Solar cell efficiency tables (version 13)
SHORT COMMUNICATION
Solar Cell E ciency Tables (Version 13)
Martin A.Green 1,*,Keith Emery 2,Klaus Bu cher 3,David L.King 4and Sanekazu Igari 5
1Photovoltaics Special Research Centre,University of New South Wales,Sydney,NSW 2052,Australia 2
National Renewable Energy Laboratory,1617Cole Boulevard,Golden,CO 80401,USA
3Franhofer-Institut fu èr
Solare Energiesysteme,Oltmannsstrasse 5,D-79100Freiburg,Germany 4Division 6224,Sandia National Laboratories,1515Eubank Street,Albuquerque,NM 87185,USA
5Japan Quality Assurance Organization,Solar Techno Center,Solar Cell Test Research Division,HIC Bldg.2F,4598Murakushi-Cho,Hamamatsu-shi,Shizouka-ken 431-12,Japan
Consolidated tables showing an extensive listing of the highest independently con-?rmed e ciencies for solar cells and modules are presented.Guidelines for inclusion of results into these tables are outlined and new entries since July 1998are brieˉy described.Copyright #1999John Wiley &Sons,Ltd.
INTRODUCTION
S
ince January 1993,Progress in Photovoltaics has published six monthly listings of the highest con?rmed e ciencies for a range of photovoltaic cell and module technologies.1±12By establishing guidelines for the inclusion of results into these tables,this not only provides an authoritative summary of the current state of the art but also encourages researchers to seek independent con?rmation of results and to report results on a standardized basis.
Brieˉy,the main criterion for inclusion of results in these tables is that they be measured at one of the designated test centres previously listed 6,7under standardized test conditions.A distinction is also made between three di erent cell area measurements:total area,aperture area and designated illumination area.1,2`Active area'e ciency measurements are not included.(This explains some of the di erence between results reported here and in the literature,for example,with recent tandem amorphous Si cell results.)There are also certain minimum values of area encouraged for the di erent cell types,although some discretion is exercised here (0.05cm 2for a concentrator cell,0.25cm 2for a tandem cell,1cm 2for a one-sun cell and 800cm 2for a module).
NEW RESULTS
Highest con?rmed cell results are reported in Tables I±III.Any changes in the tables from those previously published 12are set in bold type.Table I summarizes the best measurements for cells and submodules,Table II shows the best results for modules and Table III shows the best results for con-centrator cells and concentrator modules.Table IV contains what might be described as `notable excep-tions'.While not conforming to the requirements to be recognized as a class record,the cells and modules in this table have notable characteristics that will be of interest to sections of the photovoltaic community.
PROGRESS IN PHOTOVOLTAICS:RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS
Prog.Photovolt.Res.Appl.7,31±37
(1999)
*Correspondence to:Martin A.Green,Photovoltaics Special Research Centre,University of New South Wales,Sydney 2052,Australia
On-going progress with crystalline silicon solar cells is reported in Table 1,with a new e ciency mark of 24.5%established for a 4cm 2cell fabricated at the University of New South Wales (UNSW)and measured at Sandia National Laboratories.This cell incorporated a new light trapping scheme and showed higher output voltage and current density than the previous record cell,also fabricated at UNSW.Another new result appears in Table II (modules).A new e ciency mark for a thin ?lm photovoltaic module has been posted by Siemens Solar Industries using a nominally 1ft ?4ft module of
Table II.Con?rmed terrestrial module e ciencies measured under the global AM1.5spectrum (1000Wm à2)at a cell
temperature of 258C
Classi?cation a E c.b (%)Area c (cm 2)V oc (V)I sc (A)FF d (%)Test centre (and date)Description
Si (crystalline)
22.7+0.6778(da)5.603.9380.3Sandia (9/96)UNSW/Gochermann 27Si-(multicrystalline)15.2+0.41017(ap)14.61.3678.6Sandia (10/94)Sandia/HEM 28CIGSS 11.860.63651(ap)26.502.3967.9NREL (9/98)Siemens Solar 13CdTe
9.2+0.53366(ap)45.591.1062.1NREL (4/97)Golden Photon
a-Si/a-SiGe/a-SiGe (tandem)e
10.460.5
905.1
(ap)
4.353
3.285
66.0
NREL (10/98)
USSC 29(a-Si/a-Si/a-Si :Ge)
a
CIGSS CuInGaSSe;a-Si amorphous silicon/hydrogen alloy;a-SIGe amorphous silicon/germanium/hydrogen alloy.b
E c. e ciency.
c (ap) aperture area;(da) designate
d illumination area.d
FF ?ll factor.e
Light soaked at NREL for 1000h at 508C,nominally 1-sun illumination.
Table III.Terrestrial concentrator cell and module e ciencies measured under the direct beam AM1.5spectrum at a
cell temperature of 258C
Classi?cation
E c.a (%)Area b (cm 2)Concentration c (suns)Test centre (and date)Description
Single cells GaAs 27.6+1.00.126(da)255Sandia (5/91)Spire 30
GaInAsP 27.5+1.40.075(da)171NREL (2/91)NREL,Entech cover InP 24.3+1.20.075(da)99NREL (2/91)NREL,Entech cover 31Si
26.8+0.81.60(da)96FhG-ISE (10/95)SunPower back-contact 32Si (large)
21.6+0.720.0(da)11Sandia d (9/90)UNSW laser grooved 33GaAs (Si substrate)21.3+0.80.126(da)237Sandia (5/91)Spire 30
InP (GaAs substrate)21.0+1.10.075(ap)88NREL (2/91)NREL,Entech cover 34
Multijunction cells GaAs/GaSb 32.6+1.70.053(da)100Sandia d (10/89)Boeing,mechanical stack 35
InP/GaInAs 31.8+1.60.063(da)50NREL (8/90)NREL,monolithic 3terminal 36GaAs/GaInAsP 30.2+1.50.053(da)40NREL (10/90)NREL,stacked 4terminal 36
GaInP/GaAs 30.2+1.40.103(da)180Sandia (3/94)NREL,monolithic 2terminal 37
GaAs/Si 29.6+1.50.317
(da)
350Sandia d (9/88)Varian/Stanford/Sandia,mech.stack 38Submodules GaAs/GaSb 25.1+1.441.4(ap)57Sandia (3/93)Boeing,3mech.stack units 39
Modules Si
20.3+0.8
1875(ap)
80
Sandia (4/89)
Sandia/UNSW/ENTECH (12cells)40
a
E c. e ciency.
b
(da) designated illumination area;(ap) aperture area.c One sun corresponds to an intensity of 1000Wm à2.d
Measurements corrected from originally measured values due to Sandia recalibration in January 1991.
SOLAR CELL EFFICIENCY TABLES 33
SOLAR CELL EFFICIENCY TABLES35 Cu(ln,Ga)(S,Se)cells with a CdS/ZnO window layer.13An e ciency of11.8%was measured at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory(NREL)for a module which was one of30delivered to the laboratory as part of a1.2kW array.The average module e ciency was11.4%.The previous mark for a thin?lm module of this size was11.1%,also for a Siemens Solar module measured in July1997.
An additional new result for Table II is another improvement in thin-?lm module performance.An energy conversion e ciency of10.4%was con?rmed at NREL for a triple-junction amorphous silicon/ germanium tandem cell module fabricated by United Solar Systems Corporation(USSC).Prior to testing,this module was light-soaked by NREL for1000h at508C under nominally1-sun illumination.
DISCLAIMER
While the information provided in the tables is provided in good faith,the authors,editors and publishers cannot accept direct responsibility for any errors or omissions.
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