中学初中英语语法——主谓一致详解

主谓一致详解

【基础知识】

主谓一致指“人称”和“数”方面的一致关系。对大多数人来说，往往会在掌握主语和随后的谓语动词之间的一致问题上遇到困难。一般情况下，主谓之间的一致关系由以下三个原则支配：

语法一致原则(grammatical concord)

意义一致原则(notional concord)

就近原则(principle of proximity)

（一）语法一致原则

用作主语的名词词组中心词和谓语动词在单、复数形式上的一致，就是语法一致。也就是说，如果名词中心词是单数，动词用单数形式；如果名词中心词是复数，动词用复数形式。例如：This table is a genuine antique.

Both parties have their own advantages.

Her job has something to do with computers.

She wants to go home.

They are divorcing each other.

Mary was watching herself in the mirror.

The bird built a nest.

Susan comes home every week-end.

（二）意义一致原则

有时，主语和谓语动词的一致关系取决于主语的单、复数意义，而不是语法上的单、复数形式，这样的一致关系就是意义一致。例如：

Democratic government gradually take the place of an all-powerful monarchy.

A barracks was attacked by the guerilla.

Mumps is a kind of infectious disease.

The United States is a developed country.

It is the remains of a ruined palace.

The archives was lost.

This pair of trousers costs fifty dollars.

（三）就近原则

有时，谓语动词的单、复数形式决定于最靠近它的词语。

例如：

Either my grandsons or their father is coming.

No one except his daughters agree with him.

Mary and her sisters are baking a cake.

Neither Richard nor I am going.

二、以集合名词做主语的主谓一致问题

有些集合名词，

ommittee,council,crew,crowd,family,gang,government,group,mob,staff,team, union等，在意义上是复数，但在语法形式上是单数，这类名词作主语的主谓一致问题往往遵循“语法一致”或“意义一致”原则。例如：

The committee has/have decided to dismiss him.

A council of elders governs the tribe.

The present government is trying to control inflation.

The school staff are expected to supervise school meals.

（一）通常作复数的集体名词

包括police,people, cattle, militia, vermin等，这些集体名词通常用作复数。

例如：

The British police have only very limited powers.

The militia were called out to guard the borderland.

It seems the cattle on the sides of the dikes were the only living creatures in these desolate surroundings.

（二）通常作不可数名词的集体名词

通常作不可数名词的集体名词，包括poultry,foliage，machinery, equipment,furniture, merchandise等,这类名词后的动词用单数形式。

例如：

Poultry is expensive at this time of year.

That green foliage was restful.

The merchandise has arrived undamaged.

All the machinery in the factory is made in China.

The suite of furniture he bought was of contemporary style.

The equipment of the photographic studio was expensive.

（三）可作单数也可作复数的集体名词

可作单数也可作复数的集体名词,包括audience, committee, crew, family, government,jury 等。

例如：

The audience was/were enthusiastic on the opening night of the play.

The committee has/have decided to dismiss him.

The jury is/are about to announce the winners.

The government has/have discussed the matter for a long time.

三、a committee, etc of +复数名词的主谓一致问题

如果主语是由a committee of /a panel of /a (the) board of +复数名词构成，随后的动词通常用单数。

例如：

A committee of twelve men is to discuss the matter.

A panel of experts has considered the situation.

The board of managers is responsible for the firm.

四、以-s结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致问题

英语可数名词的规则复数形式是在词尾加-s或-es，但是有一些以-s结尾的名词并不是可数名词。它们用法多样，造成了实际使用上的困难，以下详述了以-s结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致问题。

（一）以-s结尾的疾病名称作主语的主谓一致问题

（二）以-s结尾的游戏名称作主语的主谓一致问题

（三）以-s结尾的地理名称作主语的主谓一致问题

（四）以-ics结尾的学科名称作主语的主谓一致问题

（五）其它以-s结尾的名词的主谓一致问题

（一）以-s结尾的疾病名称作主语的主谓一致问题

以-s结尾的疾病名称作主语的主谓一致问题,如：

arthritis,bronchitis,diabetes,mumps,phlebitis,rickets,这类以-s结尾的疾病名称作主语时，谓

语动词通常用作单数。

例如：

Arthritis causes great pain in the joints of the patient.

