英语六级作文写法分析
作文“三段式”的写作
我们常爱说考试作文像“八股文”。的确，在形式上是有些八股，但是这些规范又是我们所必须掌握的，因为老师就根据它来评分，也由不得你喜欢不喜欢。六级作文要求至少120个词一般都是写150~180个词，大都是三到四段，因此我将其称做是“三段式”的写作，即不论什么题材都要有开头、展开和结尾三部分。而且每个部分的写法都有一定的套路，掌握了这些套路，就可以使你的文章看起来有条有理。当然能不能拿高分就取决于你的内容和形式是不是结合得很好，你对形式会不会灵活编排以避免呆板，你的内容是不是充实丰富以避免单调。考试作文的套路可以教，内容的填写就要靠同学们自己在基本功训练阶段的努力了
1、Well begun is half done：
好的开始是成功的一半。文章的开头是你留给阅卷老师的第一印象，所以这第一炮一定要打响才行，也就是说既清楚明白又引人注目。开头是总领全文的，有一定的统摄性，因此一定要言简意赅，不要写得太长。关于开头的写法，传统的方法有很多，比较常用的有：
1)开门见山。这一般都用于谈及对某个观点或现象的看法的文章，在文章的开头就简单的谈出个人看法，然后在下文里展开论述。如：
A. The benefits of television:With the improvement of people’s living standard, almost every family can afford to buy a television set. Television is becoming increasingly popular because of its values in entertaining and educating.
B.Chinese people in my eye: The Chinese have a 5000 - year history, and modesty, industry, bravery, kindness are the flower of their virtues. In my opinion, they still remain true in reality.
2)引用名言。用名人名言或谚语开头，往往比直接用个人的话更有说服力，也给文章增添色彩。当然这要以广泛的积累为基础，不然临时可想不出来。在引用古语或名人名言的时候要注意引用的准确性，如果把握不准的话，不如不引用。
A. Women are not treated equally with men: “we hold these truths to be self- evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their creator with certain inalienable right...”, the American Declaration of Independe nce declares. While in china, everyone is familiar with the saying “women are equal with men” or “women can hold half of the sky”. It seems that men and women are treated equally, at least in law. But the reality is a different story.
B. Can money buy everything? As the saying goes” Money makes the mare go”, but there is something that can’ t be bought with money, such as time and true love.
3)自问自答。通过提问的方式引起读者对文章的兴趣，你可以在篇首就简单给出答案，也可以将答案放到接下来的段落中。这一般都是用在作文题本身就是提问式或是结论式的文章中。比如说Should people be always hone st?Don’t hesitate to say“NO”!
A. What is a good student? Different people may have different answer to this question. Someone thinks that a good student should be good at academic work. Others claim that a good student should be one who is all round development of morality, intelligence and physique. But I think, in addition to the above mentioned, a good student, above all, should be capable of doing practical work, and must be competent in the future work.这是自问自答式的，在第一段中根据题目所给的问题，先写出提示中的两种观点，然后有连接词but，提出自己不同的看法，使人对作者的意图一目了然
B. “Reading makes a full man” is a saying of the famous English philosopher Francis Bacon. It means that anyone who wants to be a full man must keep on reading. But books are otvarious kinds and different contents, dealing with different things in the world. Then what kind of book should we read? And how to read?这个开头段我认为是写得很精彩的，因为它不是纯粹的八股式写法。用名言开头，最后用问句点明主题。没有按常规在开头即交代两种相反的观点，然后说as far as I am concerned…而是在认识到读书的重要性的前提下提出我们该读什么样的书和怎么读，使文章在认识上有一定的深度。
4)对比式。在命题作文中，它往往会给出一些提示，表明两种不同的态度，再要求你写出自己的看法。用这种开头的方法要考虑一下整个文章的布局。如果你的主体是论述个人的看法而非别人的观点，那么在开头就有必要交代一下对于这个问题目前存在的一些看法。比如以下的例
A，考题的提示是：有人说成功主要靠运气，有人则认为成功主要靠勤奋，而与运气无关。你的观点是什么?说明你的理由。这其实就是要你以你的理由为表达主体。如果按照作文提示要求是要把别人的观点单独成段的话，则不需要在开头展开对双方看法的论述，留到下面再说。如下面的
B，题目要求是：1、有人认为业余时间应多参加一些体育活动。2、有人认为业余时间应多做一些智力活动，如读书、看报、写作等。3、我的看法。这就是要你将题目的要点单独成段，所以在开头就不用交代得太清楚，点到即可。
A. How to achieve success: Some people say that the key to success is the luck, while others claim it is hard work. There is no doubt that successful people take advantage of opportunities. But if he works little and just waits to see opportunities pass by, he still can’t succeed. So, in my opinion, diligence, devotion and perseverance are three fundamental factors to success.
