历年考研英语真题长难句解析
历年考研英语真题长难句解析
考研英语试卷中，阅读理解和翻译共有50分，占到了全卷分数的半壁江山。毫不夸张地说，把这两部分做好，在英语考试中取得理想的成绩便不再是奢望。那么怎么样才能做好这一部分的试题呢？关键要通过大量的练习，增强阅读英文句子，尤其是其中长难句的能力。长难句一般是指结构复杂难以理解的句子，也有一些其实结构并不复杂，但因为句子很长也很容易让人困惑。长难句出现不多，但是常常大大增加我们理解的难度，成为我们获取高分的拦路虎.
下面就近八年来考研试题中阅读理解和翻译中出现的长难句都列出来，分析它们的结构，指出其中的考查难点，并对如何恰当翻译它们给出建议,，希望大家能从中得到一些启发。
1. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business.
句子主干：Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased …shareholders as a class, (which was) an element…
语法难点：本句是典型的非限定性定语从句，难点在其主语和宾语都有较长的短语和of结构限定，并且分句是由两个and相连的3个部分组成的。分句an element…landowners 又带有两个定语从句，一个是(which was) representing…, 另一个是(which was) detached…。
可见，定语从句的难点在于经常省略引导词+be的结构，从而在理解上容易和分词结构相混淆。
句子翻译：对资本和企业的这种大规模的非个人操纵大大增加了股东作为一个阶级的数量和重要性。这个阶层作为国计民生的一部分，代表了非个人责任的财富与土地及土地所有者应尽义务的分离，而且也几乎与责任管理相分离。
翻译技巧：实际上定语从句并不符合汉语的使用习惯。所以翻译时遇上定语从句，一定不要机械地按照原来的顺序生搬硬套。像这样分句较长的情况，把主句和分句拆为两句是比较好的方法。所以这里从这个阶层开始另起一句。
2. Towns like Bournemouth and Eastboune sprang up to house large, comfortable classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders’ meeting to dictate their orders to the management.
句子主干：Towns…sprang up…classes who…, and who…
语法难点：
1)有并列从句。分析句子主干很容易看到这也是一个典型的定语从句结构，分句由who…, and who…两个并列结构组成。注意like并不是谓语而是介词短语作定语，真正的主句谓语是sprang of.retire on 指依靠什么而退休（多跟表收入的名词）.
2) that of drawing dividends 结构中，draw是收取的意思，dividend指红利，that of sth结构是名词性的，that of sth相当于which is结构，目的都是修饰前面的名词。注意后面还有attending…是省略了which were的定语从句，把of sth结构和定语从句交替使用是英语中长难句的惯用手法，目的是避免行文的单调，考生朋友们要注意分辨。
句子翻译：像Bournemouth和Eastboune这样的城市兴起了，大批隐退的享乐阶层人士靠自己的收入，在这里过着悠闲的生活。他们与群体之外的人没有联系，只是分取红利，偶尔参加股东会议，对管理人员发号施令。
翻译技巧：同样是为了避开定语从句，将主句和分句拆为两句。要注意几个短语的理解。
retire on 依靠……退休
have…relation…to 与……有关系
up to 达到……的规模
3. Robert Fulton once wrote, The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc.，like a poet among the letters of the alphabet , considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea.
句子主干：Robert Fulton once wrote, The mechanic should sit down…, like a …, considering them as…, in which a…
语法难点：省略。
1) like…分句是省略了who 的主语从句中的分句，considering…分句是现在分词引导的状语从句。这个状语从句可以拿到句首，也可以在句尾。一般来说较长的状语从句置于句尾，较短的置于句首，为的是使句子看上去显得简洁一些。
2) like分句中出现了比较多的省略，补全以后是who like a poet who is among the letters….英语中的从句之所以是难点就是因为大量地省略引导词。
句子翻译：罗博特·富尔顿曾经写道，机械工将坐在杠杆、螺丝、楔、轮子等周围，像诗人对待字母表中的每个字母一样，把它们作为自己的思路展示，每一个新组合都传送一个新概念。
翻译技巧：如果严格地翻译，like分句应该译为像对待字母表中字母的诗人一样，原因是这个从句修饰的是机械工，应该用诗人来对应，但这样一来，就不符合汉语的表达习惯了。
4. Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating.
