新世纪研究生公共英语教材B_unit10
Is Science Dangerous
Does society need protecting from scientific advances? Most emphatically not, so long as scientists themselves and their employers are committed to full disclosure of what they know.
1、The idea that knowledge is dangerous is deeply embedded in our culture. Adam and Eve were forbidden to eat from the biblical Tree of Knowledge, and in ?s Paradise Lost the serpent addresses the Tree as the …Mother of Science?. The archangel Raphael advises Adam to be “lowly wise” when he tries to question him about the nature of the Universe. Indeed, Western literature is filled with images of scientists meddling with nature, with disastrous results. Scientists are portrayed as a soulless group, unconcerned with ethical issues.
2、But is science in fact dangerous, and do scientists have special social responsibilities? It is essential to recognize that reliable scientific knowledge has no moral or ethical value. Science tells us how the world is: that we are not at the center of the Universe is neither good nor bad, nor is the possibility that genes could influence our intelligence or behavior.
3、Dangers and ethical issues come into play when scientific research is done in practice, for example in experiments involving humans and other animals or when science is applied to technology, or in issues related to safety. There is thus an important distinction between science and technology: between knowledge and understanding on the one hand, and the application of that knowledge to making something, or using it in some practical way, on the other.
4、Science produces ideas about how the world works, whereas the ideas in technology result in usable objects. Technology is much older than science and, unaided by any science, it gave rise to early crafts such as agriculture and metalworking. I would argue that science mad virtually no contribution to technology until the nineteenth century –even the great triumphs of engineering such as the steam engine and Renaissance cathedrals were built with imaginative trial and error, virtually without any impact of science.
5. Whatever new technology is introduced, it is not for scientists to make moral or ethical decisions about its use, as they have no special rights or skills in this regard. There is grave danger in asking scientists to be more socially responsible if they would also be given the right and authority to make such decisions on their own. The social obligations that scientists have, as distinct from those responsibilities they share with all citizens (such as supporting a democratic society and taking care of the rights of others), come from them having access to specialized knowledge of how the world works that is not easily accessible to others. Their obligation is to make public any social implications of their work and its technological applications, and to give some assessment of its reliability. In most areas of science it matters little to the public whether a particular theory is right or wrong, but in some areas, such as human and plant genetics, it matters a great deal.
6. When the facts are examined dispassionately, it is not easy to find cases where scientists have behaved unethically in relation to the public. Contrary to some claims, there is no evidence that they did so either in the case of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in the andelse where or in the AIDS blood scandal currently reverberating in , for example.
7. The most clear case of immorality in scientific research was the eugenics movement. The scientific assumptions behind this were crucial: that most human attributes (desirable and undesirable) are inherited. The scientists concerned completely failed to give an assessment of the reliability of their ideas or sufficiently to consider their implications. On the contrary, and even more blameworthy, their conclusions seem to have been driven by what they saw as desirable social implications. In contrast, the Allied scientists who built the atomic bomb behaved morally, and fulfilled their social obligations by informing their governments about the implications of atomic theory. The decision to build the bomb was taken by politicians, not scientists. Should scientists on their own ever be entitled to make such decisions? For the German eugenicists, there should have been a conflict between their responsibilities as scientists and as citizens.
8. How, then, should scientists behave when faced with a conflict between their responsibilities as researchers and their responsibility to those for whom they work? Should a scientist in government employment allow his or her superiors to keep the dangers of eating certain foods secret from the public? Similarly, what is the ethical position of a scientist working for a chemical company who believes a product is dangerous, yet whose employment contract requires confidentiality about the nature of the research? In both cases, one should not underestimate the problems in hazard assessment, in itself a complex business. The problem is no different to that of anyone, for example an accountant, who discovers corruption: if no action is taken after reporting the matter to his or her superiors, the individual must make a very difficult decision. Scientists, just like everyone else, have to try not to become the unquestioning tools of their employers. Genetic Pornography
9. The very term “genetic engineering” conjures up the image of Frankenstein and his monster – Mary Shelley was the unintentional evil fairy godmother of genetics – a tradition well-known in literature (Brave New World, The Island of Dr Moreau and so on), and most recently manifested by the likes of Jurassic Park and Godzilla. The media are aware of this and often report what I regard as genetic pornography – reports dressed up to titillate and frighten. A nasty example was a widely disseminated picture of a mouse with a “human” ear on its back – not a human ear at all but a piece of cartilage-like material. Newspapers print sensational and unjustified headlines, such as the “Frankenstein foods” idiocy surrounding genetically modified organisms in the .
10. To apply genetic engineering requires considerable knowledge and, even more importantly, money, which in many cases is hard for scientists to come by. Indeed, for the public sector the expense of the applications of genetics and molecular biology can open up difficult choices: new medical treatments, requiring complex technology, cannot be given to all. There has to be some principle of rationing, and this poses serious moral and ethical dilemmas much more worthy of consideration than those of genetic engineering and the like.
Dangers of Genetics
11. So what dangers does genetics pose to society? “Bioethics” is a growth industry that purports to address this question, but one should regard this field with caution, as bioethicists have a vested interest in finding difficulties. Nevertheless, it has made some valuable contributions, including advice on experiments on human embryos in the and on
the rights of fetuses. But advances in genetics raise few new ethical issues – there are no new ethical issues in relation to the current hysteria over cloning.
