2019年精品考博英语写作讲义

第一部分考博写作简介 (1)

第二部分写作常见错误分析 (6)

第三部分考博写作题型分类 (8)

第四部分考博写作范文 (34)

第五部分英文写作用词练习 (76)

第六部分英文句子写作练习 (78)

第七部分英文段落写作练习............. . (85)

附录英文写作练习答案............. . (96)

第一部分考博写作简介

在博士研究生入学考试英语试题中，写作属于必考项目。写作部分的目的是测试考生用英语书面表达思想的一般能力。考试时间一般为30~40分钟。多数学校要求考生写出一篇200~300词左右的短文。写作题型一般为命题作文，以议论文为主。试卷上可能给出题目、情景或写作提纲，要求写出短文；或给出文章（中文或英文）或图表，要求写出评论。写作要求切题，能正确表达思想，意义连贯，无重大语言错误。以下为评分原则、评分标准及评分实例。

评分原则

1．作文的评分重点在于内容的完整性、文章的组织连贯性、语法结构和词汇的多样性及语言的准确性。

2．拼写与标点符号是语言准确性的一个方面。评分时，视其对交际的影响程度予以考虑。英、美拼写及词汇用法均可接受。

3．如书写较差，以致影响交际，将分数降低一个档次。

4．文章长度不符合要求的，酌情扣分。

5．评分时，先根据文章的内容和语言确定其所属档

次，然后以该档次的要求来给分．评分人员在档内有1分的调节分。

评分标准

第一档（14分）

很好地完成了试题规定的任务。

―包含所有内容要点；

―使用丰富的语法结构和词汇；

―语言自然流畅，语法错误极少；

―有效地采用了多种衔接手法，文字连贯，层次清晰；

第二档（11分）

较好地完成了试题规定的任务。

―包含所有内容要点；

―使用较丰富的语法结构和词汇；

―语言基本准确，只有在试图使用较复杂结构或较高级词汇时才有个别语言错误；

―采用了适当的衔接手法，层次清晰，组织较严密；

第三档（8分）

基本完成了试题规定的任务。

―虽漏掉一些内容，但包含多数内容要点；

―应用的语法结构和词汇能满足任务的需求；

―有一些语法及词汇错误，但不影响理解。

―采用了简单的衔接手法，内容较连贯，层次较清晰；

第四档（5分〕

未能按要求完成试题规定的任务。

―漏掉或未能有效阐述一些内容要点，写了一些无关内容；

―语法结构单调、词汇项目有限；

―有较多语法结构及词汇方面的错误，影响了对写作内容的理解；

―未采用恰当的衔接手法，内容缺少连贯性；

第五档（2分）

未能完成试题规定的任务；

―明显遗漏主要内容，且有许多不相关的内容；

―语法项目和词汇的使用单调、重复；

―语言错误多，有碍读者对内容的理解，语言运用能力差；

―未采用任何衔接手法，内容不连贯，缺少组织、分段。

（所传达的信息或所使用语言太少，无法评价者，内容与要求无关或无法辨认者得0分。）

评分实例

实例一

Directions:

Interview is frequently used by employers as a means to recruit prospective employees. As a result, there have been many arguments for or against the interview as a selection procedure. What is your opinion? Write an essay of about 300 words to state your view.

In the first part of your writing you should state your main argument, and in the second part you should support your argument with appropriate details. In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or make a summary.

You should supply an appropriate title for your essay.

Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness.

样卷1

Interview as an Effective Selection Procedure The English proverb “Seeing is believing” well addresses the importance of face-to-face communication. It also highlights the point of conducting job interview. For both employers and prospective employees, interview is an effective selection procedure. And I base my points of view on the following reasons.

On the one hand, interview provides a golden opportunity for the recruiter to understand job applicants. Thanks to job interview, the employer can have a direct knowledge of the various qualities of a candidate in a time-efficient way. By means of questions and answers, it is relatively easy to recognize the intelligence, critical thinking and problem solving of an interviewee. Besides, through interview employers may single out some false information of the candidates in resumes. With the increasing pressure of job hunting, there appears such a tendency of polishing resumes. Some applicants even go to the extreme of making their CV into a fancy document without any relation to their actual experience. Interview serves as a workable approach to screen dishonest practice and to relieve the HR staff of their headache.

