美国黑人独立运动论文英文版
United States is comprised of people of different races, such as blacks, whites and yellows, which were mainly dominated by white people many years ago. However, nowadays many black superstars like Beyonce , Whitney Houston ,Michael Jordan and so forth have made prominent and stunning achievements in their respective fields, which not only means their capability and talent get recognized but also mirrors the fact that the social status of black people has been almost equivalent to white people. From my perspective, the great improvements of their social status mainly owe to black people themselves. They stand on their own feet and persevere in striving for their benefit and rights.
Racial discrimination is a historical issue that can be traced back to the 19th century. One of the important reasons why the civil war broke out is about the slavery in the south of America. In the period of time, blacks couldn’t get equal treatment, they were humiliated, scolded even abused and tortured by whites. After the declaration of Emancipation Proclamation, black people began to win some respect from other races little by little.
In 1963, Martin Luther King delivered a famous speech called “I have a dream”in Washington D.C, stating that black people are supposed to possess the identical rights as white people do. Though he got shot, still, his sacrifice highly promoted the position of black people and made a huge step in the mankind history.
In the modern society, there are still many examples which have proved black people have never stopped to fight for themselves. Obama was elected the first black president of America in 2008. It is incredible and controversial for a black to take charge of the whole country, whereas Obama did it. The process of converting from slave to president has marked the black people themselves have fundamentally changed the situation. NBA is a paradise of black people. They actualize their values and dreams by their unmatched strength and power. In the field of music, they also do their utmost to win the respect. Mariah Carey, Beyonce, Rihanna, all these divas gain their unshakable positions by their hardworking and effortless voices.
It’s common to see a black and a white walk on the street, holding hands. It’s common to see kids of different races play together. All the things mentioned above is beyond the imagination a hundred year ago, but right now it can’t be more universal. Who on earth change the horrible situation? I am firmly convinced that it is blacks themselves help them out!
History and Anthology of American Literature 美国文学史及选读 笔记
History and Anthology of American Literature Part I The Literature of Colonial America 1.Historical Introduction ·The first permanent English settlement in North America was established at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607. ·Among the members of the small band of Jamestown settlers was Captain John Smith. His reports of exploration have been described as the first distinctly American literature written in English. 2.Early New England Literature ·The American poets who emerged in the 17 century adapted the style of established European poets to the subject matter confronted in a strange, new environment. Anne Bradstreet was one such poet. John Smith 1.The first American writer. 2.Works: (1)A true Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony (2)A Map of Virginia with a Description of the Country (3)The General History of Virginia, New England, and the Summer Isles William Bradford & John Winthrop 1.William Bradford: 曾任普利茅斯总督 ·Work: Of Plymouth Plantation《普利茅斯垦殖记》 2.John Winthrop: 曾任马萨诸塞湾总督，波士顿总督 ·Work: The History of New England from 1630 to 1649《新英格兰历史：1630-1649》 John Cotton & Roger Williams 1.John Cotton: 清教徒牧师和作家 ·The first major intellectual spokesman of Massachusetts Bay Colony was John Cotton, sometimes called “the Patriarch of New England”. 2.Roger Williams: 出生于伦敦的进步宗教思想家，曾长期受到英国殖民当局的迫害 ·He was interested in the Indian language ·Work：A Key into the Language of America 《阿美利加语言的钥匙》 Anne Bradstreet & Edward Taylor 1.Anne Bradstreet：美国第一位作品得以发表的女诗人 ·Work：The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung up in America《第十位缪斯》 2.Edward Taylor：美国清教派牧师和诗人，被公认为美国19世纪前最重要的诗人 ·The best of the Puritan poets Part II The Literature of Reason and Revolution 1.Background: In the seventies of the eighteenth century the English colonies in North America rose in arms against their mother country. The War of Independence lasted for eight years(1775-1783) and ended in the formation of a federative bourgeois democratic republic—the United States of America. 2.American Enlightenment（美国启蒙运动）dealt a decisive blow to the Puritan traditions and brought to life secular
