常放在被修饰的名词之后，起强调修饰的作用。例：They will turn their motherland into a country, beautiful and modern.
（4）形容词同表示数量的词组连用时亦放在后面。例：The pipe is twelve feet long.
二、感叹副词what、how之间的区别：what修饰名词或名词短语，how修饰副词或形容词。如：56．Which of the following sentences is INCORRECT? （2012）
A．How strange feelings they are! B．How dare you speak to me like that!
C．What noise they are making! D. What a mess we are in!
三、同根副词辨析：
1）hard 努力地hardly几乎2）late晚，迟lately近来
3）most 极，非常mostly 主要地4）wide广阔地widely广泛地
5）deep深，迟deeply抽象意义上的“深”6）near 邻近nearly 几乎
7) express 用快递方式expressly清楚地，明白地8）just恰好，正是justly正义、公正地……详细阅读课本（P276-280）并做P280-281练习题24B。
四、比较等级的常见句型：
（1）as+原级+ as（as+原级+a/an+单数可数名词+ as），其否定形式为not as/so+原级+ as
（2）比较级+than+比较对象（less+原级+比较对象）
（3）比较级+and+比较级或more and more +原级
（4）the+比较级…，the+比较级…
（5）the+比较级+of the two
（6）the+最高级（+单数可数名词）+of/among+复数名词或in+单数名词
（7）be one of/among+ the+最高级+复数名词
（8）the last+原级（+单数可数名词）+of/among+复数名词或in+单数名词
五、比较等级的修饰语：
（1）修饰原级：fairly, quite, rather, so, very, too等。
（2）修饰比较级：much, even, far, rather, still, any, no (而不用very, quite, fairly，Greatly)，a bit, a little,
a head, a great deal. a lot , by far等。
六、如果复数名词前有many、few，不可数名词前有much、little等表示量的形容词时，该用so而不用such；注意：little不表示数量而表示“小”的意思时,仍用such。
七、almost与nearly的用法区别：在very, pretty, not后用nearly, 不用almost。在any, no, none, never 前用almost, 不用nearly。
Eg. I?m not nearly ready. I almost never see her.
八、特殊结构:
1. A is to B what / as X is Y ;
如：53. Nine is to three _____ three is to one. (2008)
A. when
B. that
C. which
D. what
2. A+V.+倍数或分数as + adj. / adv. + as +B.
A +V.+倍数或分数+名词of B
如：55. A new laptop costs about _____ of a second-hand one. (2009)
A. the price of three times
B. three times the price
C. as much as the three times price
D. three times more than the price
64. The square itself is five hundred yards wide, five times ____ the size of St. Peter?s in Rome.
（2008）
A. /
B. that of
C. which is
D. of
3. major, minor, inferior, superior, senior, junior, prior +to表示比较;
九、As 的用法、比较级的用法及隐含比较级
as的用法：
1. 原级比较一般结构as … as ; not as … as ; the same … as ;
Eg: The work is not as difficult as you think.
Last year, land values in most parts of the pinelands rose almost as fast as those outside the pinelands.
2. as引导的非限制性定语从句位置较灵活，可以位于主句前面．中间或后面，一般用逗号与主句隔开，但which所引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。as可引导非限制性从句，常带有…正如?。
As we know, smoking is harmful to one…s health.
As is known, smoking is harmful to one?s health.
As是关系代词。例1中的as作know的宾语；例2中，它充当从句的主语，谓语动词know要用被动式。
3. 尽管，虽说(引起让步状语从句)
Eg. Intelligent as she was, she had not much insight.尽管她很聪明，但她没眼力。
4. As much as 达到（和）……（一样）的程度
5. as (so) far as 就……而论，据……(引导方式状语从句)
6. So as to 为的是，以便
7. Such as to 以致
53. His remarks were ________ annoy everybody at the meeting. （2005）
A. so as to
B. such as to
C. such to
D. as much as to
8. as (so) long as 只要(=only if 引导条件状语从句)
9. as soon as 一…就(引导时间状语从句)
10. as well (as) 也，以及，还；和；不仅(连接并列成分或从句)
11. n o such…as没有这样一个…
60. Land belongs to the city; there is thing as private ownership of land. （2006）
A) no such a B) not such C) not such a D) no such
12. as much of … as 正如…一样
64. It was we had hoped. （2006）
A) more a success than B) a success more than
C) as much of a success as D) a success as much as
13. so much as用在否定句中：与其说，不如说
41. The trumpet player was certainly loud. but I wasn?t bothered by his loudness his lack of talent. （2004）
A. so much as
B. rather than
C. as D than
55. It is not so much the language the cultural background that makes the film difficult to understand. (2015，2011.57，2007.57, 1999. 45)
A. but
B. nor
C. like
D. as
比较级的用法:
1. more than用法和意义较多，单独使用时其含义有: “不仅是，非常，十分”等。
more …than 其含义可以是: “与其说……不如说，不是……而是”
2. no more than VS. not more than
a. He has no more than five dollars on him.
他身上仅有5美元。(强调少)
b. He has not more than five dollars on him.
他身上带的钱不超过5美元。(客观陈述，数额少于5美元)
3. no more … than VS.not more … than
a. He is no more diligent than you.
他不勤奋，你也不勤奋。(两人都不勤奋，含有消极否定的意思)
b. He is not more diligent than you.
他没有像你那样勤奋。(两人都勤奋，但你更勤奋，含有积极、肯定的意思，表示程度上的差异）62. Overpopulation poses a terrible threat to the human race. Yet it is probably ________a threat to the
human race than environmental destruction. (2007)
A. no more
B. not more
C. even more
D. much more
4. no less than = as much as 意为：“竟有…之多，多达”，强调多
not less than 意为“不少于，至少”，客观地描述
no less … than 前后均为肯定，含有惊奇的感情色彩。可译为：“正是...，和… 一样，多达，竟有…之多”
比较：
a. His son has read no less than 50 English books.