12. Some of the common fears about cloning are little more than science fiction at present, fro example the danger of producing enormous numbers of genetically identical individuals. It is amusing to watch moralists swing from denying that genes have an important effect on intelligence or behavior to saying that a cloned individual?s behavior will be entirely determined by the i ndividual?s genetic make-up. At present, the risk of human cloning leading to abnormalities is high and so it should not be attempted, and I hope no mother would be so unwise as to become involved. Gene therapy – introducing genes to cure a genetic disease such as cystic fibrosis – has risks, as do all new medical treatments. There may well be problems with insurance and testing, but are these any different from those related to someone considered to be at increased risk of contracting AIDS or cancer?
13. Genetically modified foods have raised extensive public concern, and there seems no alternative but to rely on regulatory bodies to assess their safety (as is the case with other foods.) The consumer is entitled to make a choice, and making a satisfactory choice requires trust or knowledge. But that depends on everyone sticking to the rules on quality control and full disclosure of what is in the food; the role of legislators is to make sure that these rules are rigorously followed. As with the licensing of medicines, each new genetically modified food must be considered individually. Science commissioned by a government and carried out in-house in government research labs is not appropriate when the results have important implications for public health and government policy. It is essential in doing science to expose all one?s acquired knowledge to criticism by others. The main lesson to be learned from the experience with BSE is that openness is all important.
14. Other fears related to the so-called tyranny of knowledge which, claims Ian Kennedy, arises through the choices it forces on us “for which none of us is prepared spiritually or intellectually”. Thus, couples may be faced with difficult choices about prenatal diagnosis of genetic diseases: this could lead to choices about whether or not to terminate a pregnancy, or whether to inform siblings of a possible genetic risk of which they are not aware. There are problems, but I believe that one must not underestimate people?s capacity to deal with difficult choices when they understand the issues. Ultimately, the choice as to whether to seek knowledge rests with the individual. Most ethical issues in medicine are best resolved by considering the rights of the people involved to determine their own futures.
Censorship
15. Are there areas of research that are so socially sensitive that they should be avoided, even proscribed? One possible area is the genetic basis of intelligence, and particularly the possible link between race and intelligence. Are there, as the literary critic George Steiner has argued, “certain orders of truth which would infect the marrow of politics and would poison beyond all cure the already tense relations between social classes and these communities?” In short, are there doors in front of current research that should be marked “Too dangerous to open”?
16. I realize the dangers, but I cherish the openness of scientific investigation too much to put up such a notice. I stand by the distinction between knowledge of the world and how it is used. So I must answer Steiner?s question in the negative, provided of course that scientists fulfill their social obligations. The better understanding we have of the world, the better chance we have of making a just society. One should not abandon the possibility o fusing a scientific idea to do good because one could use the same idea to do bad. There is no knowledge that is not susceptible to manipulation for evil purposes.
17. Once one begins to censor the acquisition of objective knowledge, one is on the most slippery slope of all. Scientists cannot easily predict the social and technological, and Lord Rutherford famously said that the application of atomic energy was moonshine. Those investigating the resistance of certain bacteria to viral infection did not predict the discovery of restriction enzymes, an indispensable tool for cutting up DNA and hence the basis of genetic engineering.
18. To those who doubt whether the public or politicians are capable of making the “correct” decisions abo ut science and its applications, I commend the advice of Thomas Jefferson: “I know no safe depository of the ultimate powers of the society but the people themselves, and if we think them no enlightened enough to exercise that control with a wholesome discretion, the remedy is not to take it from them, but to inform their direction.”
19. But how do we ensure that the public are involved in decision-making, and that scientists, doctors, engineers, bioethicists and other experts, who must be involved, do not appropriate decision-making for themselves? How do we ensure that scientists take on the social obligation of making the implications of their work public? We must rely on our democratic institutions: elected representatives; a free, vigorous and even responsible media, affected groups and the researchers themselves. National and international councils that can assess the ethical issues relating to the applications of science and promote public debate are no doubt valuable. But one wonders what such a committee would have said if the public had been offered a convenient form of transport, but at the cost, in the United Kingdom alone, of more than 3,000 lives per year, a quarter of a million injured and the untold damage of pollution. Where are the car-ethicists?
