英美文化 A Study of British Educational System and Its Implication
A Study of British Educational System and Its Implication
Author: Zhang Shuai
Supervisor: Cheng Hui，Associate Professor
Abstract: As is known, education is very important to a nation. Different country has different educational system. Here I want to introduce British educational system. British education is superior in the world. Generally speaking, its educational system can be divided in three parts: elementary school, secondary school, further and higher education. This system has many implications not only to the British students but to the society and the world.
摘要：众所周知，教育对一个国家是极其重要的。不同的国家有不同的教育系统。在此我想介绍一下英国的教育系统，英国的教育在世界上是一流的。总的来说，他的教育系用可以分为三部分:小学、中学和高等教育。这种教育体制不仅对英国的学生也对英国的社会和世界具有重大影响。
Key words: elementary school, secondly school, high education, implication
关键词：小学、中学、高等教育，影响及启示
As china participates in WTO and the relationship with the world is more and more closed, some people go abroad to study. Britain has become a popular choose for Chinese, but many of them are not familiar with British educational system. The following is a simple introduction.
The British educational system aims to educate the whole person, so that each child develops his or her personality as well as gaining academic knowledge. With the society developing increasingly quickly, high qualified persons are badly needed. Owing to this condition, British have been trying best to foster all-round students. It is superior in the world and is gradually extended in the world, but it also still has some disadvantages to some extent. The government now is trying to improve it.
一·British elementary school
Generally speaking, every child is required by law to be in full-time education between the age of 5 and 16. The educational system in different district is different. In Scotland, Irish, Northern Ireland, children start their school at 5 years old. While in England at 4. An increasing number of children under 5 receive pre-school education. Some go to playgroups several times a week and take part in structured play with other children of the same age. Others go to a nursery school or to the nursery department or kindergarten of a school. The availability of preschool education varies from area to area, and parents often have to pay for it.
1.infants schools
These schools are co-educational, for boys and girls together, though the teachers are normally women. Most students start at 5 in a infants school. Hours of attendance vary: they are commonly from 9:00 till 12:00noon and 2:00 till 4:00 p.m. Saturdays and Sundays are free. The school year begins in September, and is divided into three terms, with holidays at Christmas, Easter, and in the summer.
2.junior school
After two years in the infants school the children enters a junior school. Pupils continue going to school for about the same hours and with about the same holidays before, but the work is of course more advanced, and there is less free activity in the classroom.
二. Secondary school
There are at this time two systems for secondary schooling: the selective and the comprehensive. Under the present law, local authorities are left to choose whichever system they prefer. Under the selective system: children take an examination, called the “eleven plus”. The result of this exam determines the kind of secondary schooling each child will receive. Those with the highest marks go to grammar schools, other children may go to technical schools. While in the comprehensive schools, all children, regardless of ability, can mix together. What?s more, the comprehensive system, by offering equality of opportunity, may help to overcome inequalities in home background. Supposing someone is entering a large comprehensive school, he will study a wide variety of subjects at first, and after two or three years she may drop some of them, study only those ha likes best. These may incline French physics, chemistry and biology. Apart form all the ordinary subjects, you may also able to study more, unusual subjects such as economics, wooden work, commerce.
At 15 or 16 a student will probably take an examination, either G.C.E or C.S.E. G.C.E and C.S.E are two kinds of examination system. The former is called “the Ordinary level of the General Certificate of Education”. If a student passes the exam, he can study further in the school for another year or continue his study to 18 years old in the sixth form to take another exam, the Advanced level of the G.C.E. then if he does well in this, he can if he wishes to go on to university. While the later is called “the Certificate of Secondary Education”which is set for the ordinary secondary schools. A student also takes this exam at 15 or 16. If he passes it, he will be a graduate from a secondary school.
All I have said so far about different kinds of schools relates only to schools run by the state, whose official name is country schools. The money is provided by the local authority and the central government, so the pupils? parents pay nothing. What?s more, education is also free in the many so-called voluntary schools, which are partly maintained and controlled by the local authority.
But in addition，some children go to independent schools run by private organizations, for which their parents have to pay fees. The best know of this are the public boarding schools for boys aged 13 to 17 or 18. Fees for boarders may be f300, f500, even f700 a year. A few go to public schools which are traditional with little meaning today and are restricted to a comparatively small section of the population, such as Eton, Harrow and Rugby. Public schools admit pupils at eleven, just like grammar schools. At the same time, all public schools except a few of recognized standard, are liable to be inspired by the state.
