北大出版社_曼昆_宏观经济学_第六版_最新全英题库_有答案_23章
Chapter 23 Measuring a Nation's Income
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Macroeconomists study
a. the decisions of individual households and firms.
b. the interaction between households and firms.
c. economy-wide phenomena.
d. regulations imposed on firms and unions.
ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: 10-0 NAT: Analytic
LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Macroeconomics
MSC: Definitional
2. Which of the following newspaper headlines is more closely related to what microeconomists study
than to what macroeconomists study?
a. Unemployment rate rises from 5 percent to 5.5 percent.
b. Real GDP grows by 3.1 percent in the third quarter.
c. Retail sales at stores show large gains.
d. The price of oranges rises after an early frost.
ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 10-0 NAT: Analytic
LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Macroeconomics
MSC: Interpretive
3. Which of the following questions is more likely to be studied by a microeconomist than a macroeco-
nomist?
a. Why do prices in general rise by more in some countries than in others?
b. Why do wages differ across industries?
c. Why do national production and income increase in some periods and not in others?
d. How rapidly is GDP currently increasing?
ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 10-0 NAT: Analytic
LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Macroeconomics
MSC: Interpretive
4. Which of the following topics are more likely to be studied by a macroeconomist than by a micro-
economist?
a. the effect of taxes on the prices of airline tickets, and the profitability of
automobile-manufacturing firms
b. the price of beef, and wage differences between genders
c. how consumers maximize utility, and how prices are established in markets for agricultural
products
d. the percentage of the labor force that is out of work, and differences in average income from
country to country
ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 10-0 NAT: Analytic
LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Macroeconomics
MSC: Interpretive
5. We would expect a macroeconomist, as opposed to a microeconomist, to be particularly interested in
a. explaining how economic changes affect prices of particular goods.
b. devising policies to deal with market failures such as externalities and market power.
c. devising policies to promote low inflation.
d. identifying those markets that are competitive and those that are not competitiv
e.
ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 10-0 NAT: Analytic
LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Macroeconomics
MSC: Interpretive
1
2 ?Chapter 23/Measuring a Nation's Income
6. Which of the following is not a question that macroeconomists address?
a. Why is average income high in some countries while it is low in others?
b. Why does the price of oil rise when war erupts in the Middle East?
c. Why do production and employment expand in some years and contract in others?
d. Why do prices rise rapidly in some periods of time while they are more stable in other periods? ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 10-0 NAT: Analytic
LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Macroeconomics
MSC: Interpretive
7. The basic tools of supply and demand are
a. useful only in the analysis of economic behavior in individual markets.
b. useful in analyzing the overall economy, but not in analyzing individual markets.
c. central to microeconomic analysis, but seldom used in macroeconomic analysis.
d. central to macroeconomic analysis as well as to microeconomic analysis.
ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 10-0 NAT: Analytic
LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Supply and demand
MSC: Definitional
8. Which of the following statistics is usually regarded as the best single measure of a society’s ec o-
nomic well-being?
a. the unemployment rate
b. the inflation rate
c. gross domestic product
d. the trade deficit
ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: 10-0 NAT: Analytic
LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: GDP
MSC: Definitional
9. GDP
a. is used to monitor the performance of the overall economy but is not the single best measure of a
society’s economic well-being.
b. is used to monitor the performance of the overall economy and is the single best measure of a
society’s economic well-being.
c. is not used to monitor the performance of the overall economy but is the single best measure of a
society’s economic well-being.
d. is not used to monitor the performance of the overall economy and is not the single best measure
of a society’s economic well-being.
ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: 10-0 NAT: Analytic
LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: GDP
MSC: Definitional
THE ECONOMY'S INCOME AND EXPENDITURE
1. Gross domestic product measures
a. income and expenditures.
b. income but not expenditures.
c. expenditures but not income.
d. neither income nor expenditures.
ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 10-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: GDP
MSC: Interpretive
Chapter 23 /Measuring a Nation's Income ? 3
2. Expenditures on a nation’s domestic production
a. are less than its domestic production.
b. are equal to its domestic production.
c. are greater than its domestic production.
d. could be less than, equal to, or greater than its domestic production.
ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: 10-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: GDP
MSC: Definitional
3. Income generated by a nation’s domestic production
a. is less than its domestic production.
b. is equal to its domestic production.
c. is greater than its domestic production.
d. could be less than, equal to, or greater than its domestic production.
ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: 10-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: GDP
MSC: Definitional
4. For an economy as a whole,
a. wages must equal profit.
b. consumption must equal saving.
c. income must equal expenditure.
d. the number of buyers must equal the number of sellers.
ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 10-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: GDP
MSC: Interpretive
5. Which of the following statements about GDP is correct?
a. GDP measures two things at once: the total income of everyone in the economy and the
total expenditure on the economy’s output of goods and services.
b. Money continuously flows from households to firms and then back to households, and
GDP measures this flow of money.
c. GDP is generally regarded as the best single measure of a society’s economic
well-being.
d. All of the above are correct.
ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 10-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: GDP
MSC: Interpretive
6. Because every transaction has a buyer and a seller,
a. GDP is more closely associated with an economy’s income than it is with an economy’s
expenditure.
b. every transaction contributes equally to an economy’s income and to its expenditure.
c. the number of firms must be equal to the number of households in a simple
circular-flow diagram.
d. firms’ profits are necessarily zero in a simple circular-flow diagram.
ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 10-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Circular flow
MSC: Interpretive
4 ?Chapter 23/Measuring a Nation's Income
7. For an economy as a whole, income must equal expenditure because
a. the number of firms is equal to the number of households in an economy.
b. individuals can only spend what they earn each period.
c. every dollar of spending by some buyer is a dollar of income for some seller.
d. every dollar of saving by some consumer is a dollar of spending by some other
consumer.
ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 10-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Circular flow
MSC: Interpretive
8. If an economy’s GDP falls, then it must be the case that the economy’s
a. income falls and saving rises.
b. income and saving both fall.
c. income falls and expenditure rises.
d. income and expenditure both fall.
ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 10-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: GDP
MSC: Interpretive
9. If an economy’s GDP rises, then it must be the case that the economy’s
a. income rises and saving falls.
b. income and saving both rise.
c. income rises and expenditure falls.
d. income and expenditure both ris
e.
ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 10-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: GDP
MSC: Interpretive
10. Which of the following statements about GDP is correct?
a. GDP measures two things at once: the total income of everyone in the economy and the
unemployment rate of the economy’s labor force.
b. Money continuously flows from households to government and then back to
households, and GDP measures this flow of money.
c. GDP is to a nation’s economy as household income is to a househol
d.
d. All of the above are correct.
ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 10-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: GDP
MSC: Interpretive
11. In a simple circular-flow diagram, total income and total expenditure are
a. never equal because total income always exceeds total expenditure.
b. seldom equal because of the ongoing changes in an economy’s unemployment rat e.
c. equal only when the government purchases no goods or services.
d. always equal because every transaction has a buyer and a seller.
ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 10-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Understanding and applying economic models TOP: Circular flow
MSC: Interpretive
Chapter 23 /Measuring a Nation's Income ? 5
12. In a simple circular-flow diagram,
a. households spend all of their income.
b. all goods and services are bought by households.
c. expenditures flow through the markets for goods and services, while income flows
through the markets for the factors of production.
d. All of the above are correct.
ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 10-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Understanding and applying economic models TOP: Circular flow
MSC: Interpretive
13. In a simple circular-flow diagram, firms use the money they get from a sale to
a. pay wages to workers.
b. pay rent to landlords.
c. pay profit to the firms’ owners.
d. All of the above are correct.
ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 10-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Understanding and applying economic models TOP: Circular flow
MSC: Definitional
14. In a simple circular-flow diagram, households buy goods and services with the income they
get from
a. wages.
b. rents.
c. profits.
d. All of the above are correct.
ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 10-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Understanding and applying economic models TOP: Circular flow
MSC: Definitional
15. In the actual economy, households
a. spend all of their income.
b. divide their income among spending, taxes, and saving.
c. buy all goods and services produced in the economy.
d. Both (a) and (c) are correct.
ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 10-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Understanding and applying economic models TOP: Circular flow
MSC: Interpretive
16. Total income from the domestic production of final goods and services equals
a. only household expenditures for these goods.
b. only household and business expenditures for these goods.
c. only household and government expenditures for these goods.
d. the expenditures for these goods whoever buys them.
ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 10-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Circular flow
MSC: Definitional
6 ?Chapter 23/Measuring a Nation's Income
17. In the actual economy, goods and services are purchased by
a. households, but not firms or the government.
b. households and firms, but not the government.
c. households and the government, but not firms.
d. households, firms, and the government.
ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 10-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Understanding and applying economic models TOP: Circular flow
MSC: Interpretive
18. According to the circular-flow diagram GDP
a. can be computed as the total income paid by firms or as expenditures on final goods and
services.
b. can be computed as the total income paid by firms, but not as expenditures on final
goods and services.
c. can be computed as expenditures on final goods and services, but not as the total income
paid by firms.
d. cannot be computed as either total income paid by firms or expenditures on final goods
and services.
ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 10-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Circular flow
MSC: Definitional
19. According to the circular-flow diagram GDP
a. can be computed as either the revenue firms receive from the sales of goods and
services or the payments they make to factors of production.
b. can be computed as the revenue firms receive from the sales of goods and services but
not as the payments they make to factors of production.
c. can be computed as payments firms make to factors of production but not as revenues
they receive from the sales of goods and services.
d. cannot be computed as either the revenue firms receive or the payments they make to
factors of production.
ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 10-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Circular flow
MSC: Definitional
THE MEASUREMENT OF GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT
1. GDP is defined as the
a. value of all goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time.
b. value of all goods and services produced by the citizens of a country, regardless of
where they are living, in a given period of time.
c. value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of
time.
d. value of all final goods and services produced by the citizens of a country, regardless of
where they are living, in a given period of time.
ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic
LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Domestic production MSC: Definitional
Chapter 23 /Measuring a Nation's Income ?7
2. Which of the following is a way to compute GDP?
a. add up the wages paid to all workers
b. add up the quantities of all final goods and services
c. add up the market values of all final goods and services
d. add up the difference between the market values of all final goods and services and then
subtract the costs of producing those goods and services
ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic
LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Market value
MSC: Interpretive
3. In order to include many different goods and services in an aggregate measure, GDP is
computed using, primarily,
a. values of goods and services based on surveys of consumers.
b. market prices.
c. quantities purchased by a typical urban househol
d.
d. profits from producing goods and services.
ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic
LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Market value
MSC: Interpretive
4. Gross domestic product adds together many different kinds of goods and services into a sin-
gle measure of the value of economic activity. To do this, GDP makes use of
a. market prices.
b. statistical estimates of the value of goods and services to consumers.
c. prices based on the assumption that producers make no profits.
d. the maximum amount consumers would be willing to pay.
ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic
LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Market value
MSC: Interpretive
5. In computing GDP, market prices are used to value final goods and services because
a. market prices do not change much over time, so it is easy to make comparisons between
years.
b. market prices reflect the values of goods and services.
c. market prices reflect the quantity sol
d.
d. None of the above is correct; market prices are not used in computing GDP.
ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic
LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Market value
MSC: Interpretive
6. If the price of a Blu-Ray Disc player is three times the price of an MP3 player, then a
Blue-Ray Disc player contributes
a. more than three times as much to GDP as does a MP3 player.
b. less than three times as much to GDP as does a MP3 player.
c. exactly three times as much to GDP as does a MP3 player.
d. None of the above is necessarily correct.
ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic
LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Market value
MSC: Applicative
8 ?Chapter 23/Measuring a Nation's Income
7. Suppose that an economy produces 40,000 units of good A which sells at $4 a unit and
20,000 units of good B which sells at $5 per unit. Production of good A contributes
a. 2 times as much to GDP as the production of good B.
b. 8/5 times as much to GDP as the production of good B.
c. 5/4 times as much to GDP as the production of good B.
d. 4/5 times as much to GDP as production of good B.
ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic
LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Market value MSC: Applicative
8. Suppose that an economy produces 30,000 units of good A which sells at $3 a unit and
60,000 units of good B which sells at $2 per unit. Production of good A contributes
a. 1/2 times as much to GDP as the production of good B.
b. 3/2 times as much to GDP as the production of good B.
c. 3/4 times as much to GDP as the production of good B.
d. 4/3 times as much to GDP as production of good B.
ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic
LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Market value
MSC: Applicative
9. Which of the following is included in GDP?
a. the market value of rental housing services, but not the market value of owner-occupied
housing services.
b. the market value of owner-occupied housing services, but not the market value of rental
housing services
c. both the market value of rental housing services and the market value of
owner-occupied housing services
d. neither the market value of owner-occupied housing services nor the market value of
rental housing services.
ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic
LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Housing services MSC: Definitional
10. The value of the housing services provided by the economy's owner-occupied houses is
a. included in GDP, and the estimated rental values of the houses are used to place a value
on these housing services.
b. included in GDP, and the actual mortgage payments made on the houses are used to
estimate the value of these rental services.
c. excluded from GDP since these services are not sold in any market.
d. excluded from GDP since the value of these housing services cannot be estimated with
any degree of precision.
ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic
LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Housing services MSC: Definitional
Chapter 23 /Measuring a Nation's Income ?9 11. Suppose an apartment complex converts to a condominium, so that the former renters are
now owners of their housing units. Suppose further that a current estimate of the value of
the condominium owners' housing services is the same as the rent they previously paid.
What happens to GDP as a result of this conversion?
a. GDP necessarily increases.
b. GDP necessarily decreases.
c. GDP is unaffected because neither the rent nor the estimate of the value owner-occupied
housing services is included in GDP.
d. GDP is unaffected because previously the rent payments were included in GDP and now
the rent payments are replaced in GDP by the estimate of the value of owner occupied
housing services.
ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic
LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Housing services
MSC: Applicative
12. James owns two houses. He rents one house to the Johnson family for $10,000 per year.
He lives in the other house. If he were to rent the house in which he lives, he could earn
$12,000 per year in rent. How much do the housing services provided by the two houses
contribute to GDP?
a. $0
b. $10,000
c. $12,000
d. $22,000
ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic
LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Housing services
MSC: Applicative
13. Ryan lives in an apartment where he pays $7,000 a year in rent. Alexis lives in a house
that could be rented for $14,000 a year. How much do these housing services contribute to
GDP?
a. $21,000
b. $14,000
c. $7,000
d. $0
ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic
LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Housing services
MSC: Applicative
14. Most goods and services produced at home
a. and most goods and services produced illegally are included in GDP.
b. are included in GDP while most goods and services produced illegally are excluded
from GDP.
c. are excluded from GDP while most goods and services produced illegally are included
in GDP
d. and most goods and services produced illegally are excluded from GDP.
ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic
LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics
TOP: Household chores | Illegal goodsMSC: Definitional
10 ?Chapter 23/Measuring a Nation's Income
15. GDP excludes most items that are produced and sold illegally and most items that are pro-
duced and consumed at home because
a. the quality of these items is not high enough to contribute value to GDP.
b. measuring them is so difficult.
c. the government wants to discourage the production and consumption of these items.
d. these items are not reported on income tax forms.
ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic
LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Illegal goods
MSC: Interpretive
16. Estimates of the values of which of the following non-market goods or services are included
in GDP?
a. the value of unpaid housework
b. the value of services provided by major household appliances purchased in a previous
period
c. the estimated rental value of owner-occupied homes
d. All of the above are included in GDP.
ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic
LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics
TOP: Housing services | Household chores MSC: Applicative
17. Over the last few decades, Americans have chosen to cook less at home and eat more at res-
taurants. This change in behavior, by itself, has
a. reduced measured GDP.
b. not affected measured GDP.
c. increased measured GDP by the value of the restaurant meals.
d. increased measured GDP by the value added by the restaurant’s preparation and serving
of the meals.
ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic
LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Household chores MSC: Applicative
18. Over time, people have come to rely more on market-produced goods and services and less
on goods and services they produce for themselves. For example, busy people with high incomes, rather than cleaning their own houses, hire people to clean their houses. By itself, this change has
a. caused measured GDP to fall.
b. not caused any change in measured GDP.
c. caused measured GDP to rise.
d. probably changed measured GDP, but in an uncertain direction; the direction of the
change depends on the difference in the quality of the cleaning that has resulted. ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic
LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Household chores MSC: Applicative
Chapter 23 /Measuring a Nation's Income ?11 19. Ralph pays someone to mow his lawn, while Mike mows his own lawn. Regarding these
two practices, which of the following statements is correct?
a. Only Ralph’s payments are included in GDP.
b. Ralph’s payments as well as the estimated value of Mike’s mowing services are
included in GDP.
c. Neither Ralph’s payments nor the estimated value of Mike's mowing services is
included in GDP.
d. Ralph’s payments are included in GDP, while the estimated value of Mike’s mowing
services is included in GDP only if Mike voluntarily provides his estimate of that value
to the government.
ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic
LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Household chores
MSC: Interpretive
20. Susan switches from going to Speedy Lube for an oil change to changing the oil in her car
herself. Which of the following is correct? The value of changing the oil is
a. included in GDP whether Susan pays Speedy Lube to change it or changes it herself.
b. included in GDP if Susan pays Speedy Lube to change it but not if she changes it
herself.
c. included in GDP if Susan changes it herself, but not if she pays Speedy Lube to change
it.
d. not included in GDP whether Susan pays Speedy lube to change it or she changes it
herself.
ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic
LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Household chores
MSC: Applicative
21. Rachel babysits for her sister for no pay. When she babysits for someone else she charges
$8 an hour. When is Rachel’s babysitting included in GDP?
a. When she babysits for her sister and when she babysits for someone else.
b. When she babysits for her sister, but not when she babysits for someone else.
c. When she babysits for someone else, but not when she babysits for her sister.
d. Neither when she babysits for her sister nor for someone els
e.
ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic
LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: GDP
MSC: Interpretive
22. Which of the following is not included in GDP?
a. carrots grown in your garden and eaten by your family
b. carrots purchased at a farmer’s market and eaten by your family
c. carrots purchased at a grocery store and eaten by your family
d. None of the above are included in GDP.
ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic
LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Household chores
MSC: Applicative
12 ?Chapter 23/Measuring a Nation's Income
23. A professional gambler moves from a state where gambling is illegal to a state where gam-
bling is legal. Most of his income was, and continues to be, from gambling. His move
a. raises GDP.
b. decreases GDP.
c. doesn't change GDP because gambling is never included in GDP.
d. doesn't change GDP because in either case his income is included.
ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic
LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Illegal goods
MSC: Applicative
24. If a state made a previously-illegal activity, such as gambling or prostitution, legal, then,
other things equal, GDP
a. decreases.
b. increases.
c. doesn't change because both legal and illegal production are included in GDP.
d. doesn't change because these activities are never included in GDP.
ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic
LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Illegal goods
MSC: Applicative
25. Which of the following is included in GDP?
a. medical marijuana purchased from a government-run pharmacy by a glaucoma patient
b. recreational marijuana purchased from a drug dealer by a college student
c. recreational marijuana produced and consumed by a man in his attic
d. All of the above are included in GDP.
ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic
LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Illegal goods
MSC: Applicative
26. Darin grows and sells marijuana to Jennifer. Thomas is an organic farmer who sells broc-
coli to Jennifer. Marijuana is an illegal good and broccoli is a legal good. Assume that if Jennifer marries either, they give her what they use to sell her. Which of the following statements is consistent with the way GDP is computed?
a. GDP will fall if Jennifer marries either Darin or Thomas..
b. GDP will fall if Jennifer marries Darin but not if she marries Thomas.
c. GDP will fall if Jennifer marries Thomas but not if she marries Darin.
d. GDP remains the same whether Jennifer marries Darin or Thomas.
ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic
LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Illegal goods
MSC: Applicative
27. Spots, Inc. produces ink and sells it to Write on Target, which makes pens. The ink pro-
duced by Spots, Inc. is called
a. an inventory good.
b. a transitory good.
c. a final goo
d.
d. an intermediate good.
ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic
LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Intermediate goods MSC: Definitional
Chapter 23 /Measuring a Nation's Income ?13
28. The purchase of rice produced this period is included in GDP if the rice is
a. used in a meal a restaurant sells during the same period they buy the rice.
b. purchased by a family who uses it to make tuna casserole for its supper.
c. purchased by a frozen food company to increase its inventory.
d. B and C are correct.
ANS: D DIF: 3 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic
LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Intermediate goods
MSC: Interpretive
29. A farmer sells $50,000 of apples to individuals who take them home to eat and $75,000 of
apples to a company that uses them all to produce cider. How much of the farmer’s sales
will be included as apples in GDP?
a. $0
b. $50,000
c. $75,000
d. $125,000
ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic
LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Intermediate goods
MSC: Applicative
30. Sam, an American citizen, prepares meals for his family at home. Ellen, a Canadian citi-
zen, commutes to the U.S. to help prepare meals at a restaurant in Idaho. Whose value of
services preparing meals is included in U.S. GDP?
a. Sam’s and Ellen’s.
b. Sam’s but not Ellen’s.
c. Ellen’s but not Sam’s.
d. Nether Sam’s nor Ellen’s.
ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic
LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics
TOP: Domestic production | Household chores MSC: Interpretive
31. Grapes are considered intermediate goods
a. whether the purchaser uses them to make wine to sell or eats them.
b. if the purchaser uses them to make wine to sell others but not if the purchaser eats them.
c. if the purchaser eats them, but not if the purchaser uses to them to make wine to sell.
d. None of the above is correct.
ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic
LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Intermediate goods
MSC: Interpretive
32. Gasoline is considered a final good if it is sold by a
a. gasoline station to a bus company that operates a bus route between San Francisco and
Los Angeles.
b. pipeline operator to a gasoline station in San Francisco.
c. gasoline station to a motorist in Los Angeles.
d. All of the above are correct.
ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic
LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Intermediate goods
MSC: Interpretive
14 ?Chapter 23/Measuring a Nation's Income
33. A steel company sells some steel to a bicycle company for $150. The bicycle company
uses the steel to produce a bicycle, which it sells for $250. Taken together, these two
transactions contribute
a. $150 to GDP.
b. $250 to GDP.
c. between $250 and $400 to GDP, depending on the profit earned by the bicycle company
when it sold the bicycle.
d. $400 to GDP.
ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic
LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Intermediate goods MSC: Applicative
34. Al’s Aluminum Company sells $1 million worth of aluminum to Shiny Foil Company,
which uses the aluminum to make aluminum foil. Shiny Foil Company sells $4 million worth of aluminum foil to households. The transactions just described contribute how
much to GDP?
a. $1 million
b. $3 million
c. $4 million
d. $5 million
ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic
LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Intermediate goods MSC: Applicative
35. One bag of flour is sold for $1.00 to a bakery, which uses the flour to bake bread that is sold
for $3.00 to consumers. A second bag of flour is sold for $1 to a grocery store who sells it to a consumer for $2.00. Taking these four transactions into account, what is the effect on GDP?
a. GDP increases by $3.00.
b. GDP increases by $5.00.
c. GDP increases by $6.00.
d. GDP increases by $7.00.
ANS: B DIF: 3 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic
LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Intermediate goods MSC: Analytical
36. One bag of oranges is sold for $6.00 to a company that turns them into juice which is sold to
consumers for $12.00. Another bag of oranges is purchased by a grocery store for $6.00 who then sells it to a consumer for $7. Taking these four transactions into account, how much is added to GDP?
a. $31
b. $25
c. $19
d. None of the above is correct.
ANS: C DIF: 3 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic
LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Intermediate goods MSC: Analytical
Chapter 23 /Measuring a Nation's Income ?15 37. A painter pays $500 for paint he uses to repaint a house. He then presents a bill for $1200
that covers his time and expenses to the homeowner. How much do these transactions
add to GDP?
a. $500
b. $700
c. $1200
d. $1700
ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic
LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Intermediate goods
MSC: Applicative
38. Bountiful Harvest Bakery buys $4.00 of flour from Grinkers’ Mill and uses the flour to
make bread sold to the public for $12.00. Taking these two transactions into account, what
is the effect on GDP?
a. GDP increases by $4.00
b. GDP increases by $8.00
c. GDP increases by $12.00
d. GDP increases by $16.00
ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic
LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Intermediate goods
MSC: Analytical
39. Janet bought flour and used it to bake bread she ate. ABC Bakery bought flour which it
used to bake bread that customers purchased. In which case will the flour be counted as a
final good?
a. Janet’s purchase and ABC Bakery’s purchase.
b. ABC Bakery’s purchase but not Janet’s purchase.
c. Janet’s purchase but not ABC Bakery’s purchase.（自己做面包吃时面粉不是中间产
物？
d. Neither Janet’s purchase nor ABC Bakery’s purchas
e.
ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic
LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Intermediate goods
MSC: Interpretive
40. Tim mows the yard for his neighbors. He spends $1 on gas and charges them $20 for each
lawn he mows. What’s the total contribution t o GDP each time Tim mows a yard?
a. $1
b. $19
c. $20（交通费也是中间产物
d. $21
ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic
LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Intermediate goods
MSC: Applicative
41. Suppose there are only two firms in an economy: Cowhide, Inc. produces leather and sells it
to Couches, Inc., which produces and sells leather furniture. With each $1,000 of leather
that it buys from Cowhide, Inc., Couches, Inc. produces a couch and sells it for $3,000.
Neither firm had any inventory at the beginning of 2009. During that year, Cowhide pro-
duced enough leather for 20 couches. Couches, Inc. bought 80% of that leather for
$16,000 and promised to buy the remaining 20% for $4,000 in 2010. Couches, Inc. pro-
16 ?Chapter 23/Measuring a Nation's Income
duced 16 couches during 2009 and sold each one during that year for $3,000. What was the economy's GDP for 2009?
a. $48,000
b. $52,000（关键不是承诺买不买，而是生产这么多卖不出去算投资
c. $64,000
d. $68,000
ANS: B DIF: 3 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic
LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Intermediate goods MSC: Analytical
42. Suppose there are only two firms in an economy: Rolling Rawhide produces rawhide and
sells it to Chewy Chomp, Inc., which uses the rawhide to produce and sell dog chews.