Uite10 科学危险吗？
刘易斯·沃尔珀特
人类社会需要保护以抵挡科学发展带来的危险吗？当然不需要，只要科学家及其雇主们致力于公开他们所知道的一切详情。
1．知识是危险的这一观念在我们的文化中根深蒂固。圣经中的亚当和夏娃被禁食“智慧之树”上的果实，而弥尔顿《失乐园》中的蛇将此树称为“科学之母”。当亚当试图向天使长拉斐尔询问有关宇宙本质的问题时，拉斐尔建议他最好“知之甚少”。事实上，西方文献中有大量关于科学家扰乱自然界，而后导致灾难后果的记载。科学家被描绘成一群冷酷和无视伦理道德的人。
2．那么科学真地是危险的吗？科学家需要肩负起特定的社会责任吗？我们必须认识到，可靠的科学知识并不负载道德或伦理的价值。科学只告诉我们世界为何等模样：我们人类不处于宇宙的中心这一事实本身无好坏之分；基因会影响我们的智力和行为这一可能性亦无优劣之别。
道德义务
3．当科学研究在现实生活中进行时，就会带来危害性及有关的伦理问题，例如涉及人或其它动物的实验；或是将研究成果用于技术实施；又或是相关的研究涉及到人们的安全问题。由此可见，科学和技术之间有一重要区别：科学知识旨在了解自然，而技术却是运用这一知识制造产品或将这一知识运用于实际目的。
4．科学研究推导有关世界本质的观念，而技术观念则旨在制造可使用的产品。技术远比科学源远流长。而且没有科学的指引，单凭技术也发展了诸如农业和金属制造业之类的行业。我认为19世纪之前，科学实际上未对技术做出太多的贡献——即使是那些辉煌的技术成果，如蒸汽机和文艺复兴时期的大教堂，也是在没有任何科学观念的影响下，通过当时人们富于想象的反复试验完成的。
5．无论发明什么样的技术，科学家均不应该对该技术的运用做涉及道德伦理方面的决策，因为他们在这方面没有任何特殊的权利或能力。如果要求科学家承担更多的社会义务，并赋予他们特权进行相关的决策，那么将会出现严重的危机。科学家所承担的社会责任有别于他们与其他公民共同分担的社会义务（例如支持民主社会或尊重他人权益），这种责任源于他们具备专业的知识去了解世界的本质，而普通人未能拥有这些知识。科学家的义务是公开他们的研究成果以及有关的技术应用对社会可能产生的影响，同时还需对研究的可靠性加以评价。在大多数的科学研究领域，就公众而言，某一理论的对错无关紧要，然而在某些领域，如有关人类和植物基因的研究，理论的是非会变得至关重要。
6．如果客观冷静地审视以往的事实，我们很难发现科学家在有关研究中表现出有悖伦理的行为。例如最近在英国和其它地方出现的疯牛病现象，以及在法国引起轩然大波的由输血导致的艾滋病丑闻中，我们发现与某些人所宣称的现象完全不同，科学家在这些事件中并未表现出任何违反公共伦理道德的行为。
7．科学研究中最明显的不道德行为是优生运动。这一运动的科学理据至为关键：人类绝大多数的特征（好的或不好的）均为遗传。进行此项研究的科学家未能全面评价这一观点的可靠性，对这一观点的后果也是考虑不周。更有甚者，也是更应受到谴责的是，这批科学家似乎在一种他们认为是有益于社会的观念的驱使之下，得出有关的结论。与此相反，那些共同研究原子弹的科学家的行为表现得十分合乎伦理。他们承担各自的社会责任，知会政府有关原子理论可能会产生的社会影响。是否制造原子弹的决策权在于政治家，而不是科学家。那么应不应该赋予科学家同样的决策权呢？对那些进行优生研究的德国科学家而言，他们本应该感到作为科学家和公民之间的义务冲突。
8．那么，当作为研究者的义务和作为受雇者的义务之间发生冲突时，科学家应该如何行事呢？受雇于政府部门的科学家是否应该默许上司向公众隐瞒某类食品有害的真情呢？同样，在化学制品公司工作的科学家如果知道某一产品有危害，但其工作合同却注明他必须严守研究机密时，他又将站在哪一方的伦理道德立场上呢？在上述两种情形下，科学家均不应该低估这样的事实：他们需要权衡的利弊本身就是一件十分棘手的难题。此类难题与其他行业人员所遇到的问题一样。例如，一位会计发现公司财务上出现贪污现象，如果他向上司汇报了有关情况，但上司却未采取任何行动，那么该会计就面临难以抉择的处境。科学家同其他任何人一样，应该尽量不要成为任由雇主支配的无声工具。
泛滥的基因宣传
9．“基因工程”一词本身让人联想起弗兰肯斯坦和他的怪物——玛丽·雪莱无意间成为基因科学的始作俑者——这一传统在文学作品中来源已久（例如先前的《勇敢新世界》、《蒙罗博士岛》等作品），还有最近的《侏罗纪公园》和《哥拉斯》等电影。媒体十分清楚这一现象，而且频繁地进行我称之为泛滥成灾的基因宣传报道——通常是故意制造耸人听闻的报道。一个令人作呕的例子就是四处张贴的一幅图片，一只老鼠背上生出一只“人耳”——其实根本不是人耳，而是一片类似软骨的东西。报纸上大肆刊登过分夸张并且无法证实的头条消息，例如“弗兰肯斯坦食品”之类的极端愚蠢的话语充斥英国有关基因改造有机体的报道之中。
10．将基因工程运用于实际中需要有渊博的学识，另外，更为重要的是需要资金。而资金对大多数科学家而言一般很难获得。事实上，在政府资助的研究中，如果将基因研究和分子生物学研究成果应用于临床实践，会出现难以抉择的局面：新的医学治疗手段由于需要通过繁杂的技术程序，不可能提供给所有需要治疗的病人。这需要一定的配给政策来权衡。而
这一点恰恰向人们提出了更为严峻的伦理道德难题，这一难题远比基因工程以及类似研究提出的伦理道德问题更值得人们去深思熟虑。
基因研究的危险所在
11．基因研究会对社会产生什么样的危害呢？“生物伦理学”是一门旨在解答此类问题的新兴行业。但是人们应该审慎看待这一领域，因为生物伦理学家们只热衷于发掘一些棘手的难题。不过，这一领域也的确有所贡献，例如，在英国人类胚胎实验研究方面和胎儿权利等方面所提出的建议。但是，基因研究所取得的进步并未带来什么新的伦理问题——例如目前人人都在争论的克隆技术就未涉及任何新的伦理道德问题。
12．人们现在对于克隆的恐惧其实同对科幻小说所引起的恐惧相差无几，例如，我们害怕制造出大量基因完全相同的人。伦理学家们时而矢口否认基因会对人的智力和行为产生重要影响，时而又宣称克隆人的行为完全由其基因决定。看到这一现象不免令人哑然失笑。目前，克隆人类导致异常现象的可能性还很大，所以不应该对此进行尝试。我想任何一个明智的母亲都不会做这种事情的。基因疗法，即通过基因治愈一些先天性疾病，例如囊性纤维变性，同其他任何一种新的治疗方法一样，具有一定的危险性。这也许还有医疗保险、临床试验等问题；但是这些问题与病人可能会感染艾滋病或癌症的问题有什么区别呢？
13．基因改造食品引起了人们的广泛关注。公众别无选择，只能依靠监管部门鉴定有关食品的安全性（这与其它食品属于同样的情形）。消费者有权利做出选择，但是选择本身有赖于信任和知识。这就需要所有的人严格遵守食品质检的规定，公开食品中的成份。立法机关的作用就在于监督所有的法规得以严格执行。与药品审批程序一样，每一种新的基因改造食品必须逐一审查。由政府委派、并在政府资助的实验室里进行的科学研究项目，如果发现其研究成果会对公众健康和政府政策产生严重影响时，应该被视为不宜之事。从事科学研究的人应该将自己所掌握的一切情况公诸于众。疯牛病这一事件给我们的最大教训就是，开诚布公的确至为关键。
14．人们对所谓的知识独裁产生恐惧，正如伊登·肯尼迪所言，是由于我们被迫要接受一些“从精神上和智力上均无任何准备”的选择。例如，夫妻在接受产前先天性疾病检查时，可能会面对艰难的选择：也许要决定是否终止怀孕，或者是否告知亲属们他们所不了解的一种遗传疾病。虽然困难重重，但我相信不能低估公众了解事实真相后面对困难进行抉择的能力。当然，是否需要了解真情取决于个人。当我们考虑到当事人的权利，由他们自己对将来作出决定，那么医学上的诸多伦理问题都可以得到最好的解决。
审查制度
15．有无一些研究领域因为会产生过激的社会反应而需要避免或禁止呢？也许对智力与基因关系的研究，特别是种族与智力关系的研究属于此类领域。有没有如文学批评家乔治·斯坦纳所说的“某些真理会重挫政府支柱，而且会无可救药地激化原本就已十分紧张的社会阶级矛盾”呢？简言之，目前的科学研究中有没有一些领域需要贴上“危险勿动”的标签呢？
16．我了解科学研究的危险所在，但我更珍视科学研究的公开性，不赞成张贴此类标签。我赞同将认识世界的科学知识与运用这种知识区别开来的做法。因此，回答斯坦纳的问题时，我会说不，当然前提是科学家必须承担自己的社会责任。只有当我们更好地认识世界时，才能建立一个公平正义的社会。不能因为科学研究成果会被误作邪恶之用，而放弃将其用于造福人类的可能性。任何一种科学知识都不能避免遭到滥用的威胁。
