光学专业英语50句翻译
光学专业英语50句翻译
1.The group's activities in this area have concentrated on the mechanical
effects of angular momentum on a dielectric and on the quantum properties of orbital angular momentum.
在这个研究领域，这个研究组主要集中在电介质中的角动量的机械效应和轨道角动量的量子属性。
2. Experimental realization of entanglement have been restricted to
two-state quantum systems. In this experiment entanglement exploiting the orbital angular momentum of photons, which are states of the electromagnetic field with phase singularities (doughnut modes).
纠缠的实验认识还只停留在二维量子系统。在这实验中，利用了光子的轨道角动量的纠缠是具有相位奇点（暗中空模式）的电磁场的状态。
3. Laguerre Gaussian modes with an index l carry an orbital angular momentum of per photon for linearly polarized light that is distinct from the angular momentum of the photons associated with their polarization
对线偏振光来说，具有因子l的LG模式的每个光子能携带的轨道角动量，这是与偏振态相关的光子的角动量是截然不同的。
4. This opens up a practical approach to multi-dimensional entanglement where the entangled states do not only consist of two orthogonal states but of many of them. We expect such states to be of importance for the current efforts in the field of quantum computation and quantum communication.
它打开了一条通往多维纠缠态切实可行的通道，这纠缠态不仅存在于二维正交态中而且存在于多维正交态中。我们预料这纠缠态对于我们在量子计算和量子通信这个领域的努力是极其重要的
5. Given the experimental verification of the {orbital angular momentum conservation} one may expect to find entanglement between the two photons produced in the conversion process. Further experimental results show that the two-photon state goes beyond classical correlation and indeed we were able to prove the entanglement for photon states with phase singularities.
轨道角动量转换这个实验确认，人们可能发现纠缠存在于转换过程中的被诱导的两个光子中.进一步实验结果确认这两个光子的状态可能不存在经典的联系，我们确实能够证明具有相位奇点光子状态的纠缠。
6. The wave front (top) and the intensity pattern (bottom) of the simplest Laguerre Gauss ( ) or doughnut mode. The index l is referred to as the winding number and (p+1) is the number of radial nodes. The customary Gaussian mode can be viewed as LG mode with l=0.
最基本的LG( )和暗中空模式的波前（上）和强度图形（下）。L是径向回转数，p+1是径向波节数。普通的LG模可看作l=0的LG模。
7. The handedness of the helical wave fronts of the LG modes is linked to the sign of the index l and can be chosen by convention. The azimuthal phase term of the LG modes results in helical wave fronts. The phase variation along a closed path around the beam center is .
LG模的螺旋波前的左右手习惯是和l的特征相联系的，能够按规定进行选择。LG模的角向术语来源于螺旋波前，相变量沿着一条封闭路径绕光束中心一周就.
8. "Optical vortices" might extract abundant information from matter, providing a new and potentially wide-ranging optical tool, a Spain-US team has proposed theoretically.
一个西班牙和美国团队从理论上提出，“光涡旋”可能从物质获得大量信息，从而提出了一
个新的，潜在的广泛应用的光学工具。
9. An ordinary light beam, when viewed head-on, looks like a bright circle. But a special light beam called an "optical vortex," when viewed head-on, looks like a bright ring surrounding a dark central core，Optical vortices are the simplest kind of beam carrying a property called "orbital angular momentum".
一束普通的光，当我们迎面看时，就像一束明亮的圆周，但对于一束特殊的称作“光涡旋“的光束，我们迎面看时，像一个明亮的环绕着一个黑暗的圆心，这种光具有“轨道角动量”的属性，光涡旋是其中最简单的一种。
10. However, for light with orbital angular momentum (OAM), the energy spirals around the beam axis. Ordinary beams carry only "spin angular momentum," encoded in the polarization of light.
然而，对于具有轨道角动量(OAM)的光，其能量绕着光轴螺旋，普通的光仅仅携带“自旋角动量”，用光的偏振态进行编码。
11. All possible spin states can be constructed with just two polarization states (vertical and horizontal, or clockwise and counterclockwise).
所有的自旋状态都能用两个偏振态进行构建（垂直和水平，或者顺时针和逆时针）。
12．Around the dark core of an optical vortex, the energy flow carried by the light beam is like a spiral staircase, flowing in a clockwise or counterclockwise direction.
绕着光涡旋的黑暗中心，光束携带的能量流就像螺旋梯，沿着顺时针或者逆时针方向流动。
13. How an optical vortex reverses its spin: The laser beam propagates in the horizontal (z) direction and the transverse (x-y) plane is the cross-section of the beam at a given z-plane.
光涡旋怎样倒转它的自旋：在一个给定的z平面，激光沿水平z方向和横向的(x-y)平面的传播是光束的截面。
14. Mechanical properties of light like linear and angular momentum allow for the trapping, rotation and manipulation of microscopic objects.
线动量和角动量的机械特性有诱捕，旋转和对细微颗粒的操作。
15. A recent experiment shows that both the spin and the orbital angular momentum transferred to
a small particle held off-axis are proportional to the local intensity of the beam .
