2015年5月24日前程百利托福阅读预测大范围(动物类)

2015年5月24日前程百利托福阅读预测大范围(动物类)
2015年5月24日前程百利托福阅读预测大范围(动物类)

2015年5月24日前程百利托福阅读预测大范围(动物类)

第1篇:学科分类:生命科学类—动物学—动物的眼睛起源

开始说,眼睛只存在于多细胞动物中,但是单细胞动物可能可以感知光线的。

然后提到了寒武纪,在寒武纪的时候化石数量激增,说明有动物大爆发。然后提到了一种B的生物,它的化石是关于动物有眼睛的第一个直接证据。同时在化石中找到了软组织,所以可以保存下来确实很不容易。但是B的眼睛还是太先进了,所以科学家认为first eyes应该出现在B之前。

总之文章主线就是说一个时代X没有完整清晰的化石证明物种有眼睛,后来有一个时代Y又有了完整的化石证据。科学家推断在这两个X与Y的时期之间,物种就已经演化出了眼睛。

考题重复规律:

第一次出现时间2012-8-19CN

历次考试重复2012-8-19CN,2014-6-29CN,2015-3-14CN

补充:这是最新托福考试的题目,重复3次,是起源类的文章。物种起源类主题的文章是托福阅读常考的文章。这一类文章通常段落结构清晰,主题明确,对背景的描述会比较详尽,不会出现因为背景知识的生疏而严重影响对于文章理解的情况。需要注意的

是,必须提前对相关类型的TPO文章的生词熟悉,尽量减少生词恐惧带来的内耗。

第2篇:学科分类:生命科学类—生物学—青蛙的叫声

青蛙求偶的叫声

讲青蛙寻求配偶时的叫声,从频率、响度、温度影响等方面来说。年龄大成熟的雄青蛙叫声大,易吸引配偶。而年轻的叫声小,因为怕耗费体力,例如树蛙。因此叫声大的成熟雄青蛙体力更好,容易生存。温度也会影响青蛙叫声,年轻雄青蛙喜欢在低温地方模拟老青蛙的叫声来吸引异性。雌青蛙可以通过叫声分辨不同种类青蛙以保证后代质量。有些花哨的叫声容易吸引异性也容易招来天敌。

考题重复规律:

第一次出现时间2012-11-3NA

历次考试重复时间2012-11-3NA,2013-9-1CN,2013-3-17CN,2015-5-9CN。

第3篇:学科分类:生命科学类—动物学—有袋动物

讲的有袋类动物的进化,有袋类比较原始的一种哺乳动物.主要是由于各个大陆漂移及地理环境的变化,导致只有南美和澳大利亚存在,因为那里没有竞争的哺乳动物.而南北美洲合并后,有一种有袋类却在北美大量存在了,原因是因为人类的农业发展及清除了它们的天敌

考题重复规律:

第一次出现时间2008-11-15CN

第4篇:学科分类:生命科学类—动物学—冷血动物和热血动物

冷血动物和热血动物的特点。说这面称呼是misleading的(有题问为何misleading),因为冷血动物的体温有时候比热血动物还高。动物有一个安全温度带(具体名词不记得了)有最高和最低的温度边界,在冷的地方动物通过一些手段降低自己的最低温度边界,fur:fox,北极densy hire,dark skin隔离冷:北极熊。热的地方动物停止curculation,挖洞藏起来,还说有的动物体温可以调节,dawn最低,到下午最高。做了实验一个什么动物,在45度下呆了8h都没事。

考题重复规律:

第一次出现时间2009-9-12CN

第5篇:学科分类:生命科学类—动物学—昆虫抗药性

昆虫对杀虫剂(pesticide)的抗性

文章讲了这几个方面。首先大量使用pesticide的后果,然后说了这种昆虫抗性的化学来源。接着,作者着重讲了overdose pesticide的不良结果。1.会把原来这些harmful insect的presidator也给杀了,因为没食物。2.同时会把本来是益虫的insect变为害虫。

词汇题:burgeon.