B. How to spend spare time: Physical activities and intellectual pastimes are two basic ways for us to spend our spare time. Different people may have different means of spending their leisure time.
5)讲故事。这种方法比较新颖，能使文章活泼有趣，但是要注意故事的长短。如果你整篇文章都要围绕该故事展开，你的开头即是故事的开头。如果你仅是用其做个例子，就要写得简单清楚，往往可以是生活中常遇到的一些情景。
Most of us may have such experience: when you go to some place far away from the city where you live and think you know nobody there, you are surprised to find that you run into one of your old classmates on the street, perhaps both of you would cry out: “what a small world!”
6)数字开头。这一般都是用于图表题，将图表显示的数字先概括性的总结出来。然后再提出问题，给与分析和解答。
A.”Health gains in developing countries: It can be seen from the graph that health gains a lot in developing countries from 1960 to 1990. Their life expectancy increased 20 years, while the mortality decreased 10%. Why are there such big changes during the 30 years?
B. Changes in people’s daily expenses in the past five years: In the past five years, there have been great changes in people’s daily expenses in XX city. According to the figures given in the table, the amount of money spent on food decreased gradually, accounting for 35 percent in 1998. However, there was a rapid increase in clothing expenses, which made up 17% in 1998. In addition, the table shows an upward tendency in recreation expenses. The same was the case with other expenses.
划线部分都是图表题中常要用到的一些词组和语句。
7)自创法。写作有时是需要灵感的，考场上也会有灵感。这就看你对文字灵活运用的能力了。比如说：Do"Luck Numbers Really Bring Good Luck?"碰到这样的题,你可以用比较幽默的方式开场：If luck numbers really bring good luck, I needn’t to worry about my band 6 because the last four figure of my confirmation number is 6666. But what if the teacher who reads my paper doesn’t believe this? So it’s my exertion that determines my scores, not the numbers. It’ s the same in other situation.这样写老师一看就会会心一笑，自然认同你的写作水平了。
2、Make mistakes as few possible
这是对于中间段而言的。由于老师的阅卷过程十分紧张，因此往往是看了开头看结尾，中间段没有时间就不会很仔细地去看。但是对于错误老师的眼睛是很敏感的。由于给分是采
取总体印象法，因此尽量少犯不必要的语法错误，这对于提高印象分是很重要的。在展开段的写作中要尽量做到：
1)一定要有中心句。中间段一般也叫发展段，是用于发展、拓宽开头段中揭示出的文章的主题的段落。可以是一个段落也可以是数个，但在六级考试作文中一般都不超过两到三个。它们从不同侧面说明文章的主旨。在发展段中，它又是由中心句(topic sentence)、拓展句(development scntences)和结论句(concluding~ntence)组成的。例如：
How to solve the problem of heavy traffic.你可以先给出多种方案，如：Two solutions can be used to solve the problem.然后first、second分别进行展开。也可以只提供一种思路并给出相应的原因，如Many solutions to solving the problem of heavy traffic have been offered，among which I prefer opening up more bus lines to reducing the number of bicycles and cars.这是对于一个发展段而言的，两个发展段的中心句则最好能互相呼应，句式也最好一致。如：
The happiness of reading books.两个发展段的首句均为其中心句.也是作者在这两段中分别要进行论述的主题：Books are our friends.Books are teachers.
