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题目一个具有竞争力的低成本机器人手臂具有四

个自由度的设计与开发

学院机械工程学院

专业机械工程及自动化

班级机自1020

学生陈林

学号20100421023

指导教师王娜

二〇一四年三月二十日

Modern Mechanical Engineering, 2011, 1, 47-55 一个具有竞争力的低成本机器人手臂具有四个自

由度的设计与开发

Ashraf Elfasakhany1,2, Eduardo Yanez2, Karen Baylon2, Ricardo Salgado2

1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Taif University, Al-Haweiah, Saudi

Arabia

2Tecnológico de Monterrey, Campus Ciudad Juárez, Ciudad Juarez, Mexico

E-mail: ashr12000@https://www.360docs.net/doc/d714788842.html,

Received October 19, 2011; revised November 7, 2011; accepted November 15, 2011

摘要这项工作的主要重点是设计,开发和实施具有竞争力的机器人手臂具有增强控制和粗短的成本。机器人手臂的设计采用四自由度来完成精确简单的任务,如光材料处理,这将被整合到了作为一个助理为工业劳动力的移动平台。机器人手臂上配有数个伺服电机完成臂之间做链接和执行的手臂动作。有了伺服电机编码器就不需要其他控制器来实施。控制我们使用它执行逆运动学计算和串行通信的适当的角度,以一个微控制器,驱动伺服电机,修改的位置,速度和加速度的能力的机器人。机器人手臂的测试和验证进行和结果表明它正常工作。

关键词机器人手臂,低成本,设计,验证,四自由度,伺服电机,机器人的硬件控制,机器人的软件控制

1 介绍

机器人的研究实际上是设计和使用机器人系统的制造[1]。机器人通常用于执行不安全的,危险的,高度重复和不愉快的任务。它们有许多不同的功能,如材料处理,组装,电弧焊接,电阻焊接,机床的装载和卸载功能,刷涂,喷涂等。

主要有两种不同类型的机器人:服务机器人以及工业机器人。服务机器人是机器人半自动工作或完全自主地去履行服务,服务人类的设备,但不包括生产操作[2]。在另一方面,工业用机器人是被正式通过国际标注组织定义好的控制和多用途可编程操纵器的三个或更多个轴[1]。工业

机器人被设计通过变量的方式动作来移动材料,零件,工具或专用设备来执行各种任务。工业机器人系统不仅包括工业机器人,而且也包括能够执行测序或监视通信接口任务的任何设备或传感器。

在2007年,全球市场增长了3%,约114000台新安装的工业机器人。截至2007年底,全国共有大约一万个工业机器人在使用中,相当于50000个人工服务。

由于使用的工业机器人手臂的增加放大,一个以试图模仿人类动作的详细方式的工程开始出现。例如一组学生在韩国取得的创新机器人手臂的设计确实考虑到舞蹈的手,举重,中国书法和颜色分类\[4]。另一组的工程师在美国发展八自由度机器人手臂。这个机器人能够掌握很多很多形状的物体,从笔、球和模拟人类的手\[5]。在太空,航天飞机远程控制器系统,称为加拿大臂或加拿大机械臂,它的后续发展是多自由度机器人手臂的例子被用来执行各种任务,如检查航天飞机专门使用的吊杆和带有照相机和传感器效应的卫星和检查航天飞机的货舱\[6]。

在墨西哥,科学家有望设计和开发许多机器人手臂,在墨西哥和墨西哥政府估计,大约有11000个机器人手臂中使用不同的工业应用。然而,专家认为,机器人手臂的优点不仅是高质量,而且高准确,多重复性和低成本。

大多数机器人都设置为在自动操作和重复操作。在这种方式下,一个受过训练的操作者(程序员)通常使用的便携式控制装置(示教)来手动教机器人任务。在编程期间机器人的速度是缓慢的。

目前的工作是一个两阶段的项目的一部分,这需要一个移动机器人

能够运送工具从存储室到工业单元。在这个阶段的项目中,墨西哥的蒙特雷科大学主要是设计、开发和实施工业机器人手臂的低成本和准确性的控制。这个机器人手臂的设计有四个自由度来完成简单的任务:如光材料的处理,而这些被集成到一个移动平台,作为代替工业劳动力的助理。

2 机械设计

机械臂的机械设计是基于机器人机械手具有相似功能的人工手臂\[6 - 8]。这种机械手的链接是通过关节连接和机械手的链接形成一个运动链。机械手的运动链的业务最终被称为末端效应器或臂端的工具,它是类似于人类的手。图1显示了自由体的机器人手臂的机械设计图。如图所示,端部执行器是不包括在该设计因为市售的夹持器被使用。这是因为最终效应是系统中最复杂的部分之一,反过来,它也是更容易在经济中实现。

图2示出了机器人手臂的工作区域。这是一个机器人手臂的典型的工作空间4自由(4自由度)的程度。机械设计仅限于4自由度,主要是因为,这样的设计允许大部分必要的运动,并保持成本和机器人有竞争力的复杂性。因此,关节的旋转运动被限制,其中旋转的肩完成围绕两个轴和周围只有一个在肘和手腕上,参见图1。

