大金遥控器50设置翻译

变速器论文中英文对照资料外文翻译文献

中英文对照外文翻译汽车变速器设计我们知道，汽车发动机在一定的转速下能够达到最好的状态，此时发出的功率比较大，燃油经济性也比较好。因此，我们希望发动机总是在最好的状态下工作。但是，汽车在使用的时候需要有不同的速度，这样就产生了矛盾。这个矛盾要通过变速器来解决。汽车变速器的作用用一句话概括，就叫做变速变扭，即增速减扭或减速增扭。为什么减速可以增扭，而增速又要减扭呢？设发动机输出的功率不变，功率可以表示为 N = w T，其中w是转动的角速度，T 是扭距。当N固定的时候，w与T是成反比的。所以增速必减扭，减速必增扭。汽车变速器齿轮传动就根据变速变扭的原理，分成各个档位对应不同的传动比，以适应不同的运行状况。一般的手动变速器内设置输入轴、中间轴和输出轴，又称三轴式，另外还有倒档轴。三轴式是变速器的主体结构，输入轴的转速也就是发动机的转速，输出轴转速则是中间轴与输出轴之间不同齿轮啮合所产生的转速。不同的齿轮啮合就有不同的传动比，也就有了不同的转速。例如郑州日产ZN6481W2G型SUV车手动变速器，它的传动比分别是：1档3.704:１；2档2.202:1；3档1.414:1；4档1:1；5档（超速档）0.802:1。当汽车启动司机选择1档时，拨叉将1/2档同步器向后接合1档

齿轮并将它锁定输出轴上，动力经输入轴、中间轴和输出轴上的1档齿轮，1档齿轮带动输出轴，输出轴将动力传递到传动轴上（红色箭头）。典型1档变速齿轮传动比是3:1,也就是说输入轴转3圈，输出轴转1圈。当汽车增速司机选择2档时，拨叉将1/2档同步器与1档分离后接合2档齿轮并锁定输出轴上，动力传递路线相似，所不同的是输出轴上的1档齿轮换成2档齿轮带动输出轴。典型2档变速齿轮传动比是2.2:1，输入轴转2.2圈，输出轴转1圈，比1档转速增加，扭矩降低。当汽车加油增速司机选择3档时，拨叉使1/2档同步器回到空档位置，又使3/4档同步器移动直至将3档齿轮锁定在输出轴上，使动力可以从轴入轴—中间轴—输出轴上的3档变速齿轮，通过3档变速齿轮带动输出轴。典型3档传动比是1.7:1，输入轴转1.7圈，输出轴转1圈，是进一步的增速。当汽车加油增速司机选择4档时，拨叉将3/4档同步器脱离3档齿轮直接与输入轴主动齿轮接合，动力直接从输入轴传递到输出轴，此时传动比1:1，即输出轴与输入轴转速一样。由于动力不经中间轴，又称直接档，该档传动比的传动效率最高。汽车多数运行时间都用直接档以达到最好的燃油经济性。换档时要先进入空档，变速器处于空档时变速齿轮没有锁定在输出轴上，它们不能带动输出轴转动，没有动力输出。一般汽车手动变速器传动比主要分上述1－4档，通常设计者首先确定最低（1档）与最高（4档）传动比后，中间各档传动比一

机械毕业设计英文外文翻译436手动变速器 (2)

附录附录A. Manual Transmission It’s no secret that cars with manual transmissions are usually more fun to drive than the automatic-equipped counterparts. If you have even a passing interest in the act of driving, then chances are you also appreciate a fine-shifting manual gearbox. But how does a manual transmission actually work? A history hows that manual transmissions preceded automatics by several decades. In fact，up until General Motors offered an automatic in 1938, all cars were of the shift-it-yourself variety. While it’s logical for many types of today’s vehicles to be equipped with an automatic――such as a full-size sedan, SUV or pickup――the fact remains that nothing is more of a thrill to drive than a tautly suspended sport sedan, snort coupe or two-sealer equipped with a precise-shifting five-or six-speed gearbox． We know whicn types or cars have manual trannies. Now let’s take a look at how they work. From the most basic four-speed manual in a car from the’60s to the most high-tech six-speed one in a car of today, the principles of a manual gearbox are the same. The driver must shift from gear to gear. Normally, a manual transmission bolts to a clutch housing (or bell housing）, in turn, bolts to the back of the engine. If the vehicle has front-wheel drive,

浅谈建筑环境与暖通空调能耗外文资料翻译

毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译学院：建筑工程学院专业：建筑环境与设备工程姓名： ***** 学号： ******** 外文出处： Shallow talk the building environment an air condition to can consume with the warm 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。指导教师评语：签名：年月日

