英国文学term

Term

1.The Ballads （叙事，诗歌）p17

The most important department of English folk literature is the ballad. A ballad is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed.Of paramount importance are the ballads of Robin Hood

英国民间文学中最重要的一个分支是民谣。民谣是一个以诗歌形式讲述的故事, 通常每节有四行，第二行和第四行押韵。

2.Romance 传奇文学p8

The most prevailing kind of literature in feudal England was the romance. It was a long composition, sometimes in verse, sometimes in prose, describing the life and adventure of a noble hero. The central character of romances was the knight, a man of noble. The code of manners and morals of a knight is known as chivalry. The most popular Romance is about king Arthur and his knight of the round table.

封建时期的英国最流行的文学形式是传奇文学。传奇文学的作品篇幅较长，有时是诗歌的形式，有时是散文的形式，描写贵族英雄的生活和冒险故事。传奇文学的中心人物是贵族出身的善于使用武器的骑士。骑士的礼貌和道德被称为骑士精神。最著名的罗曼司是亚瑟王和他的圆桌骑士。

3.Utopia 乌托邦p33

Utopia is More’s masterpiece, written in the form of a conversation; it

is divided into two books. The first book contains a long discussion on the social conditions of England. The second book is described in detail an ideal communist society, Utopia, The name “Utopia” comes from two Greek words meaning “no place” .

《乌托邦》是莫尔的代表作，以对话的形式写成。此书分为两卷，第一卷以大量的篇幅讨论了英国的社会现状，第二卷详细描述了一个理想的共产主义社会——乌托邦。乌托邦这个词源于两个希腊词语，意思是“乌有之乡”

4. University wits 大学才子派p49

There was a group of so-called “university wits” (Lyly, Peele, Marlowe, Greene, Lodge and Nash) who wrote for the stage of the time. They were all of humble birth and struggled for a livelihood through writing. They entered the dramatic circle between the years 1587 and 1593.

有一群“大学才子”（黎里、皮埃尔、马洛、格林、罗吉、纳什）为当时的舞台进行创作。他们都出身低微，以写作来谋求生计，并于1587年到1593年间进入戏剧界。

5.Metaphysical poets 玄学派诗人p116

About the beginning of the 17th century appeared a school of poets called “Metaphysicals” by Samuel Johnson, the 18th century writer. The works of the Metaphysical poets are characterized, generally speaking, by mysticism in content and fantasticality in form.

大约17世纪之初，就出现了一个被18世纪作家赛繆尔约翰逊称为

玄学派诗人的诗歌流派。大致上讲，选学派诗人的作品都以内容神秘而形成荒诞为特点。

6.Sentimentalism 感伤主义p192

By the middle of the 18th century, a literary school called sentimentalism came into being as the result of a bitter discontent among the enlightened people with social reality. It dissatisfied with reason, appealed to sentiment. Sentimentalism turned to the countryside for its material, and so is in striking contrast to classicism.

到18世纪中期，感伤主义受到于形成启蒙思想影响而对社会现实强烈不满的人群中。由于不满于理性，转而推崇情感，推崇“人心”。感伤主义从乡村寻找写作素材，这与古典主义形成鲜明对比。

7.New Classicism 新古典主义p128

The classicists modelled themselves on Greek and Latin authors, and tried to control literary creation by some fixed laws and rules drawn from Greek and Latin works. Rimed couplet instead of blank verse, the three unities of time, place and action, regularity in construction, and the presentation of types rather than individuals—these were some of the standards the classicists required of drama.

古典主义者们将古希腊和拉丁作家作为他们的楷模，试图用希腊和拉丁作品中获取的规范和准则来支配他们的文学创作。用对句诗代替无韵诗，时间空间行为的三重统一，结构的规律性，类型刻画而非个体刻画——这些都属于古典主义者们对于戏剧写作的要求。

8. English critical realism 批判现实主义p276

In this period of tense class struggle appeared a new literary trend --critical realism. English critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the forties and in the early fifties. The critical realists described with much vividness and great artistic skill and chief traits of the English society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic viewpoint. . The greatest English realist of the time was Charles Dickens.

在英国阶级斗争紧张的时期，出现了一种新的文学潮流，那就是批判现实主义。在19世纪40，50年代早期，英国的批判现实主义非常流行。批判现实主义者用巧妙的艺术手法形象描绘出英国社会主要特点，从民主的角度批判了资本主义制度，这个时期英国最伟大的现实主义者是查尔斯狄更斯。

9.Naturalism 自然主义p364

Naturalism is a literary trend prevailing in Europe, in the second half of the 19th century. According to the theory of naturalism, literature must be “true to life”and exactly reproduce real life, including all its details without any selection. Naturalist writers usually write about the lives of the poor and oppressed, or the “slum life”.

自然主义是20世纪后半期流行于欧洲的一种文学思潮，按照自然主义的理论，文学必须真实于生活，准确原原本本的再现现实生活，包括现实生活的每一个细节，自然主义作家通常描写穷人和被压迫者的生活，或贫民窟的生活。

10. The stream of consciousness 意识流派p405

In the 20th century, under the influence of Freud’s theory of psychological analysis, a number of writers adopted the “stream of consciousness”method of novel writing. The striking feature of these novelists is their giving precedence to the depiction of the characters’mental and emotional reactions to external events, rather than the events themselves. In English literature, James Joyce and Virginia Woolf are the two best-known novelists of the “stream of consciousness school”

20世纪，在弗洛伊德心理分析理论的影响下，一些作家在小说创作中采用了意识流的手法，这些作家的显著特点是更更关注人物对外部事件的心理和情感反应，而不是对事件本身进行描述。英国文学中，詹姆斯乔伊斯和弗吉尼亚伍尔夫是意识流派最著名的两位小说家。11. G othic novel:哥特派小说

Gothic novel was a new type of fiction prominent in the late 18th century. It was a style of fiction characterized by the use of desolate or remote settings, mysterious or violent icidents and savage or ghostlike charaqcter. The first gothic novel was Castle of Otranto.

12.Fiction:小说

In an inclusive sense, fiction is any literary narrative, whether in prose or verse, which is invented instead of being an account of events that in fact happened. In a narrow sense, however, fiction denotes only narratives that are written in prose.