For some people, public schools are part of tradition and laid the foundations of English education. While state schools are not part of tradition: they are comparatively new, a means of extending education to the common people, imitating the public schools in some ways but generally inferior to them.
What?s more, younger children may attend a private preparatory school (for prep school) until the age of 13. The prep school curriculum differs considerably form that of the junior school, since its main target is not the …eleven plus?, but the …common entrance? examination at the age of thirteen. Latin, French and mathematics are all started early. For a child, most of the first term in a prep school will probably be miserable.
三·further and higher education
Formerly higher education was restricted to the rich. Now, thanks to the many scholarship awarded both by the state and local authorities, further and higher education is open to all intelligent pupils. At present, students studying science and technology are increasing to meet the needs of modern civilization.
Everyone has the right to higher education, but for economic or social reasons many people may not get the opportunity. So the government sets up an Open University which is open to everybody and doesn?t demand the same formal qualifications as the other university. It is non-residential, and the courses are followed in the students? spare time, while they carry on some other full-time occupation. Lectures are broadcast on TV and radio. The students attend evening classes run by education institutes. Open learning schemes enable people to obtain recognized qualifications, because at the end of the course successful students are awarded a university degree.
About three-quarters of income of British Universities are provided by the state, but they remain free from the control of the central government. This freedom is reflected in the different courses and degrees awarded by different universities. Take a man who a M.A (Master of Arts) for example, if he graduated at London it will be a second degree, gained after a B.A (Bachelor of Arts), while if he gained it in Scotland, it will be a first degree, since there is no Scottish B.A. Indeed, freedom is a feature of British education as a whole. It is a freedom which allows a valuable amount of experiment and adaptability.
In Britain, there are many superior universities, such as Oxford University, Cambridge University. Here I want to give some information about the two universities.
四．Two superior universities in Britain
Oxford University: the oldest university in the English-speaking world, dating from the twelfth century, containing 30 separate colleges, an internationally renowned centre for teaching and research, a member of the Russell Group of 19 research-intensive universities. John Ronald Reuel Tolkien and Edmond Halley were from it. Qian Zhongshu and his wife Y ang Jang won Oxford Doctor of literature.
Cambridge University: with about 20 separate colleges, dating from the 13th century, ranked one of the world?s top five universities, the leading university in Europe, a member of the Russell Group, the Coimbra Group, and the League of European Research universities. It contends with Oxford for first place in UK league tables. The university?s alumni include 87 Nobel Laureates to 2010. Newton, Byron and Russell graduated from her.
Two features of Oxford and Cambridge are widely admired, and are being gradually extended to other universities. One is the college system, whereby all students live in college during at least part of their course. The value of this lies in fostering a community spirit in which a useful mingling of intelligence can take place. In these two universities, colleges including tutors and students are largely self-governing. The other feature is the tutorial system, whereby each student gets personal tuition once a week in his tutor?s own room. This with a weekly program of private study is considered so important that students are not compelled to attend general lectures. So the tutor must be of high quality to attract students.
In Britain, the First Degree is admitted in all over the world, such as BA, BSC, LLB. What?s more, there are many degrees for undergraduate, such as MA, MSC, LLM, MBA.
The above-mentioned is the information about Britain?s educational system.
五·British educational system’s implication
As far as I?m concerned, I got four implications about it.
1. According to the study of study British educational system, we know that every child in Britain must by law receive full-time education form the age of five to fifteen. That is to say, British children between 5 to 13have access to education and receiving full-time education is their right, this regulation ensures British children?s right of receiving education. It do es help improve little pupils?quality. What?s more, this full-time education can help pupils ship a good character and set up a scientific value abou t the world and life. What?s more import ant, it is of great use for the society to decrease the amount of illiteracy and have more qualified people to gain more development steadily. Chinese government also promulgates laws and conduct 9 years?compulsory education to protect children?s rights to receive education. This does have great effect on both the students and the society.
