“语法形式和语法意义练习”参考答案

“语法形式和语法意义练习”参考答案
“语法形式和语法意义练习”参考答案

“语法形式和语法意义练习”参考答案

一、填空题

1.形式意义

2.语法意义语法形式

3.语法手段

4.语法范畴

5. 词法手段句法手段词法手段综合性手段句法手段分析性手段6.词形变化词的轻重音词的重叠

7.形态变化附加屈折异根零形式

8.词尾语音换用不同的词根原形形式

9.重读或轻读重音移动

10.虚词词类选择词序语调

11.词汇意义语法意义

12.辅助词功能词

13.词类或短语(词组)的类

14.位置顺序

15.音高重音停顿

16.综合性语言分析性语言

17.词法范畴句法范畴词法范畴句法范畴

18.体词性范畴谓词性范畴类别范畴关系范畴

19.名词名词性数格有定无定

20.属性事物数量名词与其他词的语法结构关系名词指称性质21.时体态

22.说话的时间的关系现在时过去时将来时

23.动词所反映的动作行为进行的状况进行体完成体未完成体24.施受关系主动态被动态

25.一致关系

26.词类词类选择形式虚词词序

二、单项选择题

1.A 2.D 3.D 4.C 5.D

6.B 7.B 8.C 9.D 10.A

11.A 12.B 13.B 14. D 15. D

16.B 17.D 18.D 19.B 20. D

三、多项选择题

1.AE 2.BD 3.ACD 4.BC 5.BDE

6.BDE 7.AD 8.ABCD 9.ABCE 10.ACE

四、判断题

1.× 2. ×3.√4.×

5.×6.×7.×8.√

9.√10.√11.√

五、分析题

1.(1) 格虚词格附加

(2) 数零形式数附加

(3)时零形式时附加

2.附加屈折异根异根屈折屈折附加屈折附加附加屈折异根

六、简答题

1.答:语言中不管是语音的表现形式,词形的变化形式,还是成分的组合和类别形式,凡是能够体现一类意义或有共同作用的形式,就都是语法形式。语言中不管是词语意义,还是结构意义,凡是通过一类形式或共同功能所获得的意义,就是语法意义。

2.答:词形变化是指通过词的形态变化产生一定语法意义的形式。世界上很多语言,尤其是印欧语,很多采用这种语法形式。具体说词形变化又包括附加、屈折、异根和零形式四种情况。第一种是“附加”,即在词的后面加上词尾。例如英语名词“book/books(书)”、“tree/trees(树)”就是加上词尾“-s”来表示复数的;第二种是“屈折”,即词的内部发生语音交替变化。比如英语表示名词的单数和复数,有时也用屈折的形式,如“man/men(男人)”、“foot/feet(脚)”等;第三种是“异根”,即换用不同的词根构成相同意义的词。例如英语有少数动词的过去式用异根形式表示,如“go/went(走)”;第四种是“零形式”,即相对于词形变化的词的原形形式。附加、屈折和异根等形式可以产生某种语法意义,那么相对而言,词在变化前的形式,即原形,当然也应有某种语法意义,所以原形也就可以看作是一种词形变化,或者说变化的是一个零成分。例如英语名词“books(一些书)”是通过加词尾“-s”来表示复数的,那么未加词尾的“book(书)就表示单数,因此单数就是用零形式表示的。

3.答:词的轻重音是指通过词的某个部分重读或轻读而产生一定语法意义的形式。一般说轻重音中重音形式更重要,所以也可以叫做“重音移动”,例如英语有时可以用词的重音区别动词和名词,如“re`cord(记录,动词)/`record(记录,名词)”,“im`port(输入,动词)/`import(输入,名词)”等就是这种情况。有些语言中轻音也有语法作用。比如汉语就较多利用轻声的形式,有些相同的组合形式,既可能是短语也可能是词,意义也不同,往往就可以利用是否包含轻声的成分来区别,如“东西/东·西”、“买卖/买·卖”等。

4.答:词的重叠是指通过词或词中某个语素重复使用而产生一定语法意义的形式。表面上看,词的重叠已超出了一个词,但词重叠和语素重叠不仅形式相同,而且重叠的形式往往都相当于词的独立用法,它也还是词的一种变化形式。例如名词或量词重叠“人/人人”、“天/天天”、“件/件件”都有“每一”的意思;动词或动词语素重叠“看/看看”、“说/说说”、“研究/研究研究”,都有短时和尝试等量小的意思;形容词或形容词语素重叠“大/大大(的)”、“高/高高(的)”、“清楚/清清楚楚”,都有加强程度的意思。

5.答:语法范畴可以分成“词法范畴”和“句法范畴”两大类。凡是主要由词的变化形式表示的语法意义就属于词法范畴,也叫属性范畴;凡是主要由结构的变化形式表示的语法意义就属于句法范畴,也叫类别范畴和关系范畴。