考题重复规律:

第一次出现时间2006-11-3CN

第6篇:学科分类:生命科学类—动物学—动物信号传导

热带雨林中动物的的信号转导Signal transduction

1.动物有个矛盾一方面它们要有效地把信号穿给自己的同类:另方面又要避免被自己的predator发现而被吃掉(有题,问动物改变颜色的副作用)所以发明了很多的信号传导以及隐身方法。

2.在光照少的热带雨林里,动物想要发信号,就要使自己和森林的颜色对比更鲜明一些。一些蝴蝶在透过树冠的光斑中飞舞等接着说了那个雨林下层的主要的光是绿光和黄光(因为光合作用吸收的是红橙光和蓝紫光--小鱼注)在这种光背景下黄绿光不是很好的传导信号的光线,而红光和橙光在这时比较好用,是动物用来传递发情啊进攻啊等信号的首选(有题,问red&orange和yellow&green,很迷惑)比如火鸡脖子上的毛就是黄色。

3.某些色彩不那么艳丽的动物,利用叫声进行联系。

考题重复规律:

第一次出现时间2006-10-18北美

历次考试重复2007-11-11大陆。

2006-10-28NA,2006-11-3CN,2006-11-17CN,2006-11-18CN,2006-12-3CN,2007-1-6NA,

2007-3-4CN,2007-8-11CN,2007-10-19NA,2008-8-9CN,2010-12-11NA,2010-12-11CN

第7篇:学科分类:生命科学类—动物学—动物活动规律

1.动物的规律状态分为两种,cardinan与carninan之类的(拼字不确定)前一种是有关24小时的规律状态,或是随着月亮的状态的规律,不同种类的规律也都不同。

2.即使习性相同,如不同种类的蝙蝠,都是昼伏夜出,也会adapt不同习性在prey上,避免竞争後一种是说seasonal的规律,可以预知天气变化而做应变,如在高纬度的地方,动物可以预知冬季来临,因而准备冬眠或是改变习性又提到了有关internal及external所决定规律的因素目前还不能断定

考题重复规律:

第一次出现时间2007-1-13NA

历次考试重复2006-1-14CN。

第8篇:学科分类:生命科学类—动物学—鸟类迁徙

1.由于鸟类迁徙时遇到阴天就停下来,好像分不请方向。

2.科学家predict鸟类迁徙靠太阳指引方向。做实验,用artifical sun取代real sun,鸟依然朝artifical sun飞。科学家作试验看食物是不是另外一种guide导致鸟类的迁徙。结果发现鸟类能否找到食物完全依赖光线,也就是视觉。也就是说食物不能促使鸟类迁徙。

3.另外一个在什么天文馆做的试验又证明夜晚迁徙的鸟类靠star来定位。后面是一个同类的实验。但是鸟类在向着artifical sun飞行时,每小时会变换方向15度角,而这也是真实的太阳方向变化的速度,估计是由鸟类自身生物钟引起的。鸟的生物钟直接与太阳光强弱有关,白天迁徙的鸟类根据在太阳光线的强弱飞行的距离,太阳落山前鸟类一定会准时到达其预定地点。附带还记得考的单词:Prediction,core,offset…

考题重复规律:

第一次出现时间2006-12-8大陆

历次考试重复2007-4-21大陆,2013-11-17大陆。

第9篇:学科分类:生命科学类—动物学—动物心理与行为

动物的emotion和behavior的关系

1.第二篇讲动物的emotion和behavior的关系。第一段说emotion很难定义,提出动物有没有emotion 的问题。在研究问题是很不好用,需要精确的定义(有题)

2.有人认为动物没有emotion,一切都是自然反应,和machine差不多。有人认为动物有emotion,但是很难研究,所以只能通过研究behavior来看emotion(出了句子改写题,考转折关系)人们发现了很多表面的标志可以说明动物的emotions,如表情和动作,并说明了动物emotion的生理构造来源第四五段说emotion分两种primary和secondary,区别在于前者是inborn automatic instinct,遇到危险就可以做出反应,而不必知道危险是什么。后者是动物基于经验和自己的思考做出的反应(有题)