With each $2 of rawhide that it buys from Rolling Rawhide, Chewy Chomp, Inc. produces a dog chew and sells it for $5. Neither firm had any inventory at the beginning of 2008.
During that year, Rolling Rawhide produced enough rawhide for 1000 dog chews. Chewy Chomp, Inc. bought 75% of that rawhide for $1500 and promised to buy the remaining 25% for $500 in 2009. Chewy Chomp, Inc. produced 750 dog chews during 2008 and sold each one during that year for $5. What was the economy's GDP for 2008?
a. $3750
b. $4250(500+750*5)
c. $5250
d. $5750
ANS: B DIF: 3 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic
LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Intermediate goods MSC: Analytical
43. In 2009, Corny Company grows and sells $2 million worth of corn to Tasty Cereal Compa-
ny, which makes corn flakes. Tasty Cereal Company produces $6 million worth of corn flakes in 2009, with sales to households during the year of $4.5 million. The unsold $1.5 million worth of corn flakes remains in Tasty Cereal Company’s inventory at the end of
2009. The transactions just described contribute how much to GDP for 2009?
a. $4.5 million
b. $6 million(卖不出去的算投资
c. $6.5 million
d. $8 million
ANS: B DIF: 3 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic
LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Intermediate goods MSC: Analytical
44. Whip-It manufactures blenders. In 2009 it had $50,000 of blenders in inventory. In 2010
it sold $300,000 of blenders to consumers and had $40,000 of blenders in inventory.
How much did blenders produced by Whip-it add to GDP in 2010?
a. $340,000
b. $310,000
c. $300,000
d. $290,000(30,0000-50,000+40,000
ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic
LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Intermediate goods MSC: Analytical
Chapter 23 /Measuring a Nation's Income ?17 45. A newspaper article informs you that most businesses reduced production in the last quarter
but also sold from their inventories during the last quarter. Based on this information GDP
likely
a. increased.
b. decreased.
c. stayed the same.
d. may have increased, decreased, or stayed the sam
e.
ANS: B DIF: 3 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic
LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Inventory
MSC: Analytical
46. Which of the following domestically produced items is not included in GDP?
a. a bottle of shampoo
b. a hairdryer
c. a haircut
d. All of the above are included in GDP.
ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic
LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Goods and services
MSC: Interpretive
47. Which of the following is not included in GDP?
a. a can of bug spray
b. the services of an exterminator
c. the honey produced and sold by a beekeeper
d. All of the above are included in GDP.
ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic
LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Goods and services
MSC: Interpretive
48. Gross domestic product includes all
a. legal and illegal final goods, but it excludes all legal and illegal final services.
b. legal and illegal final goods and all legal and illegal final services.
c. legal final goods and services, but it excludes illegal final goods and services.
d. legal and illegal final goods and legal final services, but it excludes illegal final services. ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic
LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Goods and services
MSC: Interpretive
49. Transactions involving items produced in the past, such as the sale of a 5-year-old automo-
bile by a used car dealership or the purchase of an antique rocking chair by a person at a
yard sale, are
a. included in current GDP because GDP measures the value of all goods and services sold
in the current year.
b. included in current GDP but valued at their original prices.
c. not included in current GDP because it is difficult to determine their value.
d. not included in current GDP because GDP only measures the value of goods and
services produced in the current year.
ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic
LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Current production
MSC: Applicative
18 ?Chapter 23/Measuring a Nation's Income
50. Which of the following transactions would be included in GDP for 2010?
a. In February 2010, Amanda sells a 1996 Honda Accord to Isabella.
b. In February 2010, Amanda buys a ticket to visit a zoo in Florida. She visits the zoo in
April 2011.
c. In December 2010, Isabella eats onions that she harvested from her backyard garden in
October 2010.
d. All of the above are correct.
ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic
LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Current production MSC: Applicative
51. George lived in a home that was newly constructed in 2005 for which he paid $200,000.
In 2008 he sold the house for $225,000. Which of the following statements is correct re-garding the sale of the house?
a. The 2008 sale increased 2008 GDP by $225,000 and had no effect on 2005 GDP.
b. The 2008 sale increased 2008 GDP by $25,000 and had no effect on 2005 GDP.
c. The 2008 sale increased 2008 GDP by $225,000; furthermore, the 2008 sale caused
2005 GDP to be revised upward by $25,000.
d. The 2008 sale affected neither 2008 GDP nor 2005 GDP.
ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic
LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Current production MSC: Applicative
52. The Patersons bought a home that was newly constructed in 2007 for $275,000. They
sold the home in 2009 for $205,000. Which of the following statements is correct regard-ing the sale of the house?
a. The 2009 sale increased 2009 GDP by $205,000 and had no effect on 2007 GDP.
b. The 2009 sale reduced 2009 GDP by $70,000 and had no effect on 2007 GDP.
c. The 2009 sale increased 2009 GDP by $205,000; and caused 2007 GDP to be revised
downward by $70,000.
d. The 2009 sale affected neither 2007 GDP nor 2009 GDP.
ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic
LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Current production MSC: Applicative
53. In early2010 Molly paid $200,000 for a house built in 2000. She spent $30,000 on new
materials to remodel the house. Although Molly lived in the house after she remodeled it, its rental value rose. Which of the following contributed to real GDP in 2010?
a. the price of the house, the cost of remodeling materials, the increase in rental value
b. the price of the house and the cost of remodeling materials, but not the increase in rental
value
c. the costs of the remodeling materials and the increase in rent, but not the price of the
house
d. None of the above are correct.
ANS: C DIF: 3 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic
LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics
TOP: Current production | Household chores MSC: Analytical
Chapter 23 /Measuring a Nation's Income ?19 54. Tom and Lilly rented a house for $12,000 last year. At the start of the year they bought the
house they had been renting directly from the owner for $250,000. They believe they
could rent it for $12,000 this year, but stay in the house. How much does Tom and Lilly’s
decision to buy the house change GDP?
a. it reduces GDP by $12,000
b. it does not change GDP
c. it raises GDP by $238,000
d. it raises GDP by $250,000
ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic
LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics
TOP: Current production | Housing services MSC: Applicative
55. Sally purchases a classic 1964 car she saw for sale on someone’s lawn. She then purchases
some new parts and spends 120 hours refurbishing the car which she keeps. Which of the
following is included in GDP?
a. the amount she paid to buy the car
b. the amount she paid to buy new parts
c. the value of her time repairing the car
d. All of the above are included.
ANS: B DIF: 3 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic
LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics
TOP: Current production | Household chores MSC: Interpretive
56. Tyler and Camille both live in Oklahoma. A new-car dealer in Oklahoma bought a new
car from the manufacturer for $18,000 and sold it to Tyler for $22,000. Later that year,
Tyler sold the car to Camille for $17,000. By how much did these transactions contribute
to U.S. GDP for the year?
a. $18,000
b. $22,000（经销商的价格只是中间价格，卖给顾客的价格才是最终价值）
c. $39,000
d. $57,000
ANS: B DIF: 3 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic
LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics
TOP: Current production | Inventory MSC: Analytical
57. Consider two cars manufactured by Chevrolet in 2009. During 2009, Chevrolet sells one
of the two cars to Sean for $24,000. Later in the same year, Sean sells the car to Kati for
$19,000. The second automobile, with a market value of $30,000, is unsold at the end of
2010 and it remains in Chevrolet’s inventory. The transactions just described contribute
how much to GDP for 2009?
a. $24,000
b. $43,000
c. $54,000
d. $73,000
ANS: C DIF: 3 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic
LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics
TOP: Current production | Inventory MSC: Analytical
20 ?Chapter 23/Measuring a Nation's Income
58. JR sells RV’s. In 2010 she added $400,000 to her inventory. $100,000 of this addition was
from used RV’s she purchased while the remaining $300,000 was from her purchases of newly manufactured RV’s. How much of JR’s inventory is included in 2010 GDP?
a. $0
b. $100,000
c. $300,000
d. $400,000
ANS: C DIF: 3 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic
LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics
TOP: Current production | Inventory MSC: Analytical
59. Which of the following is included in U.S. GDP?
a. the value of production by a Singaporean working in the U.S.
b. the value of production by an American working in Singapore
c. Both (a) and (b) are correct.
d. Neither (a) nor (b) is correct.
ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic
LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Domestic production MSC: Applicative
60. Sheri, a U.S. citizen, works only in Germany. The value she adds to production in Ger-
many is included
a. in both German GDP and U.S. GDP.
b. in German GDP, but is not included in U.S. GDP.
c. in U.S. GDP, but is not included in German GDP.
d. in neither German GDP nor U.S. GDP.
ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic
LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Domestic production MSC: Applicative
61. Martin, a U.S. citizen, travels to Mexico and buys a newly manufactured motorcycle made
there. His purchase is included in
a. both Mexican GDP and U.S. GDP.
b. Mexican GDP, but it is not included in U.S. GDP.
c. U.S. GDP, but it is not included in Mexican GDP.
d. neither Mexican GDP nor U.S. GDP.
ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic
LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Domestic production MSC: Applicative
曼昆宏观经济学-课后答案-中文版
第一章宏观经济学的课后答案 复习题 1、由于整个经济的事件产生于许多家庭与许多企业的相互作用，所以微观经济学和宏观经济学必然是相互关联的。当我们研究整个经济时，我们必须考虑个别经济行为者的决策。由于总量只是描述许多个别决策的变量的总和，所以宏观经济理论必然依靠微观经济基础。 2、经济学家是用模型来解释世界，但一个经济学家的模型往往是由符号和方程式构成。经济学家建立模型有助于解释GDP、通货膨胀和失业这类经济变量。这些模型之所以有用是因为它们有助于我们略去无关的细节而更加明确地集中于重要的联系上。模型有两种变量：内生变量和外生变量，一个模型的目的是说明外生变量如何影响内生变量。 3、经济学家通常假设，一种物品或劳务的价格迅速变动使得供给量与需求量平衡，即市场走向供求均衡。这种假设称为市场出清。在回答大多数问题时，经济学家用市场出清模型。 持续市场出清的假设并不完全现实。市场要持续出清，价格就必须对供求变动作出迅速调整。但是，实际上许多工资和价格调整缓慢。虽然市场出清模型假设所有工资和价格都是有伸缩性的，但在现实世界中一些工资和价格是粘性的。明显的价格粘性并不一定使市场出清模型无用。首先偷格并不总是呆滞的，最终价格要根据供求的变动而调整。市场出清模型并不能描述每一种情况下的经济，但描述了经济缓慢地趋近了均衡。价格的伸缩性对研究我们在几十年中所观察到的实际GDP增长这类长期问题是一个好的假设。 第二章宏观经济学数据 复习题 1、GDP既衡量经济中所有人的收入，又衡量对经济物品与劳务的总支出。 GDP能同时衡量这两件事，是因为这两个量实际上是相同的：对整个经济来说，收入必定等于支出。这个事实又来自于一个更有基本的事实：由于每一次交易都有一个买者和一个卖者，所以，一个买者支出的每一美元必然成为一个卖者的一美元收入。 2、CPI衡量经济中物价总水平。它表示相对于某个基年一篮子物品与劳务价格的同样一篮子物品与劳务的现期价格。 3、劳工统计局把经济中每个人分为三种类型：就业、失业以及不属于劳动力。一 失业率是失业者在劳动力中所占的百分比，其中劳动力为就业者和失业者之和。一 -I、奥肯定理是指失业与实际GDP之间的这种负相关关系。就业工人有助于生产物品与劳务，而失业工人并非如此。失业率提高必定与实际GDP的减少相关。舆肯定理可以概括为等式：实际GDP变动百分比-3%-2×失业率的变动，印如果失业率保持不变，实际GDP增长3% 左右。这种正常的增长率是由于人口增长、资本积累和技术进步引起的。失业率每上升一个百分比，实际GDP一般减少2个百分比。一 问题和应用一 1、大量经济统计数字定期公布，包括GDP、失业率、公司收益、消费者物价指数及贸易结余。GDP是一年内所有最终产品与劳务的市场价值。失业率是要工作的人中没有工作的人的比例。公司利润是所有制造企业税后会计利润，它暗示公司一般的财务健康情况。消费者物价指数是衡量消费者购买的物品的平均价格，它是通货膨胀的衡量指标。贸易结余是出口物品与进口物品之间的价差。一 2、每个人的增值是生产的物品的价值减去生产该物品所需的原材料的价值。因此，农夫增值是1美元，面粉厂的增值是2美元，面包店的增值是3美元。GDP就是总的增值，即为6 美元，它正好等于最终物品的价值。一 3、妇女与她的男管家结婚，GDP减少量等于男管家的工资。这是由于GDP是衡量经济中所有人
曼昆《宏观经济学》(第6、7版)课后习题详解(第1章 宏观经济学科学)
曼昆《宏观经济学》（第6、7版） 第1篇导言 课后习题详解 跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题解析资料库，您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题，经济学考研参考书等内容，更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验，从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富，这或许能帮你少走弯路，躲开一些陷阱。 以下内容为跨考网独家整理，如您还需更多考研资料，可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行咨询。 一、概念题 1．宏观经济学（macroeconomics） 答：宏观经济学与微观经济学相对，是一种现代的经济分析方法。它以国民经济总体作为考察对象，研究经济生活中有关总量的决定与变动，解释失业、通货膨胀、经济增长与波动、国际收支及汇率的决定与变动等经济中的宏观整体问题，所以又称之为总量经济学。宏观经济学的中心和基础是总需求—总供给模型。具体来说，宏观经济学主要包括总需求理论、总供给理论、失业与通货膨胀理论、经济增长与经济周期理论、开放经济理论、宏观经济政策等内容。 对宏观经济问题进行分析与研究的历史十分悠久，但现代意义上的宏观经济学直到20世纪30年代才得以形成和发展起来。现代宏观经济学诞生的标志是凯恩斯于1936年出版的《就业、利息和货币通论》。宏观经济学在20世纪30年代奠定基础，二战后逐步走向成熟并得到广泛应用，20世纪60年代后的“滞胀”问题使凯恩斯主义的统治地位受到严重挑战并形成了货币主义、供给学派、理性预期等学派对立争论的局面，20世纪90年代新凯恩斯主义的形成又使国家干预思想占据主流。宏观经济学是当代发展最为迅猛，应用最为广泛，因而也是最为重要的经济学学科。 2．实际GDP（real GDP） 答：实际GDP指用以前某一年的价格作为基期的价格计算出来的当年全部最终产品的市场价值。它衡量在两个不同时期经济中的产品产量变化，以相同的价格或不变金额来计算两个时期所生产的所有产品的价值。在国民收入账户中，以2010年的价格作为基期来计算实际GDP，意味着在计算实际GDP时，用现期的产品产量乘以2010年的价格，便可得到以2010年价格出售的现期产出的价值。 3．通货膨胀与通货紧缩（inflation and deflation） 答：（1）通货膨胀是指在一段时期内，一个经济中大多数商品和劳务的价格水平持续显著地上涨。它包含三层含义：①通货膨胀是经济中一般价格水平的上涨，而不是个别商品或劳务的价格上涨；②通货膨胀是价格的持续上涨，而非一次性上涨；③通货膨胀是价格的显著上涨，而非某些微小的上升，例如每年上升0.5%，不能视为通货膨胀。 通货膨胀的严重程度一般用通货膨胀率来衡量。根据不同标准，可以把通货膨胀划分为不同类型。根据通货膨胀的表现形式，可分为公开型通货膨胀和隐蔽型通货膨胀；根据通货膨胀的严重程度，可分为爬行式通货膨胀、奔跑式通货膨胀和恶性通货膨胀；根据通货膨胀
曼昆版 经济学原理(宏观经济学分册)第七版 课后题及答案