6.答:体词属性范畴是指由名词的词形变化形式表示的意义。综合性语言中的名词都有词形变化,主要表示四种范畴意义,即性、数、格和有定无定。第一种是“性”范畴,即在某些语言中表示人或事物有关性属的一组特征。俄语、德语名词都分阳性、中性和阴性三类,法语有阳性和阴性两类,汉语没有“性”的范畴。第二种是“数”范畴,即表示事物数量的一组特征。如英语“house/houses(房子)”前者是单数名词,后者是复数名词。汉语无严格的数范畴。第三种是“格”范畴,即表示名词与其他词的语法结构关系的一组特征。英语中的名词除了用加“-s”的形式表示所有格,另外代词还有主格、宾格等区别外,格的形式已经相当弱化了。汉语没有格范畴。第四种范畴是“有定和无定”范畴,即表示名词指称性质的一组特征。在印欧语的很多语言中都用定冠词和不定冠词来表示名词的有定和无定意义,这也是一种重要的语法意义。例如英语“I have just read the book(我刚刚读完这本书)”,“the book”是有定的,即特定的某本书;“I bought a book yesterday(我昨天买了一本书)”“a

book”是无定的。汉语中无定冠词和不定冠词,往往用指量词或数量词表示名词的有定和无定。

7.答:谓词属性范畴主要由动词的词形变化形式表示的。综合性语言中的动词也都有词形变化,主要表示的范畴意义有时、体、态和人称。第一种是“时”范畴,即表示动词所反映的动作发生时间和说话的时间的关系的一组特征。很多语言中都有这种范畴。一般可分为现在时、过去时和将来时。如英语He works(他工作,现在时);He worked(他工作过,过去时)He will work(他将工作,将来时)。第二种是“体”范畴,即表示动词所反映的动作行为进行状况的一组特征。常见的有进行体、完成体和未完成体,例如“I am reading the book(我正在读这本书)”是进行体,动词用“be V-ing”形式。第三种是“态”范畴,即表示动词与主语名词之间的施受关系的一组特征。主要分成主动态和被动态两种。例如英语“Mary broke the cup(玛丽打碎了杯子)”是主动态,动词用一般形式;“The cup was broken by Mary(杯子被玛丽打碎了)”是被动态,动词用“be十动词过去分词”的形式。第四种是“人称”范畴,即表示动词与主语名词的人称一致现象的一组特征。英语动词与主语的人称一致现象不系统,例如现在时且主语是第三人称单数时动词加“-s”,例如“He plays football every Sunday(他每个星期天踢足球)”;将来时主语是第二人称用“shall”,其他人称用动词“will”,例如“He will play football tomorrow.(他明天要踢足球)”。

8. 答:一般来说,主要使用形态变化、词的轻重音等综合性语法手段的语言,如俄语、德语叫做综合性语言,这些语言词法范畴的内容比较丰富,或者是用词法范畴覆盖了在另一些语言中属于句法范畴的意义;而主要使用虚词和词序等分析性语法手段表示语法意义的语言,如汉语、英语等就叫做分析性语言,这种语言句法范畴的内容比较丰富,或者是用句法范畴覆盖了在另一些语言中属于词法范畴的意义。这实际上也就是综合性语言和分析性语言在语法范畴方面的差异。

9.答:关系范畴主要指通过虚词和词序表示语法结构关系的意义。有些缺少形态变化的分析性语言中词与词的组合构成句法结构时,由于词类意义不是单一的,词类组合也比较灵活,因此就必须通过虚词和词序来表示特定的语法关系意义。例如汉语“学生家长”都是“名词+名词”,但既可能是联合关系也可能是修饰关系,通过加上连接词“和”和“的”,如“学生和家长”、“学生的家长”就可以区别这两种关系意义了。除了虚词,有些语言更多是通过词序变化来确定结构的语法关系意义。如汉语中“停止说话”表示动宾关系,而“说话停止”就表示主谓关系,“停下来说话”就表示先后动作的关系。

10.答:语调是通过整个句子的音高、重音、停顿等来表示一定语法意义的形式。语调实际上已经是表达层面上的一种语法手段了。句子的语调与语气词的关系十分密切,比如“他去吗?”、“你去吧!”分别用不同的语气词来表示疑问、祈使语气。但在不使用语气词的情况下,也可以独立使用语调来表示这些语气,例如“他去?(高调)”、“你去!(低调)等。各种语言都要利用语调这种形式表达语气意义,一般说,陈述句和祈使句用低调或降调,疑问句用高调和升调。另外像汉语说“你不去。我也不去。”前一句未有大的停顿,同时用低调,则两句之间表示并列关系;“你不去,我也不去。”前一句末只有较小的停顿,同时用平调,则两句之间表示的就是因果关系。这里前一句的语调形式既表示不同的语气意义,也表示构成复句时与后一分句的关系意义。