17．一旦开始审查人们获取客观知识的可能性，我们就迈向了危险之路。科学家并不能完全准确地预测所从事的研究会产生何种社会和技术的影响。例如人们一度争论放射波没有任何实用价值；罗赛福爵士也曾断言运用原子能乃是海市蜃楼。另外，研究细菌抗体和病毒感染的科学家也未能预见到会发现抑制酶，这一成分现在已经成为切分核糖核酸的必要工具，其实也是基因工程的基础。
18．对于那些怀疑公众或政客能否就科学研究及其运用做出“正确”抉择的人而言，我推荐托马斯·杰弗逊说过的一句话：“我仅知道社会的最高决策权不在别处，就在人民之中。如果我们认为人民不够开通，难以行使理智的决策权利，那么，补救的方法不是将此权利从他们手中收回，而是给他们指明方向。”
19．如何才能确保公众参与决策？如何确保科学家、医生、工程师、生物伦理家还有其他有关的专家不会滥用决策权为自己谋利呢？如何确保科学家确实承担社会义务将自己的
研究告知公众呢？对此，我们必须依靠我们的民主制度：各界的代表、自由而积极负责的媒
体、有关的组织机构和研究人员。诚然，有必要建立起相关的全国和国际的理事会，以便评估科学研究之应用的伦理问题，并开展广泛的公众讨论。但也许人们会产生质疑，这样一个理事会在面临下述问题时会如何表态：公众拥有了一种方便的交通工具，但其代价却是仅在英国一个国家，每年就有约三千多人丧生，二十五万人受伤，另外还造成无法估量的污染。此时，汽车伦理学家们会做何言论呢？
新世纪大学英语4课后答案
Text A compelled 迫使destruction 破坏eternal 永恒的output 产量retreat 撤退threaten 威胁transfer 转移Text B bare 赤裸consumed 耗尽have emerged 出现hollow 空心mass 大量miracle 奇迹pile 一堆scrape擦spark 火星thereby 由此tipped 顶端trigger 触发 1. If you had had a spark of consideration for your family ,you wouldn't have taken so many stupid risks. 如果你有为你的家人多一点考虑，你就不会有那么多愚蠢的风险。 2. Due to the lack of labor force, even women in this village were compelled to work in the coal mines. 由于缺乏劳动力这个村的妇女甚至被迫在煤矿工作。 3. We went through lovely countryside with great mountains, some of them beautiful and green and wooded, while others bare and wild. 我们穿过了美丽的农村巨大的群山，其中一些美丽的绿色和繁茂的，而其他人赤裸的和野生。 4. The cleaner took off his coat and began to scrape the ashes from the furnace with his bare hands. 清洁脱掉外套，开始擦去炉上的灰烬随着他的赤裸的双手。 5. People in that area are already threatened with environmental destruction since 60% of the forest there has been destroyed. 人们已经感受到环境破坏方面的威胁，因为有60％的森林已被破坏 6. The auto company has seen a huge increase in the output of private can this year due to the improved working efficiency. 汽车公司已经看到了今年由于提高了工作效率，私人产量大幅增加。 7. Under the severe attack from enemy aircraft, the troops were forced to retreat from front. 在敌机的严厉打击下，前面的部队被迫撤退。 8. When I came up to a giraffe lying on the grasses, I found that it had been killed with a spear tipped with poison. 当我来到一个长颈鹿躺在草，我发现它已经被带毒尖矛杀死。 9. He stayed eight days in an open boat with no food, and he was still alive; his survival was a(n) miracle. 他在无遮档的小船上呆了八天,又无食物,还活下来了,这真是个奇迹。 10. Survival of the Fittest is an eternal truth of nature. 适者生存是一个自然界的永恒的真理。 11. His hear sank when he saw the fresh pile of mails, memos and telephone messages on his desk. 他听到沉没时，他看到邮件的新的一堆，在他的书桌上的备忘录和电话留言。 12. The military government refused to transfer power to a democratically elected civilian government. 军事政府拒绝将权力移交给一个民选的文官政府. 13. In that area nearly six million people are affected by the drought and the civil war, and there is a real danger of mass starvation. 在那个地区近六百万人受到干旱和内战的影响，并有大规模饥荒的一个真正的危险。 14. Postal service personnel who are severely irresponsible purposely delay sending mail, thereby giving rise to great loss of public trust. 谁是严重不负责任的邮政服务人员故意延迟发送邮件，致使公共信任的巨大损失。 15. With the increase in the number of foreign funded enterprises, various kinds of financial disputes have emerged. 随着外资企业的增加，各类经济纠纷的出现。 16. The earthquake may trigger landslides that cause great damage and loss of life. 地震可能引发的山体滑坡造 成巨大的破坏和生命损失。 17. Deforesting and global warming threaten to ruin the current and future state of our environment. 毁林和全球变暖的威胁破坏我们的环境的当前和未来的态。 18. It was reported that almost 7 million liters consumed during the 16-day beer festival in Germany that year. 据报道，每年大约7000000 公升的啤酒节的16 天在德国消耗。 19. On a bitterly cold night, the only shelter he could find was the hollow trunk of a great tree. 在一个寒冷的夜晚，他能找到的唯一的栖身之处是空心的大树的树干。
新世纪大学英语系列教材综合教程三(New century college English Series coursebook three, )