二十三章 1下列每种交易会影响CDP的哪一部分(如果有影响的话)?并解释之。 A．家庭购买了一台新冰箱。 答：家庭购买了一台新冰箱会增加GDP中的消费(C)部分，因为家庭用于家用电器的支出计算在消费的耐用品类中。 B．杰妮姑妈买了一所新房子。 答：杰妮姑妈买了一所新房子会增加GDP中的投资(1)部分，因为家庭住宅能长期供人居住，提供服务。它比一般耐用消费品的使用寿命更长，因此把住宅房屋的投资计算在投资中。 C.福特汽车公司由其存货中出售了一部雷鸟牌汽车。 答：福利汽车公司由其存货中出售了一部雷鸟牌汽车会减少现期GDP中的投资，因为销售中间物品存货时，企业的存货投资是负的，因而减少了当期的GDP。 C．你买了一个比萨饼。 答：我买了一个比萨饼会增加GDP中的消费(C)，因为我用于购买食品的支出计算在消费的非耐用品类中。 D．加利福尼亚重新铺设了101号高速公路。 答：加利福尼亚重新铺设了101号高速公路增加了GDP中的政府购买(G)，因为修建高速公路是政府的行为。 E．你的父母购买了一瓶法国红酒。 答：我的父母购买了一瓶法国红酒会减少GDP中的净出口(NX)，因为法国红酒是进口食品，它的购买增加了美国的进口。 F．本田公司扩大其在俄亥俄州马利斯维尔的工厂。 答：本田公司扩大其在俄亥俄州马利斯维尔的工厂增加了GDP中的净出口(NX)，因为本田公司是一家日本企业，它在美国的投资减少了美国对日本本田汽车的进口，使NX增加 2．GDP组成部分中的“政府购买”并不包括用于社会保障这类转移支付的支出。想想GDP 的定义，解释为什么转移支付不包括在政府购买内? 答：因为转移支付并不是要交换现在生产的物品或劳务，从宏观经济的角度看，转移支付就像税收和回扣一样。转移支付和税收一样改变了家庭收入，但并没有反映经济的生产。由于GDP是要衡量在某一既定时期一个国家从物品与劳务的生产中得到的收入，所以，不把转移支付包括在政府购买内。 6．考虑以下美国GDP的数据： A．1996年到1997年间名义收入增长率是多少?(注意：增长率是一个时期到下一个时期百分比的变动。 答：1996年到1997年间名义收入增长率是5．86%。 B．1996年到1997年间，GDP平减指数的增长率是多少? 答：1996年到1997年间，GDP平减指数的增长率是1．8%。 C．按1992年的价格衡量，1996年的实际GDP是多少? 答：按1992年的价格衡量，1996年的实际收入是69654．5亿元。 D．按1992年的价格衡量，1997年的实际GDP是多少? 答：按1992年的价格衡量，1997年的实际收入是72419．7亿元。
曼昆经济学原理宏观经济学第六版答案
曼昆经济学原理宏观经济学第六版答案【篇一：曼昆经济学原理(宏观部分答案)】 >第二十三章一国收入的衡量 复习题 1 ．解释为什么一个经济的收入必定等于其支出? 答：对一 个整体经济而言，收入必定等于支出。因为每一次交易都有两方： 买者和卖者。一个买者的1 美元支出是另一个卖者的1 美元收入。 因此，交易对经济的收入和支出作出了相同的贡献。由于gdp 既衡 量总收入 135 又衡量总支出，因而无论作为总收入来衡量还是作为 总支出来衡量，gdp 都相等. 2 ．生产一辆经济型轿车或生产一辆豪华型轿车，哪一个对gdp 的 贡献更大？为什么? 答：生产一辆豪华型轿车对gdp 的贡献大。因 为gdp 是在某一既定时期一个国家内生产的所有最终物品与劳务的 市场价值。由于市场价格衡量人们愿意为各种不同物品支付的量， 所以市场价格反映了这些物品的市场价值。由于一辆豪华型轿车的 市场价格高于一辆经济型轿车的市场价格，所以一辆豪华型轿车的 市场价值高于一辆经济型轿车的市场价值，因而生产一辆豪华型轿 车对gdp 的贡献更大. 3 ．农民以2 美元的价格把小麦卖给面包师。面包师用小麦制成面包，以3 美元的价格出售。这些交易对 gdp 的贡献是多少呢? 答： 对gdp 的贡献是3 美元。gdp 只包括最终物品的价值，因为中间物 品的价值已经包括在最终物品的价格中了. 4 ．许多年以前，peggy 为了收集唱片而花了500 美元。今天她在 旧货销售中把她收集的物品卖了100 美元. 这种销售如何影响现期gdp? 答：现期gdp 只包括现期生产的物品与劳务，不包括涉及过去生产的东西的交易。因而这种销售不影响 现期gdp. 5 ．列出gdp 的四个组成部分。各举一个例子. 答：gdp 等于消费(c)+投资(i)+政府购买(g)+净出口(nx) 消费是家庭用于物品与劳务的支出，如汤姆一家人在麦当劳吃午餐. 投资是资本设备、存货、新住房和建筑物的购买，如通用汽车公司 建立一个汽车厂. 政府购买包括地方政府、州政府和联邦政府用于物品与劳务的支出，如海军购买了一艘潜艇.
曼昆版本宏观经济学所有概念及重点
第23章 一国收入的衡量—GDP 微观经济学(microeconomics)研究个别家庭和企业如何做出决策，以及它们如何在市场上相互交易。宏观经济学(macroeconomics)研究整个经济，包括通货膨胀、失业率和经济增长。 一 GDP 1 定义：国内生产总值 (gross domestic product ， GDP) 是在某一既定时期一个国家内生 产的所有最终物品与劳务的市场价值。 名义GDP 衡量的是市场价值——用货币衡量 真实GDP 衡量的是数量——用“不变价格”（基年价格）衡量 2 组成：GDP （用Y 代表）被分为四个组成部分：消费（C ）、投资（I ）、政府购买（G ）、净出口（NX ）： Y = C ＋ I ＋ G ＋ NX 3 实际GDP 与名义GDP ：实际GDP=名义GDP-通货膨胀率，衡量的是生产的变动，而不是物价的变动。 4 GDP 平减指数： 100?=GDP GDP GDP 实际名义平减指数，是经济学家用来检测经济平均物价水平， 从而监测通货膨胀率的一个重要指标。 （GDP deflator ） 5 GDP 与经济福利： 由于GDP 用市场价格来评价物品与劳务，它就没有把几乎所有在市场之外进行的 活动的价值包括进来，特别是，GDP 漏掉了在家庭中生产的物品与劳务的价值。 GDP 没有包括的另一种东西是环境质量。 GDP 也没有涉及收入分配。 二 衡量收入的其他指标： 国民生产总值(GNP)：是一国永久居民(称为国民)所赚到的总收入。它与GDP 的不 同之处在于：它包括本国公民在国外赚到的收入，而不包括外国人在本国赚到的收入。 国民生产净值(NNP)：是一国居民的总收入(GNP)减折旧的消耗。 国民收入、个人收入、个人可支配收入 GDP 衡量在国内生产的总收入，GNP 衡量国民（一国居民）所赚到的收入 GNP ＝GDP ＋来自国外的要素收入－向国外的要素支付 国民生产净值（NNP ）表示经济活动的净结果 NNP ＝GNP －折旧（固定资本的消耗） 国民收入（NI ）衡量经济中所有人赚到多少钱 NI ＝NNP －企业间接税（如销售税） 个人收入（PI ）,即家庭和非公司企业所得到的收入量 PI ＝NI －公司利润－社会保险税－净利息＋红利＋政府向 个人的转移支付＋个人利息收入 个人可支配收入＝PI －个人税和非税收支付 第24章 生活费用的衡量—CPI 一 CPI 1 定义：消费物价指数 (consumer price index ，CPI) 是普通消费者所购买的物品与劳务 的总费用的衡量标准
曼昆版宏观经济学期末考试重点
单选20 判断|名词解释（提过的名词解释）10 计算（两大题 30分）细致分步给分公式 论述 40分（2大题）有把握画图 课后习题 ppt习题 第23章 1.国内生产总值（GDP） 答：在某一既定时期一个国家内生产的所有最终物品和劳务的市场价值。 GDP包括有形的物品，也包括无形的劳务。 GDP 只包括现期生产的物品，不包括过去生产的物品。 GDP 衡量的生产价值局限于一个国家的地理范围之内，不管是由本国的国民还是住在本国的外国人生产。 通常是一年或一个季度（3个月）。 用支出法计算的国内生产总值等于消费、投资、政府支出和净出口之和。 列出 GDP 的四个组成部分。各举一个例子。 答：GDP 的四个组成部分是消费（C ）、投资（ I ）、政府购买（G ）和净出口（ NX ）。（1）消费是家庭用于物品与劳务的支出，如汤姆一家人在麦当劳吃午餐。 （2）投资是资本设备、存货、新住房和建筑物的购买，如通用汽车公司建立一个汽车 厂。 （3）政府购买包括地方政府、州政府和联邦政府用于物品与劳务的支出，如海军购买 了一艘潜艇。 （4）净出口等于外国人购买国内生产的物品与劳务（出口）减国内购买的外国物品与 劳务（进口）。国内企业卖给另一个国家的买者，如波音公司卖给中国航空公司飞机，增加了净出口。 2.名义 GDP和真实GDP怎样区分 答：名义 GDP：用当年的价格来评价经济中的物品与劳务生产的价值。 它没有考虑通货膨胀因素。由于通货膨胀等原因，价格可能会发生强烈变化，名义 GDP 并不能反映实际产量的变动。它没有经过通货膨胀校正。 真实GDP：用不变的基年价格来评价经济中的物品与劳务生产的价值。它经过通货膨胀校正。 3.GDP 平减指数（定义、计算） 答：GDP 平减指数是名义的 GDP 和真实的 GDP 的比率，它是经济学家用来考察经济平均物价水平的一个衡量指标。用公式表示为： GDP平减指数= （名义GDP/真实GDP）*100 第24章 1．消费物价指数CPI（计算、步骤、存在问题、（数据问题）怎样利用CPI进行货币的转换）答：指普通消费者购买的物品与劳务总费用的衡量指标。用公式来表示即为： CPI =（一组固定商品按当期价格计算的价值/一组固定商品按基期价格计算的价格）*100如何计算消费物价指数 1）固定“篮子” 劳工统计局通过调查消费者找出普通消费者“购物篮”中的物品 2）找出价格 劳工统计局收集购物篮中所有物品价格的数据
曼昆宏观经济学第四版答案