11.通过语法结构中词语的位置顺序来表示一定语法意义的形式就是词序。词序和词类选择有相同的语法作用,只不过词类选择是讲词的类别,词序是讲词的顺序。各种语言都要利用词序的形式,但词序所起的作用不同。如果词与词的关系主要依靠形态变化表示,词序所起的作用就小;相反如果缺少形态变化,词序的作用就大些。汉语等大部分汉藏浯系语言属于后者。汉语常常利用词语的顺序表示语法关系,如“天气好”是偏正关系,“好天气”是主谓关系;“猫捉老鼠”和“老鼠捉猫”都是主谓关系,但出现在动词前面的一定是施事

成分,动词后面的一定是受事成分。俄语则属于后者。在以词序为主的语言中词序的安排也有区别。汉语、英语、法语等都是宾语在动词后面,如说“写字”、“吃饭”,但在日语、朝鲜语、维吾尔语等语言中则宾语在动词前,例如“字写”、“饭吃”。前者被称作“SVO(主动宾)”型语言,后者就是“SOV(主宾动)”型语言。

七、论述题

答:语言中不管是语音的表现形式,词形的变化形式,还是成分的组合和类别形式,凡是能够体现一类语法意义或有共同作用的形式,就是语法形式。语言中不管是词语意义,还是结构意义,凡是通过一类形式或共同功能所获得的意义,就是语法意义。语法形式与语法意义就像是语法这一张白纸的两面,二者互相依存,不可分割。因此可以说语法研究的重要意义就是发现语法形式与语法意义的对应关系,即看到一种形式的时候要思考这种形式有什么用处,发现一种意义的时候也要寻求这种语法意义的来源。当然各种语言的语法形式与语法意义又有不同情况,彼此有错综的表现。比如同样表现动作发生在过去的意义,英语用动词加词缀“-ed”的词形变化形式,汉语就用动词后面加虚词“了、过”的形式。一种语言中的语法形式和语法意义也并非简单对应,相互有复杂的关系。比如有的是一种形式对应一种意义,例如英语中冠词“the”指表示后面的名词是有定指的或特指的,如“the house(这所房子)”。有的是一种形式对应了多种意义,例如德语中的冠词除了表示名词定指,还表示名词的性或数,如“der Tisch(桌子,定指/阳性/单数)”。还有的是多种形式对应一种意义,例如汉语中表示名词的定指意义,既可以通过词序形式,即出现在动词前的光杆名词就是有定指的,如“房子(塌了)”,也可以通过加指示代词或特定介词的形式表示名词是有定指的,如“(喜欢)这房子”、“把房子(卖了)”。

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语法---专项训练 【例题精选】: 一、提取下列句子的主干: 1、我们能够学会我们原来不懂的东西。 主干:我们能够学会东西。 简析:注意能愿动词“能够”的使用。在提取句子主干时要保留在主干里。 2、每一个共产党员都不要忘记自己身上的责任。 主干:共产党员不要忘记责任。 简析:否定词“不”要保留在主干里;能愿动词“要”要保留在主干里。 二、用符号法划分句子成分: 1、孩子成才‖是每个家长的希望。 简析:主谓短语“孩子成才”是句子的主语。 2、研制摸仿人的动作和智能的自动机器,‖[已]有几十年的历史。 简析:动宾短语“研制……自动机器”充当句子的主语。 3、我‖觉得我们的战士太伟大了。 简析:(1)“觉得”是表心理活动的动词,它后面的内容都回答了“什么”的问题,所以“觉得”的后面都是宾语;(2)主谓短语“我们的战士太伟大”充当句子的宾语。 4、(母亲那种勤劳俭朴)的习惯,(母亲那种宽厚仁慈)的态度,‖[至今还在我心中]留有深刻的印象。 简析:并列短语“……习惯……态度”充当句子的主语。 5、(永定河上)的卢沟桥‖修建<于公元1189年到1192年间> 简析:介宾短语“于1189到1192年间”在谓语的中心语“修建”的后面,回答了修建年代的问题,而没有回答“修建”“什么”的问题,所以介宾短语“于1189到1192年间”充当补语。 三、下面句子的主语是 和已知线段两个端点距离相等的点的轨迹,是这条线段的垂直平分线。 A.轨迹 B.和已知线段两个端点距离相等的点的轨迹 C.两个端点距离相等的点的轨迹 D.和已知线段两个端点距离相等的点 答案:B 简析:注意区分“主语”和“中心语”的内涵。

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语法形式、语法意义与语法范畴教学内容

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