The diabetes is a kind of chronic disease.

Measles usually occurs in children.

Phlebitis is a swollen condition of the blood vessels.

（二）以-s结尾的游戏名称作主语的主谓一致问题

以-s结尾的游戏名称作主语时，谓语动词通常用作单数。

例如：

Darts is basically a easy game.

Marbles is not confined to children.

Skittles is not fashionable nowadays.

Draughts is not very difficult to learn.

但当Darts，Marbles等的意义为游戏器具而非游戏名称时，谓语动词通常用作复数。

例如：

Three darts are thrown at each turn.

All nine skittles were brought down by the good throw.

（三）以-s结尾的地理名称作主语的主谓一致问题

某些以-s结尾的地理名称，如果是国名，如the United States，the Netherlands等，因其是单一政治实体，所以谓语动词用作单数。

例如：

The United States was hit by the Great Depression in 1930s'.

In early January 1996 the Netherlands was hit by its worst storm since 1976.

但如果是群岛、山脉、海峡、瀑布等地理名称作主语，谓语动词用作复数。

例如：

The West Indies are commonly divided into two parts.

The Himalayas have a magnificent variety of plant.

The Straits of Gibraltar have not lost their strategic importance.

The Niagara Falls are perhaps the most splendid waterfall in the world.

（四）以-ics结尾的学科名称作主语的主谓一致问题

某些以-ics结尾的学科名称作主语时，如physics,mathematics,mechanics, optics, acoustics, politics statistics, economics, linguistics, athletics等, 谓语动词通常用作单数。例如：

Physics is a fundamental subject in science.

The third world economics is promising.

Acoustics studies the science of sound.

Mathematics is an interesting subject.

Athletics is a required course for students of all grades.

但如果这类名词表示学科以外的其它含义，可作复数用。

例如：

Athletics have been greatly encouraged at this college.

The acoustics of the new concert hall are perfect.

The economics of the project are still at issue.

（五）其它以-s结尾的名词的主谓一致问题

A.以-s结尾的由两部分组成的物体名称作主语

英语中有一些通常以-s结尾的由两部分组成的物体名词，如glasses,

pincers,pliers,scissors, shorts,suspenders,trousers等，这类名词做主语，如果不带“一把”、“一副”等单位词，谓语动词通常用复数。

例如：

Mary's glasses are new.

John's trousers are black.

如果带有单位词，则由单位词决定动词的单、复数形式。

例如：

One pair of pincers isn't enough.

Two pairs of scissors are missing from my tool box.

B.其他以-s结尾的名词

英语中还有一些以- s结尾的名词，如archives，arms,clothes, contents, eaves, fireworks, goods, minutes, morals, remains stairs, suburbs, thanks,wages这类名词作主语时，谓语动词通常用复数。

例如：

The archives of the country are kept in the Department of Security.

The contents of the book are most amusing.

High wages often result in high prices.

My thanks are sincere.

五、如果句子的主语是并列结构，其主谓一致问题通常遵循以下原则：

（一）由and/both...and连接的并列主语的主谓一致问题

（二）由or/nor/either...or连接的并列主语的主谓一致问题

（三）主语+ as much as,etc的主谓一致问题

（一）由and/both...and连接的并列主语的主谓一致问题

由and/both...and连接的并列结构作主语，可根据主语的意义决定谓语动词的单、复数形式。例如：

Pancakes and syrup is a tasty breakfast.

The number and diversity of British newspaper is considerable.

Good and bad taste are inculcated by example.

Fish and chips are getting very expensive.

A truck and a car were in the ditch.

Both Cathy and her daughter Lida have gone fishing in Canada.

当and连接的并列名词词组带有each，every,或者many a 等限定词时，谓语动词通常用单数。

例如：

Each man and each woman there is asked to help.

Every flower and every bush is to be cut down.

Every change of season, every change of weather, indeed every hour of the day, produces some change in the magical hues and shapes of these mountains.

Many a boy was disappointed after seeing the film.