美国文学史
美国文学史梗概 一、殖民地时代和美国建国初期 最早来自这片新大陆的欧洲移民主要是定居在新英格兰的清教徒和马萨诸塞的罗马天主教徒，二者虽然在教义上有很多不同之处，但他们都信奉加尔文主义：人生在世只是为了受苦受难，而他们唯一的希望是争做上帝的“选民”，死后进天国，相信“原罪”。这时的文学作品也主要反映了这些思想，和欧洲文学一脉相承。 代表作家：考顿·马瑟，乔纳森·爱德华兹，安妮·布拉兹特里特，爱德华·泰勒。 二、18世纪独立战争胜利后，美国经济社会进入稳步发展时期 这一时期是启蒙运动时期（the Enlightenment）,从字面上讲，启蒙运
动就是启迪蒙昧，反对愚昧主义，提倡普及文化教育的运动。但就其精神实质上看，它是宣扬资产阶级政治思想体系的运动，并非单纯是文学运动。它是文艺复兴时期资产阶级反封建、反禁欲、反教会斗争的继续和发展，直接为一七八九年的法国大革命奠定了思想基础。启蒙思想家们从人文主义者手里进一步从理论上证明封建制度的不合理，从而提出一整套哲学理论，政治纲领和社会改革方案，要求建立一个以“理性”为基础的社会。他们用政治自由对抗专制暴政，用信仰自由对抗宗教压迫，用自然神论和无神论来摧毁天主教权威和宗教偶像，用“天赋人权”的口号来反对“君权神授”的观点，用“人人在法律面前平等”来反对贵族的等级特权，进而建立资产阶级的政权。是欧洲第二次思想解放运动。） 主要文学指导思想是“自然神论”（Deism），这个思想认为虽然上帝创造了宇宙和它存在的规则，但是在此之
后上帝并不再对这个世界的发展产生影响。自然神论反对蒙昧主义和神秘主义，否定迷信和各种违反自然规律的“奇迹”；认为上帝不过是“世界理性”或“有智慧的意志”；上帝作为世界的“始因”或“造物主”，它在创世之后就不再干预世界事务，而让世界按照它本身的规律存在和发展下去；主张用“理性宗教”代替“天启宗教”。人生在世，不再是受苦受难以换取来世的新生，而是要消灭种族、性别和信仰的不平等，建立自己的“人间乐园”。 启蒙运动中出现大量优秀的散文作品，并多出自开国元勋之手，如本杰明·富兰克林，托马斯·潘恩，以及托马斯·杰斐逊。 三、19世纪南北战争时期 这一时期的文学先后发展了浪漫主义，现实主义和自然主义。
美国文学考试资料(英文版)(doc 10页)
Part one: Answer: 1—60 A,B,D,D,C/ D,A,B,A,D/ A,A,D,D,B/ C,C,B,D,C D A B D B/ A C B C D/ C D C D A/ B,A,C,A,D B,C,C,B,A/ D,A,B,D,D/ A,A,D,D,B/ C,C,A,D,C 1 1.Hawthorne’s masterpiece, one of the greatest novels of the world is The Scarlet Letter. 2.Emerson’s first startling book is Nature. 3.Ralph Waldo Emerson is the chief spokesman of this spiritual movement of Transcendentalism. 4.Washington Irving is worth the honor of being “for his literary craftsmanship for his literary craftsmanship. 5.The colonial influence over American Romanticism made American Romantic writers more moralize than their English counter-parts. 6.The impact of Darwin's evolutionary theory on the American thought and the influence of the 19th century French literature on the American men of letters gave rise to another school of realism: American Naturalism. 7.In the first part of the 20th century, apart from Darwinism, there were two thinkers the German Karl Marx and the Austrian Sigmund Freud, whose ideas had the greatest impact on the period. 8. In his poetry, Robert Frost made the colloquial New England speech into a poetic expression. The theme of returning to nature could be read in Leather-Stocking Tales by Cooper. 10. About the novel The Scarlet Letter, which of the following statements is not true? D A. It's very hard to say that it is a love story or a story of sin. B. It's a highly symbolic story and the author is a master of symbolism. C. It's mainly about the moral, emotional and psychological effects of the sin upon the main characters and the people in general. D. In it the letter A takes the same symbolic meaning throughout the novel. 11. Ezra Pound showed great interest in Chinese literature and translated the poetry of Li Bai into English. 12. Eli ot’s first major poem (1917 The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock , has been called the first masterpiece of modernism in English. 13. The Fitzgerald lived so extravagantly that they frequently spent more money than Fitzgerald earned for parties, liquor, entertaining their friends and traveling. It was this living style that nicknamed the decade of the 1920s as The Roaring Twenties,The Jazz age andThe Dollar Decade. 14. Hemingway was badly wounded in Italy and sent to a hospital where he fell in love with a nurse. These two persons later became the characters of his novel A Farewell to Arms
《美国文学史及选读》考研吴伟仁版考研复习笔记和真题
《美国文学史及选读》考研吴伟仁版考研复 习笔记和真题 第一部分殖民地时期的美国文学 第1章约翰·史密斯 1.1 复习笔记 I. Historical Introduction (历史背景) (1) At the beginning of the seventeenth century, the vast continental area that was to become the United States had been probed only slightly by English and European explorers. At last early in the seventeenth century, the English settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts began the main stream of what we recognize as the American national history. (2) The colonies that became the first United States were for the most part sustained by English traditions, ruled by English laws, supported by English commerce, and named after English monarchs and English lands. (3) The first writings that we call American were the narratives and journals of the settlements. They wrote about their voyage to the new land, about adapting to new life and dealing with Indians; they wrote letters, contracts, government charters, religious and political statements. (4) The first permanent English settlement in North America was established at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607. Among the members of the small band of Jamestown settlers was Captain John Smith, an English soldier of fortune.