句子主干：Some of these causes are reasonable results…, Others are consequences of advances…
语法难点：主语是some of these causes，实际的主语就是some，不过谓语是单数还是复数则取决于of后面的成分是单数还是复数。being to…是定语从句的分句结构，意为"属于".
句子翻译：在这些原因中，有些完全是自然而然地来自社会需求，另一些则是由于科学在一定程度上自我加速而产生的某些特定发展的必然结果。
翻译技巧：这个翻译比较简单，注意being to的翻译即可。
5. This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.
句子主干：This trend began during …, when…, that…
语法难点：
1）套和从句。
这个句子实际上是This trend began.其余的成分都是在起修饰和限定作用。在分析长难句时一定要注意找出句子的主干，关键是确定句子的主语和谓语，只有这样才不会被众多的修饰成分所迷惑。2）When引导的是时间状语从句。
第一个that引导的是修饰conclusion的定语从句，第二个that引导的是修饰demands的定语从句，wants前省略了which，是引导的修饰a government的主语从句。
句子翻译：这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间，当时一些国家的政府下了结论，认为：政府向科研机构提出的具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的。
翻译技巧：此句中短语较多。
come to the conclusion 形成某种结论
make of 提出
in detail 详细地
6. This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.
句子主干：This seems …done by supporting a certain amount of research not…but…
语法难点：注意not…but句型，意为“不是……而是……”
句子翻译：给某些与当前目标无关但将来可能产生影响的科研提供支持，看来通常能有效地解决这一问题。
翻译技巧：严格说来，not…but结构应译为“不是……而是……”，但这样就显得罗嗦，所以译为“与……无关”，但（另一些有关）。a amount of指“数量达到……”, be related to指“与……有关”。
7. However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world’s more fascination and delightful aspects.
句子主干：However, the world is so made that…systems are …unable to deal with some of the …aspects 语法难点：so made指如此构成，so和后面的that构成so…that结构，意为如此……以至于…….be…（un）able to指可以（或不可以）…….
句子翻译：然而，世界就是如此。一般而言，完美的体系无法解决世界上某些更加引人入胜的课题。翻译技巧：be so made that 意为如…构成，不符合汉语表达习惯，所以译为“就是如此”。
in principle 总的说来; deal with 应付……
8. New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.
句子主干：New forms…as well as new subjects…must arise…as they have in the past, giving rise to…
语法难点：有并列从句。
1) 主语较为复杂，为并列结构，分别是new forms和new subjects，中间用as well as连接。
2) as在这里引导了一个介词结构(as they have in the past), have的宾语省略了，其内容与本句主语一致。
3) giving rise to…分句为非限定性定语从句的从句，省略了which are.
句子翻译：同过去一样，将来必然会出现新的思维方式和新的思维对象，给完美以新的标准。
翻译技巧：as well as 和，以及
give rise to 给……以机会
9. For Lloyd Nickson, a 54 year old Darwin resident suffering from lung cancer, the NT Rights of Terminally III law means he can get on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering: a terrifying death from his breathing condition.
句子主干：For Lolyd Nicks, the NT Rights…means he can get on with living without…
语法难点：插入成分很多。
此句实际上是个简单句，其核心结构为Rights means…,只不过添加了诸多限制结构使句子看起来很复杂。For Lolyd Nicks为主句的状语成分，a 54－years old…cancer为Lolyd Nicks的同位语。
句子翻译：对于现年54岁居住在达尔文的的肺癌患者尼克逊来说，这个法案意味着他可以平静地生活下去，而无须终日担心将要来临的折磨：因呼吸困难而在煎熬中死去。
翻译技巧：同位语从句在汉语中很少出现，对同位语从句的处理就把它当作定语从句即可。如此句中就将同位语成分作为前置状语成分的主语的修饰成分即可。haunting fear指向看到鬼一样恐惧，表示非常恐惧。
10. Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement.