2. In Britain, secondary school is divided into the selective and the comprehensive. This division is now under attack on both educational and social grounds. Under selective system, an examination called “eleven plus” may determine a child?s later life. So I think it?s impossible to determine a child?s ability by the results of a single examination taken at an early age. The society can?t judge a potential student correctly at his age. This system bears great resemblance with examinational education in china. In our country, student ability is determined by the University Entrance Examination. The students who pass it are called “great success”, while the others are called “absolute failures”. Well, so I think this isn?t scientific. However, the comprehensive system, by offering equality of opportunity, may help to overcome inequalities in home background. It gives pupils more fair chance to receive good education. Although the system for secondary schooling has shortcomings to some extent, it is still very good. But new ideas in addition must bee tried out to improve it.
3. In Britain, state schools whose official name is country schools are administered by the country or country borough. If parents send their children to state schools, they don?t have to pay anything. Education being free lessens parents? stress. Then the children are more likely to receive good education to be helpful men whatever their family backgrounds are. This let more children have access to education.
4. Two features of Oxford and Cambridge that are college system and the tutorial system are widely admired and are being gradually extended to other universities. Take the former for example. Under the collage system, all students live in collage during at least part of their course, and these colleges include tutors as well as students are largely self-governing. A student in foreign language college of Shan Dong Agriculture University, witness the quotation of these two features. In our university, there are 17 colleges. Every college is largely self-governing. But every collage must abide by our schools general regulation. Furthermore, in our second semester, we began choosing different kinds of classes all we like. We tend to choose the high qualified classes given by competent teachers. These two conditions make it clear that the two features are extended to our university.
All in all, the above-mentioned are the implications of British educational system I got. Everything has two sides. Although this system has some disadvantages, it is still superior in the world. As a Chinese, we should study more about it and use its strong points for reference to perfect our educational system to educate outstanding students and to make our society develop more and more quickly.
Bibliography
Essentials of British and American cultures Wai Y an press (Zhu Y ongtao) 《英美文化基础教程》外研社朱永涛编著
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英美文化概况简答论述 简答： 1.The Functions of Parliament ① First and foremost, it passes laws. ②provides the means of carrying on the work of government by voting for taxation. ③scrutinize government policy, administration and expenditure and to debate the major issues of the day. ④There are no legal restraints upon Parliament. However, it does not assert its supremacy, but bears the common law in mind and acts according to precedent. Strictly speaking, the Parliament today consists of the Queen, the House of Lords and the House of Commons. 2.George Washington George Washington was one of the founding fathers of the American Republic. He was the Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army in the War of Independence against the British colonial rule and the first President of the United States. 3.The Open University The Open University ―founded in the 1960’s for people who might not get the opportunity for higher educarion for economic and social reasons.It’s open to everybody and doesn’t demand the same formal educational qualifications as the other universities. Universities courses are following through TV, correspondence,videos and a net work of study centers. Ath the end of their studies at the Open University, successful students are awarded a university degree. Universities in the UK. 4.The strategy of Preemption In an address delivered to the West Point graduates, President Bush, for the first time, put forward the strategy of preemption（先发制人）, which is formalized in the National Security Strategy issued in Sept. 2002. By preemption, the US means that when it determines that a country which is repressive and hostile to the US has acquired or produced weapons of mass destruction（大规模杀伤性武器）or has the potential to possess such weapons, the US should use force to remove this threat to US security and should not wait till the danger becomes imminent or until the Us is attacked. This is known as Bush Doctrine. 5. Comprehensive schools Comprehensive schools are the most popular secondary schools in Britain today. Such schools admit children without reference to their academic abilities and provide a general education. Pupils can study everything from academic subjects like literature to more practical subjects like cooking. 6. The Bill of Rights The Bill of Rights consists of the first 10 amendments which were added to the Constitution in 1791. The Bill of Rights was passed to guarantee freedom and individual rights such as freedom of speech, the right to assemble in public places, the right to own weapons and so on.