新世纪大学英语系列教材综合教程三3（New century college English Series coursebook three, 3） New century integrated unit test -- Unit 3, Book 4 Listening Comprehension Please fill in the Script as required: True or False Directions: There are ten statements in this section. Numbers are based on 1 to 6 Text A while the rest are based on Text B. Listen carefully and decide whether each of the following is true or false. (10 points) One True False Please fill in the Script as required: When, the, author, got, first, computer, he, was, rather, surprised, to, find, there, were, his, already, so,, many, magazines, computing., about Two True False Please fill in the Script as required:
The, author, was, sure, that, he, should, write, because, he,, had, acquired, enough, knowledge. Three True False Please fill in the Script as required: At, the, very, beginning, the, author, did, not, know, that, technology, and, freedom,, were, related, other., to, each Four True False Please fill in the Script as required: By, acquiring, more, knowledge, people, may, find, that, today's, truth,, may, not, be, true, tomorrow. Five True False Please fill in the Script as required: In 1992, Brazil, suffered, a, lot, the, terrible, rains, because, its, forecasters, from, did, not,, know, the, beforehand., relevant, information
公共英语等级考试第三级课本听力文本1-3
公共英语等级考试第三 级课本听力文本1-3 https://www.360docs.net/doc/a214971252.html,work Information Technology Company.2020YEAR
公共英语等级考试第三级课本听力Unit1 Part A 1.W:You seem to take great pride in your daughter.She's such a successful manager. M:Yes,she is a wonderful daughter.But I'm proud of her because of her pleasant and attractive personality even more than fot her success. 2.M:I ran into David Preston downtown today. W:ReallyDid he say anything about his sister M:Yes.She should be leaving Los Angeles very soon,because her husband has taken a jo b in Alaska. 3.W:Professor Philips seems serious. M:But his lectures are quite humorous,aren't they? Part B Questions 4-6 A gentleman put an advertisement in a newspaper for a boy to work in his office.Out of nearly fifty persons who came to apply, the man selected one and dismissed the others. "I should like to know,"said a friend,"the reason you preferred that boy, who brought not a single letter, not a dinagle recommendation." "You are wrong,"said the gentleman."He had a great many. He wiped his feet at the door and closed the door behind him,showing that he was careful.He gave his seat immediately to that old man, showing that he was kind and thoughtful.He took off his cap when he came in and answered my questions promptly, showing that he was polite and gentlemanly." "All the rest stepped over the book which I had purposely put on the floor. He picked it up and placed it on the table ,and he waited quietly for his turn instead of pushing and crowding.When I talked to him ,I noticed his tidy clothing, his neatly brushed hair and his clean finger nails. Can't you see that these things are excellent recommendations
新世纪大学英语系列教程第版综合教程答案
Unit Two Optimism and Positive Thinking Enhance Your Language Awareness Words in Action ■ Working with Words and Expressions 1. In the box below are some of the words you have learned in this unit. Complete the following sentences with them. Change the form where necessary. ■ Answers: positive startled perspective harden shape address crises curse incredible 10) conversely 11) issue 12) response 13) prior 14) rare 15) accomplish 2. In the box below are some of the expressions you have learned in this unit. Do you understand their meanings? Do you know how to use them in the proper context? Now check for yourself by doing the blank-filling exercise. Change the form where necessary. ■ Answers: get the hang of have lived through makes a difference have no idea concerned with slipped over ran into in reverse mull over ■ I ncreasing Your Word Power 1. D ecide whether “do ”, “make ”or “take ”is needed to complete each of the following sentences. Change the verb form where necessary. ■ A nswers: does make take do make Take done taken making ))))))))) ))))))))) ))))))))) 10) took