On the other hand, job applicants may seize this chance to look better into the recruiter. They can learn more about the business, and obtain a concrete understanding of the corporate philosophy he or she is going to work under. It will lay a good foundation for the satisfying cooperation between management and labor in the future and avoid unnecessary friction as a consequence of misunderstanding. And interview appears critically important for new university graduates because there exists a multitude of cheaters in the job market, on line want advertisements in particular. Job hunters’ decision should be based on face-to-face communication instead of some fancy propaganda.

Given the above analysis, we may arrive at the conclusion that interview is an effective and practical selection procedure for the sake of both employers and prospective employees. Like a bridge between recruit and applicant, interview shortens the distance between verbal description and reality.

样卷2

The Interview Should Be as a Selection Procedure

Interview is frequently used by employers as a means to recruit prospective employees. As a result there have been many arguments for or against the interview as a selection procedure. As far as I see it, the interview should be as a selection procedure.

Firstly, interview is a very significant method to measure the employee’s competence. For example, imagine numerous employees hunt for the same job at one time, the difficult situation will crop up. The employers are in dilemma, they are hard to choose which one is the best or the suitable for their business. The only way is by means of interview.

Secondly, interview is an indirect way that promote college students to work harder. As is known to all, as a multitude of college students graduate every year, they must face with the job hunting. Interview is the first step. If they can’t perform well in the interview, it will detrimental to them..

Thirdly, interview plays a role in exercising one’s perseverance. For instance, if an employee failed in the interview at the first time, he could try another one again. Interview is helpful to exercise one’s characteristics.

In a word interview should be as a selection procedure. As to college students, only through dedication to study and training at school can we be best prepared for the glamorous future.

样卷3

Interview－a Selection Procedure Nowadays, interview is frequently use by employers as a means to recruit prospective employees. As a result, there have been more and more arguments for or against the interview as a selection procedure. In my point of view, interview should be a procedure to select employees. I will list my reasons here.

The first reason is that through interview, employers can form direct aspects know a employee, vividly and clearly. Before interview, employers get some information of employee only from pictures and introductions.However, interview can give employers information of employees from three aspects at least.

1. Dressing and action

2. Real abilities of employee’s major

3. Communication with others

Secondly, employees in interview can get more information about the company. They will decide that the post is fit or not. Interview is also a good opportunity to show themselves for employees. They prepare carefully through interview to give future boss a first good impression.

However, interview has some negative things. It is not very objective. For instance, employers and employees maybe have a nice talk and a good impression has been established. This feeling is not objective. And interview is not a good opportunity for some people who has poor oral ability but good work ability. Although interview is not the best selection procedure, it is still a better one than other ways.

Interview, for employers or interviewees, is a good procedure to choose each other.

实例二

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Reading

Selectively Or Extensively?You should

write at least 150 words and base your

composition on the outline (given in Chinese)

below:

1．有些人认为应该有选择性地读书。

2．有些人则认为应该博览群书。

3．我的观点。

样卷1

When it comes to reading, some people think that reading selectively is a good way, but some other people do not agree with them, they think that reading extensively is better.

Those people, who think that reading selectively is better, believe that good books are as many as bad books. Those good books can give us pleasure and knowledge, while those bad books can only lead us to the wrong way. So, they suggest that we should only choose the good books to read and never touch the bad books.

But, the other people, who hold that reading extensively is better, think that one kind of books can only give us one aspect of knowledge. Even the best book only contains one field of information. So, they can

easily come to the conclusion that “to know more, to read more”. So they believe that reading extensively is better.

To my point, we should choose good books to read and read good books as many as possible. By this way, we can increase the quality and quantity of reading.

样卷2

I think reading not only selectively but also extensively. Because the two sides are not contradict. Our time is limited. So we can not read every book in the world. However, we will not be interested in every book. We should read those books may be useful to ours, read those books which we like. But those books which we choose must be extensively so it can give ours all kinds of knowledge, news and so on, it also make ours become a wise man. On the one hand reading selectively let ours not waste our time which it is limitted. Moreover it can emphasis among all books that we can read. On the other hand reading extensively can deal with all kinds of need in our life. They are all useful to ours.

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