他的儿子竟然读了50本英文书。(强调多)
b. His son has read not less than 50 English books.
他的儿子读了不少于50本英文书。(客观陈述，不强调多或少)
5. hardly more than用来表示“仅仅”。
Eg. The little man was hardly more than one meter fifty high. 这个小个子男人仅有1.5米高.
6. 在more … than 结构中，than 有时可看作关系代词，相当于than what…
Eg. There ought to be less anxiety over the risk of getting cancer than exists in the public mind today. (Than = than what…) 人们不应该像今天这样担心害怕患上癌症
61. The research requires more money than ________. (2007)
A. have been put in
B. has been put in
C. being put in
D. to be put in
7. no other than 只有，正是。它常用来加强语气，多用于书面语。
Eg. The murderer turned out to be no other person than the inspector himself.
结果是，那个杀人犯不是别人，正是巡官自己。
8. no better than 和……一样，实际上等于(practically the same as)
Eg.A man who cannot read and write is no better than the blind.
不识字的人跟瞎子没有两样。
9. No sooner than:
60. The couple had no sooner got to the station _____ the coach left. (2009)
A. when
B. as
C. until
D. than
10. most 大多数的意思; most of某个范围中的大多数。
11. better …than 与其说……倒不如说。
Eg. Certain programs work better for some than for others.
某些项目对有些人来说效果不错对其他人来说则不然。
12. more likely … than 比较结构
Eg.There are few electronic applications more likely to raise fears regarding future
很少有电子应用软件能够像机器人那样引起人们对未来就业机会的担忧。
13.other than意思是：不同于，除……之外；rather than意思是：而不是。
隐含比较级：
inferior, superior, senior, junior, prior +to
1) prior to 较早的，较重要的
The task is prior to all others. 这项任务比其他所有的任务都重要。
2) superior to优越，高于
In math he felt superior to John. 他觉得自己数学比约翰强。
3) inferior to 下等的，次的
4) senior to 年长的，地位高的；junior年幼的，地位低的，迟的
He is two years senior to me. 他比我大两岁。
5）preferable to 更好的
Health without riches is preferable to riches without health.
贫穷但健康要比富有却多病更可取。
6) prefer…to 更倾向于…
prefer doing sth to doing sth
prefer to do rather than do
真题总汇(1994-2015)
52. Mary is hardworking than her sister, but she failed in the exam. (2015)
A. no so
B. no more
C. not less
D. no less
55. It is not so much the language the cultural background that makes the film difficult to understand. (2015)
A. but
B. nor
C. like
D. as
62. Which of the following italicized parts modifies an adverb? (2014)
A. I rather like my teacher.
B. That was a very funny film.
C. Do it right now.
D. We walked about 6 miles.
56．Which of the following sentences is INCORRECT? （2012）
A．How strange feelings they are! B．How dare you speak to me like that!
C．What noise they are making! D. What a mess we are in!
56. Which of the following italicized phrases is INCORRECT? （2011）
A. The city is now ten times its original size.
B. I wish I had two times his strength.
C. The seller asked for double the usual price.
D. They come here four times every year.
57. It is not so much the language the cultural background that makes the book difficult to understand.
(2011)
A. as
B. nor
C. but
D. like
53. He feels that he is not yet ____ to travel abroad. （2010）
A. too strong
B. enough strong
C. so strong
D. strong enough
64. Which of the following words can NOT be used to complete "We've seen the film ____"? （2010）
A. before
B. recently
C. lately
D. yet
55. A new laptop costs about _____ of a second-hand one. （2009）
A. the price of three times
B. three times the price
C. as much as the three times price
D. three times more than the price
60. The couple had no sooner got to the station _____ the coach left. （2009）
A. when
B. as
C. until
D. than
63. Which of the following adverbs can NOT be used to complete " _____ everybody came"? （2009）
A. Nearly
B. Quite
C. Practically
D. Almost
53. Nine is to three _____ three is to one. （2008）
A. when
B. that
C. which
D. what
59. What does "He wisely refused to spend his money" mean? (2008)
A. It was wise of him to refuse to spend his money.
B. He refused to spend his money in a wise manner.
C. He was short of money and didn't want to buy anything.
D. He refused, in a wise manner, to spend his money.
60. They stood chatting together as easily and naturally as ____. （2008）
A. it could be
B. could be
C. it was
D. was
64. The square itself is five hundred yards wide, five times ____ the size of St. Peter's in Rome. （2008）
A. /
B. that of
C. which is
D. of
51. There are as good fish in the sea _____ever came out of it. 2007
A. than
B. like
C. as
D. so
57. It is not ______much the language as the background that makes the book difficult to understand. （2007）
A. that
B. as
C. so
D. very
61. The research requires more money than ________. （2007）
A. have been put in
B. has been put in
C. being put in
D. to be put in
62. Overpopulation poses a terrible threat to the human race. Yet it is probably ________a threat to the human race than enviromental destruction. （2007）
A. no more
B. not more
C. even more
D. much more
58. Susan is very hardworking, but her pay is not for her work. (2006)
A. enough good
B. good enough
C. as good enough
D. good as enough
60. Land belongs to the city; there is thing as private ownership of land. （2006）
A. no such a
B. not such
C. not such a
D. no such
61. My daughter has walked eight miles today. We never guessed that she could walk far. (2006)
A. /
B. such
C. that
D. as
53. His remarks were ________ annoy everybody at the meeting. （2005）
A. so as to
B. such as to
C. such to
D. as much as to
59. Do you know Tim?s brother? He is _________ than Tim. 2005
A. much more sportsman
B. more of a sportsman
C. more of sportsman
D. more a sportsman
补充材料:
1) Simile:
?as poor as a church mouse
?as blind as a bat
?as brave as a lion
?as fierce as a tiger
?as gay as a lark
?as free as ai
?as deaf as a post
?as dark as pitch
?as greedy as a pig
?as rich as a Jew
?as safe as the Bank
?as strong as a horse
?as tall as a church steeple
?as wet as a fish
?as wise as Solomon
?as timid as a rabbit
?as good as gold
?as firm/steady as a rock
?as fat as a pig ?as different as black and white ?as cold as ice
?as clear as crystal
?as hot as fire
?as busy as a bee
?as light as a feather
?as like as two peas
?as loud as thunder
?as sick/weak as a cat
?as sweet as sugar
?as swift as lightening
?as soft as silk
?as smooth as glass
?as ugly as a toad
?as proud as a peacock
?as gentle as a lamb
?as innocent as a baby
?as graceful as a swan
?as cunning as a fox
?as stupid as donkey
2) Adj. modifying adj.