20世纪美国文学的特点
20世纪的美国文学，堪称美国文学史上的“黄金时期”，同时也可以说是又一次“文艺复兴”。这一时期，现实主义、自然主义和现代主义形成了多元并存的局面，促进了现代美国文学的空前繁荣。 ==小说== 这一时期的小说创作主旨虽然是现实主义，但不同的作家在创作实践中却呈现出各自的特色。这一时期的小说创作有几种倾向： 1、两种现实主义小说。在这方面的主要代表是亨利·詹姆斯，他的创作继承了19世纪的高雅“现实主义”传统，擅长描写美国东部有闲阶级男女的心理。他作品描写的民主思想浓厚、独立性强、天真无邪、不拘虚礼但又有些我行我素的美国上层妇女形象，始终被看成是美国文化产物的典型。与这种创作倾向截然相反的是乡土小说和反映农民心声的作品。这方面比较有影响的作家哈姆林·加兰。 2、乡土作家和幽默小说。这方面的代表性作家是欧·亨利。他的短篇小说篇幅不长，以情节取胜，一般以写小市民生活为主，充满了蕴含同情的幽默和恢谐之特色。尤其是那些出人意料的结尾和“情理之中、意料之外”的谋篇布局手法更每每令读者拍案叫绝。 3、“黑幕揭发者”与厄普顿·辛克莱。从19世纪90年代开始，一批以揭露资本家穷奢极欲和政府丑闻为主要内容的暴露文学曾一度发展到高峰。其中以厄普顿·辛克莱的《屠场》最有影响。 4、自然主义和现实主义的交织。这一时期美国文学的一个重要成就在于出现了一批既具有现实主义倾向同时又受到欧洲自然主义哲学和文学思潮影响的作家。他们所描写的往往是一些没有文化、出身贫寒的下层人民和社会渣滓。第一部显示出决定论哲学倾向的作品是斯蒂芬·克莱斯的中篇小说《街头妇女郎梅季》。 杰克·伦敦参加过美国的社会主义运动，曾有“美国无产阶级文学之父”之称。实际上，他同时受到马克思主义、尼采的超人哲学和斯宾塞的社会达尔文主义的影响，这些均反映在他的主要长短篇小说中。他的写作风格粗犷而刚健有力，人物性格常常在激烈的矛盾冲突中得到展示。 西奥多·德莱塞（代表作《嘉莉妹妹》、《美国的悲剧》）运用巴尔扎克写典型、写细节的手法，成功地再现出他那个时代大城市中的社会生活和典型人物，场面比较广阔，含义比较深刻。他虽然揭露了资产阶级社会中尔虞我诈、弱肉强食的现象，但是又塑造了一批随波逐流、任性纵欲的主人公。但是他常常因为写作风格的滞重和句段的冗长而受到批评。 辛克莱·刘易斯是美国第一个获得诺贝尔文学的小说家。他的小说多以讽刺手法揭露美国资产阶级社会中的丑恶现象和矛盾。作为美国中产阶级的代言人，他的视野从未超越中产阶级。他的作品虽然从某些侧面揭露示了资产阶级社会中的矛盾，和社会的黑暗，但总的来说，缺乏一定的深度。
美国文学史笔记
文学史笔记： 一、Early American and colonial period (1607-1765) (religious conflicts Catholism vs.Puritanism) 1.Puritanism: 1.) Simply speaking , American Puritanism just refers to the spirit and ideal of puritans,who settled in the North American continent in the early part of the seventeenth century because of religious persecutions.In content it means scrupulous ,moral rigor ,especially hostility to social pleasures and indulgences,that is strictness,sternness and austerity in conduct and religion. 2.)with time passing it became a dominant factor in American life , one of the most enduring shaping influences in American thought and literature .To some extent it is a state of mind , a part of the national cultural atmosphere that the American breathes ,rather than a set of tenets. 3.）Actually it is a code of values , a philosophy of life and a point of view in American minds , also a two-faceted tradition of religious idealism and level -headed in common sense . 2.The main features of this period 1).American literature grew out of humble origins. Diaries, histories, journals, letters, commonplace books, travel books, sermons, in short, personal literature in its various forms, occupy a major position in the literature of the early colonial period.