最近的实验表明，传给远轴的小颗粒的自旋和轨道角动量是与光束的局部光强成比例。16. Equivalently, if the light wave is circularly polarized (the electric field precesses in corkscrew fashion as the wave moves along) the two contrary states of the spin would then correspond to the light wave's electric field precessing clockwise (in a "right-handed" way) or anticlockwise (in a"left handed" way).
同理，如果光波是圆极化的（波移动时电场以螺旋形进动），自旋的两种相反的状态对应于光波电场以顺时针“右手”或逆时针方向“左手”进动。
17．For the purposes of data processing a 0 or 1 bit can be associated respectively with vertical and horizontal polarizations or, equivalently, with clockwise or anticlockwise polarizations.
为了处理数据，0，1分别和垂直和水平或者，同理，和顺时针和逆时针相关联。18．The ordinary forward momentum of a particle of light is equal to Planck's constant divided by the wavelength of the equivalent light wave.
通常光子的前向动量等于普朗克常数除光波长。
19．The orientation or phase of a minute hand on a clock is the amount by which the hand has swept around the clock face: a quarter past the hour, half past the hour, etc.
一个钟表的分针的指向或相位就是分针绕表面扫过的量：一刻钟，半小时等等。
20．When a light pulse is made to follow a closed loop path in real space, the phase of the returning beam might be slightly off from the phase of light starting off at that point.
当一个光脉冲在一个真实的空间里沿着一个封闭的圆环运动，当它回到出发点时，其相位与刚出发时的相位可能会有些微的不同。
21．This disparity (which can result in an interference effect) can be modified by changing the path length. It can also be modified by changing the path geometry.
这不同（能够导致干涉效应）能够通过改变路径长度而得到修正，也可以通过改变几何路径而实现。
22．In other words, regions of the light wave that are "synchronized" or in the same phase (such as the portions of the wave with maximum electric field) trace out corkscrew-like patterns in the direction that the light beam travels.
换句话说，就是这样一个区域，同步的光波或具有相同相位（比如具有最大电场的部分）沿光线传播方向描绘出螺旋形的图样。
23．Light beams can carry both spin and orbital angular momentum (OAM) associated, respectively,with circular polarisation and the helicity of their phasefronts.
光能携带自旋角动量和轨道角动量(OAM)，它们各自与圆偏振和相前的螺旋性有关。
24. Light carrying OAM can be described in terms of Laguerre-Gaussian (LG) modes which contain an exp(ilφ) phase term describing an on-axis phase singularity of strength l.
携带角动量的光能够用拉盖尔-高斯(LG)这个术语来描述。它包含一个exp(ilφ)相位术语，这个术语描述了长度为l的近轴相位奇点。
25. In addition to the number l, LG modes are characterised by their radial index p and their waist size w0.
除了l，LG模还可以用径向量子数P和腰长w0等特征参量来描述。
26．We encode and measure optical OAM via phase holograms. Phase holograms are typically designed to incorporate a spatially dependent phase retardation in the range 0 to 2π.
我们通过位相全息图来编码和测量轨道角动量，位相全息图在0到2π范围内合并空间独立相位延迟是具有代表性设计的。
27．Entanglement is one of the most puzzling and powerful properties of quantum theory and has received undiminished attention since the earliest days of quantum mechanics.
自从量子力学开创以来，纠缠是量子理论中最神秘最具强大特性的理论之一，媚力依旧。28．Parametric down-conversion has proved a reliable tool for the generation of pairs of entangled photons 。
参量下转换已被证实成为产生一对纠缠光子的可靠的工具。
29．Here we will concentrate on a further entangled property, the orbital angular momentum of the two generated photons。
这儿，我们将进一步集中关注纠缠属性，还有两个产生的光子的轨道角动量。
30．The time entanglement arises from the energy conservation in the down-conversion process,which is expressed by the frequency matching condition.
时间纠缠来源于下转换过程中的能量守恒，下转换过程可以通过频率匹配条件来表示。31．In this paper, we will show that the orbital angular momentumentanglement, a transverse property of the beam,follows also directly from the phase-matching condition and is related to the conservation of orbital angular momentum.
在这篇文章中，我们将证明：轨道角动量的纠缠和光束的横向属性都直接来源于相位匹配条件，且和轨道角动量守恒是相关的。
32．Our approach differs from a recent theoretical paper that dealt with the possible conservation of the combined spin and orbital angular momentum in relation to the susceptibility of the down-conversion crystal.
我们的方法与新近一些理论文章提出的方法是不一样的，他们处理自旋角动量和轨道角动量可能的守恒当中涉及到了下转换晶体的磁化系数。
33．In the case of type I down-conversion, the polarization of the signal and the idler photons will be identical, its direction being determined by the polarization of the pump.
在第I类下转换情况下，信号光和闲频光的偏振是一样的，它们的方向是由泵浦光的偏振决定的。
34．In the case of type II down-conversion,the two down-converted photons have orthogonal polarizations.
在第II类下转换情况下，这两个下转换光子是正交偏振的。
35．Our analysis provides the theoretical background to a recent experiment, in which the conservation of the orbital angular momentum in parametric down-conversion has been observed for the first time。
我们的理论分析为近来的实验提供了理论支持，在最近的实验中，第一次在下参量转换中观察到了角动量守恒。
36．While the spin angular momentum describes the intrinsic photon spin and corresponds to the optical polarization of light, the orbital angular momentum is associated with the transverse phase front of a light beam.