?Icy cold ?Dead drunk ?Dead asleep ?Tight shut ?Red hot ?Wide open
3) Verb + adj
?Come alive ?Come clean ?Fall silent ?Fall unconscious ?Go crazy/ mad ?Go barefoot ?Go wild
?Run wild ?Run loose ?Blush red ?Break free/ loose ?Come easy ?Come loose ?Fall due
?Fall short
?Go bad
?Go easy
?Lie awake ?Wear thin
4) Special meanings of colors Black
?black coffee 未加奶的咖啡?black tea 红茶? a black letter day 倒霉的日子?black market 黑市
?black money 黑钱
?black figure / in the black 盈利?black list 黑名单
?black box 黑匣子
?black mark 污点
?black ingratitude 忘恩负义?black sheep 败家子，害群之马?black smith 铁匠
?blackout 突然大面积停电?black oil 润滑重油
?black bolt 粗制螺栓
White
?white coffee 加奶的咖啡
?white lie 善意的谎言
?white collar worker 白领
?white elephant 贵而无用的东西，累赘的人或事物
?white day 吉祥的日子
?white meat 鸡、鱼等白色肉类?white smith 锡匠、银匠
?white wash 粉刷?white room 绝尘室
?white war 经济战
?white goods 体积大单价高的大型家电?white coal 水利
?white sale 大减价
?the white way 白光大街（城市中灯光灿烂的商业区）
?white money 银币
Red
?in the red/ red figure/ red ink赤字、亏损?out of the red转亏为盈
?red cent 一美分
?red gold 纯金、赤金
?red-cap 服务行业的搬运工
?red meat牛、羊等红色肉类?red-handed 当场地
? a red letter day 喜庆的节日?red light district红灯区?red-pencil修改
?red ball 快运车
Green
?green light绿灯，行方便?Green Peace绿色和平组织?green-eyed眼红、嫉妒?green grocer水果商?green hand新手
?green wound未愈合的伤口?green brick 砖坯
?green house温室?green room演员休息室
?green test试运转
?green back美钞（因美元背面为绿色）?green power财团
?green meat 鲜肉
?green stamp 美国救济补助票，因印成绿色而得名
Blue
?blue print 蓝图
?blue water大海、海水
?blue film黄色电影、色情片
?blue-eyed boy特别得宠的人、红人儿?blue blood贵族血统
? a bolt out of the blue晴天霹雳
?blue-pencil 删改
?blue ribbon第一流的
?in a blue mood情绪低沉
?blue book蓝皮书?blue-sky market露天市场
?blue-collar worker蓝领
?blue laws蓝法（指禁止在星期日从事商业交易的美国法律）
?blue-sky law 蓝天法（指美国各州为管理股票所制定的股票发行控制法）?blue sky bargaining 漫天讨价（指谈判或其他交易中提出不切实际或不合理的要求）
Grey
?grey collar 服务行业的职工?grey man老人
? a grey day不如意的日子?grey brick青砖
?grey area灰区（指失业严重的地区）?grey market 半黑市
Yellow
?yellow steak胆怯?yellow journal黄色刊物?yellow dog卑鄙小人?yellow pages黄页（指分类电话簿）?yellow alert 空袭预备警报
Pink
?pink slip 解雇职工通知单（通常用粉色打印纸）
英语句子结构分析报告讲解
定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分； 主要成分：主语和谓语 次要成分：表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语 I met my best friend Tom at the station yesterday . 主语谓语定语宾语同位语状语 ㈠主语（subject） 句子说明的人或事物 Jane is good at playing the piano.（名词） She went out in a hurry.（代词） Four plus four is eight.（数词） To see is to believe.（不定式） Smoking is bad for health.（动名词） The young should respect the old.（名词化的形容词） What he has said is true. （句子） 找出下列句中的主语：1、The sun rises in the east. 2、Twenty years is a short time in history. 3、The poor are now living in the shelter. 4、Seeing is believing. 5、To see is to believe. 6、He likes dancing.