美国文学笔记整理完整版-专八人文知识
美国文学笔记整理完整版 -1776 北美殖民时期Colonial Settlements 约翰·史密斯美国文学史上第一个作家 John Smith A Ture Relation of Virginia《关于费吉尼亚的真实叙 述》（美国文学第一本书） 乔纳森·爱德华兹清教徒主义作家（Puritanism） Jonathan Edwards -1783 独立革命时期Revolution of Independence （启蒙运动） 本杰明·富兰克林Poor Richard’s Almanac穷查理历书； Benjamin Franklin The Way to Wealth致富之道； 1706-1790 The Autobiography自传(记录作者从穷到成功的经历，“美国 梦”反映，体现启蒙倡导的理性主义和有序、教育的 观点) 托马斯·潘恩美国独立之父the father of American revolution Thomas Paine Common Sense常识（独立战争宣传册revolutionary pamphlets） -1809 American Crisis美国危机（鼓励人民抵抗英 军，共16小册） Rights of Man人的权利（支持法国革命） The Age of Reason理性时代（基督给他名誉带来的影响） 菲利普·弗伦诺独立诗人a poet of the American Revolution，美国 诗歌之父 Philip Freneau The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲 1752-1832 The British Prison Ship英国囚船 The Wild Honey suckle野生的金银花 The Indian Burying Ground印第安人殡葬地
关于20世纪欧美文学20th Century American Literature(英语美文)
关于20世纪欧美文学20th Century American Literature 英语美文 这些脸”的幽灵在人群中:/片片花瓣在潮湿黝黑的枝子上。“我的第一反应在1916年庞德的阅读理解诗歌的地铁车站的暴行。这是一首诗无论如何定义?如果它是一首诗,它是如何被理解吗?最后,有什麽样的含意,这首诗产生了为20 -世纪美国文学吗? 我最初的困惑,我意识到了,在平息,必须在地下的d 'etre背后的这个显然奇异的文学现象。我所要做的是把这首诗到上下文的美国文学的演进和文学的历史。至少,这首诗就引发了一个重要的挑战。它要求我明白有些很关键的变化,这些变化必须发生在20世纪末。 我后来的研究表明这首诗表现了更大的一部分被称为象征主义文学运动,其中包括这样的理论家和开业者休谟,Hilda Doolittle t >,艾美洛厄尔;庞德等。这个动作是一种直接反应了维多利亚时代晚期诗歌,成为极人工、emptily“修辞”和“装饰”。解决这类问题,因此必然要松开韵律模式和把它带回来接近的节奏普通的演说。因此,“意象派”运动有极大关系与促进自由诗,倡导实验在许多宗教信条
需要“允许绝对自由的题材的选择”和“生产诗歌,又硬又清晰,从不模糊不定。“当Archibald也说,在他的抗逆转录病毒药物Poetica MacLeish(1926年),“诗不应该意味着/但是”的,他有类似的事情在他的脑海里。象征主义、小,因为它是作为一种文学运动,引起了重大变化,引入文学批评的概念所体现的内部学习新批评代替传统的关键做法。 上述事件只不过是一个那个例子发生在我研究的文学作品。中国学生喜欢我,它至少有两个重要的影响。首先,一部作品,一定不能被隔离治疗。相互作用是什么之前或之后写历史的角度来看,这是一个以何种方式,我们将增加我们的解释。第二,这是很重要的,熟悉相关的文学理论,对于一个给定的作品。 一个学生主修英语(以及国际贸易)的XX大学英语系,我变得越来越有兴趣文学后半段在本科毕业。当然,我被培养成一名学生的英语语言在最初的地方,正因为如此,我收到了标准的学术训练典型的一位学生的英语专业。在头两年里,我主要有密集培训的基本的英语交流能力通过参加课程,在先进的听、写、阅读和书面和口头的沟通能力。我的杰出的学术成绩,说明了国内一流,二等奖学金连续四次被我赢了从1999年至2003年。在2001年,我曾获二等奖的校园英语作文大赛,在2002年赢得这个奖项的第一个中英翻译大赛。另一指标,是我的学业成绩的荣誉毕业于XX省优秀的时候,我收到了我终于完成了
美国文学浪漫主义英文版
American Romanticism Romantic Period is one of the most important periods in the history of American literature. When Americans were constructing their country, they also began to realize their differences from their European counterparts. They began to hope to see an entirely different literature model which expressed American cultures. Great writers of that period captured on their pages the enthusiasm and the optimism of that dream. Romanticism refers to an artistic and intellectual movement originating in Europe in the late 18th century and characterized by a heightened interest in nature, emphasis on the individual’s experience of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and forms of classicism, and rebellion against established social rules and conventions. The romantic period of American literature stretches from the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of the Civil War. It was an age of westward expansion, of the increasing gravity of the slavery question, of an intensification of the spirit of embattled sectionalism in the South, and of a powerful impulse to reform in the North. In literature it was America’s