图1 自由体图的机器人手臂。

机器人手臂的关节通常是由驱动电动机、伺服电动机组成,因为它们包括编码器,它可以自动提供反馈给电动机并相应地调整位置。然而,这些电动机的缺点是转动范围小于180?跨度,从而大大减小了臂和可能的位置[9]达到的区域。根据由上述结构和可能的负载所需的最大扭矩被选择伺服电机的资格。在目前的研究中,用于构造的材料是丙烯酸树脂。

图3示出用于负载计算的力的图。均只计算具有最大负荷的关节,由于其他关节将具有相同的电机,即电机可以移动的链接没有问题。该计算考虑了电机,约50克,重量除外马达在关节B的重量,因为它是通

过链接BA。

图2、机器人臂的工作区域。

图4示出了链路CB上力的示意图,它包含接头(B和C)具有最高的负载(携带了该书的DC和ED)和计算如下进行。

用于扭矩计算的值:

WD= 0.011千克(链接DE的体重)

WC= 0.030千克(链接CD的体重)

WB= 0.030千克(链接CB的体重)

L = 1千克(负载)

CM = Dm为0.050公斤(重电机)

LBC为0.14米(链路的长度)

液晶显示屏为0.14米(链接CD的长度)

斯α= 0.05米(链接 DE的长度)

图3、驱使机器人手臂的图。

图4、链路的CB力示意图。

执行力之和在Y轴,用负载,如图4中,并求解CY和CB,见方程(1)- (4)。同样,在执行围绕C点力矩的总和,式(5),和点B,等式(6),得到的转矩在C和B,等式(7)和(8),分别为。

被选中的伺服电机,根据计算,是280盎司的转矩。这个马达是推荐的,因为它比任何其他电动机与相同的规格是更便宜的。因为我们需要更多的扭矩在联合B,见方程(8),我们使用两个马达在B点符合转矩要求;然而,电动机是足够的对于其他关节。使用两个电动机联合B比用一个大的电动机便宜560盎司/。电动机的其他相关特征,如图5所示,在130毫秒,他们可以把60度,他们有一个体重47.9克。

一旦被定义为机器人手臂和电机的初始尺寸,设计使用了SolidWorks平台;设计应仔细考虑丙烯酸类片材的厚度和方法,该件将被彼此连接。用来使机器人1/8厚度和薄片状的丙烯酸系片材的选择,因为它更容易加工和更轻的重量以良好的抗性。

图5、伺服电机。

在设计的过程中, 加入薄丙烯酸部分我们面临一些困难的方式。它需要工具燃烧并加入丙烯酸部分,没有可用的东西,我们认为基于螺丝和螺母的机械结比其他替代品会强很多,例如胶水等。为了做到这一点,一个小功能设计,可以系紧螺栓与螺母无需螺丝在薄薄的丙烯酸层。这一过程的结果是三度空间的设计如图6所示。

图6、机器人手臂的三维模型。

按照设计的结束,每个部分被印在满刻度的硬纸板,然后我们核实了所有尺寸和组件的接口。反过来,我们建立了机器人手臂的第一个原型。接着,上述机器人手臂的部件从使用圆锯和皮肤的工具的聚丙烯酸酯片材进行机械加工。在各部分被做在一个专业工场因为机器人手臂的部分太小,这并不是一件容易的实现的准确的切割。

在组装机器人部电机部件的时候,出现了几个问题。有临界点,没有

抗拒紧固,反过来,可以分解;因此,加固物被认为是在这些点。机器人手臂的最终结果示于图7。

图7、机械臂完成装配。

3 机械臂逆运动学

为了验证机械臂的定位准确,进行逆运动学计算。这种计算从通过使用直角坐标系给出的位置处获得各电动机的角度,如图8。每个电机将具有特定功能:位于A位置电机在y轴上,电机B和C的最后一个元素定位在x和z轴的最后一个元素。

该问题已经通过使用xz平面简化,如图所示9。在下列哪些已知值被定义[9]:

LAB:前臂长度。

LBC:臂长。

Z:在z轴上的位置。

X:在x轴的位置。

Y:在y轴的位置。

利用三角关系,如图9所示,θ2和θ1可以得到,如在方程(9)可见,(10)的马达角度。

图8、坐标系。

图9、XZ平面。

马达B将使用θ1和马达C用θ2。马达A的角度的计算公式如公式(11)所示。通过这些计算,伺服电机的角度得到,从而他们采取的行动,整个结构移动到特定位置。

4 末端执行器的选择

端部执行器可能是该系统的最重要和最复杂的部分之一。一般来说,它是非常容易和经济地使用商业人比构建它。端部执行器主要是根据应用和机器人臂完成的任务而变化,它可以是气动,电动或液压。由于我们的机器人手臂是基于在电力系统中,我们可以选择末端效应器的电基础。此外,本系统的主要应用是处理,因此,我们的末端执行器的推荐类型是一个夹持器,如图10。请注意,端部执行器是由伺服电机控制,