自旋角动量描述了光的内禀自旋性以及相应的光的偏振，而轨道角动量是和光束的横向相前相联系的。
36．In the Schro¨dinger picture, the two photons in the signal and the idler mode are created by applying the operator a?/I> (k1)a?/I> (k2) to the initial vacuum state u|0>, where k1,k2 is the transverse component of the signal and idler wave vector, respectively. Similarly, k0 denotes the transverse component of the pump beam.
在薛定额绘景下，信号和闲频模式的两个光子通过引用算子a?/SPAN> (k1)a?/I> (k2)到初始真空状态u|0>而建立起来，这里k1,k2分别为信号和闲频波矢量的横向分量。同理，k0表示泵浦光的横向分量。
37．Previous work has shown that the OAM of a laser beam containing many photons in the same mode can be measured.
先前的工作已经证明，同一模式的包含许多光子的轨道角动量是能够测量的。
38．Such a device will allow us to take advantage of the increase in information capacity associated with orbital rather than spin angular momentum。
这样的装备将使我们充分利用轨道角动量而不是自旋角动量相联系的增加的信息容量。39．Transfer of angular momentum from light to matter was proposed a long time ago by Beth as an effective tool to achieve the angular manipulation of macroscopic objects.
很早以前，Beth就提出了光与物质的角动量的转换，并作为一个有效的工具实现了对微颗粒的角向操作。
40．In Beth’s experiment the photon spin angular momentum was transferred to a quartz wave plate producing a tiny torque that was measured.
在Beth的实验中，光的自旋角动量被转移给石英波平面，并且生一个很小的力矩，这个很小的力矩能够被测量出来。
41．This new mechanism is more interesting for applications because it raises the possibility of
optically aligning and manipulating both isotropic and anisotropic transparent bodies using, eventually, unpolarized light.
这个新的机械装置在应用上引起了越来越多的人的兴趣，因为它增加了在各向同性和各向异性介质中使用非偏振光进行光学娇正和操作的可能性。
42．Transfer of the orbital angular momentum of light to opaque particles was recently achieved using a laser beam oscillating in a high-order Laguerre-Gauss mode. Laguerre-Gauss laser beams, however, cannot transfer their orbital angular momentum to transparent materials .
最近在用高阶LG模振荡的激光束实现了轨道角动量对不透明颗粒的转移。然而不能实现对透明介质的转移。
43．Indeed, at present, no experiment is reported in the literature, in which the orbital angular momentum of photons is transferred to transparent bodies.
确实，当前还没有文章报道，在实验上实现了光子的轨道角动量在透明介质中的转移。44．To see the meaning behind the new effect, we shall break the explanation into parts, considering in turn the issues of phase, orbital angular momentum in light, and then geometrical phase in light.
为了理解这个新现象背后的意思，我们分为几部分来解释，依次讨论相位，光的轨道角动量，然后是光的几何相位。
45．Liquid crystals were chosen because their strong birefringence provides a simple way to observe their rotation around the laser beam axis.
选择液晶是因为它们强烈的双折射提供了一种简单的方法去观察它们绕着激光光轴的旋转。
46. Moreover, NLCs are affected by both the spin and the orbital angular momentum of light, providing good material to check the total angular momentum conservation law.
而且，向列型液晶（NLCs）受到的光的自旋角动量和轨道角动量的影响，提供了一种好的材料去检验总角动量守恒定律。
47．We stress, however, that the material birefringence is not really important in our experiment, and that the same apparatus could be used, in principle, to optically manipulate isotropic transparent bodies also.
然而，我们强调，在我们的实验中，双折射材料并不是真正很重要的，在原理上，同样的仪器也可用于光学操纵各向同性透明介质。
48．Angular momentum has two key components: spin angular momentum and orbital angular momentum. The spin angular momentum of the earth is what gives us night and day: the earth spins and presents a changing face to the sun.
角动量有两个分量：自旋角动量和轨道角动量。地球的自旋角动量让我们有了白天和晚上，地球自转从而改变向着太阳的一面。
49 But Miles has been delving deeper and deeper into exactly how light behaves and how its unique properties can be better understood and put to use.
但是，Miles正对光钻研的越来越深入，研究光的确切行为和光的独特性质如何更好的理解并付诸应用。
50. Note that in light with orbital angular momentum, the direction of polarization (denoted by the direction of the arrow) does not change across the cross section. The fields only point up or down, with different phase delays in different places.