考题重复规律:

第一次出现时间2007-10-5CN

历次考试重复时间2007-10-5CN,2009-5-16CN。

第10篇:学科分类:生命科学类—动物学—鱼的听力

鱼类有没有听觉

1.鱼在长久以来都被人类认为是没有听觉的,因为鱼类没有耳蜗。而事实上鱼类是有inner ears的,因为它和水的密度是一样的,所以是不需要耳蜗的。

2.一个实验,一个法国博士(貌似)在1920年代做了一个条件反射实验(condition the fish),给鱼喂食之前先whistle,到后来鱼听到whistle以后就自动游过来,而不是看到食物才出来了。这个类似的实验1930年代这个法国博士又做了个。

3.鱼的听力限于低频,没人类的频率那么高。只听到low pit(30—16,000HZ),人是30-30,000赫兹(有题,问为什么拿它们和人比呢)。

考题重复规律:

第一次出现时间2007-10-19NA

历次考试重复时间2007-10-19NA,2007-10-20CN。

历次考试重复时间2008-2-1NA,2008-4-27CN,2009-3-21NA,2010-1-16NA。

第11篇:学科分类:生命科学类—生物学—恐龙孵蛋

恐龙的Parenting care。讲恐龙到底孵不孵蛋,然后又一个egg mountain,有证据,但是也不能够完全证明;从遗传学上讲,鸟和鳄鱼都属于恐龙时代进化来的动物,应该与恐龙保持相同的特性。鸟和鳄鱼都有parenting care的特性,所以推测恐龙也应该有。

考题重复规律:

第一次出现时间2007-11-17NA

历次考试重复时间2007-11-17NA,2008-6-21NA,2009-12-20CN

第12篇:学科分类:生命科学类—生物学—海龟

一种恒温的龟,比较像鲸鱼(有题),跟别的动物保温机制不一样,一般动物靠代谢供能,它靠一层脂肪的皮(有题),黑的好像,体积大也是一个因素(有题)。同时有个flapper啥的,可以散热。血液循环是,流向flapper的血管(outgoing)靠近比较冷的血管(ingoing)传热(有题)。

还有一道题讲的是什么leather的turtle,说他和其他的龟龟不同,他比其他的龟龟都游得远到更深更冷的海那边去,因为他身体的特殊构造,还有他的动静脉血管的位置靠的超近,这样他们就可以相互传热然后保温了~

考题重复规律:

第一次出现时间2010-1-15NA

第13篇:学科分类:生命科学类—动物学—变态动物

metamorphosis,有frog和butterfly的例子。文章开始说这种类型的生物挑选不同的niche在不同的变态时期有困难。后来提到adult有为后代挑选inhabitats的义务。有些时候adult吃是为了繁殖的需要。还有些物种变态到一个时期就不继续变态了,就是不进化到adult,然而他们已经成熟到可以繁殖了。当然这些发生在比较极端的环境,像什么高海拔什么的。

考题重复规律:

历次考试重复时间2013-3-17CN

第14篇:学科分类:生命科学类—动物学—海龟导航

海龟靠什么导航。一开始说不可能是星星,因为海龟眼神不好。也不可能是气味,因为在过程中有气味干扰但是海龟依然能找对方向。接下来一个实验证明磁场也不可能。但是有一个结论是海龟可能是用combine几种方法,在靠近目的地是味道是有用的(这里有题)。最后一种解释,是海龟体内的一种DNA,它能记录海龟被孵化出的地点(也就是他们去的地方),并且由母海龟遗传给小海龟。最后说有一个例子可以证明:从前在加勒比海的一个地方有很多绿海龟,但是后来捕杀很严重海龟们就不去了;近几年虽然又保护起来了但是海龟们来得仍然很少。

考题重复规律:

第一次出现时间2010-10-22NA

第15篇:学科分类:生命科学类—动物学—蜜蜂行为

小蜜蜂的信息传递

1.蜜蜂和termite与很多Species不同,他们是social。然后科学家们就开始用他们的聪明才智研究小蜜蜂了。原来发现蜜蜂找到窝以后跳舞是指示food type,后来发现more than that。跳舞还指示出了direction and distance。