曼昆宏观经济学第四版答案 【篇一：曼昆经济学原理(第四版)课后习题中文答案(6)】ass=txt>政府购买＝税收－公共储蓄 g＝1．5－0．2＝1．3 万亿美元 储蓄＝投资 i＝0．7 万亿美元 消费＝国民收入－投资－政府购买 c＝8－0．7－1．3＝6 万亿美元 7．假设英特尔公司正考虑建立一个新芯片工厂。 a．假设英特尔公司需要在债券市场上借钱，为什么利率上升会影响 英特尔关于是否建立这个工厂的决策? 答：因为利率上升增加了英特尔公司在债券市场上借钱的成本，减 少了建立这个工厂预期利润，因此英特尔公司有可能不会建立这个 工厂。 b．如果英特尔公司有足够的自有资金来为新工厂筹资而不用借钱， 利率的上升还会影响英特尔公司关于是否建立一个工厂的决策吗？ 解释之。 答：也会。因为利率上升意味着英特尔公司自有资金的其他投资方 式的预期回报增加，因而增加了建立这个工厂的机会成本。 8．假设政府明年将借的款比今年多 200 亿美元。 a．用供求图分析这种政策。利率会上升还是会下降? 答： 图 26－3 货币市场供求图 当政府明年借款增加 200 亿美元时，它将使可贷资金需求增加 200 亿美元。与此相比，由于政府借款并不影响在任何一种既定利率时 家庭的储蓄量，所以它不影响可贷资金的供给。在图中，可贷资金 需求增加使得可贷资金需求曲线向右从 d1 移动到 d2，可贷资金需 求的增长使可贷资金市场的均衡利率从 i1 增加到 i2。 b．投资会发生什么变动？私人储蓄呢？公共储蓄呢？国民储蓄呢？ 将这些变动的大小与政府 200 亿美元的额外借款进行比较。 答：可贷资金市场上的利率上升改变了参与贷款市场的家庭和企业 行为。特别是许多可贷资金需求者受到高利率的抑制，买新房子的 家庭少了，选择建立新工厂的企业也少了，因此，投资会减少。利 率上升后，家庭会增
(完整版)《曼昆—宏观经济学》重点总结,推荐文档
第23章一国收入的衡量—GDP 微观经济学(microeconomics)研究个别家庭和企业如何做出决策，以及它们如何在市场上相互交易。宏观经济学(macroeconomics)研究整个经济，包括通货膨胀、失业率和经济增长。 一GDP 1 定义：国内生产总值(gross domestic product，GDP) 是在某一既定时期一个国家内生产的所有最终物品与劳务的市场价值。 2 组成：GDP（用Y代表）被分为四个组成部分：消费（C）、投资（I）、政府购买（G）、净出口（NX）： Y = C ＋I ＋G ＋NX 3 实际GDP与名义GDP：实际GDP=名义GDP-通货膨胀率，衡量的是生产的变动，而不是物价的变动。 4 GDP平减指数：，是经济学家用来检测经济平均物价水平，从而监测通货膨胀率的一个重要指标。（GDP deflator） 5 GDP与经济福利： ?由于GDP用市场价格来评价物品与劳务，它就没有把几乎所有在市场之外进行的活动的价值包括进来，特别是，GDP漏掉了在家庭中生产的物品与劳务的价值。 ?GDP没有包括的另一种东西是环境质量。 ?GDP也没有涉及收入分配。 二衡量收入的其他指标： ?国民生产总值(GNP)：是一国永久居民(称为国民)所赚到的总收入。它与GDP的不同之处在于：它包括本国公民在国外赚到的收入，而不包括外国人在本国赚到的收入。 ?国民生产净值(NNP)：是一国居民的总收入(GNP)减折旧的消耗。 ?国民收入、个人收入、个人可支配收入 第24章生活费用的衡量—CPI 一CPI 1 定义：消费物价指数(consumer price index，CPI) 是普通消费者所购买的物品与劳务的总费用的衡量标准 2 计算：定义篮子→找出价格→计算费用→选择基年并计算指数→计算通货膨胀率 消费者物价指数=*100 3 衡量生活费用过程中存在的问题 替代倾向 新产品的引进
(完整版)曼昆宏观经济学原理答案
第一篇导言 复习题 第一章宏观经济学的科学 1、解释宏观经济学和微观经济学之间的差距，这两个领域如何相互关联？ 【答案】微观经济学研究家庭和企业如何作出决策以及这些决策在市场上的相互作用。微观经济学的中心原理是家庭和企业的最优化——他们在目的和所面临的约束条件下可以让自己的境 况更好。而相对的，宏观经济学研究经济的整体情况，它主要关心总产出、总就业、一般物价水平和国际贸易等问题，以及这些宏观指标的波动趋势与规律。 应该看到，宏观经济学研究的这些宏观经济变量是以经济体系中千千万万个体家庭和企业之间的相互作用所构成的。因此，微观经济决策总是构成宏观经济模型的基础，宏观经济学必然依靠微观经济基础。 2、为什么经济学家建立模型？ 【答案】一般来说，模型是对某些具体事物的抽象，经济模型也是如此。经济模型可以简洁、直接地描述所要研究的经济对象的各种关系。这样，经济学家可以依赖模型对特定的经济问题 进行研究；并且，由于经济实际不可控，而模型是可控的，经济学家可以根据研究需要，合理、科学的调整模型来研究各种经济情况。 另外，经济模型一般是数学模型，而数学是全世界通用的科学语言，使用规范、标准的经济模型也有利于经济学家正确表达自己的研究意图，便于学术交流。 3、什么是市场出清模型？什么时候市场出清的假设是适用的？ 【答案】市场出清模型就是供给与需求可以在价格机制调整下很快达到均衡的模型。市场出清模型的前提条件是价格是具有伸缩性的（或弹性）。但是，我们知道价格具有伸缩性是一个很强 的假设，在很多实际情况下，这个假设都是不现实的。比如：劳动合同会使劳动力价格在一段时期内具有刚性。因此，我们必须考虑什么情况下价格具有伸缩性是合适的。 现在一般认为，在研究长期问题时，假设价格具有伸缩性是合理的；而在研究短期问题时，最好假设价格具有刚性。因为，从长期看，价格机制终将发挥作用，使市场供需平衡，即市场 出清，而在短期，价格机制因其他因素制约，难以很快使市场出清。 第二章宏观经济学的数据 1、列出GDP 衡量的两个东西。GDP 怎么能同时衡量这两个东西呢？ 【答案】GDP 同时衡量经济中劳动和服务的总收入和总支出。之所以能够同时衡量这两件事是因为对于一个经济体来说，收入和支出必然相等，正如经济循环流程表中所述，GDP 既是总支 出也是总收入，只是不同的计算方法，两者是可替代的。 2、消费物价指数衡量什么？ 【答案】消费物价指数衡量的是整个经济中的物价水平，即相对于基期的一篮子商品与服务价格的现期价格。 3、列出劳动统计局用来把经济中每个人归入的三种类型。劳动统计局如何计算失业率？
曼昆宏观经济学第七版中文答案
曼昆宏观经济学第七版中文答案 【篇一：曼昆宏观经济学-课后答案第6、7版】txt>复习题 1、由于整个经济的事件产生于许多家庭与许多企业的相互作用，所以微观经济学和宏观经济学必然是相互关联的。当我们研究整个经济时，我们必须考虑个别经济行为者的决策。由于总量只是描述许多个别决策的变量的总和，所以宏观经济理论必然依靠微观经济基础。 2、经济学家是用模型来解释世界，但一个经济学家的模型往往是由符号和方程式构成。经济学家建立模型有助于解释gdp、通货膨胀和失业这类经济变量。这些模型之所以有用是因为它们有助于我们略去无关的细节而更加明确地集中于重要的联系上。模型有两种变量：内生变量和外生变量，一个模型的目的是说明外生变量如何影响内生变量。 3、经济学家通常假设，一种物品或劳务的价格迅速变动使得供给量与需求量平衡，即市场走向供求均衡。这种假设称为市场出清。在回答大多数问题时，经济学家用市场出清模型。持续市场出清的假设并不完全现实。市场要持续出清，价格就必须对供求变动作出迅速调整。但是，实际上许多工资和价格调整缓慢。虽然市场出清模型假设所有工资和价格都是有伸缩性的，但在现实世界中一些工资和价格是粘性的。明显的价格粘性并不一定使市场出清模型无用。首先偷格并不总是呆滞的，最终价格要根据供求的变动而调整。市场出清模型并不能描述每一种情况下的经济，但描述了经济缓慢地趋近了均衡。价格的伸缩性对研究我们在几十年中所观察到的实际gdp增长这类长期问题是一个好的假设。 第二章宏观经济学数据 复习题 1、gdp既衡量经济中所有人的收入，又衡量对经济物品与劳务的总支出。 gdp能同时衡量这两件事，是因为这两个量实际上是相同的：对整个经济来说，收入必定等于支出。这个事实又来自于一个更有基本的事实：由于每一次交易都有一个买者和一个卖者，所以，一个买者支出的每一美元必然成为一个卖者的一美元收入。
曼昆宏观经济经济学第九版英文原版答案
曼昆宏观经济经济学第九版英文原版答案 Revised final draft November 26, 2020
A n s w e r s t o T e x t b o o k Q u e s t i o n s a n d P r o b l e m s CHAPTER 7Unemployment and the Labor Market Questions for Review 1. The rates of job separation and job finding determine the natural rate of unemployment. The rate of job separation is the fraction of people who lose their job each month. The higher the rate of job separation, the higher the natural rate of unemployment. The rate of job finding is the fraction of unemployed people who find a job each month. The higher the rate of job finding, the lower the natural rate of unemployment. 