7、What he needs is a book. 8、It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree. ㈡谓语 说明主语的动作、状态和特征 简单谓语:由动词或动词词组组成 I saw the flag on the top of the hill? He looked after two orphans. 复合谓语：由情态动词或助动词+动词; He can speak English well. She doesn’t seem to like dancing. 找出下列句中的谓语（注：只有动词才可作谓语。）： 1. We love China. 2. We have finished reading this book. 3. He can speak English. 4. She seems tired. (三)宾语动作的对象或承受者——及物动词或介词的宾语Show your passport, please. （名词） She didn't say anything. （代词） How many do you want? - I want two. （数词） They sent the injured to hospital. （名词化的形容词） They asked to see my passport. （不定式） I enjoy working with you. （动名词） Did you write down what he said? （句子）
英语句子结构详解(精华)
第一章简单句 一、简单句（simple sentence）：是基础句型，只有包含一个主谓结构，而句子的各个结构都只由单词或短语表示。 有五种基本结构：“主语+谓语（SV）”、“主语+谓语+主语补语（SVC）”、“主语+谓语+宾语（SVO）”、“主语+谓语+宾语+宾语（SVOO）”、“主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补语（SVOC）”等五种基本结构。其他各种句子基本上由此五种句型缩略或扩展而成。 1、“主语+谓语（SV）”结构，简称为主谓结构，谓语是不及物动词。此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思，这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等，如： （1）、Day│ broke. 天亮了 （2）、Things │change.事物是变化的。 （3）、The moon│rose.月亮升起来了。 （4）、They│are running very slowly. 他们跑得很慢 2、“主语+谓语+主语补语（SVC）”结构，简称为主谓补结构。 “主语+连系动词+表语（SLP）”句型实际上也是一种主、谓、主补结构，此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。系动词分两类：be, look, keep, seem等属一类，表示情况；get, grow, become, turn等属另一类，表示变化。be本身没有什么意义，只起连系主语和表语的作用，其它系动词仍保持其部分词义如： （5）、He │died│ young. 他年轻时就死了。 （6）、John │was│ cast as Hamlet. 约翰扮演哈姆雷特 （7）、This│is│an English-Chinese dictionary. 这是本英汉辞典。 （8）、The dinner│smells│good.午餐的气味很好。 3、“主语+谓语+宾语（SVO）”结构，可简称为主、谓、宾结构，其谓语一般是及物动词，宾语多是直接宾语。此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词 （9）、Who│knows│the answer? 谁知道答案？
英语句子结构分析
英语句子结构分析 来源：中文翻译英文作者：翻译器时间：2012-07-06 （https://www.360docs.net/doc/7513080815.html,/kouyutingli/yulekouyu/20120706-11216.html） 英语句子结构分析 The English sentence structure analysis 英语句子分为简单句和复合句。所谓的简单句，就是一个句子中只包含一个主谓结构的句子。复合句又分成并列句和复杂句，下面我们分别对这三种情况加以简要的分析。 The English sentence is divided into simple sentences and complex sentences. The so-called simple sentence, is a sentence containing only a subject-predicate sentence structure. Complex sentences into compound sentences and complex sentences, we have the following the three cases tries brief analysis. 1、简单句 In 1, the simple sentence 简单句，即只有一个主谓结构的句子。除了特殊情况，英语句子中都有主语、谓语(或表语)，有时候还有宾语;而且除了倒装句等特殊句型，一般情况下，主语、谓语、宾语的先后顺序是固定的，不可能宾语跑到谓语前面，或者谓语跑到主语前面。目前很多语法书都把英语的简单句归纳为五种基本句型。实际上，英语简单句还可以简化为三种形式： A simple sentence, i.e. only a subject-predicate sentence structure. Except in special cases, the English sentence has a subject, the predicate ( or a ), sometimes the object; in addition to a special sentence pattern, under normal circumstances, subject, predicate, object order is fixed, can not be the object to the predicate or predicate to the front, ahead of subject. At present a lot of grammar books are English simple sentence is classified into five basic sentence patterns. In fact, English simple sentences can be simplified into three forms: 主语+ 谓语(及物动词) + 宾语;I hate grammar. Subject + verb ( transitive verb + object ); I hate grammar. 主语+ 谓语(不及物动词); Grammar sucks. Subject + verb ( transitive verb ); Grammar sucks. 主语+ 系动词+ 表语Grammar is hell. Subject + Verb + / Grammar is hell. 所以，我们在阅读句子的时候，不管句子有多长，不管是并列句还是复合句，都必须首先分清各句中的主语、谓语(或表语)，有的句子中还包括宾语。因为主语、谓语、宾语中英语句子的主干，抓住了句子的主干，句子的基本意思就清楚了。 Therefore, we read the sentence, no matter how long sentence, whether a compound or a complex sentence, must first distinguish the subject of a sentence, the predicate ( or a ), some sentences are also included in the object. Because the subject, object, predicate in English sentence trunk, captures the sentence trunk, basic sentence meaning clear. 2、并列句 In 2, the compound sentence 并列句就是两个或以上的简单句，由表示并列关系的连词或标点符号连接而成。常见的连词：and, not only...but also, neither...nor... or, either...or... otherwise，but, yet, while, so, for等。阅读中遇到并列关系的句子，一般情况下是以连词为界限，将句子分成前、后几个部分，并分别来分析，各句的意思一般可