first great creative period, a full flowering of the romantic impulse on American soil. 1. The unique characteristics of American Romanticism Although greatly influenced by their English coun terparts, the American romantic writers revealed unique characteristics of their own in their works and they grew on the native lands. For examp1e，(1) the American national experience of "pioneering into the west" proved to be a rich source of material for Amer ican writers to draw upon. They celebrated America's landscape with its virgin forests, meadows, groves, endless prairies, streams, and vast oceans. The wilderness came to function almost as a dramatic character that symbolized moral 1aw. (2) The desire for an esca pe from society and a return to nature became a permanent convention of American literature. Such a desire is particularly evident in Cooper’s Leather Stocking Tales, in Thoreau's Walden and，later, in Mark Twain’s Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. (3) With the growth of American national consciousness, American character types speaking local dialects appeared in poetry and fiction with increasing frequency. (4)Then the American Puritanism as a cultural heritage exerted great influences over American moral values and American Romanticism. One of the manifestations is the fact that American romantic writers tended more to moralize than their English and European counterparts. (5) Besides, a preoccupation with the Calvinistic view of origina1 sin and the mystery of evil marked the works of Hawthorne, Melville and a host of lesser writers. 2. Representative writers and their works Washington Irving(1783-1859) was the first American storyteller to be
美国文学简史笔记常耀信样本
A Concise History of American Literature What is literature? Literature is language artistically used to achieve identifiable literary qualities and to convey meaningful messages. Chapter 1 Colonial Period I.Background：Puritanism 1.features of Puritanism (1)Predestination：God decided everything before things occurred. (2)Original sin：Human beings were born to be evil，and this original sin can be passed down from generation to generation. (3)Total depravity (4)Limited atonement：Only the “elect” can be saved. 2.Influence (1) A group of good qualities –hard work，thrift，piety，sobriety (serious and thoughtful) influenced American literature. (2)It led to the everlasting myth. All literature is based on a myth – garden of Eden. (3)Symbolism：the American puritan’s metaphorical mode of percep tion was chiefly instrumental in calling into being a literary symbolism which is distinctly American. (4)With regard to their writing，the style is fresh，simple and direct；the rhetoric is plain and honest，not without a touch of nobility often traceable to the direct influence of the Bible. II.Overview of the literature
美国文学史及选读考研复习笔记5