高中英语 Unit 19 Language英美文化欣赏讲义 北师大版选修7
Unit 19 Language 【导读】《小王子》是法国作家安托万·德·圣·埃克苏佩里于1942年写成的著名儿童文学短篇小说。本书的主人公是来自外星球的小王子。书中以一位飞行员作为故事叙述者，讲述了小王子从自己星球出发前往地球的过程中，所经历的各种历险。作者以小王子的孩子式的眼光，透视出成人的空虚、盲目，愚妄和死板教条，用浅显天真的语言写出了人类的孤独寂寞、没有根基随风流浪的命运。同时，也表达出作者对金钱关系的批判，对真善美的讴歌。 Prince(Excerpt) It was then that the fox appeared. “Good morning，”said the fox. “Good morning，”the little prince responded politely, although when he turned around he saw nothing. “I am right here，” the voice said, “under the apple tree.” “Who are you？” asked the little prince, and added, “You are very pretty to look at.” “I am a fox，”said the fox. “Come and play with me，”proposed the little prince. “I am so unhappy.” “I cannot play with you，”the fox said. “I am not tamed.” “Ah! Please excuse me，” said the little prince. But, after some thought, he added: “What does that mean—‘tame’？” “You do not live here，” said the fox. “What is it that you are looking for？” “I am looking for men，” said the little prince. “What does that mean—‘tame’？” “Men，” said the fox. “They have guns, and they hunt. It is very disturbing. They also raise chickens. These are their only interests. Are you looking for chickens？” “No，”said the little prince. “I am looking for friends. What does that mean —‘tame’？” “It is an act too often neglected，”said the fox.“It means to establish ties.” “To establish ties？” “Just that，” said the fox. “To me, you are still nothing more than a little boy who is just like a hundred thousand other little boys. And I have no need of you. And you, on your part, have no need of me. To you, I am nothing more than a
英美文化与英汉翻译
Introductory Remarks ①．White elephant昂贵而无用的东西 ②．Yellow publications低级趣味出版物 ③．Lame duck跛鸭：不能连任的人 ④．Disinformation假情报 ⑤．Hegemony势力范围 ⑥．Mentor保护人 ⑦．Deep throat秘密消息的来源 ⑧．Paint lily多此一举 ⑨．Smoking gun确凿的犯罪证据 ⑩．Be in high cotton兴隆 ?．Barter trade交换贸易 ?．BBS电子布告栏系统 ?．Anonymous remailer匿名转信站 ?．Cybersalon网络咖啡厅 ?．Cyberspace网络世界 ?．Online prank网络恶作剧 ?．CPI消费者物价指数 ?．ISDN综合服务数字网络 ?．OPEC石油输出国组织 ?．Mitnick affair米尼克事件 21．World Wide Web万维网，全球信息网 22．Cellular phone蜂巢式移动电话 23．Genetic engineering遗传工程 24．The economics of Cloning复制人的经济分析 25．G-7七大工业国集团 26．Reaganomics里根经济学 27．Junk bond垃圾债券 28．Face the music了解美国军队惩罚违纪士兵的方式方法 29．Talk turkey了解美国白人的伪善 30．Come down to the brass tacks了解美国工人的过去 31．Go to the dogs了解英美人破产的辛酸 32．Samaritan源自《圣经》中，指乐善好施者 33．Green Berets指头戴绿色贝雷帽的美国特种部队 34．An Eagle Scout指美国的飞鹰童子军 35．American Dream表意是“美国梦” 36．Forbes list指美国《富布斯》富翁排行榜 37．Madison Avenue是麦迪逊大街，代指美国广告中心 38．A rags-to-riches legacy是美国梦的一个重要的内容，指“留下一笔‘白手起家发财’的遗产” 39．Social Security指美国的“社会保障条例” 40．Medicare指美国为65岁以上的老人专设的“老年保健医疗制” 41．Negative income tax指美国社会的“最低收入补贴” 42．A scapegoat替罪羊
高中英语Unit2Growingpains英美文化欣赏教案牛津译林版必修1
英美文化欣赏 [导读] 《大卫·科波菲尔》是著名作家狄更斯的代表作之一。阅读下面选取的有关成长中的烦恼的节选，对比中外文化中对成长烦恼态度的异同。 David was sent to school In Yarmouth I was put on the long-distance coach to London，and travelled all through the night.At the coach station in London，I was collected by a teacher，Mr.Mell，and taken to Salem House，the school which the Murdstones had chosen for me. The school was a large old building with a dusty playground，surrounded by a high brick wall.It looked strangely deserted.I was very surprised to find that none of the boys were there，and was told that they were all on holiday，and that I had been sent there during the holidays as a punishment for my wickedness①.The headmaster and teachers were on holiday too，all except for Mr.Mell，who had to look after me. I spent a whole month in that miserable② place，doing my lessons in the dirty，empty classroom，which smelt of old food and unwashed boys.Every evening I had to eat my supper with Mr.Mell，and then go straight to bed.The worst thing was the sign I had to wear round my neck.It said：BE CAREFUL！HE BITES.I was only allowed to take it off when I went to bed. Although I was extremely lonely and unhappy at this time，I was not looking forward to meeting all the other boys.I felt sure they would laugh at me and especially at the sign I was forced to wear.But one day Mr.Mell told me that the headmaster，Mr.Creakle，had returned，and wanted to see me.So I went，trembling③，to his part of the house. I realized at once that Mr.Creakle lived much more comfortably than the boys or the teachers.He was a small，fat man with a purple nose，who was sitting in an armchair with a bottle of wine and a glass in front of him. “So，this is the boy who bites，is it？”