(完整版)英语句子成分和英语句子结构讲解
一、英语句子成分和英语句子结构讲解： （一）句子成分 1.主语（subject）: 句子说明的人或事物。 主语可以由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、分词、主语从句和短语等来担任。 The sun rises in the east.（名词） He likes dancing. （代词） Twenty years is a short time in history. (数词) Seeing is believing. （动名词） To see is to believe. （不定式） What he needs is a book. （主语从句） It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree. （It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语） 找出下列句中的主语： Jane is good at playing the piano.（名词） She went out in a hurry.（代词） Four plus four is eight.（数词） To see is to believe.（不定式） Smoking is bad for health.（动名词） The young should respect the old.（名词化的形容词）What he has said is true. （句子） 2.谓语（predicate）: 说明主语的动作、状态和特征。 简单谓语:由动词或动词词组组成 I saw the flag on the top of the hill? He looked after two orphans. 复合谓语：由情态动词或助动词+动词; He can speak English well. She doesn’t seem to like dancing. 找出下列句中的谓语（注：只有动词才可作谓语。）： 1. We love China. 2. We have finished reading this book. 3. He can speak English. 4. She seems tired. 3.表语（predicative）: 系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征。
英语中的比较结构1
比较结构 3-2：as...as one can=as...as possible as...as one can尽可能地…… =as...as possible 1．造句方法 (l)先造一个含有形容词或副词的句子 例：You must study hard. （你一定要用功。） He remained quiet. （他保持沉默。） (2)在hard或quiet之前置入第一个as (adv.一样地) 即：You must study as hard. He remained as quiet. (3)句尾添入as one (you,he...) can或possible,即告完成即：You must study as hard (as you can./as possible.) （你要尽可能地用功。） He remained as quiet (as he could./as possible.) （他尽可能地保持安静。）
2．理论基础 (1)as one can之后省略了与前面主句中相同的谓语部分，以避免累赘 例：You must study as hard as you can study hard. ---- You must study as hard as you can. He remained as quiet as he could remain quiet. ---- He remained as quiet as he could. (2)as possible系为as it is (was) possible简化而成，it是代词，代替前面相同的谓语部分 例：You must study as hard as it is possible. = You must study as hard as studying hard is possible. He remained as quiet as it was possible. = He remaind as quiet as remaining quiet was possible. 由于as it is possible经常使用的关系，已演变成将it is省略而形成as possible的短语。即：You must study as hard as possible. He remained as quiet as possible. 比较结构 3-5：as...as ever lived
英语语法比较结构
知识模块12：比较结构<标准文本> 【考点概述】 比较结构是英语学习的一个难点，也是考研英语的易考点。该模块的学习重点是理清比较对象之间的关系，同时，这也是比较结构学习的一个难点。除此之外，还要把握住特殊形式的比较词，比如not so much…as…和no more…than…。 【考情分析】 在完型填空中，往往会就比较结构中的形容词、副词以及比较结构设置考点，解答此类题的关键是把握清楚比较结构中比较对象的关系并依托上下文语境，填入正确的词汇。 在阅读理解中，比较结构出现的频次很高，解答重点主要在于弄清比较对象，以及比较对象之间的比较关系，也就是分清楚作者对于比较对象之间的肯定和否定意味。要注意细节题及推断题中命题人据此设置的陷阱，如比较对象的张冠李戴。 在翻译中比较结构的考查较常见，而且往往是难点和失分点。考生需要在弄清比较对象及其比较关系的基础上，用通顺的语言将比较关系表达出来。有些固定表达的固定译法要记住，到时直接译出即可。 在写作题目中，利用比较结构可以丰富句式，但是要保证正确，以免出错而失分。比较结构虽然较难，但掌握起来也有规律，要讲究方法。我们可以将比较结构的处理总结为三步：⑴识别比较结构的标志词；⑵找出比较对象；⑶理解比较关系。只要按照这三步走，再结合本章知识点的讲解，学习和掌握比较结构就容易得多。 一、定义 形容词和副词的比较级运用于句子当中便形成了比较结构。 二、结构 比较结构种类较多，最主要的有两种：as...as结构和more...than结构。比较结构一定要分清楚比较对象，以及对于比较对象的肯定、否定关系。 （一）as...as结构 1.as...as结构的基本模式是：as +形容词或副词原级+ as，表达的基本意思为“……和……一样” 例1：He is as energetic as a young man. 他像年轻人一样充满活力。 例2：He considered her opinion as valuable as ours. 他认为她的意见和我们的一样有价值。 2. as...as的否定结构及其变体分别是not so/as...as和not so much/many...as…（该用法在意思上也等同于not so much…but…），表达的意思是“……不如……” 例1：John is not so bright as Bob. 约翰不如鲍勃聪明。 例2：She hasn’t written so many essays as her brother. 她写的文章不如她哥哥多。
英语句子结构讲解
学会分析英语句子（语法基础辅导讲义） 第一讲学会判断分析简单句 一、词类和句子成分的关系、动词概说与五种基本句型 1．语法学习和语法学习的方法 1)语法包括哪些内容？ 2)怎样学习语法？（死记活用） 关于英语词类的特点的思考题 2．十大词类中，哪种词类是英语中特有而汉语没有的？ 3．哪些词和名词有关系？ 4．动词有什么特征？动词分为几种类型？ 5．什么是不定式？它和谓语动词有什么区别？ 6．哪种词类和动词有关？为什么？ 二、什么是句子成分？有哪些句子成分？ 1.主谓宾定状补主干枝叶分清楚，哪些是主干？哪些是枝叶？ 2.什么是状语和定语？ 3. 什么是宾语补助语和主语补助语？ 英语语法分为句法和词法。 句法就是造句和运用句子的规则，句法是最基本的语法规则；词法就是词的使用规则，如动词时态、语态、助动词、情态动词、形容词和副词的用法等等。要造出一个正确的句子必须有词法和句法知识，比如要弄懂词类和句子成分的关系，比如形容词做定语，副词做装语；又比如代词所有格做定语；主格做主语；宾格做宾语，等等。 动词只能做谓语，十分重要。时态主要体现在动词上，动词做谓语，因此也就是要弄懂谓语的构成，不同的时态有不同的构成，时态有常用的时间状语，要彻底搞清楚。