句子主干：Someone…, if…, often had nowhere to turn except…
语法难点：有省略现象。
traveling不是现在分词，而是引导修饰someone的定语从句。if引导的从句中均省略了主语＋be动词的结构，这样显得句子简洁。
句子翻译：独自旅行时，如果没有了食物，受伤了或者生病了，通常只能向最近的小屋或者村落求救。
翻译技巧：直译的话，应该说人们没有其他地方，只有……可得到帮助，但这样写的话显得冗长而且费解，这里根据句意，译为只能向……求助就比较准确了。turn的用法比较灵活，意思很多，这里依据上下文，译为向……求助.
11. We live a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive:an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves.
句子主干：We live in a society in which…substances is pervasive…
语法难点：实际是简单句。
此句句子虽长，但是结构并不复杂，可以从冒号开始分为两个部分。理解的时候要有意识地把两部分分开，个个击破。in which引导了一个定语从句。该从句的分句谓语动词是is而不是are, 是因为在这个从句中主语是use, 而不是substances, 这一点要注意分辨。
句子翻译：在我们生活的社会里，物质（药品）被广泛地运用于社交和医疗：服用阿司匹林来缓解头疼，喝酒来应酬，早晨和咖啡来提神，吸烟镇定情绪等。
翻译技巧：该句冒号以后的内容写得很轻巧，很有文学性，翻译的时候也不要强求字字照应，而应该也是比较灵活。如quiet不是安静的意思，而是镇静的意思。
12. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.
句子主干：Dependence is marked first by…, with…, and then by…
语法难点：有并列从句和省略。with引导的是伴随结构作状语，修饰的是整个第一分句描述的状态。and引导的分句省略了谓语动词marked ，所以要注意其实该分句并不隶属于第一分句，而是与之并列的结构。
句子翻译：依赖的最初表现为耐受力增强，用量越来越大才能达到预期效果，一旦停用就会产生不舒服的症状。
翻译技巧：有些同学遇上伴随结构就不知道如何翻译了，其实只要按照原来的语序顺次翻译就是。
13. But he talked as well about the balanced struggle between creative freedom and social responsibility, and he announced that the company would launch a drive to develop standards for distribution and labeling of potentially objectionable music.
句子主干：But he talked as well about …, and he announced that…
语法难点：该句没有从句结构，而是由and连接的两个并列成分构成。用would是因为表达了某人的主观态度和意愿。
句子翻译：但他也谈到了创作自由与社会责任之间要努力保持均衡这一问题。他宣布公司将尽力对可能招致大众反对的音乐制定各种发行和标识的标准
翻译技巧：虽然没有从句结构，但是由于句子太长，有众多的修饰成分，所以建议还是拆为两句较
好。
14. Average inflation in the big seven industrial economies fell to a mere 2.3% last year, close to its lowest level in 30 years, before rising slightly to 2.5% this July.
句子主干：Average inflation…fell to a mere…, close to its…, before
语法难点：有省略。
close to分句是非限定性定语从句，省略了which was. Before后面的成分是对全句的补充说明，是状语成分。状语成分可以置句首，也可以置句末，并无定规。之所以用rising,是因为这里需要一个名次性的结构the inflation which was,这样显得简洁得多。
句子翻译：七大工业国家的通货膨胀率去年下降到了2.3%, 接近30年来最低水平，今年7月才小幅上涨到2.5%, 比许多国家70年代和80年代两位数低了很多。
翻译技巧：the big seven industrial economies是指西方七大工业国。close to是靠近的意思。fall to是跌落至……的意思。
15. Economists have been particularly surprised by favorable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially America’s, have little productive slack.