浅谈建筑环境与暖通空调能耗摘要：研究建筑环境，了解暖通空调负荷产生的原因及影响因素，可以更加合理地提出解决问题的方法。关键词：建筑环境暖通空调能耗浅谈建筑环境与暖通空调能耗能源为经济的发展提供了动力，但是由于各种原因，能源的发展往往滞后于经济的发展。近几年，中国的国民生产总值的增长率维持在约10％，但是能源的增长率只有3％～4％。这样的形势要求我们必须节能。建筑能源消耗在社会总能耗中的比例较大，发达国家的建筑用能一般占到全国总能耗的30％～40％；中国采暖区的城镇人口虽然只占全国人口的13.6％，但是采暖用能却占全国总能耗的9.6％。建筑节能是建筑发展的基本趋势，也是当代建筑科学技术的一个新的生长点。现代建筑的必要组成部分暖通空调领域也已经收到这种趋势的影响，暖通空调系统中的节能正在引起暖通空调工作者的注意，并且针对不同的国家、地区的能源特点和不同建筑的采暖、通风、空调要求发展者相关的节能技术。研究建筑环境，了解暖通空调负荷产生的原因及影响因素，可以更加合理地提出解决问题的方法。暖通空调能耗的组成为了创造舒适的室内空调环境，必须消耗大量的能源。暖通空调能耗是建筑能耗中的大户，居统计在发达国家中暖通空调能耗占建筑能耗的65％，以建筑能耗占总能耗的356％计算，暖通空调能耗占总能耗的比例竟高达22.75％，由此可见建筑节能工作的重点应该是暖通空调的节能。从暖通空调的能耗组成可以看出：暖通空调系统的能耗主要决定于空调冷、热负荷的确定和空调系统的合理配置，空调系统的布置和空调设备的选择是以空调负荷为依据的。所以暖通空调节能的关键是空调外界负荷和内部负荷的确定，而暖通空调节能工作也应该从这个方面着手，合理布置建筑物的位置，正确选择外墙、门、窗、屋顶的形状及材料等，尽量减少空调负荷。室内环境的影响暖通空调的目标是为人们提供舒适的生活和生产室内热环境，主要包括：室内空气温度、空气湿度、气流速度以及人体与周围环境（包括四壁、地面、顶棚等）之间的辐射换热（简称环境热辐射）等。在一般的舒适性空调中，以能够使人体保持平衡而满足

二轴式手动变速器外文翻译

外文翻译文章出处《Tribology International》, 2009, 42(5):714-723 译文：有限元热分析的陶瓷离合器 1 引言磨料空转车辆离合器是力封闭联轴器。扭矩和高速传输被压紧表面之间产生的摩擦力所保证。应用陶瓷是因为它作为摩擦介质具有好耐热和耐磨损性能，提供了机会以驱动更高的压力，以及一个低的密度。因此，一个提功率密度启用了一个平行的最小化建筑空间。测量使用陶瓷饰面离合器盘的第一个原型在卡尔斯鲁厄大学的一个实验室专门从事客车驱动系统进行了测试执行。在分析过程中的有限元（FE）模型是将与测量数据和测量条件的知识所构成。计算的目的是要确定在离合器盘上温度的分布以及环境中的在每一时刻的及时测量目。至关重要的是熟悉的温度范围，为了检验该系统的耐磨特性。因此，重要信息从测量数据中得出。在临界负载的情况下，预计最高温度必须在时间和空间上进行预测，为保护接近发热体的位置测量工具的。本研究的目的是分析和修改该离合器系统通过改进，以提供更好的工作条件热传导和系统或增加转化成摩擦热的能量的对流。此外，人们希望找到更有效的更好的离合器系统设计方案。计算是由宇宙星空的设计的软件进行的。在模型开发阶段，非常谨慎，必须采取几何元素，选择适当的简化尺寸，并且由于正确调整的时间步长大量的硬件要求瞬态计算。热物性参数的改变，如表面热对流化系数和热负荷，必须考虑到到在一个持续的基础上在时间和地点方面。离合器系统的分析测试这两方面，只能通过加热隔板连接的两个独立的模型来管理，根据该假说认为，接触温度必须是在两个相同的双方，同时他们要有适当接触，其价值需通过迭代来进行调整。计算显示，该热分区按周期变化，它沿不同的内，外接触环。在不同的冷却特性下，在陶瓷和钢之间的结果是不同的，热流从陶瓷侧面向钢侧流动。此热流也通过迭代确定;它的价值也改变了周期和不同沿着所述内和外接触环。 2 采用工程陶瓷作为摩擦材料的第一个原型机这款检查过的离合器盘是根据“特定的陶瓷”产品而开发的，此材料的研发过程在流程在卡尔斯鲁厄大学的Institute for Product Development (IPEK)杂志上发表过。此开发过程已经具有的可能性，用于连接到一个真实的传动轴；甚至，它为面板有一个好的初始行为起到一个很好的缓冲作用。磨料配件必须符合以下基本要求：