新世纪研究生公共英语教材听说上全原文、解析、答案(供参考)
新世纪研究生公共英语教材听说（上） 听力原文 Lesson 1 Music 1. M: By the way, Jane, did you talk to the consultant顾问about our new health program? W: I contacted联系his office but his secretary said he would （be out for）试图得到lunch until two. Q: What does the woman mean? B. she couldn’t talk to the consultant before two 2. W: We need to let everyone know about the charity [?t??riti] n. 慈爱concert, but we don't have much money for advertising. M: How about using the school radio station? They broadcast free public service服务announcements. 通告Q: What does the man suggest they do? c. Ask the school radio station for help 3. W: I don't understand why this self-study自学book doesn't have answers to the questions. M: But it does. You can find them at the back of the book. Q: What does the man say about the self-study book? d. the book does include the answer 4. M: The new sales manager says he has never met you before. W: We've been introduced about three times. He seems a little forgetful. Q: What do we learn about the new sales manager? B. He probably has a poor memory 5. M: Have you had the brakes[breik] n制动器; 闸; 刹车. and tires checked? And do you have enough money? W: I have taken care of everything. And I'm sure it's going to be a wonderful极好的, 精彩的, 绝妙的trip. Q: What's the woman going to do? D. spend some time travelling 6. M: I've had my new stereo立体声for a whole week, but I haven't yet figured out想到how to record music. W: Didn't an instruction manual [?m?nju?l] 手册形式的，像手册的；教范性质的come with it? Q: What does the woman imply? B the man should refer to the instruction manual 7. W: I want to pay you for that long-distance call I made. But, I suppose you haven't gotten your phone bill yet, M: Oh, but I have. Q: What does the man mean? A he has received his telephone bill. 8. M: Professor Smith assigned us three more novels to read. W: He must think you don't have any other classes. Q: What can be inferred about Professor Smith? B he assigns too much work 9. M: Let's go watch the fireworks烟花tonight. W: I have tickets to the theater. Q: What plan does the man has that night? B he’ll go and watch the fireworks 10. M: I am exhausted筋疲力尽的. I stayed up熬夜the whole night studying for my history midterm exam. W: Why do you always wait till the last minute? Q: What can be inferred about the man? A he had bad study habits 11. M: I'll be coming straight from work, so I'll have to pack包装；捆扎a change of clothes. W: It's only a barbecue [?bɑ:bikju:] (常用于室外的)金属烤架. Jeans and T-shirts will be fine. Q: What does the woman imply? D Casual dress will be appropriate 12. W: I'm going to the snack [sn?k] 小吃; 点心; 快餐bar for a cup of coffee. Would you like me to bring you back something? M: Not from the snack bar, but could you pick up a paper for me? Q: What does the man mean? C he wants her to get him a newspaper 13. M: I don't understand how this budget was calculated[?k?lkjuleit] 计算, 估计, 核算. W: Let me have a look, OK? Q: What does the woman mean? C she’ll try to s ee what method was used 14. W: We need a fourth player for tennis this morning. Do you want to join us? M: I've got a class at nine, but Carol is free and she is really good.