中心句是段落展开的逻辑起点，一般为第一句话，因为六级作文并不是很长，中心句摆在中间不利于老师把握你的逻辑脉络。中心句一定要写得简单漂亮，尤其是对于议论文这一经常考的体裁，中心句都起着分论点的作用。对于给出提示的考题，一般它分段的提示就可以写成一个中心句。这样整个文章的骨架就支撑起来了。
2)注意文章布局的连贯。在写好中心句后，要围绕其做进一步的阐述，把文字材料很好地组织起来，如：Why I take the college English test band 6?在发展段中第一句先表明了作者的态度：I，however，want to take CET一6.First，taking CET - 6 is a new challenge to me, which encourages me to study English harder and further raise my English level. Secondly, taking CET-6 is helpful to my English study. It can test my real ability, can tell me where to improve, what to study. Finally, English is of importance to my future work. It is a very useful tool in the 21st century. Maybe it is safe to say that we can't do the work well without learning English well in the future.在这个展开段中，围绕我要参加六级考试给出了三个理由，从不同的角度解释我要参加六级考试的原因，连接词的使用使得文章展开得很有条理，脉络清晰。对于考试作文，这一点可以说是最重要的。你有好的理由和漂亮的句子，如果显得杂乱无章，老师也是注意不到的。因为我先前也提到过，发展段往往是老师不会过于仔细阅读的段落，所以你一定要把主要观点用简短的话明确地写出来，而且要分点概括，注意好连接句的使用。如：
A. first，second，third…
B.To begin with，moreover，fmally…
C.for one thing，more important，l ast but not least…
D.meanwhile
E.since then
F.therefore
G.in addition
至于结论句，对于六级作文这样的短篇文章，发展段中一般不会写到，而是将其另做一段，写成总的结尾。
3)常用的展开方法。六级考试作文虽然分有记叙文、描写文、说明文、论述文等不同体裁，但是作文行文通常的展开方法总体有如下几种：对比法、因果法、列举法、概述法和议论法。根据不同的题材你可以选择使用不同的展开方法，也可以同时使用几种。对于叙述已发生的事情或描述景物、建筑、环境的文章，一般是按时间或空间的顺序展开，这个类型比较简单，而且在六级作文中我认为并不常见，所以就不详细介绍了。
A.对比法：对比法在段落的展开中是最常用的，就是将不同的现象、观点、看法等进行比较。对比的双方可能是没有利害冲突的，也可能是互相对立的。比如说my view on job—hopping，在提示中它就指出有些人喜欢始终从事一种工作，有些人喜欢经常更换工作，要你通过对比不同的想法而得出自己对这个问题的看法，一般来说都是要你将两种看法综合一下，以适应不同的情景。你可以说：有些工作需要长时间经验的积累才能有所成就，而且如果是兴趣所在我会一直坚持从事该项工作，比如记者;而就同种性质的工作，长时间在一个环境里会丧失工作的积极性和了解全局的眼光。因此我也会适当的考虑转换工作环境，比如说仍然当记者但换一家报社或电台。还有一种对比法对比双方是完全对立的，那一般是优缺点的比较。比如“摩托车的优点和缺点”，然后让你谈谈对我国城市摩托车发展前景的看法。在这种对比的展开中，结论一般都会有明显的倾向性，当然是扬长避短。对比还可以将不同的事情进行比较，以使抽象的东西变得浅显易懂。比如“精读和泛读哪一种更好”，你可以说这好比饮食，要荤素搭配才能满足身体对营养的不同需要，才能平衡健康。不同的是，读书，吃的是精神粮食。又比如在“欲速则不达”中，将其和“慢功出细活”相比较，就突显出耐心和毅力的重要。
B.因果法：这类作文一般都是先有个结论性的东西，然后让你做进一步的解释和说明。如果是现象，则解释现象产生的原因;如果是态度，则表明你为何选择这种态度。你可以将理由分成几条，也可以从不同的角度去进行解释。例如The career I pursume，我的提纲会是这样：我理想的职业是做一个广告创意人(这是结论)，其原因有以下几点(1)广告是浓缩的艺术，我喜欢动感的画面。(2)我喜欢以自己的努力促成别人改变态度观念的成就感。
(3)广告是充满挑战和多变的行业，很符合年轻人的口味。这种理由的划分只要条理清晰，内容是你取得高分的关键，即你给出的理由是不是有创意。老师在评卷的时候，成天看上百份试卷，容易疲劳，你写的东西能否让他眼前一亮呢?我舍友在上考研班的时候，告诉我一位老师曾举过这样一个例子：某年的考研作文题是乡村和城市你选择居住在哪里?一考生这
样写到我选择居住在离城市不远的郊区。我喜欢晨跑，在郊区我可以呼吸到最新鲜的空气，可以一边跑一边看小河里的鱼自由自在地游来游去。这在城市里是看不见的，城市里的水都被污染了……这个考生的作文在当年是拿了很高的分的。原因就是他不落俗套又让人觉得亲切真实的写法。其实你看，将真实的感情表达出来，是最容易打动人的。当然这是敞开式的作文题,如果是就图表进行分析的题目，则没有多少感情可以抒发。
c.举例法：举例法也是最常用的展开方法。有些考题会明确指出要你举例说明，其实除了考你的英语写作能力，也是在考你平时是不是留心观察日常生活中一些社会现象和问题。如Haste makes waste，题目中明确指出“试举例说明”，你脑子里会出现什么事例呢?揠苗助长?我想很多人都会写这个，你有什么新鲜的?(你可以现在就想一想)再如：My view on the negative effects of some advertisements，要求之一是这些广告的副作用。对此你又能举出什么事例呢?所以这里还有一个诀窍就是，你可以多参加一些类似英语角的活动，因为在那里人们交流的内容都十分丰富，无形中会积累到观点和看法，还有一些你不知道的小故事和教训，这些都可以给你的写作提供丰富的素材。关于举例法，我看过一篇很好的短文，它其实是通过自己的一段亲身经历，了解到一个人生的道理。现在拿出来与各位分享：Things Are Not Always Black or White
When I was in elementary school, I got into a major argument with a boy in my class. I have forgotten what the argo-ment was about, but I have never forgotten the lesson I learned that day.