2.跳舞分两种一种是nector dance另一种pollen dance,有一道题问这个的,nector是跳圆圈舞,pollen是跳8字舞。一些变态科学家还欺骗我们勤劳的小蜜蜂,做了mechine bees,就是不去有食物处(这里有考题问机器蜜蜂和其他小蜜蜂有什么不同)采蜜只是跳舞来做一些指示。最后发现了小蜜蜂带回来的信息和wind无关(这里有考题问except的问题,其他选项是direction, distance还有一个忘了)。

考题重复规律:

第一次出现时间2006-12-3CN

历次考试重复时间2006-12-3CN,2008-2-16CN,2008-3-7CN。

第16篇:学科分类:生命科学类—动物学—鸟类下蛋

鸟类下蛋数量和成鸟的喂养能力有关

1.三种鸟:一种是只下一个蛋,拿走这个蛋后也不会再生;第二种生俩蛋,拿走一个就孵一个,多放一个就孵三个;第三种是重点,说的是一种会生很多蛋的鸟,拿走多少,这个鸟就会再继续生到鸟巢里放不下为止。没有鸟类会把产蛋数量保持在他们生物的极限。因为他们的喂养能力是有限的。

2.如果放多了蛋在鸟巢里:

会降低后代质量,如果一个鸟可以喂养5个孩子;如果你放8个进去,最后个个幼鸟都很饥饿,身体很差;

会让成鸟疲于奔命,容易被天敌捕获(这个不是很明确大概记得)

3.最后就是总结,鸟类产蛋数量和成鸟喂养能力成正比,虽然产蛋多的在自然淘汰法则下有更高生存机会

但是如果超过喂养能力反倒会影响后代和成鸟的存活。

考题重复规律:

第一次出现时间2008-4-26NA

历次考试重复时间2008-4-26NA,2009-9-26CN。

第17篇:学科分类:生命科学类—动物学—白蚁

1.zoology讲Termite(白蚁)的窝,主要讲的是termite首先不是ant,虽然有几个方面和ant很像,但是有几个方面区别.比如成长阶段有三个,而ant有四个.这里有题考到说白蚁有某一个阶段过程。

2.白蚁对居住环境有要求,humidity,oxygen,temperature稳定等.并继续讲他们高超的architeture技术,其中有道词汇题ingenuity architecture skills,有个答案clever和successful,我选的clever看来对的.最后有段详细描述他们建筑特点,并怎么来保持上述需求的.主要意思是,分3层,底层cell,中间是fungi当food和提高温度保持humidity作用,顶当然是attic了,层之间用thin wall带有很多pores链接起来,这样中间层产生的热量,到顶层后通过那些ridges回到底层cell,在这个过程中可以让他们冷却,并且减少dioxide而增加oxygen作用,以此来满足termite对room里面巨量的oxygen的需求

考题重复规律:

第一次出现时间2007-5-18CN

历次考试重复时间2008-12-13CN。

第18篇:学科分类:生命科学类—动物学—始祖马的进化

讲始祖马(E)的进化

E最初生活在欧洲和北美大陆,可以说是现代马的祖先。E的蹄子并不是现代的两蹄,忘了是五个还是三

个的,虽然是吃草的但是牙齿还保留着进化时食肉动物的特征。(有问说明了什么。)化石发现证实了和现代马的联系。

E的生活环境发生了改变,而且相比succulent(juicy)的树叶,草比较不好吃,所以E的牙齿变得更像现代马,而且由于如此,E的头骨变得更长,以保证咀嚼的空间(不确定)。E的腿的下半部分有一些骨头合并了,使他跑得更快。(有细节题)同时蹄子也变成了现代的样子。

后来E不知怎么从北美消失了,直到西班牙殖民者从欧洲带来E,才再次繁荣起来。

考题重复规律:

第一次出现时间2010-10-31CN

Grotyy莎姐托福备考经历

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