公共英语课程教学大纲
公共英语课程教学大纲 Document serial number【KKGB-LBS98YT-BS8CB-BSUT-BST108】
公共英语课程教学大纲 《新编实用英语》第一册(第二版)教学大纲 一．课程的性质及在专业培养中的地位、作用等。 大学公共英语课程是培养人才素质的必修基础课，是学生掌握相关专业知识，进行语言交际的工具。根据我校高职的特点：学生在校学习时间相对较短，且一定的时间用于教学实践和实习。从我校教学实际出发，因材施教，重视打好语言基础，强调提高语言应用能力。按学生不同层次，分别在教学目的，教学内容，教学过程，考核方式等方面提出不同要求。 二．本课程的先行课和后续课程简介。 本课程共上三个学期，共三册书（《新编实用英语综合教程》第１－３册）。主要以应用文体的听、说、读、写为主。所学应用文体为：在第一册书中学习如何写名片、贺卡、指路、列时刻表、预报天气、毕业证书和文凭的格式、张贴海报、告示、公告、谈论饮食与食谱、如何写说明书。 三.课程的教学目的和要求 高职高专公共英语课的教学目的是：经过84学时的教学，使学生掌握一定的英语基础知识和技能，具有一定的听、说、读、写、译的能力，从而能借助词典阅读和翻译有关英语业务资料，，在涉外交际的日常活动和业务活动中进行简单的口头和书面交流，并为今后进一步提高英语的交际能力打下基础。 鉴于目前我校高职、高专和成人高专学生入学时的英语水平差异较大，本课程的教学要求分为Ａ、ＢＣ三级，实行分级指导。Ａ级是标准要求，Ｂ级是过渡要求，Ｃ级是基础要求，入学水平高的学生应达到Ａ级，入学水平较低的学生至少应达到Ｂ级要求。 各级要求如下： A 级 １．词汇认识2500个英语单词（包括入学时掌握的1000个单词）以及这些词构成的常用词组。 ２．语法应掌握并正确运用所学的全部语法知识。 ３．听力能听懂涉及日常交际的英语对话和短文。 ４．口语能进行日常会话和简单的涉外活动对话。 ５．阅读能阅读中等难度的题材的英文资料，理解正确，阅读生词不超过总词数的３％的英文资料时，阅读速度不低于每分钟５０词，能读懂通过的简短实用文字材料，如信件，产品说明等。 ６．写作能用所学词汇和语法写短文及应用文，如邀请函，广告，简历，菜谱等。 ７．翻译能借助辞典将中等偏下难度的一般题材的文字材料译成汉语。理解正确，译文达意。 Ｂ级 1. 词汇领会掌握2000个单词，以及一定量的常用词组并具有按照基本构词法识别生词的能力。 ２．语法掌握并应用基本的语法知识。 ３．听力能听懂日常交际的英语对话。 ４．写作能用所学词汇及语法写简短的应用文，如信函等。 ５．口语能进行日常会话。 Ｃ级
新世纪大学英语综合教程1翻译答案(全)
(1)这个婴儿还不会爬(crawl)，更不要说走了。(let alone) The baby can’t even crawl yet, let alone walk! (2)威尔声称谋杀案发生时他正在与一群朋友吃饭,但是我认为他在说谎。(claim, in one’s opinion） Will claimed he was dining with a group of friends at the time of the murder, but in my opinion he told a lie. (3)一定程度上阅读速度与阅读技巧密切相关；有了阅读技巧，你就可以更好地应对课外阅读了。(to a certain extent, relate …to …, cope with） To a certain extent the speed of reading is closely related to reading skills; and with reading skills you can cope with outside class reading better. (4)根据规则他俩都可以参加比赛。(according to） According to the regulation/rule, they both can play the game/participate in the game. (5)有些人想当然地认为日语(Japanese)中的每一个词在汉语中都有对应的词语。(assume, equivalent) Some people assume that there is a Chinese equivalent for every Japanese word. (6)我们已将所有的相关信息告知了警方。(relevant) We have passed all relevant information on to the police. (7)关于那件事你问我再多的问题也没用，因为我是不会回答你的。(it’s no use) There is no use asking me any more questions about that matter because I won't answer. (8)事先没有仔细阅读合同(contract)就签了名是吉姆的错误。(on one’s part) It was a mistake on Jim's part to sign the contract without reading it carefully. (9)他们拒绝向我们提供所需要的全部信息。(provide …with) They refused to provide us with all the information we need. (10) 这起事故与三年前发生的一起事故极为相似。(similar to) This accident is very similar to the one that happened three years ago. (11)这部影片是根据莎士比亚的戏剧改编的。(base on) The film is based on a play by Shakespeare (12)如果你的英语和电脑技能都掌握得好，那么你在谋职时就一定比别人更有优势。(have an advantage over) If you have a good command of English and computer skills, you will surely have an advantage over others in finding a job.