（二）由or/nor/either...or连接的并列主语的主谓一致问题

由or,nor,either...or, neither...nor,not only...but also连接的并列结构作主语，随后的动词形式通常按照“就近原则”处理。

例如：

Neither Lucy nor Carol has any money left.

Neither sleet nor snow stops him from driving his new Mercedes-Benz.

Either Tina or Carol is sure to know the answer.

Neither my father nor my brothers are likely to be at theater.

Neither the Kansas coach nor the players were confident of victory.

Not only one, but all of us are hoping to be there.

Not only the switches but also the old wiring has been stolen.

（三）主语+ as much as,etc的主谓一致问题

当主语后面跟有由as much as, rather than , more than, no less than 等引导的从属结构，或跟有由as well as, in addition to ,with, along with, together with, except等引导的词组时，其后的动词形式取决主语的形式。

例如：

The vessel, with its entire crew and cargo was lost.

The ocean, as well as the gulf and the bay, provides good fishing.

John, rather than his roommates, is to blame.

Hugh,as well as his two sisters, is vacationing in Wyoming this summer.

Some of the employees as much as the manager were responsible for the failure.

My husband,more than anyone else in the family, is longing to go there again.

Billy, together with his sisters, was wounded in the accident.

No one except two girls was late for school.

六、以表示数量概念的名词词组作主语的主谓一致问题

数量概念分两类：一类是确定数量，如two years, five seconds,three kilos,等，另一类是非确定数量，如all of..., some of..., none of...。如果用这类表示数量概念的名词词组作主语，会产生主谓一致问题。

（一）以表示确定数量的名词词组作主语的主谓一致问题

（二）以表示非确定数量的名词词组作主语的主谓一致问题

（一）以表示确定数量的名词词组作主语

当主语为表示确定数量的名词词组时，如果数量概念被看做一个整体，动词用单数，如果被看做组成该数量的个体，动词用复数。

例如：

The treasurer considered that twenty dollars was not too much to ask.

"Two months is too short a time," General manager warned, "we must hurry up."

Three weeks is needed to complete the task.

There were six silver dollars in each of the stockings.

Three pints is not enough to get him drunk.

A total of 50,000 new bicycles was registered in the year.

如果作主语的名词词组是由“分数/百分数+ of”词组构成，其动词形式取决于of词组中名词的类别。

例如：

Two-thirds of the people present is against the plan.

Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is covered by sea.

Over twenty percent of the city was destroyed in the war.

Forty-five percent of the doctors were woman.

两数相减或相除，谓语动词用单数；两数相加或相乘，谓语动词可用单数，也可用复数。例如：

Sixty minus seventeen leaves forty-three.

Forty-two divided by six is seven.

Six and eight makes/make fourteen.

Six times eight is/are forty-eight.

如果主语由"one in/one out of + 复数名词" 构成，在正式语体中，动词用单数。

例如：

One in ten students has passed the examination.

One out of twelve bottles was left intact.

（二）以表示非确定数量的名词词组作主语的主谓一致问题

如果主语由"a portion of, a series of, a pile of, a panel of +名词"或由“a kind/sort/type of, this kind/sort/type of+名词”构成，谓语动词通常用单数。

例如：

A panel of us has decided to hire a boat and travel through Holland by canal.

A pile of apple logs was set beside the hearth.

A portion of reports is deceiving.

This kind of cars is rather expensive.

This type of women is dangerous.

That type of machines is up-to-date.

如果主语是由“many a +名词" 或“more than one +名词"构成，随后的动词遵循“语法一致”原则，用单数。

例如：

Many a person in these circumstances has hoped for a long break.

Many a man has his own responsibility.

More than one student has failed the exam.

More than one ship was lost this year.

如果主语是all of, some of,none of, half of, most of,lots of,loads of ,plenty of,等表示非确定数量的名词词组，谓语动词的单、复数形式根据of词组中名词类别而定。

例如：

Most of the money was recovered by Deputy Player.

All of the cargo was lost.

Some of the books were badly torn.

None of my friends ever come to see me.

Half of the building was destroied during the war.

Half of the students are eager to leave now.