值得注意的是，具有轨道角动量的光，偏振方向（用箭头方向表示）在截面内部发生变化。只是在不同的地方由于不同相位延迟指上或指下。
翻译期末作业
浅谈中国菜名的翻译 我国悠久的历史和广袤的国土孕育了中国独特的烹饪艺术和丰富的饮食文化。我们国家也以几千年的饮食文化文明于世。随着我国经济飞速发展，与国外交流日益增多，餐饮业也面临着走向世界的机遇和挑战。中国菜名是汉语语汇中承载中国文化最多的语汇之一, 不仅承载着几千年来的中国饮食文化, 还承载着大量的非饮食文化, 如神话、民俗、历史、文学、宗教信仰等等, 在菜名所传达的表层语义背后有着更为深厚复杂的多元文化元素。同时由于饮食与文化的密切联系，这些都大大增大了翻译的难度。 1.首先我们来看一下一些我们常见的错误翻译 长期以来，菜名的翻译没有统一的标准，加上译者水平有限和地域差异，并不了解菜式的内涵，致使很多菜名的翻译让人感到不知所云。比如口水鸡slobbering chicken、童子鸡chicken without sexual life、夫妻肺片the couple’s lung 等，这翻译让外国人看了都吓跑了，哪里还有食欲吃饭呢？再如东坡肉poet Dongpo’s braised pork，东坡肉是用蒸的方法做出来的，所以这里应该为Poet Dongpo’s steamed pork 而不是用braised；“鱼香肉丝”较常见的有两种译法，另外也有人译为shredded pork with garlic sauce，前者译法为直译，后者加了简单的解释，虽然看似简单易懂，很直观，但是译者没有弄清楚此菜的配料，川菜口味浓重，很多菜肴的配料都是少不了“川菜之魂”郫县豆瓣酱，鱼香肉丝正是用到此配料，是不用所谓的大蒜酱，所以后者翻译存在误的地方；水煮鱼，也是川菜中的代表作，又麻又辣，有译者翻译为tender stewed fish，这个译法不够全面，应该在后面加上in chili sauce；夫妻肺片译为pork lungs in chili sauce，这个译法的译者应该不明白此菜的来历和主料，夫妻肺片根本不是用猪肺做成的，而且和肺一点都不沾边，此菜的主料都是用牛内脏，所以这个译发讲不通。对于以上的翻译错误我们不能只是一笑而过，我们应该感受到菜名翻译的难度，从而思考怎样才能更好的翻译来达到最佳的效果。
土木专业英语翻译作业
桂林理工大学土木与建筑工程学院 土木工程专业英语外文翻译，中文翻译 姓名：马凤志 专业：土木应用 班级：10级9班 学号：3100510939
原文
中文翻译 The Influence of Concrete Compaction on the Strength of Concrete Filled Steel Tubes 压实混凝土对混凝土强度的影响 Lin-Hai Han School of Civil Engineering, Harbin University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Haihe Road 202, PO Box 689, Harbin 150090, P.R. China 韩林海，哈尔滨建筑大学，土木与建筑工程学院，海河路202号，邮政信箱，689，哈尔滨，150090 中国 ABSTRACT: Tests on twenty-one concrete filled steel tubes to investigate the influence of compaction methods on the strength of concrete filled steel tubular members are reported. 摘要：测试二十一钢管混凝土试验，研究了钢管对混凝土构件强度压实方法的影响报告。 Two parameters were investigated, including slenderness ratio and load eccentricity. 对两个参数进行研究，包括长细比和荷载偏心。 It was found that better compaction of concrete resulted in higher values of the ultimate strength of concrete filled steel
各专业的英文翻译
中国教育在线考研频道提供考研全方面信息指导及咨询服务，为您成功考研提供一切帮助。 哲学Philosophy 马克思主义哲学Philosophy of Marxism 中国哲学Chinese Philosophy 外国哲学Foreign Philosophies 逻辑学Logic 伦理学Ethics 美学Aesthetics 宗教学Science of Religion 科学技术哲学Philosophy of Science and Technology 经济学Economics 理论经济学Theoretical Economics 政治经济学Political Economy 经济思想史History of Economic Thought 经济史History of Economic 西方经济学Western Economics 世界经济World Economics 人口、资源与环境经济学Population, Resources and Environmental Economics 应用经济学Applied Economics 国民经济学National Economics 区域经济学Regional Economics 财政学（含税收学）Public Finance (including Taxation) 金融学（含保险学）Finance (including Insurance) 产业经济学Industrial Economics 国际贸易学International Trade 劳动经济学Labor Economics 统计学Statistics 数量经济学Quantitative Economics 中文学科、专业名称英文学科、专业名称 国防经济学National Defense Economics 法学Law 法学Science of Law 法学理论Jurisprudence 法律史Legal History 宪法学与行政法学Constitutional Law and Administrative Law 刑法学Criminal Jurisprudence
《机械工程专业英语教程》课文翻译
Lesson 1 力学的基本概念 1、词汇： statics [st?tiks] 静力学；dynamics动力学；constraint约束；magnetic [m?ɡ＇netik]有磁性的；external [eks＇t?:nl] 外面的, 外部的；meshing啮合；follower从动件；magnitude [＇m?ɡnitju:d] 大小；intensity强度，应力；non-coincident [k?u＇insid?nt]不重合；parallel [＇p?r?lel]平行；intuitive 直观的；substance物质；proportional [pr?＇p?:??n?l]比例的；resist抵抗，对抗；celestial [si＇lestj?l]天空的；product乘积；particle质点；elastic [i＇l?stik]弹性；deformed变形的；strain拉力；uniform全都相同的；velocity[vi＇l?siti]速度；scalar[＇skeil?]标量；vector[＇vekt?]矢量；displacement代替；momentum [m?u＇ment?m]动量； 2、词组 make up of由……组成；if not要不，不然；even through即使，纵然； Lesson 2 力和力的作用效果 1、词汇： machine 机器；mechanism机构；movable活动的；given 规定的，给定的，已知的；perform执行；application 施用；produce引起，导致；stress压力；applied施加的；individual单独的；muscular [＇m?skjul?]]力臂；gravity[ɡr?vti]重力；stretch伸展，拉紧，延伸；tensile[tensail]拉力；tension张力，拉力；squeeze挤；compressive 有压力的，压缩的；torsional扭转的；torque转矩；twist扭，转动；molecule [m likju:l]分子的；slide滑动; 滑行；slip滑，溜；one another 互相；shear剪切；independently独立地，自立地；beam梁；compress压；revolve (使)旋转；exert [iɡ＇z?:t]用力，尽力，运用，发挥，施加；principle原则, 原理，准则，规范；spin使…旋转；screw螺丝钉；thread螺纹； 2、词组 a number of 许多；deal with 涉及，处理；result from由什么引起；prevent from阻止，防止；tends to 朝某个方向；in combination结合；fly apart飞散； 3、译文： 任何机器或机构的研究表明每一种机构都是由许多可动的零件组成。这些零件从规定的运动转变到期望的运动。另一方面，这些机器完成工作。当由施力引起的运动时，机器就开始工作了。所以，力和机器的研究涉及在一个物体上的力和力的作用效果。 力是推力或者拉力。力的作用效果要么是改变物体的形状或者运动，要么阻止其他的力发生改变。每一种