2. Frictional unemployment is the unemployment caused by the time it takes to match workers and jobs. Finding an appropriate job takes time because the flow of information about job candidates and job vacancies is not instantaneous. Because different jobs require different skills and pay different wages, unemployed workers may not accept the first job offer they receive. In contrast, structural unemployment is the unemployment resulting from wage rigidity and job rationing. These workers are unemployed not because they are actively searching for a job that best suits their skills (as in the case of frictional unemployment), but because at the prevailing real wage the quantity of labor supplied exceeds the quantity of labor demanded. If the wage does not adjust to clear the labor market, then these workers must wait for jobs to become available. Structural unemployment thus arises because firms fail to reduce wages despite an excess supply of labor. 3. The real wage may remain above the level that equilibrates labor supply and labor demand because of minimum wage laws, the monopoly power of unions, and efficiency wages. Minimum-wage laws cause wage rigidity when they prevent wages from falling to equilibrium levels. Although most workers are paid a wage above the minimum level, for some workers, especially the unskilled and inexperienced, the minimum wage raises their wage above the equilibrium level. It therefore reduces the quantity of their labor that firms demand, and creates an excess supply of workers, which increases unemployment. The monopoly power of unions causes wage rigidity because the wages of unionized workers are determined not by the equilibrium of supply and demand but by collective bargaining between union leaders and firm management. The wage agreement often raises the wage above
……曼昆《宏观经济学》(第6、7版)习题精编详解(第2章 宏观经济学的数据)
第2章宏观经济学的数据 跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题解析资料库，您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题，经济学考研参考书等内容，更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验，从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富，这或许能帮你少走弯路，躲开一些陷阱。 以下内容为跨考网独家整理，如您还需更多考研资料，可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行咨询。 一、判断题 1．假定有两个国家A和B，A国的产出全部来源于生产一种最终产品F，而B国的产出全部来源于生产一种中间产品E给A国生产F。如果产品F的总价值为100，而A国的GDP 为60，那么B国的GDP为40。（） 【答案】T 【解析】GDP指一定时期（通常为一年）内，一个经济体生产的所有最终产品和服务的市场价值总和，可以将每个生产阶段的增加值加总来计算GDP。本题中，在B国生产阶段，其所获得的增加值为：1006040 -=。 2．假定在一个封闭经济中只有消费，没有政府、投资及存货积累。那么GDP平减指数与CPI是相等的，因为二者是根据相同的商品来计算的。（） 【答案】F 【解析】即使经济中只有消费，两者也是不相等的。CPI衡量的是消费者购买的、固定的一篮子产品和服务的成本，而GDP平减指数是以整个经济中的商品来衡量的。 3．2000年的CPI是用100乘以2000年的市场“篮子”里的商品的价格除以基期市场“篮子”里的商品价格来计算的。（） 【答案】T 【解析】消费价格指数CPI是一篮子产品与服务的价格相对于同一篮子产品和服务在某个基年的价格的比值。篮子中的商品是固定不变的。 4．国民生产总值已经扣除资本折旧的因素。（） 【答案】F 【解析】国民生产总值是指在一定时期内本国的生产要素所有者所生产的最终产品和劳务的价值。国民生产净值等于国民生产总值扣除资本折旧。 5．公司对家庭共200美元的年总销售额中，仅包含50美元的工资成本和60美元的原材料成本。这表明这个公司对国民生产总值的贡献有增加值140美元，最终产品200美元或家庭收入140美元。（） 【答案】T 【解析】如果没有任何更进一步的假设或考虑，公司的总利润是那些最终流入家庭的收入。①最终价值（200）＝销售给消费者的价值（200）；②增加值（140）＝最终产品的价值（200）－中间产品的价值（60）；③家庭收入（140）＝工资（50）＋利润（90＝200－50
曼昆宏观经济学第七版中文答案
。 曼昆宏观经济学第七版中文答案 【篇一：曼昆宏观经济学-课后答案第6、7版】 txt>复习题 1、由于整个经济的事件产生于许多家庭与许多企业的相互作用， 所以微观经济学和宏观经济学必然是相互关联的。当我们研究整个 经济时，我们必须考虑个别经济行为者的决策。由于总量只是描述 许多个别决策的变量的总和，所以宏观经济理论必然依靠微观经济 基础。 2、经济学家是用模型来解释世界，但一个经济学家的模型往往是 由符号和方程式构成。经济学家建立模型有助于解释gdp、通货膨 胀和失业这类经济变量。这些模型之所以有用是因为它们有助于我 们略去无关的细节而更加明确地集中于重要的联系上。模型有两种 变量：内生变量和外生变量，一个模型的目的是说明外生变量如何 影响内生变量。 3、经济学家通常假设，一种物品或劳务的价格迅速变动使得供给 量与需求量平衡，即市场走向供求均衡。这种假设称为市场出清。 在回答大多数问题时，经济学家用市场出清模型。持续市场出清 的假设并不完全现实。市场要持续出清，价格就必须对供求变动作 出迅速调整。但是，实际上许多工资和价格调整缓慢。虽然市场出 清模型假设所有工资和价格都是有伸缩性的，但在现实世界中一些 工资和价格是粘性的。明显的价格粘性并不一定使市场出清模型无用。首先偷格并不总是呆滞的，最终价格要根据供求的变动而调整。市场出清模型并不能描述每一种情况下的经济，但描述了经济缓慢 地趋近了均衡。价格的伸缩性对研究我们在几十年中所观察到的实 际gdp增长这类长期问题是一个好的假设。
第二章宏观经济学数据 " 复习题 1、gdp既衡量经济中所有人的收入，又衡量对经济物品与劳务的总支出。 gdp能同时衡量这两件事，是因为这两个量实际上是相同的：对整个经济来说，收入必定等于支出。这个事实又来自于一个更有基本的事实：由于每一次交易都有一个买者和一个卖者，所以，一个买者支出的每一美元必然成为一个卖者的一美元收入。 2、cpi衡量经济中物价总水平。它表示相对于某个基年一篮子物品与劳务价格的同样一篮子物品与劳务的现期价格。 3、劳工统计局把经济中每个人分为三种类型：就业、失业以及不属于劳动力。一失业率是失业者在劳动力中所占的百分比，其中劳动力为就业者和失业者之和。一 问题和应用一 1、大量经济统计数字定期公布，包括gdp、失业率、公司收益、消费者物价指数及贸易结余。gdp是一年内所有最终产品与劳务的市场价值。失业率是要工作的人中没有工作的人的比例。公司利润是所有制造企业税后会计利润，它暗示公司一般的财务健康情况。消费者物价指数是衡量消费者购买的物品的平均价格，它是通货膨胀的衡量指标。贸易结余是出口物品与进口物品之间的价差。一 2、每个人的增值是生产的物品的价值减去生产该物品所需的原材料的价值。因此，农夫增值是1美元，面粉厂的增值是2美元，面包店的增值是3美元。gdp就是总的增值，即为6 美元，它正好等于最终物品的价值。一 >