1.Introduction

超大规模集成电路基础
Fundamental of VLSI 齐洪钢
hgqi@https://www.360docs.net/doc/cb3699263.html,
中国科学院大学计算机与控制学院

课程
z z z z z
z
上课时间：每周二，四，第5、6节课学时：40，学分：2 上课地点：雁栖湖园区，教栖教1-109 答疑时间（Office Hour）：周二下午第7、8节，地点：学园二，385 教材： z 数字集成电路—电路、系统与设计（第二版），Jan M. Rabaey著，周润德等译，电子工业出版社，2004年。参考教材： z 超大规模集成电路与系统导论，John P. Uyemura著，周润德译，电子工业出版社 2004年。子工业出版社，年 z 纳米CMOS集成电路—从基本原理到专用芯片实现，Harry Veendrick 著，周润德译，电子工业出版社，2011年。
z
不仅限于以上教材

成绩
z
平时成绩：40%
文献阅读要求：认真思考，独立完成，按时提交，迟交扣分。
z
z
期末成绩 60% （课堂开卷考试）期末成绩：
z
课堂讲述的重点内容

开课目的
z z
集成电路设计一直是科技发展的重要研究方向。集成电路设计有非常广阔的行业发展前景。
z z z z z z z z z
Intel AMD Xili Xilinx Altera TI ST MTK 龙芯中星微…

课程目标
z
广泛了解集成电路的基础知识，但对深度不做要求。
z z z z
器件静态和动态门级电路组合逻辑电路时序电路
z
培养科研型和工程型人才。

课程内容
z z z z z z z z z z
第一章：介绍第二章：制造工艺第三章：器件第四章：导线第五章：CMOS反相器第六章：组合逻辑电路第七章：时序逻辑电路第八章：互连问题第九章：时序问题第十章第十章：运算单元设计算单元设计

超大规模集成电路基础 Fundamental of VLSI
第一章第章介绍

集成电路
z
集成电路
z
将晶体管和电阻电容等器件组合在起完成特定功将晶体管和电阻电容等器件组合在一起完成特定功能的电路
z
目标：高集成度，低成本，低功耗
z
在集成电路上“塞进”更多的元件
z
集成电路的规模

集成电路
计算机CPU
世界上第一台计算机

摩尔法则
戈登·摩尔(Gordon Moore)

集成电路应用
z
应用范围
z z z z z
计算机网络移动通信系统控制消费电子
集集成电路在手机中应用在机中

数字电路设计层次抽象
SYSTEM
MODULE + GATE
CIRCUIT
DEVICE G S n+ D n+

数字电路设计划分
z z
z z z
Architecture ：描述系统功能 Microarchitecture：描述Architecture如何划分成寄存器和功能单元 Logic: 描述如何构成功能单元 Circuit：描述晶体管如何构成 Logic Physical：描述芯片的版图设计

设计尺度
z
如何评估集成电路的性能
z z z z
成本可靠性速度功耗

集成电路成本
z
固定成本 NRE（non-recurrent engineering） cost
z
与产品销售量无关
z z
设计开发时间和人力一次性投入：设备、基础设施、市场、销售
z
可变成本
z
直接用于制造产品的费用，与产量成比例
z z z
部件生产成本组装费测试费

集成电路成本
z
成本计算
z z
z
每个集成电路成本=每个集成电路的可变成本+固定成本/产量可变成本=（芯片成本+芯片测试成本+封装成本）/最终测试的成品率芯片成本=晶圆成本/（每个晶圆包含芯片数x芯片成品率）
单个芯片
晶圆

集成电路成本
z
芯片成品率
z z
芯片成品率=（1+单位面积缺陷数x芯片面积/α）-α (α 约等于 3) ) 芯片成本=f（芯片面积）4

功能性和稳定性
z
电路噪声
z
逻辑点上不希望发生的电压和电流变化
v( t) i ( t)
V DD
电感耦合
电容耦合
电源线和地线噪声

功能性和稳定性
z
数字信号表示
z
数字信号 z 信号离散化表示 x ∈ {0,1} z 二进制数字信号电平与数字信号转换
“ 1”
V OH V IH 不确定区域
z
1 ? VOH ,0 ? VOL
V “ 0” V IL OL

功能性和稳定性
z
电压传输特性VTC
z
表示反相器的输入输出电压关系
V(y)
V
OH
f V(y)=V(x)
VM 开关阈值电压 V OL V IL V V(x)
VOH = f(VOL) VOL = f(VOH) VM = f(VM)
IH

1 Introduction On

On choice-o?ering imperatives Maria Aloni? 1Introduction The law of propositional logic that states the deducibility of either A or B from A is not valid for imperatives(Ross’s paradox,cf.[9]).The command (or request,advice,etc.)in(1a)does not imply(1a)(unless it is taken in its alternative-presenting sense),otherwise when told the former,I would be justi?ed in burning the letter rather then posting it. (1) a.Post this letter!? b.Post this letter or burn it! Intuitively the most natural interpretation of the second imperative is as one presenting a choice between two actions.Following[2](and[6])I call these choice-o?ering imperatives.Another example of a choice-o?ering imperative is (2)with an occurence of Free Choice‘any’which,interestingly,is licensed in this context. (2)Take any card! Like(1a),this imperative should be interpreted as carrying with it a permission that explicates the fact that a choice is being o?ered. Possibility statements behave similarly(see[8]).Sentence(3b)has a read-ing under which it cannot be deduced from(3a),and‘any’is licensed in(4). (3) a.You may post this letter.? b.You may post this letter or burn it. (4)You may take any card. In[1]I presented an analysis of modal expressions which explains the phe-nomena in(3)and(4).That analysis maintains a standard treatment of‘or’as logical disjunction(contra[11])and a Kadmon&Landman style analysis of‘any’as existential quanti?er(contra[3]and[4])assuming,however,an in-dependently motivated‘Hamblin analysis’for∨and?as introducing sets of alternative propositions.Modal expressions are treated as operators over sets of propositional alternatives.In this way,since their interpretation can depend on the alternatives introduced by‘or’(∨)or‘any’(?)in their scope,we can account for the free choice e?ect which arises in sentences like(3b)or(4).In this article I would like to extend this analysis to imperatives.The resulting theory will allow a uni?ed account of the phenomena in(1)-(4).We will start by presenting our‘alternative’analysis for inde?nites and disjunction. ?ILLC-Department of Philosophy,University of Amsterdam,NL,e-mail:M.D.Aloni@uva.nl

1.introduction

Introdution

Mike Jian

INTRODUCTION ?Section A: ?Comprises 8 two mark and 4 one mark multiple choice questions. ?Section B: ?Four 10 mark questions. ?Two 20 mark questions.

INTRODUCTION The examination is a three hour paper with 15 minutes reading and planning time. All questions are compulsory. Some questions will adopt a scenario/case study approach. All those questions will require some form of written response although questions on planning or review may require the calculation and interpretation of some basic ratios.

1.Which TWO of the following should be included in an audit engagement letter? ①Objective and scope of the audit ②Results of previous audits ③Management’s responsibilities ④Need to maintain professional scepticism A.① and ② B.① and ③ C.② and ④ D.③ and ④ (2 marks)