专业英语大作业
专业英语大作业 一：英译汉 翻译范围TCP/IP Illustrated, V olume 1: The Protocols 5.1~5.5 15.1~15.2 第5章RARP：逆地址解析协议 5.1简介 5.2 RARP报文格式 5.3 RARP示例 5.4 RARP服务的设计 5.5小结 练习 5.1简介 一个拥有本地磁盘的系统通常是从磁盘文件读取配置文件中获取其IP地址。但一个没有磁盘的系统，如X终端或无盘工作站，需要一些其它方式去获得其IP地址。 每个系统在网络上都有一个唯一的硬件地址，由网络接口的制造商分配。 RARP的原则是无盘系统从接口卡上读取其独特的硬件地址，并发送RARP请求（网络上的广播帧）要求别人对无盘系统的IP地址（使用RARP回应）进行应答。 虽然这个概念很简单，执行往往比ARP更难，在本章后面会描述其原因。 RARP的正式规范是RFC 903。 5.2 RARP报文格式 RARP报文的格式几乎与ARP报文是相同的（图4.3）。唯一的区别是，RARP 的请求或应答帧类型为0×8035，并且在操作层RARP请求值为3、RARP应答值为4。 图4-3 ARP在网络上请求与应答报文的格式 与ARP一样，RARP服务器请求是广播和RARP应答通常是单播。 5.3 RARP示例 在我们的网络，我们可以强制sun主机从网络引导，而不是它的本地磁盘。 如果我们在主机bsdi上运行RARP服务器和tcpdump，我们得到如图5.1所示的输出。我们使用-e参数去标记tcpdump的打印硬件地址：
图5.1 RARP请求和应答。 该RARP请求是广播（1号线）的，第2行的RARP应答是单播的。第2行的输出，“at sun”,意味着RARP应答包含了主机sun（140.252.13.33）的IP地址。 在第3行，我们看到，一旦sun接收其IP地址，它会发出一个TFTP读请求（RRQ）的文件8CFCOD21.SUN4C。（TFTP是简单文件传输协议，我们在第15章进行详细描述）。在文件名中的8个十六进制数字是sun主机的IP地址140.252.13.33的十六进制表示形式。这是在RARP应答中返回的IP地址。该文件名的其余部分，后缀SUN4C表示系统正在引导的类型。 Tcpdump表示第3行是一个长度为65的IP数据报，而不是一个UDP数据报（实际上它确实是），因为我们运行tcpdump命令使用-e参数，看硬件级别的地址。另一点，在图5.1要注意的是在第2行的以太网帧的长度似乎比最小较短（我们所说的是在4.5节60字节）。原因是我们的系统，该系统上运行的tcpdump 发送该以太网帧（BSDI）。该应用程序rarpd，写42字节到BSD分组过滤器装置（14字节的以太网报头和28字节的RARP应答），这是什么的tcpdump收到的副本。但以太网设备驱动程序垫这个短帧的最小尺寸为传输（60 ）。如果我们在另一个系统上已经运行的tcpdump ，长度会是60。 我们可以看到在这个例子，当这种无盘系统接收在RARP应答它的IP地址，它会发出一个TFTP请求来读取一个引导映像。在这一点上，我们不会进入其他详细介绍无盘系统是如何引导自己。（第16章介绍了使用RARP ，BOOTP和TFTP无盘X终端的引导顺序。） 图5.2表示出了如果有在网络上没有RARP服务器所得到的数据包。每个数据包的目的地址为以太网的广播地址。以太网地址跟随的是目标硬件地址，并按照发送端的硬件地址发送。
专业英语翻译1
专业英语翻译1
Basic Chemistry 1. Atomic Structure Matter has mass and takes up space. Atoms are basic building blocks of matter, and cannot be chemically subdivided by ordinary means. Both the protons and neutrons reside in the nucleus. Protons have a positive (+) charge, neutrons have no charge --they are neutral. Electrons reside in orbitals around the nucleus. They have a negative charge (-). It is the number of protons that determines the atomic number. The number of protons in an element is constant but neutron number may vary, so mass number (protons + neutrons) may vary. 1。原子结构 物质有质量，占空间。原子是物质的基本组成物，不能用普通的方法进行化学细分。 质子和中子都驻留在原子核中。质子有一个正电荷，中子是不带电的，它们是中性的。电子在原子核周围的轨道上。他们有一个负电荷（-）。 它是确定原子序数的质子数。在一个元素中的质子的数量是恒定的，但中子数可能会有所不同，所以质量数（质子+中子）可能会有所不同。 The same element may contain varying numbers of neutrons; these forms of an element are called isotopes. The chemical properties of isotopes are the same, although the physical properties of some isotopes may be different. Some isotopes are radioactive-meaning they "radiate" energy as they decay to a more stable form, perhaps another element half-life: time required for half of the atoms of an element to decay into stable form. Another example is oxygen, with atomic number of 8 can have 8, 9, or 10 neutrons. 相同的元素可能含有不同数量的中子，这些元素
机械工程专业英语 翻译
2、应力和应变 在任何工程结构中独立的部件或构件将承受来自于部件的使用状况或工作的外部环境的外力作用。如果组件就处于平衡状态,由此而来的各种外力将会为零,但尽管如此,它们共同作用部件的载荷易于使部件变形同时在材料里面产生相应的内力。 有很多不同负载可以应用于构件的方式。负荷根据相应时间的不同可分为: (a)静态负荷是一种在相对较短的时间内逐步达到平衡的应用载荷。 (b)持续负载是一种在很长一段时间为一个常数的载荷, 例如结构的重量。这种类型的载荷以相同的方式作为一个静态负荷; 然而,对一些材料与温度和压力的条件下,短时间的载荷和长时间的载荷抵抗失效的能力可能是不同的。 (c)冲击载荷是一种快速载荷(一种能量载荷)。振动通常导致一个冲击载荷, 一般平衡是不能建立的直到通过自然的阻尼力的作用使振动停止的时候。 (d)重复载荷是一种被应用和去除千万次的载荷。 (e)疲劳载荷或交变载荷是一种大小和设计随时间不断变化的载荷。 上面已经提到，作用于物体的外力与在材料里面产生的相应内力平衡。因此,如果一个杆受到一个均匀的拉伸和压缩，也就是说, 一个力,均匀分布于一截面,那么产生的内力也均匀分布并且可以说杆是受到一个均匀的正常应力,应力被定义为 应力==负载 P /压力 A, 因此根据载荷的性质应力是可以压缩或拉伸的,并被度量为牛顿每平方米或它的倍数。 如果一个杆受到轴向载荷，即是应力，那么杆的长度会改变。如果杆的初始长度L和改变量△L已知，产生的应力定义如下: 应力==改变长△L /初始长 L 因此应力是一个测量材料变形和无量纲的物理量 ,即它没有单位;它只是两个相同单位的物理量的比值。 一般来说,在实践中,在荷载作用下材料的延伸是非常小的, 测量的应力以*10-6的形式是方便的, 即微应变, 使用的符号也相应成为ue。 从某种意义上说，拉伸应力与应变被认为是正的。压缩应力与应变被认为是负的。因此负应力使长度减小。 当负载移除时，如果材料回复到初始的，无负载时的尺寸时，我们就说它是具有弹性的。一特定形式的适用于大范围的工程材料至少工程材料受载荷的大部分的弹性, 产生正比于负载的变形。由于载荷正比于载荷所产生的压力并且变形正比于应变, 这也说明,当材料是弹性的时候, 应力与应变成正比。因此胡克定律陈述, 应力正比于应变。 这定律服从于大部分铁合金在特定的范围内, 甚至以其合理的准确性可以假定适用于其他工程材料比如混凝土，木材，非铁合金。 当一个材料是弹性的时候，当载荷消除之后，任何负载所产生的变形可以完全恢复,没有永久的变形。