he asked unpleasantly.“I know your stepfather，boy.He's a man of strong character，he is.He knows me，and I know him.Do you know me？Answer me，boy！”He pulled violently④ at my ear. “Not yet，sir，”I answered，tears of pain in my eyes. “Ah，but you soon will！Oh yes，I have a strong character too，you'll see！”He banged⑤ his hand hard on the table. I was very frightened，but I made myself ask the question I had been considering for a whole month.“Please，sir，I'm very sorry for what I did to Mr.Murdstone.Could
《英美文化概况》
《英美文化概况》(13) 中国石油大学（北京）2013--2014学年第一学期 《英美文化概况》期末考试试卷A（闭卷考试） 班级：________ 姓名： _______ 学号： ______ Part I Tell whether each of the following statements is true or false. （20 分） 1._________ The best-k nown En glish lege nd, King Arthur, derives from the Anglo- Saxons ' time. 2._________ English drama flourished during Elizabeth I era. 3._________ After World War II, the British economy became the 2nd largest power in the world. 4._________ America was named after the great discoverer Amerigo Vespucci.
5._________ Britain is situated in Western Europe. 6._________ The Lake District is closely related with English literature in the 19 th century. 7._________ The Iongest river in North America is the Missouri River. 8._________ Com mon laws are laws which have bee n established through common practice in the courts. 9.________ The "Bill of Rights" was added to the Constitution in 1791. 10.________ Most heavily populated districts have more senators than the small states. 11._______ The United States has two major political parties: the Democratic Party and the Conservative Party. 12.________ Tolerance and respect for others are central to the way of life in the U.K. 13.________ The Protestant Church and the Catholic Church are two major groups in Christianity. 14.________ The second largest religious group in the U.K. is Buddhism. 15. _______ The University of Oxford is the second oldest university in the English-speaking world. 16. _______ Easter Day is to celebrate Christ 's resurrection from the dead.
2019-2020同步外研英语必修三新突破讲义：Module 4 英美文化欣赏 Word版含答案
【导读】 《双城记》是英国作家查尔斯·狄更斯所著的一部以法国大革命为背景的长篇历史小说。故事中将巴黎、伦敦两个大城市连结起来，围绕着马内特医生一家和以德法日夫妇为首的圣安东尼区展开故事。 A Tale of T w o Cities(excerpt) In Monsieur Defarge's wine-shop in Saint Antoine customers came and went all the time.They came to drink the thin，rough wine，but more often they came to listen and to talk，and to wait for news. One day there were more customers than usual.Defarge had been away for three days，and when he returned that morning，he brought a stranger with him，a man who repaired roads. “Madam，”Defarge said to his wife，“this man，who is called Jacques，has walked a long way with me.”One customer got up and went out.“This mender of roads，”continued Defarge，“who is called Jacques，is a good man.Give him something to drink.”A second man got up and went out.The man who repaired roads sat down and drank.A third man got up and went out. “Have you finished，my friend？”said Defarge.“Then come and see the room I promised you.” They went upstairs，to the room where Dr Manette had sat making shoes.The three men who had left the wine-shop were waiting.Defarge spoke to them：“No names.You are Jacques One，Jacques Two and Jacques Three.I am Jacques Four.This is Jacques Five.He brings us news of our poor friend Gaspard，whose child was killed by the Marquis's coach a year ago.” “I first saw Gaspard，”said Jacques Five，“holding on under the Marquis's coach as it drove into our village.He ran away，but that night the Marquis was murdered.Gaspard disappeared and was only caught a few weeks ago.The soldiers brought him into the village and hanged him.And they have left his body hanging in the village square，where the women go to fetch water，and our children play.”,《双城记》(节选) 在圣安东尼德法日先生的酒店里，顾客们来来往往络绎不绝。他们来这儿喝