I was convinced that I was right and he was wrong and he was just as convinced that I was wrong and he was right. The teacher decided to teach us a very important lesson. She brought us up to the front of the class and placed him on one side of her desk and me on the other. In the middle of the desk was a large, round object.
I could clearly see that it was black. And she asked the boy what color the object was. “White,” he answered.
I couldn’ t believe he said the object was white, when it was obviously black! Another argumnent started between my classmate and me, this time about the color of the object.
The teacher told me to go and stand where the boy was standing and told him to come and stand where I was. We changed places, and now she asked me what the color of the object was. I had to answer, “white.” It was an object with two differently colored sides. At his side it was white but at my side it was black.
My teacher taught me a very important lesson that day: you must stand in the other person’ s shoes and look at the situation through their eyes in order to truly understand their perspective.
这个故事很简单，但是当我开始准备写这篇东西的时候我很快就想起要把它用到这里。虽然它很简单，但很生动也挺感人，你可以把它当成一个人生小智慧去引用，也可以从另一个侧面去赞扬那些启迪智慧的园丁。这就取决于你是站在哪个角度看问题了——没有非黑即白的事情!不过在考试作文中，如果你要通过一个故事来说明道理，切记要把它写得既简单又明白，而且一定要写有代表性的事例。
D.概述法：一般用于先分后总的段落结构中，即先给出原因再写结果，或先列出现象再总结根源。它是就全文的布局而言的，一般概述性的文字都会出现在最后一段中，这在说明性的文章中比较多见。如下面这篇文章，题目是we need to broaden our knowledge，谈的是拓宽知识面的必要性。通常说明必要性的文章都会用分、总的展开方法。先谈科学技术是社会发展不可缺少的，然后指出社会科学和自然科学互相渗透，之后得出结论——现代大学生需要广博的知识。
We Need to Broaden Our Knowledge
Science and technology contributes a lot to the social development. Broadening our knowledge, we can use it to change our living environment, utilize natural resource, and create a beautiful and comfortable world for people to live in.
Both social science and natural science are important in our life. Man achieves social science through social life, which makes people know more about the society and themselves. It teaches people what the society should be and what they should do for the future.
As college students, we should learn as many kinds of knowledge as possible so that we can improve our life and society as well. Without rich knowledge, we can’t serve the society well. In order to meet the future needs, it is very important for us to learn more knowledge at the universities.
议论法其实是贯穿在各种体裁之中的，这里就不赘述了。前面三种方法在总、分、总的结构中运用较多，而且一般六级考试作文要求也是进行总、分、总的论述，这样更有条理性。概述法是相对来说比较偏重于归纳法的，这要根据不同的题目和要求来选择不同的展开方法。
在主体段落的写作中，要注意做到统一性、连贯性和简洁性。中心句是为了保持文章思路的一致;用适当的连接句排列好段落的布局，使文章连贯流畅;根据不同的题型选择所需的展开方法，表达要尽量简洁明白。除了以上这些需要做到的，在主体段落的写作中还有一些需要避免出现的问题：
A. 低水平重复用词：在文章的写作中，我们常会有这样的表现，遇见表示喜欢，就只会用like，其实还有很多表示喜欢的词，不要浪费它们：prefer\enjoy\love\appreciate 等等。还有在表达个人看法的时候，用来用去都是I think，其实I suppose\I
guess\personally speaking，多样化的用词绝对可以提高你的得分率。英文报纸里可以找到你要的又新又实用的词汇。我记得我六级考试作文是关于面试的，我在里面写了这样一句话：A successful interview is win—winone for both job—hunter and enaployer.成功的面试对于顾主和求职者而言是双赢的。相信这样的用词一定会给老师一个好印象。
B.太过生僻的词汇：像不用decrease\remove，而用abate。不用stop\pause而用cessation，不用home\house而用habitation，其实这样做是没有必要的，不要以为生僻的词别人不用你用就是有特点。要以表达清楚句意和适合语境为主。生僻的词运用不好反而会闹笑话。俚语最好是不用。因为俚语在英语中是十分口语化的东西，而且千变万化。你理解的词或句子老师也许都不明白，所以还是不用为妙。
C.句式单调：有些同学为了拿高分，非要“语不惊人誓不休”。在临场发挥的情况下，做到这点是比较难的。句子还是以简单的短句为妙，即能多表达几层意思，又能便于老师评判。那么如何在即使是同一个意思的表达下使句子显得有特点一些呢?那就要考句式的变化了。看下面这个例子，对“粗心驾驶易引起车祸”，可以有这样一些不同的说法：
a.Traffic accidents are invited by careless driving.