上海海洋大学专业英语期末翻译
Analog computers are analog devices. That is, they have continuous states rather than discrete numbered states. An analog computer can represent fractional or irrational values exactly, with no round-off. Analog computers are almost never used outside of experimental settings. 模拟计算机是模拟设备。也就是说，他们是连续状态而不是离散的有限状态。一个模拟计算机可以精确代表小数或无理数，没有舍入。模拟计算机几乎从不被使用在实验设置以外。 A processor typically contains an arithmetic/logic unit (ALU), control unit( including processor flags, flag register, or status register), internal buses, and sometimes special function units( the most common special function unit being a floating point unit for floating point arithmetic). 一个处理器通常包含一个算术/逻辑单元（运算器），控制单元(包括处理器标志，标志寄存器，或状态寄存器)，内部总线，有时特殊功能单元(最常见的特殊功能单元作为一个浮点单元用于浮点运算)。 CISC stands for Complex Instruction Set Computer. Mainframe computers and minicomputers were CISC processors, with manufacturers competing to offer the most useful instruction sets. Many of the first two generations of microprocessors were also CISC. CISC代表复杂指令集计算机。大型计算机和小型计算机是CISC处理器，与制造商竞争提供最有用的指令集。微处理器的前两代中许多也是CISC。 Lesson 2 Supercomputer is a broad term for one of the fastest computers currently available. Supercomputers are very expensive and are employed for specialized applications that require immense mounts of mathematical calculations (number crunching). 超级计算机是一个广泛的术语，因为它是目前可用的最快的计算机之一。超级计算机是非常昂贵的，并且它被用于需要大量的数学计算（数字运算）的专门应用。 It is a midsize computer. In the past decade, the distinction between large minicomputers and small mainframes has blurred, however, as has the distinction between small minicomputers and workstation. But in general, a minicomputer is a multiprocessing system capable of supporting up to 200 users simultaneously. 它是一个中型计算机。在过去的十年中，大的小型机和小的大型机之间的区别已经模糊，然而，有小的小型机和工作站之间的区别。但在一般情况下，一个小型机是一个能够同时支持多达200个用户的多处理系统。 Workstations generally come with a large, high-resolution graphics screen, a large amount of RAM, built-in network support, and a graphical user interface. Most workstations also have a mass storage device such as disk drive, but a special type of workstation, called a diskless workstation, comes without a disk drive. 工作站一般都配有一个大的，高分辨率的图形屏幕，大量的内存，内置网络支持以及一个图形用户界面。大多数工作站也有一个大容量存储设备如磁盘驱动器，但是一种特殊类型的工作站，被称为无盘工作站，是不带磁盘驱动器的。
电子商务专业英语作业翻译
E-commerce (electronic commerce or EC) is the buying and selling of goods and services on the Internet, especially the World Wide Web. In practice, this term and a newer term, e-business, are often used interchangably. For online retail selling, the term e-tailing is sometimes used. 电子商务（电子商务或电子商务）是购买和出售的商品和服务在互联网，特别是万维网上的。在实践中，这项和一个新的术语，电子商务，往往交替使用。网上零售，电子零售的术语有时用。 E-tailing or The Virtual Storefront and the Virtual Mall 网上或虚拟商店和虚拟商店 As a place for direct retail shopping, with its 24-hour availability, a global reach, the ability to interact and provide custom information and ordering, and multimedia prospects, the Web is rapidly becoming a multibillion dollar source of revenue for the world's businesses. A number of businesses already report considerable success. As early as the middle of 1997, Dell Computers reported orders of a million dollars a day. By early 1999, projected e-commerce revenues for business were in the billions of dollars and the stocks of companies deemed most adept at e-commerce were skyrocketing. Although many so-called dotcom retailers disappeared in the economic shakeout of 2000, Web retailing at sites such as https://www.360docs.net/doc/b23936116.html,, https://www.360docs.net/doc/b23936116.html,, and https://www.360docs.net/doc/b23936116.html, continues to grow. 作为一个直接的零售购物，其24小时供应，全球性的，互动的能力，并提供自定义信息和订购，和多媒体，网络正在迅速成为一个数十亿美元的收入来源，为全球的企业。