Lots of people are waiting outside.

Loads of apples have been distributed among the children.

Plenty of water was prepared for irrigation.

【模拟试题】

一.单项填空

1. —Would you do me the favor to carry the box for me?

—_________.

A. Not at all

B. Never mind

C. With pleasure

D. Yes, it’s really sorry

2. _________ in or out, he always closes all the windows.

A. Either

B. Neither

C. Whether

D. Both

3. He’ll attend the meeting _________ in Beijing next month.

A. held

B. to be held

C. holding

D. hold

4. The headmaster asked his students what they _________ themselves on Saturday.

A. did with

B. dealt with

C. made up

D. took up

5. Such _________ fine weather is _________ unusual chance for us all to go for a picnic.

A. a; an

B. the; an

C. a; the

D. /；an

6. There was a _________ talk between Korea and The US last week.

A. friend

B. friendly

C. friendship

D. friendless

7. It’s too late to go to the cinema now. _________, it’s starting to rain.

A. Besides

B. However

C. Meanwhile

D. Anyhow

8. —Why don’t you go home?

—I’ll do so when I _________ my homework.

A. shall finish

B. will finish

C. have finished

D. finished

9. My class teacher as well as other teachers _________ very kind to me.

A. are

B. is

C. do

D. does

10. In front of my house _________ to the sea.

A. a river lies

B. a river lie

C. lie a river

D. lies a river

11. —The man in the photo is just like your brother.

—Well, it’s _________.

A. a photo of my brother

B. a photo of my brother’s

C. one of my brother

D. of my brother

12. —Have you any trouble finding your way in Shanghai?

—Yes, I tried to find my way to the airport but _________.

A. has been lost

B. get lost

C. lost

D. got lost

13. Today, many polluted rivers _________ cleaner and cleaner.

A. became

B. are becoming

C. have become

D. become

14. Was it when he was a young man _________ he joined the army?

A. who

B. what

C. that

D. and

15. —Sorry, I can’t go to your party.

—What can _________ you _________ doing that?

A. keep; /

B. protect; from

C. pretend; from

D. prevent; from

二.完形填空

Professional sports are very popular in the United States and they are big business. The most popular sports are basketball, football and baseball. ___16___ has its own season. And ___17___ supporters. Professional teams are named for the cities ___18___ they are located. When a team plays in a championship game, most people in the city

___19___ the game with interest and enthusiasm. Basketball is ___20___ around the world. Professional basketball games in the US ___21___ indoors during winter months. From November to April ___22___ can find a professional basketball game several nights a week in most large ___23___ cities. Basketball is an American sport. It ___24___ the national pastime.

The game is played in the evening ___25___ every night of the week and ___26___ weekends as well. The season begins in April and ___27___ in the October. Football

___28___ most popular professional sport in the US. It is played on Sundays ___29___ the fall from August to January. American football is different ___30___ international football, ___31___ Americans called soccer. Both games require ___32___ and specialized skills. Professional players are very ___33___. The most famous players ___34___ millions of dollars for their playing skill. American best players have higher ___35___ than the country’s president.

16. A. Every B. Both C. Each D. All

17. A. million B. millions C. million of D. millions of

18. A. when B. where C. who D. whose

19. A. follow B. walk C. run D. jump

20. A. well-known B. well C. known D. fame

21. A. played B. is played C. plays D. are played

22. A. somebody B. one C. anyone D. everybody

23. A. America B. England C. American D. English

24. A. was called B. has been called C. is called D. be called

25. A. nearly B. close C. closely D. near

26. A. at B. in C. on D. during

27. A. finish B. finishing C. finished D. finishes

28. A. became B. is become C. is becoming D. has become

29. A. during B. while C. on D. at

30. A. of B. from C. with D. about

31. A. when B. that C. where D. which

32. A. strong B. strength C. strengthen D. stronger

33. A. well pay B. good pay C. well paid D. good paid

34. A. make B. had C. got D. received

35. A. money B. salaries C. pay D. wage

三.阅读理解

A

It is not unusual to see your desk-mate yawn (打呵欠) as he complains that he didn’t have a good sleep the night before. Many teens don’t get enough sleep because they have too much homework, which keeps them up at night. Some teens cannot sleep at night even when they want to.