句子主干：Economists have been…surprised by…and…, since…, and especially…, have …
语法难点：主句用现在完成时have been…是因为经济学家长时间以来关注，现在也在关注，是一个从过去持续到现在的动作。Since引导的是表原因的状语从句。
句子翻译：特别让经济学家感到诧异的是，英美两国的通货膨胀带来的是良性的结果，因为传统的分析方法表明，两国尤其是美国的经济生产几乎没有出现滑坡。
翻译技巧：favorable表示的是非常好的，不是非常喜欢的，与个人取向没有关系。productive slack 是生产滑坡的意思。
句子翻译：这类人持极端看法，认为人与动物在各相关方面都不相同，对待动物无须考虑道德问题。翻译技巧：in every relevant respect译成各相关方面，不要把respect 译成尊重；extremists为极端主义者；let outside the area of moral choice译成不在道德范围内，不关乎道德.
16. When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind’s instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.
句子主干：When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is…instinct…, an instinct that should be…
语法难点：以冒号为界，将全句分成两个复合句。
前面的复合句里，时间状语从句when that happens叙述的是前一句to see…的情形的出现。That修饰这种行为，主句表明这种行为并不错。冒号后面的复合句解释为什么。这里有一个that从句，作instinct 的定语。
句子翻译：这种反应并不错，这是人类用道德观念进行推理的本能在起作用，这种本能应得到鼓励而不应遭到嘲弄。
翻译技巧：将that, it等代词具体化，使译文表达明确；reasoning不能译成原因，而应译为推理，推论；in action不能译成在行动中，而译成在起作用，action在此是作用，性能的意思；翻译被动语态时，使用得到，遭到等，使译文流畅自然
17. The Aswan Dam, for example stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left - all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.
句子主干：The Aswan Dam, …stopped the Nile flooding…but…
语法难点：有插入语。
for example是个插入结构，不是句子的主要成分。but后面省略了the Aswan Dam.注意so…that…结构，是如此……以至于的意思。
句子翻译：以阿斯旺大坝为例，它挡住了尼罗河的洪水，但也使埃及失去了洪水冲积的肥沃土壤，换回来的却是一个病态的大水库。现在水库积满泥沙，几乎不能用于发电了。
翻译技巧：the Nile是尼罗河。All in return意思是换回来的全部则是.
18. The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in
a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend.
句子主干：The trouble is that…is due to …, and so is not …
语法难点：套和从句。
the trouble is that…是表语从句结构。后一个that引导的是修饰rebound的定语从句。
句子翻译：问题在于，近期的增长一定程度上是因为商业运作周期涨落的结果，因此还不能得出经济已经呈现复苏态势这一结论。
翻译技巧：part of the recent acceleration不可译为一部分的最近的加速，而是最近加速部分是由于.business cycle是指商业周期.
19. New ways of organizing the workplace all that reengineering and downsizing - are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training.
句子主干：New ways of …workplace…are only one contribution to…, which is…, and…
语法难点：有插入语。
两个破折号中间的成分为插入结构，可以视为括号里面的内容。Such as后面的内容是对many other factors的列举。在阅读的时候基本可以跳过不看，除非后面有细节题考查这里的内容。
句子翻译：组织工作场所的新方法——包括机构重组和缩小规模——只是促进某个经济实体的综合生产率提高的一项措施，还有其他许多因素促进生产率的提高，比如对机械设备的联合投资、采用新技术、对教育培训投资等。
翻译技巧：all that 这一切包括overall productivity 综合生产力水平
joint investment 联合投资drive 驱动
20. His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long term profitability.
句子主干：His colleague, …, says that…,chopping out costs without giving…
语法难点：有省略。chopping out costs without giving sufficient …分句是非限定性定语从句。修饰的是前一分句的整体意思。without后面要跟现在分词giving.