一些企业已报告了相当大的成功。早在1997年年中，戴尔电脑报告的订单一百万美元一天。1999年初，预计的电子商务业务收入都在数十亿美元的股票和公司认为最善于电子商务暴涨。虽然许多所谓的互联网零售商消失在经济衰退2000，网上零售网站如https://www.360docs.net/doc/b23936116.html,，https://www.360docs.net/doc/b23936116.html,，和https://www.360docs.net/doc/b23936116.html,继续增长 Market Research 市场研究 In early 1999, it was widely recognized that because of the interactive nature of the Internet, companies could gather data about prospects and customers in unprecedented amounts -through site registration, questionnaires, and as part of taking orders. The issue of whether data was being collected with the knowledge and permission of market subjects had been raised. (Microsoft referred to its policy of data collection as "profiling" and a proposed standard has been developed that allows Internet users to decide who can have what personal information.) Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)
机械制造专业英语文章
机械制造专业英语文章 篇一：机械专业英语文章中英文对照 Types of Materials 材料的类型 Materials may be grouped in several ways. Scientists often classify materials by their state: solid, liquid, or gas. They also separate them into organic (once living) and inorganic (never living) materials. 材料可以按多种方法分类。科学家常根据状态将材料分为：固体、液体或气体。他们也把材料分为有机材料(曾经有生命的)和无机材料(从未有生命的)。 For industrial purposes, materials are divided into engineering materials or nonengineering materials. Engineering materials are those used in manufacture and become parts of products. 就工业效用而言，材料被分为工程材料和非工程材料。那些用于加工制造并成为产品组成部分的就是工程材料。 Nonengineering materials are the chemicals, fuels, lubricants, and other materials used in the manufacturing process, which do not become part of the product. 非工程材料则是化学品、燃料、润滑剂以及其它用于加工制造过程但不成为产品组成部分的材料。 Engineering materials may be further subdivided into: ①Metal ②Ceramics ③Composite ④Polymers, etc. 工程材料还能进一步细分为：①金属材料②陶瓷材料③复合材料④聚合材料，等等。 Metals and Metal Alloys 金属和金属合金 Metals are elements that generally have good electrical and thermal conductivity. Many metals have high strength, high stiffness, and have good ductility. 金属就是通常具有良好导电性和导热性的元素。许多金属具有高强度、高硬度以及良好的延展性。 Some metals, such as iron, cobalt and nickel, are magnetic. At low temperatures, some metals and intermetallic compounds become superconductors. 某些金属能被磁化，例如铁、钴和镍。在极低的温度下，某些金属和金属化合物能转变成超导体。 What is the difference between an alloy and a pure metal? Pure metals are elements which come from a particular area of the periodic table. Examples of pure metals include copper in electrical wires and aluminum in cooking foil and beverage cans. 合金与纯金属的区别是什么？纯金属是在元素周期表中占据特定位置的元素。 例如电线中的铜和制造烹饪箔及饮料罐的铝。 Alloys contain more than one metallic element. Their properties can be changed by changing the elements present in the alloy. Examples of metal alloys include stainless steel which is an alloy of iron, nickel, and chromium; and gold jewelry which usually contains an alloy of gold
专业英语翻译作业译文
专业英语翻译作业译文 1.科学家们认为，这样微弱的粒子正则轨道实际上是不存在的。的想法现在已被事实否定了。 2.虽然小行星很小很微弱，天文学家已经知道很多关于它们的大小，形状和组合物，通过使用各种直接和间接的技术。例如，它是已知的许多小行星的亮度的周期性变化。 3.随着疾病的进展，大肌肉也稳步增长疲软。如果不治疗，患者变得瘫痪有呼吸非常困难，并最终死亡。 4.将信息从计算机的一部分转移到另一个取决于电流进行了线。 5.只有两件事是天文观测----站立的地方和地方看需要。 6.太阳风严重扭曲地球磁场，把它拖了一个长长的尾巴。 7.使用计算机，我们组成了一系列的合成歌曲的混合自然音节为不同的模式。 8.苍头燕雀的显示，找出正确的声音模仿的本能，这表明本能学习鸟类作为他们发展他们的歌曲一样重要。 9.We know from the fossil record that our ancestors and other intelligent creatures,the australopithecines,branched off from an apelike creature 2.5 million to 3 million years ago ,and coexisted until the australopithecines died out a little less than a million years ago.Stone tools and other evidence at campsites that date form about 2,000,000 B.C.indicate that some form of australopithecine performed human activities ------ making tools,sharing food and working together. 我们知道从化石记录我们的祖先和其他智能生物，猿，分枝从远古的生物2500000到3000000年前，南方古猿和共存直到死了比一百万年前少了一点。石器和露营地，日期约2000000 b.c.表明某种形式的南方古猿表现人类活动------制作工具的其他证据，分享食物，一起工作。 