Studies show that during your teenage years, the body’s biological clock is reset, telling you to sleep later at night and wake up later in the morning.

But changes in the body clock aren’t the only reason teens lose sleep. Lots of people have insomnia (失眠). The most common cause of insomnia is stress. But all sorts of things can lead to insomnia. These include physical discomfort, emotional troubles and even sleeping environment. It’s common for everyone to have insomnia from time to time. But if it lasts for a month or more go and see a doctor.

Some people have a condition that causes stomach acid (酸) to move backward towards the chest. This produces the uncomfortable, burning feeling called heartburn. So even if the person doesn’t notice the feelings of heartburn because he is sleeping, he may feel tired the next day.

Most teens have nightmares sometimes. But, if they are frequent, a person’s sleep pattern can be seriously affected. The most common cause of nightmares is emotional problems, such as stress (压力) or anxiety. If you have them a lot, it’s a good idea to talk to a doctor.

Doctors encourage teens to make lifestyle changes to develop good sleeping habits. You probably know that coffee can keep you awake, but did you know that playing video games or watching TV does the same?

36. The main idea of the first paragraph is ________.

A. There is a problem that teenagers can’t get enough sleep.

B. Sleeping problems have different causes.

C. Yawning is a good way to get rid of sleep.

D. Teenagers care too much for homework.

37. The Teenagers’ biological clock ________.

A. easily makes teenagers lead to insomnia

B. is the origin of their insomnia

C. provides them with plenty of time at night

D. is helpful to improve their concentration (注意力)

38. What does the writer say about “nightmares”?

A. It is nothing and shouldn’t be taken seriously.

B. It can release their stress or anxiety.

C. Emotional problems are the only way to form nightmares.

D. People will suffer from sleep if frequent.

39. Which way can help to get rid of insomnia?

A. Drinking some coffee before going to bed.

B. Playing video game or watching TV from time to time.

C. Turning to a doctor for help.

D. Eating much medicine for insomnia

B

Russian tradition orders that men should kiss each other three times on the cheeks at official functions. Now, a new ruling in Moscow is calling for politicians in the capital to stick to the old handshake. According to Britain’s The Telegraph newspaper, politicians in Moscow have been told to stop kissing each other when they meet because the “kissing ceremony” takes so long.

Leonid Brezhnev, the general secretary of the Communist Party from 1964 to 1982, was famous for treating male colleagues to a full lip-lock. One photograph of him kissing EricHonecker, the leader of the Democratic Republic of Germany, was used for a protest painting on the Berlin Wall with the caption: “Oh, God, help me survive this deadly love”.

Kissing three times on the cheeks at official occasions is a Russian tradition. The practice has been revived among high-ranking officials in past years. In the distant past, a kiss from the tsar (emperor) was the highest sign of recognition. The Moscow ruling, however, has prompted authorities in other cities to consider banning the practice.

Alexei Kleshko, a parliament member in Siberia, said: “Single-sex kisses should be avoided, including at official meetings. It’s enough to shake hands. Of course, if one is talking about a long friendship or fatherly relations, it might be OK to embrace. But that’s the maximum that should be allowed. ”

Another MP Vladimir Gorlov, said he only allowed himself to kiss the hand of a woman at work: “There are informal relations and there are meetings governed by protocol,” he said. “When a man is kissing another man at an official event, I have a negative attitude towards it. There are rules of decency.”

40. Moscow is calling for politicians to stick to handshake because ________.

A. it is popular at home and abroad

B. it is their tradition

C. it saves time

D. Russian women have a strong love of it

41. By mentioning Brezhnev, the author ________.

A. wants to show his respect to Brezhner

B. admires Brezhnev for his skills at kissing

C. just shows the media made fun of pictures of politicians kissing

D. praises Brezhnev’s good relation with Honecker

42. If the tsar kissed a Russian woman, she would feel ________.

A. nervous

B. proud

C. shameful

D. curious

43. We can infer from the last two paragraphs that ________.

A. Kleshko is strongly against any kind of kiss

B. Kleshko is a man out of date

C. Gorlove shares the same view with Kleshko is single-sex kisses

D. Gorlove won’t kiss any man in any form

C

Have you ever dreamed of visiting a planet in the Milk Way? While the trip sounds exciting, it would take years and years to reach your destination. So in the future, bedtime for astronauts may be more than a few hours of regular shut-eye. They would have to sleep for years.