一个句子必然有时态、语态。对谓语动词要弄清楚其时态和语态，才能进行肯定句、否定句和疑问句的转换。 语态体现在be 动词+ 过去分词上。不管什么语态的句子都有时态，不同时态的被动语态都有固定的结构。 句子必然有其由句子成分构成的句子结构。五种基本句型很重要，但是没有词类和句子成分的知识。例如不懂动词分为及物和不及物两种就不能懂得 主语+ 谓语+ 宾语; 主语+ 谓语+ 间接宾语+ 直接宾语; 主语+ 谓语+ 宾语+ 宾语补助语这三种句型 一个句子或者是简单句或者是并列句，或者是复合句。要弄清楚：是简单句、并列句还是复合句？是复合句，又有什么从句？ 每个句子的句子成分是怎么样的？如果不懂什么是宾语，那么就学不懂宾语从句；如果不懂什么是状语，那么就学不懂状语从句；如果不懂什么是定语，那么就学不懂定语从句；如果不懂什么是表语，那么就学不懂表语从句。 要弄清楚句子成分和结构，要学会从简单句、并列句、复合句三个方面分析句子,才能在阅读和造句时不犯错误。 所谓分析英语句子，就是从结构上分析判断它是简单句、并列句还是复合句？ 它们是由什么词类词组充当的？并列句有几个分句？是什么从句？这些句子不管主句还是从句又是怎样构成的？这是大结构大框架的分析。还有从局部如谓语的分析，什么时态？什么语态？词法知识都很重要。还有状语定语的分析也是局部分析。 词类和句子成分的关系 十大词类 要搞清楚句子成分必须搞清楚英语的词类，因为句子成分是由一个一个的词或词组充
英语句子成分和英语句子基本结构讲解及练习
英语句子成分和英语句子基本结构讲解及练习 一、句子的基本结构（5种） 1、主语+谓语（s+v） 2、主语+系动词+表语（s+l+p） 3、主语+谓语+宾语（s+v+o） 4、主语+谓语+间接宾语（指人）+直接宾语（指物） (s+v+io+do) 5、主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语（s+v+o+c） 二、句子成分：（主语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、宾补、同位语、插足语） 1. 主语（subject）：句子说明的人或事物。 The sun rises in the east （） He likes dancing. （） Twenty years is a short time in history. ( ) Seeing is believing. （） To see is to believe.（） What he needs is a book.（） It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree.（） (一）指出下列句中主语的中心词 ① The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom. ② There is an old man coming here. ③ The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year. ④ To do today's homework without the teacher's help is very difficu lt. 2. 谓语（predicate）：是对主语加以陈述，表示主语的行为或状态，常用动词或者动词词 组担任，放在主语的后面。We study English. He is asleep. (二). 选出句中谓语的中心词 ① I don't like the picture on the wall. A. don't B. like C. picture D. wall ② The days get longer and longer when summer comes. A. get C. days D. summer ③ Do you usually go to school by bus? A. Do B. usually C. go D. bus ④ There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.
英语专四之比较结构
专四语法考点串讲之四形容词、副词及比较平行结构 一、形容词后置情况总结： （1）修饰不定代词something, anything, nothing, everything等时，例： There is something difficult in this book. （2）形容词后面有介词短语或不定式短语的时候。例： This is a student worth of praise. （3）用and或or连接两个形容词通常放在被修饰的名词之后，起强调修饰的作用。例：They will turn their motherland into a country, beautiful and modern. （4）形容词同表示数量的词组连用时亦放在后面。例：The pipe is twelve feet long. 二、感叹副词what、how之间的区别：what修饰名词或名词短语，how修饰副词或形容词。如：56．Which of the following sentences is INCORRECT? （2012） A．How strange feelings they are! B．How dare you speak to me like that! C．What noise they are making! D. What a mess we are in! 三、同根副词辨析： 1）hard 努力地hardly几乎2）late晚，迟lately近来 3）most 极，非常mostly 主要地4）wide广阔地widely广泛地 5）deep深，迟deeply抽象意义上的“深”6）near 邻近nearly 几乎 7) express 用快递方式expressly清楚地，明白地8）just恰好，正是justly正义、公正地……详细阅读课本（P276-280）并做P280-281练习题24B。 四、比较等级的常见句型： （1）as+原级+ as（as+原级+a/an+单数可数名词+ as），其否定形式为not as/so+原级+ as （2）比较级+than+比较对象（less+原级+比较对象） （3）比较级+and+比较级或more and more +原级 （4）the+比较级…，the+比较级… （5）the+比较级+of the two （6）the+最高级（+单数可数名词）+of/among+复数名词或in+单数名词 （7）be one of/among+ the+最高级+复数名词 （8）the last+原级（+单数可数名词）+of/among+复数名词或in+单数名词 五、比较等级的修饰语： （1）修饰原级：fairly, quite, rather, so, very, too等。 （2）修饰比较级：much, even, far, rather, still, any, no (而不用very, quite, fairly，Greatly)，a bit, a little, a head, a great deal. a lot , by far等。 六、如果复数名词前有many、few，不可数名词前有much、little等表示量的形容词时，该用so而不用such；注意：little不表示数量而表示“小”的意思时,仍用such。 七、almost与nearly的用法区别：在very, pretty, not后用nearly, 不用almost。在any, no, none, never 前用almost, 不用nearly。 Eg. I’m not nearly ready. I almost never see her. 八、特殊结构: 1. A is to B what / as X is Y ; 如：53. Nine is to three _____ three is to one. (2008) A. when B. that C. which D. what 2. A+V.+倍数或分数as + adj. / adv. + as +B. A +V.+倍数或分数+名词of B
英语句子成分讲解(详细)