10.properties of metals Metals are of great use to mankind because of their useful engineering properties. Strength is one of the important properties of metals .It enables them to resist external loads without incurring structural damages.Metals, possessing toughness, a property of absorbing considerable energy before fracture,bend rather than break. Another property of metals is elasticity.Because of their elasticity,metals subjected to an external load are distorted or stained, and return to their original dimensions when the load is released if the load is not too great. Ductility is the capacity of a metal to be permanently deformed in tension without breaking. That is why some metals, such as copper and aluminum, can be drawn erom a large into a smaller diameter of wire.
《专业英语》课程作业
步京侄宛a琴 《专业英语》课程作业 学生姓名____________________________ 学号 __________________________ 院系 _________________________ 专业 __________________________ 任课教师____________________________
二0一五年六月 一、英译中(英文科技资料翻译) 原文： An operating system is the software which acts as an interface between a user of a computer and the computer hardware.The purpose of an operating system is to provide an environment in which a user may execute program. The primary goal of an operating system is thus to make the computer system convenient to use. A secondary goal is to use the computer hardware in an efficient way. We can view an operating system as a resource allocator. A computer system has many resources which may be required to solve a problem: CPU time, memory space, , input/output(I/O) devices, and so on.The operating system acts as the manager of these resources and allocates them to specific programs and users as necessary for their tasks. Since there may be many, possibly conflicting, requests for resources, the o/s must decide which requests are allocated resources to operate the computer system fairly and efficiently. Multimedia means, from the user ' perspective, that computer information can be represented through audio and/or video, in addition to text, image, graphics and animation . The integration of these media into the computer provides additional possibilities for the use of computational power currently available (e.g., for interactive presentation of huge amounts of information ). Furthermore, these data can be transmitted though computer and telecommunication networks, which implies applications in the areas of information distribution and cooperative work.Multimedia provides the possibility for a spectrum of new applications, many of which are in place today. A multimedia system distinguishes itself from other systems through several properties. We elaborate on the most important properties such as combination of the media, media-independence, computer control and integration.Not every arbitrary combination of media justifies the usage of the term multimedia. A simple text processing program with incorporated images is often called a multimedia application because two media are processed through one program.But one should talk about multimedia only when both continuous and discrete media are utilized.A text processing program with incorporated images is therefore not a multimedia application. An important aspect of different media is their level of independence from each other. In general, there is a request for independence of different media, but multimedia may require several levels of independence. On the one hand, a computer-controlled video recorder stores audio and video information, but there is an inherently tight connection between the two types of media. Both media are coupled together through the common storage medium of the tape. On the other hand, for the purpose of presentations, the combination of DAT recorder (Digital Audio Tape) signals and computer-available text satisfies the request for media-independence. Early computers were(physically) very large machines run from a console.The programmer would