研究生公共英语课后翻译答案
第五册 1.The Internet's speed, vast resources, and its ability to directlycommu-nicate with others are itsgreatestbenefits. Because the Internet uses the quickness of computers to transmit its data, information cantrave-l attre mendous speeds. Speed is not the only benefit. The Internet us-es hun dreds ofthousands ofcomputers allconnected to each other to store vast amounts of information. And finally, because the Internet allowsindividuals to have specific electronic mail addresses, people ca-n easily communicate with oneanother. 2.With the 21 st century coming, people have increasingly realized file importance of acquiringround easyinformation. If a nation can mak-e effective use of all the information it will benefit In the fields of Scientificresearch, education, economic development, etc. What the nati on needs to do is to establish anation-wide"information network",so as to link up scientists, businessmen, educators, etc. If such a network isset up, itwill promote the second information revolution in the cou-nt ry. 3.With the development of a market economy in China, techniques of sales promotion have beenmore andmore widely employed. The popula rity of varied and numerous promotional activities such asdiscounts, bonuses, and promotional parties has grown steadily. The reason is tha t they not only helpmanufacturers andbusinesses earn higher and quick er profits, but also help consumers become acquainted with theproducts involved and get some practical benefits. However, if these techniques are used to promoteproducts of inferiorquality, both the manufacturers and the businessmen will be made to pay for that. 4.Work is not only a means of sustaining life. More importantly, it is the way through which peopledisplaytheir talent, realize their ambitions, build relationships and establish social status. If youunderstand thisintr insic value of work, then however dull or hard work may be, it beco mes bearable if it helpsbuild up areputation, whether in the world at l arge or only in one's own circle. Updating one's aim is one of the mostessential elements of self-fulfillment in the long run, and form ost people this comes chieflythrough their work.In that sense, work is the most vigorous, vivid sign of life --in individuals and in civilization s. 5.America was once troubled by employment crisis. Now in this land, there areemployees, those who have lost their jobs and those who will never find a job. For decades, thegovernment took no notice of t he changes in its economic base and their effect on employmentand lif estyle. As a result, many people lost job opportunities. Many expert came up with variousideas to address unemployment. However, what is most important now is to stimulateconsumption. 6.The crime of identity theft is on the rise. Recent surveys show there are currently 10 millionvictims each year, greatly exceeding our earlie r estimates. Using a variety of methods, criminalssteal Social Security numbers, driver's license numbe~, credit card numbers, and other piece s ofan individual's information such as date of birth. They use this inf ormation to buy as many thingsas they can in their victim's name in as short a time as possible. Identity theft is a serious crime.People wh ose identities have been stolen can spend months or even years cleani ng up the messthe thieves have made of their credit record. 7.Let's assume you are a sports fan. What is your first reaction when you find in your e-mailan attachment called "Anna Kournikova.jpg.vbs'? Curiosity tempts you to open the documentto have a look at the Rus sian tennis star. But if you open it, the virus will be activated andwill copy the attachment to every e-mail address in your "Outlook Express ", spreading the virus evenfarther. E-viruses, which flood the Intemet t hrough dubious e-mails with fancy bait, makeproduction of anti-virus p rograms a profitable business. 8.Changes in the American family structure are evidenced by increased rates of separation anddivorce. In certain areas of the country these tr ends have resulted in a growing number ofsingleparentfamilies and rem arried parents. This does not indicate, however, that the institution ofm arriage is crumbling. It is estimated that four ont of five divorced cou ples eventually remarryother people. These shifts in family relationship s may be interpreted as a breakdown or as anadaptation of the Americ an family to changing roles, attitudes, and values. The changes,accordi ng to the more traditional viewpoint, represent a breakdown in the fa mily structure, adisintegration of values, and a decline of morality. 第六册 1.While he shared his generation’s horror of war and was once called the “spiritual father”of appeasement. Keynes never, in fact, enterained the delusion that Hitler could be pacified. He hated the NAZI regime, never visited Germany after 1933.Instead,as Britain’s chief negotiator in contact with the Allies against Hitler. He pursued vigorously the com mon interest between London and Washington. 2.Some people wrongly believe that the United States is a land of opp ortunity, and that everbody enjoys equal opportunities. With various dr eams in mind,many well-trained professionals steadily mignate to the United States insearch of a good life.Some of them are even willing to live any life there. They would rather live in poverty there than en -joy a relativeprosperity at home. Therefore,lawers and doctors from C entral America may be found washing cars or waiting on tables in Mi ami. 3.Just as the 21st century requires a more diffused and safer balance Of interest in what needs to be an increasingly multilateral global villa ge, there is a risk of economic, institutional and political power being centralized in the European Community, and that a new bout of econ omic empire building may occur. 4.The path led straight through a wide stream.She could no longer risk disorientation by circling such obstacles.She took off her clothes and, with her belongings in ayion bag held above her head. She stepped into the chilling, neck-deep water. Minutes later she emerged. shaking uncontrollbably.But after warming herself by a small fire and re-dress ing, she set off with increased confidence.The limits of her physical capacity were expanding.