英语句子成分讲解 一、定义 1.词类： 名词(n.)：表示人或事物的名称。名词分为专有名词和普通名词；普通名词分为可数名词和不可数名词；可数名词分为个体名词和集合名词；不可数名词分为物质名词和抽象名词。 动词(v.)：表示动作或状态等。动词根据其后是否可直接跟宾语，可分为两类，分别是：及物动词(可直接跟宾语)、不及物动词(不能直接跟宾语，若要跟宾语，必须加上某个介词)。 形容词(adj.)：用来修饰名词或代词。形容词用来修饰名词或代词，表示人或事物的性质、状态，和特征的程度好坏，与否。形容词作定语修饰名词时，要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰以-thing结尾的词语时，要放在这些词之后。 副词(adv.)：用来修饰动词、形容词或副词。副词是一种用来修饰动词、形容词、全句的词，说明时间、地点、程度、方式等概念的词，是一种半虚半实的词。副词可分为：地点副词、方式副词、程度副词、疑问副词和连接副词。 介词(prep.)：用在名词、代词等前面，表示与别的词的关系。介词是一种用来表示词与词、词与句之间的关系的虚词，在句中不能单独作句子成分。介词后面一般跟名词代词或相当于名词的其他词类，短语或从句作它的宾语。介词和它的宾语构成介词词组，在句中作状语，表语，补语或介词宾语。介词分为：地点(位置、范围)介词、方向(目标趋向)介词、时间介词、方式介词、涉及介词、其他介词。 连词(conj.)：用来连接词与词或句与句。连词是一种虚词，它不能独立担任句子成分而只起连接词与词，短语与短语以及句与句的作用。连词主要可分为两类：并列连词和从属连词。并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组和分句。从属连词用来引导名词性从句和状语从句。 冠词(art.)：用在名词前帮助说明其词义。冠词是位于名词或名词词组之前或之后，在句子里主要是对名词起限定作用的词。冠词是一种虚词，分为定冠词the和不定冠词a、an。 代词(pron.)：用来代替名词或数词等。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。英语中的代词，按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为：人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词、连接代词和不定代词九种。 数词(num.)：用来表示数量或顺序。表示数目多少的数词叫基数词；表示顺序的数词叫序数词，序数词表示排列的顺序。 感叹词(int.)：表示说话时的感情或口气。 2.句子成分： 主语：主语表示句子主要说明的人或事物，主语一般由名词、代词、名词化了的动词、形容词、分词、副词或数词等、动词不定式或不定式短语、从句、某些固定词组等来充当。 谓语：谓语在句子中说明主语的动作，具有的特征或所处的状态。一般放在主语之后。谓语是由简单动词或动词短语（助动词/情态动词+主要动词）构成。 宾语：宾语是指一个动作的接受者。宾语分为直接宾语和间接宾语两大类，其中直接宾语指该动作的直接对象，间接宾语说明动作是非直接的，但也是受该动作影响的对象。一般而言，及物动词后面最少要有一个宾语，而该宾语通常为直接宾语，有些及物动词要求两个宾语，则这两个宾语通常一个为直接宾语，另一个为间接宾语。宾语一般由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、不定式、动名词、宾语从句等来充当。 表语：表语是说明主语的身份、性质、品性、特征和状态的词或从句，它常位于系动词（be、become、appear、seem、look、sound、feel、get、smell等词）之后。表语常由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、动名词、不定式、从句等来充当。
英语语法句式简单句子结构(透彻分析)
LESSON ONE 句子的三种模式 导言本课的重点是掌握英语的三种基本句型，注意词性和词序，以及定语的位置,同时注意中英文表达上的相同和不相同的地方。三种基本句型虽然简单，但至关重要。掌握好它们，在今后的学习中有一通百通之效。 ▲主+系动词+表 注：*注意该结构中的名词，它们能被定语修饰。 1 这个人是一个老师。The man is a teacher. 主语系表语主语系表语（名词） 2 他（是）很忙。He is busy. 主语系表语主语系表语（形容词） ▲注意中文中的系动词经常被省略,而英文中绝不能省。
3 她（是）在教室里。She is in the classroom. 主语系表语主语系表语（介词短 语） ▲定语只修饰名词，不破坏句子的基本结构。通常 由形容词和介词短语充当，形容词放在所修饰的名 词之前，而介词短语放在所修饰的名词之后，请注 意英语与汉语词序的不同。看懂中文的定语是翻译 好定语的关键。 介词短语 ---英国法学家波洛克 介词短语 Happiness is a station -----------Pollock, British jurist 形容词介词短语 5
形容词介词短语 man is a teacher 介词短语形容词 6.教室里。 形容词介词短语 The teacher is handsome. My book is 表语（介词短语）定语（介词短语） She is
介词短语即可以做表语也可以做定语，虽然它们词性相同，但由于词序不同，它们所起到的作用也不同，当在is的后面是表语,跟在名词的后面它就起到定语的作用。 课堂练习 1 1是 2不是我的。 3．我的家乡hometown 峡谷valley里。 4那个贼 面behind。 1. 是 is 2钱不是我的。
英语中的特殊比较结构
英语中的特殊比较结构 （河北衡水学院外语系刘立新 053000） 1. “No more …than (not any more… than)”: “甲与乙同样不…”，“乙不…甲也不…”，“甲与乙一样” e.g. You have no more money than I have.（你我的钱同样不多。） 2. “No less…than”: 1）“不减于，不亚于”（=quite, as…as ） 2）“正是” 3）“达…之多”（后跟数词） e.g. She is no less beautiful than her sister.（她貌美不逊其妹。） It is no less than John.（正是约翰。） No less than 1000 people came.（来的人多达一千。） 3. “More +形容词/副词原级+than”: 表示同一人或物的不同两个方面的比较，意为“是…不是…，”“与其说…不如说…”。 e.g. He is more shy than unsocial. （他是害羞不是不善社交） He is more of a poet than a king. （与其说他是诗人不如说是国王） 4. “Less… than”: 降级比较，意为“较少，”“较差，”“不及，”“不如，” e.g. He was less hurt than frightened. （他受的伤害不及所受的惊吓） You are more of scholar than he is, but you’ve got less common sense (than he has.) （作为一个学者，你在他以上，就常识而论你不如他。） 5. “Nothing is more…than…”; “nothing is so…as…”:此两句式均为比
英语句子成分和英语句子结构讲解及练习
英语句子成分和英语句子结构讲解及练习 句子成分意义充当词类例句 主语表示句子说的是什么人或什 么 事名，代，数，不定 式，动名词，短语或 | 句子 We study in HuangQiao Middle School. 谓语说明主语做什么，是什么或怎 么样 动词或动词词组She is dancing under the tree. 宾语表示动作行为的对象。 同主语 Both of us like English. 表语与联系动词连用，一起构成谓 语，说明主语的性质或特征同主语Her father is a chemist. His words sound reasonable. 定语用来修饰名词或代词. 形，代，数，名, 副，介词短语或句子 We have eight lessons every day. 状语修饰动词，形容词，副词，表 示动作发生的时间，地点，原 因，目的，方式，结果等副词，介词短语或句 子 He works very hard. 》 They held a party in Hollywood. 宾语补足语逻辑上与宾语是主谓关系形容词，名词，介词 短语等 She always keeps the house clean. 主语谓语是基础，宾表定状补辅助。宾主来自名代数，动词作谓不可无！ ^ 简单句的五个基本句型 主语＋不及物动词She came．. 主语＋及物动词＋宾语She likes English. 主语＋系动词＋主语补语 She is happy． 主语＋动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语 She gave John a book． She bought a book for me. 主语＋动词＋宾语＋宾语补语 She makes her mother angry． # The teacher asked me to read the passage. 主谓宾 名／代－－动词－－名／代 we-- saw --you. we-- did --the work. 主系表 名／代－系动词－形容次／名词／代词 you are beautiful you seems worried.