句子翻译：他的同时迈克尔。比尔说，为数众多的公司以简单机械的方式进行机构重组，降低了成本，但却未能充分考虑长期赢利。
翻译技巧：
far too many 太多的（比实际需要）
re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion 以简单机械的方式
chop out 削减
2020年托福阅读长难句100句：后置定语从句.doc
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考研英语长难句经典例子解析 来源：文都图书 考研英语的长难句在广大考生心中一直是一个超级大难点，数不清的生词，看不明白的句型和混乱的时态都让考生脑袋大了不止一圈儿，所以今天这篇文章就和大家分享一下攻克长难句的技巧。以《考研英语长难句解密》中的一句超长的长难句为例。 【经典长难句】 The increase in numbers of married women employed outside the home in the twentieth century had less to do with the mechanization of house work and an increase in leisure time for these women than it did with their own economic necessity and with high marriage rates that shrank the available pool of single women workers, previously, in many cases, the only women employers would hire. 【词汇突破】 have to do with…与…有关 Economic necessity 经济需求 pool of single women workers 单身女工的资源 high marriage rates 高结婚率 【参考译文】20世纪，在家庭外被雇佣的女性人数增加了，这与其说是由于家务活的机器化和闲暇时间的增加，还不如说是由于女性自身的经济需求和由于高结婚率。正是高结婚率减少了单身女工劳动力资源的数量，而在这之前很多情况下，她们是雇主们会雇佣的唯一女性。 像书中的解句顺序一样，攻克长难句首先应该拿下句中的生词和短语，这是基础，是盖房所需的砖瓦，然后再攻克句法，拿下房屋结构，这样再对照参考译文，以前觉得很难的长难句就“柳暗花明又一村”了。希望大家首先消除内心对长难句的恐惧心理，静下心来好好分析，好好学习，争取早日拿下长难句，拿下考研英语！加油！
2019年托福阅读长难句100句：大量物种灭绝
2019年托福阅读长难句100句：大量物种灭绝 今天我们来看这样一个句子： The possibility that mass extinctions may recur periodically has given rise to such hypotheses as that of a companion star with a long-period orbit deflecting other bodies from their normal orbits, making some of them fall to Earth asmeteors and causing widespread devastation upon impact. (TPO15, 46) recur /r'k/ v. 再发生，复发 periodically adv.定期地，周期性发生地 hypothesis /ha'pɑθss/ n. 假说，假设 deflect /d'flkt/ v. (使某物)运动转向;使某人改变原来的计划 meteor /'mit/ n. 流星 devastation /dev'sten/ n. 毁坏，荒废 impact /m'pækt/ n. 撞击，冲击;影响 such sth as/that...：(像後面提及的)那样的, 这样的 我是分界线，大家先测试一遍速读是否理解 The possibility (that mass extinctions may recur periodically) has given rise to such hypotheses as that (of a companion star)(with a long-period orbit) (deflecting other bodies from their normal orbits), (making some of them fall to Earth as meteors) and (causing widespread devastation upon impact). (TPO15, 46) 托福阅读长难句100句分析：
雅思阅读长难句分析
雅思阅读长难句分析 1.There had, of course, been dictionaries in the past, the first of these being a little book of some 120 pages, compiled by a certain Robert Cawdray, published in 1604 under the title A Table Alphabeticall ‘of hard usuall English wordes’. 翻译：当然，过去也有词典，第一部词典是一本大约120页的小册子，它由一位叫罗伯特·考德雷的人编纂而成并于1604年出版，书名叫《疑难常用英语词汇表》。 词汇：compile v. 编写，编纂 a certain 某一 publish v. 出版 under the title 名叫……，题为…… 分析： 主干部分：There had been dictionaries in the past. （倒装句） 独立主格结构：the first of these being a little book of some 120 pages The first of these 逻辑主语 Being a little book of some 120 pages 分词短语 状语成分：compiled by a certain Robert Cawdray, publishe d ... wordes’. （过去分词短语作状语） 2.Beyond the practical need to make order out of chaos, the rise of dictionaries is associated with the rise of the English middle class, who were anxious to define and circumscribe the various worlds to conquer --- lexical as well as social and commercial. 翻译：除了从混乱中建立起秩序的实际需要，词典的兴起也与英国中产阶级的兴起息息相关，他们急切地希望能定义和界定各种各样等待他们去征服的领域——词汇领域，社会领域以及商业领域。 词汇： Chaos n. 混乱，紊乱 新通教育
考研英语长难句分析
https://www.360docs.net/doc/b013591912.html,/menu/201209/198057.shtml 2012 1. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that weaken the court's reputation for being independent and impartial. 【分析】复合句。主句主干为justices acted。in several instances 和in ways作状语，that 引导定语从句修饰ways。 【译文】然而，在一些情况下，法官的行为方式削弱了法院保持中立且公正的名声。 【临摹】不同于硅谷的那些企业，印度这些公司在思路上可能更有创意。 2. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court's decisions will be accepted as impartial judgements. 【分析】复合句，主句为That kind of activity makes it less likely, it 是形式宾语，真正的宾语是that 引导的名词性从句。 【译文】这类行为使得法院的裁定被认为是公正判决的可能性有所下降。 【词法拓展】