外文翻译--浅谈建筑环境与暖通空调能耗

中文2300字 Shallow talk the building environment an air condition to can consume with the warm Summary: The research constructs environment, understanding a warm an air condition to carry output reason and influencing factor, can be more and reasonably put forward solve problem of method. Keyword: Constructing a warm of environment an air condition can consume Shallow talk the building environment an air condition to can consume with the warm The energy provided motive for the development of the economy, but because of various reason, the development of the energy is a usually behind in economy of development. In the last few years, the growth rate maintenance of citizen's total output value of China are in about 10%, but the growth rate of the energy only have 3% ～s 4%.Such situation's requesting us has to economize on energy. The comparison that constructs the energy depletion in the society always the ability consume compares greatly, the building of the flourishing nations' use can have to the whole country generally and always can consume of 30% ～s 40%;China adopts the town population of the warm area although only 13.6% that have national population, adopt warm use an ability but have a whole country and always can consume of 9.6%.Construct the economy energy is the basic trend of the building development, is also a new growth of[with] the contemporary building science technique to order. The necessity of the modern building constitutes a part of warm, the air condition realm has already received the influence of this kind of trend as well, warm the economy energy within air condition system is cause a warm the attention of the air condition worker, and aims at different of the adopt of energy characteristics and the dissimilarity building of the nation, region is warm, well ventilated, the air condition request develop a related economy energy technique .The research constructs environment, understanding a warm an air condition to carry output reason and

汽车变速器外文翻译

外文翻译 Auto Transmission First, an overview of automotive transmission and the development trend Automobile available more than a century, especially from the mass production of motor vehicles and the automotive industry since the development of large, Car has been the economic development of the world for mankind to enter the modern life and have had a tremendous impact on the immeasurable, The progress of human society has made indelible contributions to the great, epoch-making set off arevolution. From From the vehicle as a power plant using internal combustion engine to start, auto transmission has become an important component. Is Generation is widely used in automotive reciprocating piston internal combustion engine with a small size, light weight, reliable operation and the use of The advantages of convenience, but its torque and speed range of smaller changes, and complex condition requires the use of motor vehicles Traction and the speed can be considerable changes in the scope. Therefore, its performance and vehicle dynamics and economy of There are large inter-contradictions, which contradictions of modern automotive internal combustion engine by itself is insoluble. Because Here, in the automotive power train set up the transmission and main reducer in order to achieve the purpose of deceleration by moment. Speed The main function of performance: ⑴ change gear ratio of motor vehicles, and expand the wheel drive torque and rotational speed of the Fan Wai, in order to adapt to constantly changing driving cycle, while the engine in the most favorable conditions within the scope of work; ⑵no change in the direction of engine rotation, under the premise of the realization of cars driving back; ⑶the realization of the free, temporary Interruption of power transmission, in order to be able to start the engine, idling, etc.. V ariable-speed drive transmission by the manipulation of institutions and agencies. Change the transmission ratio by way of transmission is divided into There are class-type, non-stage and multi-purpose three. Have class most widely used transmission. It uses gear drive, with a number of transmission ratio setting. Stepless transmission Continuously V ariable Transmission (CVT) transmission ratio of a certain The framework of multi-level changes may be unlimited, there is a common type of power and torque (dynamic fluid-type) and so on. Continuously V ariable Transmission Transmission development is the ultimate goal, because only it can make the most economical engine in working condition Can provide the best vehicle fuel economy and optimal power in order to provide the most comfortable By the feeling. Today's CVT is a typical representative of the CVT