2017考研英语翻译之比较结构译法介绍
2017考研英语翻译之比较结构译法介绍 比较结构 从语法上讲，有以下几种结构可以比较： 1) 如果要表达人与人、事物与事物之间是相似的，就可以用as 或是like。此外，so do I, neither / nor do I 等也表示相似。 2) 当要表达的事物之间在某一方面一样时，可用as…as…(后接形容词或副词)和as much / many…as…(后接名词或动词)结构。 3) 表达事物之间差别的结构可采用more (…than) 或less (…than)，后可接形容词、副词、动词或名词。但要注意的是more…than 还可译作“与其说……，不如说……”，在这种结构里，more + 形容词(或副词)并不构成比较结构。另外还要注意的是，在more…than 以后的英语虽然是肯定的，但译成中文必须是否定的。 实际上，英语的比较结构比较复杂，阅读时应注意英汉两种语言在表达上的差异。 1. “What we take out of the sea is no longer as important as what we do not put into it,” sa id a noted underwater explorer, describing how pollution of sea-life cycles ultimately threatened even terrestrial respiration. 分析：What we take out of the sea是主语从句，它与what we do not put into从句相比较。这里把从海洋中获取资源和向海洋倾倒生活和工业垃圾造成严重的污染后果进行比较。否定词在as 从句的比较结构中常见，但是在“ not…as (well等) as”结构中只否定前面的部分，后面的部分表示肯定。本句中为了强调what we do not put into it，翻译时前置，并使用了肯定语气。 译文：一位著名的海底探险家在说明海洋生物界的污染最终甚至会对陆地生物的呼吸产生威胁时指出，“现在我们不往海里倾倒什么，已经比我们从海洋中捞取什么更为重要了。” 2. Tapping the new spirit, there can be no nobler nor more ambitious task for America to undertake on this day of a new beginning than to help shape a just and peaceful world that is truly humane. 分析：no nobler nor more ambitious 中的nor 是连词，常与neither 或nor 连用，有时也与no, never 等表示否定的词连用。主句是含有no more…than 的普通比较句型。分词短语tapping the new spirit 是表示目的的状语。本句选自美国前总统卡特在1977年的就职演说。 译文：为了发扬这种新的精神，在这一新的开端开始之际，对美国来说，最崇高和最有雄心勃勃的任务是帮助建立一个真正人道、正义、和平的世界。 3. A whale is no more a fish than a horse is. 分析：本句虽然短，但要理解和正确翻译并不容易。首先，no more 可以换成not any more;其次，than 后面的部分，表面上看上去是肯定的，但是实际上是否定的。这个no more…t han 的真正意思是not…just as…not(不……正如……不……一样)，than 的前后两部分都是否定的。注意它和not more…than 的区别：not more…than 的意思是“不比……更”。 译文：鲸不是鱼，正如马不是鱼一样。 4. A whale is no less a mammal than a horse is. 分析：no less…than正好与no more…than 意思相反，than 前后两部分都是肯定的，它的意思是quite as…as (是……也是……)。再者，注意它和no less…than 的区别：no less…than 的意思是“在……方面不亚于”。
英语句子成分和英语句子结构讲解及练习
英语句子成分和英语句子结构讲解及练习 1. 主语（subject）：句子说明的人或事物。 The sun rises in the east （名词） He likes dancing. （代词） Twenty years is a short time in history. (数词) Seeing is believing. （动名词） To see is to believe.（不定式） What he needs is a book.（主语从句） It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree. （It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语） (一）指出下列句中主语的中心词 ① The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom. ② There is an old man coming here. ③ The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year. ④ To do toda y's homework without the teacher's help is very difficult. 2. 谓语（predicate）：是对主语加以陈述，表示主语的行为或状态，常用动词或者动词词组担任，放在主语的后面。 We study English. He is asleep. (二). 选出句中谓语的中心词 ① I don't like the picture on the wall. A. don't B. like C. picture D. wall ② The days get longer and longer when summer comes. A. get B. longer C. days D. summer ③ Do you usually go to school by bus A. Do B. usually C. go D. bus