European researchers are now conducting hibernation experiments. The study may help them understand whether humans could ever sleep through the years it would take for a space flight to distant planets. “If there was an effective technology, it could make

deep-space travel a reality,” said Mark Ayre of the European Space Agency last month.

What seems like science fiction is not completely unlikely. Researchers have been able to use chemicals to put living cells into a sleep-like state where they don’t age. They have now moved on to small, non-hibernating mammals like rats. The results will be out by the end of 2004.

A major challenge is the fact that cells can be very simple systems, whereas body organs are far more complex.

“It’s like moving from a simple Apple computer to a supercomputer,” said Marco Biggiogera, a hibernation researcher at Italy’s University of Pavia.

Just like bears and frogs, the hibernation of human beings would cause a person’s metabolism (新陈代谢) to lower so they would need less energy.

Medical research, however, is just half of a space flight hibernation system.

There is the challenge of designing a suitable protective shelter. Such a shelter would provide the proper environment for hibernation, such as the proper temperature. It would also have to monitor (监控) life functions and serve the physiological needs of the hibernator.

According to Ayre, the sixperson Human Outer Planets Exploration Mission to Jupiter’s moon (木星的卫星) Callisto, could be an opportunity to use human hibernation. The mission aims to send six humans on a five-year flight to Callisto, where they will spend 30 days, in 2045.