b.Careless driving invites traffic accidents.
c.Anyone who drives carelessly is to invite traffic accidents.
d.Traffic accidents are what careless driving invites.
e.The fact that you drive carelessly invites traffic accidents.
你看，稍微换个外表会使你的文章更有趣味性和可读性。
4)段落写作中常用的套路。在各种类型的写作中总是会有一定规律可循的，那就是句的的使用。记住一些实用的句型，在考试中可以提高行文速度。
A.说明原因的句型：a.There are some\two\many good reasons for\to do something.
e.g：a.There are two good reasons for the changes in the way that people communicate with each other.b.The reason for…is that
B.表示不同看法的句型：Some believe that…others argue that…still others mai ntain that…
eg：a.Some people hold the opinion that it i8 hood to live with parents.b.They differ greatly in their attitude towards pollution problem.
C.辩论中常用的句型：
a.There is no doubt that…
b.It is obvious\clear that…
c.As is known to all…
d.It goes without saying that…
e.What is more important…
D.举例表示法：for.example，for instance，let’s shave an example，a good case in point…
E.概述(用于图表作文)：
a.According to the figures given in the table…
b.This chart shows that…
c.As is shown by the graph…
d.It can be seen from the statistics that…
e.There is a slight\slow\rapid rise\increase、decrease\fall\drop in
income\population\price\production…
3、wonderful ending，happy ending
结尾和开头一样都很重要。一般说来，老师阅卷都是看了开头看结尾，如果两头都很精彩，中间又没什么大错，分数自然就不低了。结尾一般都是对全文的概括，或是提出建设性的意见，或有所展望。常用的方法有：
1)概括总结。这是最一般的写法，也是最保险的。只要把你的意思归纳一下即可，不过要注意用与上文中不同的句子或句型，稍显变化。
2)以提问的方式结束。这是比较自信的写法，因为你认为你一定能说服对方接受你的观点，因此明知故问，留有回味的感觉。如：As the reason listed above。why don’t you choose the public school for your child?
3)展望式结语。一般是针对目前需要改进或还没有实现的事情或事物提出一种希望。如：In a word，TV adver.tisement，I think，is a newborn thing in the development 0f our economy.Of course，there is much room for improvement in TV ads，but I believe the TV ads will benefits both the advertisers and consumers.
4)口号式结语。对问题分析完之后，提出一种解决方法以供读者参考，或是提出一种号召。这种结尾方法比较有感染力。如：Open your heart to your friends so that whether they are similar to or different from you.you may become the happiest man in the world.
5)引语式结语。同样是以引语结束，但要注意，如果开头使用了引语，结论部分最好不要再用。引语会增加结尾的说服力。
在结尾中常用到的句型有：
as a consequence,…
in short.I firmly support the view that…
in a word…
in general…
I am sure my opinion is both sound and well grounded.
结尾的写作要起到画龙点睛的作用，所以结尾的方法也不是惟一的，可以是两种以上方法的综合，这样使你的结尾更有分量。Wonderful ending，happy ending!不是让你写个喜剧结局，而是说当你写完精彩的结尾后，考试的结果对你而言应该是个happy ending!
至此，关于三段式写作的方法就介绍完了。套路不少，但若是陷到这个套中文章不免会干涩呆板。所以还是那句话基本功才是最重要的。
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大学英语六级写作专项训练及参考范文
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