History And Anthology of American Literature （5） PartⅤTwentieth-Century Literature二十世纪文学 Ⅰ. Ezra Pound埃兹拉·庞德1885-1972 1.埃兹拉·卢米斯·庞德Ezra Loomis Pound。他是一位 非常具有个性的诗人，他能把传统与令人深刻和大 胆的创新很熟练地结合起来he had a distinct poetic personality, he combined a command of the older tradition with impressive and often daring originality. 他是一位多产的随笔作家，他不断地为纽约、伦敦、巴黎的小杂志撰稿，然后把这些作品汇集到一起，于是便组成了一个令人兴奋的文学大世界，他坚持 无私地扶持那些刚入道，没什么影响，而他认为有 前途的文学艺术家，最为重要的可能就是他给 T·S·爱略特的帮助了he was a prolific essayist for the little magazines of New York, London, Paris, which then constituted a large and exciting literary world. He unselfishly and persistently championed the experimental and often unpopular artists. Most important of all, perhaps, was the advice and encouragement which he gave to T·S· Eliot. 2.庞德和爱略特的作品都要求他们的读者熟悉古典 作品，包括意大利和英国文艺复兴时期的作品，特 别是欧洲大陆地区文学，包括法国象征主义，庞德 保持了作品的艰深晦涩风格 both Pound and Eliot required of their readers a familiarity with the classics, the productions of Italian and English Renaissance,, and specialized areas of Continental literature, including the works of the French symbolists. Pound’s continued to draw fundamentally upon his formidably recondite culture. 3.《向塞克斯图·普罗佩提多斯致敬》”Homage to Sextus Propertius”; 《人物》（或《面具》）”Personae” or “Masks”; 1920年《休·赛尔温·毛伯利》被看作是有关一战战 争实质的讽刺类代表作”Hugh Selwyn Mauberley”, considered as a satire of the materialistic forces involved in World WarⅠ; 1917年开始创作《诗集》，截止1959年总首数已 达109首，有点象但丁的《神曲》，也是由三个部 分组成，结构较为松散，作品中的主人公是喜剧性 的人而不是神，他认为人类文明的毁灭主要是由于 人类的三个时期，即上古时期、复兴时期和现代时 期缺乏信用所至”The Cantos”, began in 1917, by 1959, the numbered 109 poems. The progressive series, exceeding the proposed limit of one hundred poems, are loosely connected cantos, like Dante’s “Divina Commedia”in three sections, but representing a comedy human, not divine, dealing with the wreck of civilizations by reason of the infidelity of mankind in the three epochs-the ancient world, the Renaissance, and the modern period. 4.二战期间，庞德代表意大利政府，运用广播形式对 美国军队进行强烈的谴责。回国后作为美国公民， 他因叛国罪而遭起诉，但法庭审查时，被判无罪。 1958年叛国起诉撤消后，又返回意大利，1972年 在判去世during World War Ⅱ, Pound, on behalf of the Italian government, conducted radio broadcasts beamed at the American troops. He was returned to the United States as a citizen accused of treason, but on examination he was declared insane. After the treason charges were dismissed in 1958, Pound returned to Italy, where he died in 1972. 5.教材作品：《一台古钢琴》：”A Virginal” 《再次致意》：”Salutation the Second” 《合同》：”A Pact” 《地铁站台》”In a Station of the Metro” 《长干行》”The River-Merchant’s Wife: A Letter” Ⅱ. Edwin Arlington Robison埃德温·阿林顿·罗宾逊1869-1935 1.他是二十世纪最多产的美国新一代诗人之一。罗宾 逊以律诗的形式，以这个小镇为背景创作了一部名 叫《蒂尔伯里小镇》的诗集，随后他出生的加德纳 镇也因此而改名为蒂尔伯里 one of the most productive of the new poets of the 20th century. Gardiner later became “Tilbury Town”, the title of an early collection of Robinson’s poetry, and the background for a series of vivid character sketches in verse. 2.罗宾逊是在凄凉和贫穷之中开始自己的诗歌创作， 走上他的诗人之路的，他居住在纽约环境最差的地 方，平时靠打零工来维持生活 Robison began his career as a poet in bleakness and poverty. He lived in difficult circumstances in New York City, working at various odd jobs. 西奥多·罗斯福总统得知他生活 艰难情况后，于1905年把他安排在纽约一个海关 开始担任一个小职员The President, Theodore Roosevelt, learning of the poet’s difficulties, in 1905 gave Robinson a clerk’s job in the customhouse in New York. 《蔬菜》或叫《从邮递员到总统》”The Vegetable” or “from Postman to President” 1.1925年的《了不起的盖茨比》”The Great Gatsby” 及1934年的《夜色温柔》“Tender Is the Night”， 1