并且,反过来,在总伺服用于我们的机器人手臂电机将在5马达的移动结构。

图10、夹持器与伺服。

5 机械手臂控制

该机器人手臂能自动或手动控制。在手动模式下,训练有素的操作人员(程序员)通常使用的便携式控制装置(示教)教一个机器人做手工任务。在这些编程会话机器人的速度很慢。在当前工作我们包含这两种模式。

基本上由三个层次呈现机器人手臂的控制:一个微控制器,一个驱动器,以及一个基于计算机的用户界面。该系统具有独特的特点,允许在编程和控制方法,它是利用逆运动学实现的灵活性,况且它也可以在全手动模式下实现。控制的电子设计示于图11。

图11、控制的电子方案。

368单片机接口使用是一个带有一个发展/编程任命“Arduino”的接口,如图12所示。编程语言非常类似于C语言,但包括几个库,有助于I / O端口、定时器、和串行通信控制。选择该微控制器,因为它具有低的价格,这是非常容易的编程,该编程语言是简单的,并且中断可用于这个特定的芯片。

图12、Arduino的微控制器电路板。

所使用的驱动程序是一个六通道微大师伺服控制器板。它支持三种控制方式:USB直接连接到一台计算机,TTL串口与嵌入式系统,如Arduino 的微控制器,以及内部脚本中使用自包含和主机无需控制器的应用。这

个控制器,如图13所示,包括位置和内置的速度和加速度控制的0.25微秒的分辨率。

图13、伺服控制器驱动程序。

用户界面取决于所使用的控制方法,即,逆运动学或全手动模式。在下文中,每个接口描述:

5.1逆运动学控制

在这种控制方法中,用户输入坐标系统位置。通过视觉与虚拟仪器,作为结果,生成接口,如图14所示。程序自动执行逆运动学计算得到角度,每个电动机应该然后向单片机发送一个命令或直接驱动,机器人移动到指定的位置。通信是通过rs - 232协议执行。在下面,你可以看到虚拟仪器用户界面输入和输出。

虚拟仪器的用户界面输入:

X轴位置。

y轴的位置。

Z轴位置。

夹持器打开。

叼纸牙攻角。

串行端口。

LabVIEW的用户界面输出是:

电机A角。

电机B1角度。

电机B2角度。

电机?角。

攻角。

图14、虚拟仪器的用户界面。

这样的输出变量由一个适当的方式处理和发送,以便信息可以以正确的方式解释。输出被发送通过串口与控制器通信。当单击按钮“移动”,将过程,如图15所示。这个动作,机械手臂将根据输入值改变立场。此外,它有一个备用按钮,停止通信控制器。

这种方法的主要优点是,它使用一个有效的方式移动并提供进一步的功能,可以实现,如位置和序列学习。一个不力方面是有效的可能位置角度后逆运动学计算是非常有限的,因为180?的伺服电动机有克制。

图15、程序的过程。

5.2手动

这种类型的控制使我们的系统在特定的位置多了一种选择。在强制的情况下逆运动学模式不能计算其有效的角度,我们可以用手动控制来代替。基本上,手动控制包括一系列模拟输入,诸如电位器,一种是与这将解释该值并发送一个命令到伺服驱动器的微控制器相连。为了实现这一点,一个控制板,如图16,应该被构建为一个接口与用户的工作。可以实现包括教学功能,使微控制器存储在内存中,通过键盘或系

列交换机,我们可能还记得这些职位。

图16、电位器板。

6测试和验证

进行一些测试来验证机械臂及其组件。测试不但涉及特定元件还涉及整个系统,如图17所示。微控制器测试是由软件发送不同的命令给单片机,并根据连接到伺服电机的输出发生变化来确定开启还是关闭。

图17、机械臂的测试。

伺服电动机分别通过发送不同的直接脉冲使每个伺服电动机移动到合适的位置之后进行测试。我们使用标记知道在哪里初始位置是与电机的最终位置是由与微控制器发送信号,并且,反过来,它是由伺服电动机和编码器提供的信号,从而导致旋转至所需位置。在这个测试中,伺服电机与机械臂系统是一致,因为一个不正确的极化。

伺服电机驱动器中使用虚拟仪器软件发送特定命令到其中一台电机,测试改变位置的驱动微控制器。要注意到,在项目的开始阶段不同的伺服电机驱动器被选中,但与他们和微控制器之间的通信几个问题是目前非常重要。所以,我们选择一个驱动器,允许数据被直接从计算机发送到它与只有一个USB线,所以,微控制器将仅在手动控制的执行中使用。

其他测试的以验证整个系统的功能,如显示在图18。通过引入在虚拟仪器界面中的特定位置和测量,以验证一个参考点和最后点之间的距离发生了的那些测试:从逆正确的转换到正运动学,指定的角度和的旋转之间的关系

机器人手臂的测试和验证是需要很长时间,因为需要几次迭代的任务。在我们的测试中出现了很多问题:错误的角度计算,电机的错误校正,物理角度和位置测量的问题,因为没有预料到这些导致过载烧毁伺服电机。

零售企业营销策略中英文对照外文翻译文献

零售企业营销策略中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)

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