it 作形式宾语放在动词与宾语补足语之间，指代不定式、动名词、从句等，此时，it 无实际意义。这种情况只能用于能以名词或形容词作宾语补足语的动词后面，如feel, consider, find, believe, make, take, imagine, suppose, think, deem, regard, count 等。3. At the very least, the court should make itself subject to the code of conduct that applies to the rest of the federal judiciary. 【分析】复合句。At the very least在句首作状语，that 引导定语从句修饰the code of conduct。 【译文】至少，法院应当服从适用于联邦司法系统其余部门的行为准则。 4. They gave justices permanent positions so they would be free to upset those in power and have no need to cultivate political support. 【分析】复合句。主句为They gave justices permanent positions, so 引导目的状语从句，从句主干为they would be free...and have no need...。 【译文】他们给予法官们终身任期，以便法官们能自由地推翻当权者，且无需拉拢政治支持。 5. Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social concepts like liberty and property. 【分析】复合句。主句为Constitutional law is political。because 引导原因状语从句；其中分词短语rooted in... 作定语修饰choices, 介词短语like liberty and property 修饰concepts。
长难句分析-托福
长难句分析-托福 1.Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures hundreds of times greater than at the Earth’s surface，the deep—ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans，in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer space( (定语后置in s ome ways…) 由于完全没有光，而且承受着比在地球表面大数百倍的极大压力，深海底部对人 类而言是一个充满敌意的环境，在某些方面就像外层空间一样险恶和遥远。 分句1:Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures 分句2:hundreds of times greater than at the Earth’s surface 分句3:the deep—ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans 分句4:in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer space分句2修饰分句1结尾的短语intense pressures， 分句1是分句3的原因状语 分句3是整个长句子的主句 分句4是分句3的后置定语，修饰分句3的a hostile environment to humans 整个句子结构是: 原因状语+主句+后置定语 这是主句前后分别有状语和定语的修饰成分，但是本句其实不是复合句。句子的
解析雅思阅读之分析长难句答案
1. An alternative to this notion of genetic programming is to see the teacher-subjects’ actions as a result of the social environment under which the experiment was carried out. 2. An action such as shocking a victim, which in isolation appears evil, acquires a completely different meaning when placed in this setting. 3. Here we have two radically different explanations for why so many teacher-subjects were willing to forgo their sense of personal responsibility for the sake of an institutional authority figure. 4. That would matter less if people applied the same degree of skepticism to environmental lobbying as they do to lobby groups in other fields. 5. One form of pollution –the release of greenhouse gases that causes global warming –does appear to be a phenomenon that is going to extend well into our future, but its total impact is unlikely to pose a devastating problem. 6. Thus, in this explanation the subject merges his unique personality and personal and moral code with that of larger institutional structures, surrendering individual properties like loyalty, self-sacrifice and discipline to the service of malevolent systems of authority. 7. A modern hard-core sociobiologist might even go so far as to claim that this aggressive instinct evolved as an advantageous trait, having been of survival value to our ancestors in their struggle against the hardships of life on the plains and in the carves, ultimately finding its way into our genetic make-up as a remnant of our ancient animal ways. 8. Yet opinion polls suggest that many people nurture the belief that environmental standards are declining and four factors seem to cause this disjunction between perception and reality. 9. Yet a green organization opposing such a weakening is seen as altruistic, even if an impartial view of the control in question might suggest they are doing more harm than good.