44. European researchers are conducting hibernation experiments to ________.

A. ensure astronauts to get a complete sleep

B. find the secret of some creatures

C. make preparations for the journey to Jupiter’s moon Callisto

D. know if man can sleep for years

45. The sentence “What seems like science fiction is not completely unlikely” means

________.

A. Science fiction is people’s imagination.

B. Science fiction is imaginative, but it can be realized.

C. Things seem impossible may come true.

D. Things described in science fiction are sure to become true.

46. The passage is implied but doesn’t states that ________.

A. putting living cells into a sleep-like state is full of failure

B. Biggiogera is confident with the experiment

C. human’s hibernation needs no energy

D. medical research is the key to space flight hibernation system

47. By designing a suitable protective shelter, astronauts can ________.

A. have a good hibernation

B. lessen the pressure of traveling in space

C. feed themselves in spaceship

D. monitor their body changes

48. What’s the best title for the passage?

A. Six humans to fly to Callisto

B. Human hibernation improves health

C. Space travel attracts people

D. Deep sleep for deep space travel

【试题答案】

一.单项填空

1. C。当对方向你求助时，表示肯定的回答有：“I’m glad to”；“Why, of course”；“With (great) pleasure”等。

2. C弄清题意是解答此题的关键：无论是在家还是不在家，他总是关着窗户。答案非C莫属。

3. B。空缺处的非谓语动词应该是既表示被动，又表示将来，所以答案只能选B。

4. A。do with常与what连用，deal with则常与how连用。

5. D。weather是不可数名词，而chance是可数名词，unusual读音的第一个音标是元音音素，所以之前要用不定冠词an。

6. B。少数名词后加–ly构成形容词，并非副词。如：fatherly, motherly, brotherly, comradely 等。

7. A。从题干结构看，空缺处填入however也可，但从题干意思看，后面句子很明显是对句子意思的递进，所以答案选A，而不选B。

8. C。空缺处前面的主句是一般将来时态，when引导的时间状语从句要用一般现在时代替一般将来时。此处用现在完成时表示将来完成时的意义。

9. B。题干的主语是my class teacher, as well as other teachers是修饰语。

10. D。当地点状语位于句首时，句子要部分倒装。

11. A 从题意看，照片上的人就是我弟弟本人，所以答案选A。

12. D。but前面的分句是过去时态，那么but分句也肯定要用过去时态，而且是被动语态，排除A、B项，get型被动语态常带有不愉快、不顺利的意味，答案自然凸现。

13. B。从题意看，“许多被污染了的河流变得越来越干净”，“变”应该是表渐进的状态，所以要用进行时态。

14. C。如果把题干还原成一个陈述句，强调句句型一目了然，被强调部分是when he was

a young man。

15. D。题干第2句话的意思是：什么阻止你不能参加我的晚会？“阻止……做……”，英语表达是prevent… from doing sth.。

二.完形填空

16. C。前面提到football和basketball两种体育活动，此句指每项活动都有自己的季节。every不能作主语，both、each、all均能作句子的主语，但只有each表示单数意义。

17. D。millions of后接可数名词复数，其余选项不可与名词复数连用。

18. B。由where(= in the cities)引导定语从句，从句意为：这些职业球队所在的城市。

19. A。follow意为“注视、注意、倾听”，此处指多数城市里的人们带着兴趣和热情观看球赛。

20. A。well-known意为“出名的”，句意为：篮球闻名于全世界。

21. D。play意为“进行……比赛”。此句意为：在冬天的几个月里，美国职业球赛在室内进行，表示现阶段的情况。选A时态不符，选C主谓数不一致。

22. B。one泛指某个人。

23. C。上下文均提到American。

24. B。此处宜用现在完成时，表示从过去到现在一直称篮球为国民消遣活动。

25. A。根据四个选项，只有nearly(几乎)可用于句中，表示几乎每个晚上。

26. C。weekend前面用介词on。

27. D。此句意为：季节开始(begins)于四月，结束(finishes)于十月。这是由and并列两个谓语动词，形式上一致。

28. D。此处宜用现在完成时表示从过去到现在足球都是十分流行的职业体育活动。

29. A。在秋季，可用in the fall或during the fall。

30. B。be different from意为“与……不同”。

31. D。非限制性定语从句应由which(= football)引导，不用that。

32. B。篮球和足球都需要体力(strength)和技能(skills)。

33. C。由下文可知：职业运动员所得薪水很高，故选well paid。

34. A。make意为“获得、挣得”。

35. B。pay意为“工资”，普通用词。wage意为“工资”指发给从事体力劳动者的工钱。salary意为“薪金”，指发给做比较重要工作的、具有较高技术或从事脑力劳动的人员的工作，如公司职员、秘书、教师、官员等，总统(president)属官员，故要选salary。

三.阅读理解

36. A。第一段主要说的是“青少年睡眠不足的原因，如作业多或想睡但是睡不着。”

37. A。由句子But changes in the body clock aren’t the only reason teens lose sleep.可知“生物钟的变化能导致失眠”。

38. D。由句子if they are frequent, a person’s sleep pattern can be seriously affected.可知“经常做梦，睡眠会受到影响”。

39. C。由句子Doctors encourage teens to make lifestyle changes to develop good sleeping habits可知。

40. C。由句子because the “kissing ceremony” takes so long可知。

41. C。根据“Oh, God, help me survive this deadly love”可知“Honecker厌烦这一礼节”，所以认为C项比较恰当。

42. B。由句子In the distant past, a kiss from the tsar (emperor) was the highest sign of recognition.可知人们的看法。

43. C。Kleshko认为“Single-sex kisses should be avoided, including at official meetings. ”，Gorlov说“When a man is kissing another man at an official event, I have a negative attitude towards it.”，可知“他们两人持相同的观点”。

44. D。由句子The study may help them understand whether humans could ever sleep through the years it would take for a space flight to distant planets.可知。

45. C。本句话意思是“看起来像科幻小说的事情并非完全不可能”。

46. B。其话语的意思是“这就像把简单的苹果电脑变成超级电脑一样”，可以推测“只是一个时间问题，其过程可能复杂一些，但是可能性是存在的。”

47. A。由句子Such a shelter would provide the proper environment for hibernation可知。

48. D。文章主要围绕“为打发星际探索中的漫漫旅途，人类开始进行’冬眠’技术的研究”。

所以认为D项比较全面地概括了文章意思。