暖通空调专业外文翻译--空调系统

英文文献 Air Conditioning Systems Air conditioning has rapidly grown over the past 50 years, from a luxury to a standard system included in most residential and commercial buildings. In 1970, 36% of residences in the U.S. were either fully air conditioned or utilized a room air conditioner for cooling (Blue, et al., 1979). By 1997, this number had more than doubled to 77%, and that year also marked the first time that over half (50.9%) of residences in the U.S. had central air conditioners (Census Bureau, 1999). An estimated 83% of all new homes constructed in 1998 had central air conditioners (Census Bureau, 1999). Air conditioning has also grown rapidly in commercial buildings. From 1970 to 1995, the percentage of commercial buildings with air conditioning increased from 54 to 73% (Jackson and Johnson, 1978, and DOE, 1998). Air conditioning in buildings is usually accomplished with the use of mechanical or heat-activated equipment. In most applications, the air conditioner must provide both cooling and dehumidification to maintain comfort in the building. Air conditioning systems are also used in other applications, such as automobiles, trucks, aircraft, ships, and industrial facilities. However, the description of equipment in this chapter is limited to those commonly used in commercial and residential buildings. Commercial buildings range from large high-rise office buildings to the corner convenience store. Because of the range in size and types of buildings in the commercial sector, there is a wide variety of equipment applied in these buildings. For larger buildings, the air conditioning equipment is part of a total system design that includes items such as a piping system, air distribution system, and cooling tower. Proper design of these systems requires a qualified engineer. The residential building sector is dominated by single family homes and low-rise apartments/condominiums. The cooling equipment applied in these buildings comes in standard ―packages‖ that are often both sized and installed by the air conditioning contractor. The chapter starts with a general discussion of the vapor compression refrigeration cycle then moves to refrigerants and their selection, followed by packaged Chilled Water Systems。 1.1 Vapor Compression Cycle Even though there is a large range in sizes and variety of air conditioning systems used in buildings, most systems utilize the vapor compression cycle to produce the desired cooling and dehumidification. This cycle is also used for refrigerating and freezing foods and for automotive air conditioning. The first patent on a mechanically driven refrigeration system was issued to Jacob Perkins in 1834 in London, and the first

变速器外文资料翻译

外文资料翻译学生姓名：常世鹏专业班级：车辆工程07级5班指导教师：朱天军河北工程大学机电学院 2011 年 6 月 Dual-clutch transmission technology highlights Transmission technology motor vehicles as a whole is shifting from manual to automatic transmission development, especially at this stage of rapid development of computer technology used in variable-speed transmission system, so that the car automatic transmission technology has been rapid development. In recent years, the automotive automatic transmission there are three main types: mechanical electronic control automatic transmission (AMT), Stepless automatic transmission (CVT) automatic transmission and hydraulic machinery (AT). In the electronically controlled automatic transmission in the field of mechanical, in recent years, there is a new

电气工程与自动化专业暖通空调系统中英文资料外文翻译文献

暖通空调系统中英文资料外文翻译文献外文文献： HV AC system optimization––condenser water loop Abstract This paper presents a model-based optimization strategy for the condenser water loop of centralized heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HV AC) systems. Through analyzing each component characteristics and interactions within and between cooling towers and chillers, the optimization problem is formulated as that of minimizing the total operating cost of all energy consuming devices with mechanical limitations, component interactions, outdoor environment and indoor cooling load demands as constraints. A modified genetic algorithm for this particular problem is proposed to obtain the optimal set points of the process. Simulations and experimental

暖通空调毕业设计(论文)任务书

毕业设计(论文)任务书毕业设计(论文)题目：某市某综合楼空调系统设计系别能源与动力学院班级建环本121/122 学生姓名学号指导教师职称毕业设计(论文)进行地点：校内任务下达时间： 2015年 12 月 24 日起止日期：2016年 3 月1日起——至 2016年 6 月日止教研室主任年月日批准 1、论文的原始资料及依据：

（一）题目来源：某市某综合楼建筑结构图（二）设计主要技术参数（1）土建资料详见建筑图纸。 (２) 气象参数：根据本市的气象资料确定； (３)建筑参数：外墙体结构：根据地区自行选定，如δ=370 m m红砖，内外抹灰20mm 屋面：根据地区自行选定，如200mm厚混凝土板加12.5mm厚加气混凝土保温层。外窗：根据地区自行选定，如标准玻璃的单层钢窗，全部挂淡色窗帘，（４）室内空调设计参数：温度t n=26℃；湿度φn=60%；风速不大于0.3 m/s。（５）照明容量： 40W/m2 （６）房间人数：0.5人/m2，群集系数0.92 （三）设计主要技术关键正确进行空调负荷和新风量的计算，确定出冷气方案，合理地布置管道，并进行水力计算，合理选择及布置设备，做好气流组织。 2、设计（论文）主要内容及要求通过本次设计使学生系统地掌握空调系统设计的主要方法和步骤，能根据实际情况合理确定空调方案，会计算空调系统的负荷量和新风负荷量，能合理布置管道和设备，了解空调设备的型式及用途，会进行设备的选型，合理进行气流组织，会计算水管、风道的阻力，选取水泵、风机等。使学生能把所学知识灵活运用到实际当中去，让理论与实际相结合，为学生毕业以后的工作打下坚实基础。主要内容：空调系统的设计（1）、由建筑物所在地区确定室内外气象参数；夏季室内外设计计算参数；室内温度、湿度、风速、新风量等参数。

变速箱换挡叉的加工工艺及夹具设计外文资料翻译

论文图纸qq:2604130359 外文资料翻译译文对变速器拨叉的普通车床的主轴箱设计要领主轴箱组件紧固在车床左端。它由主轴箱主轴组成，经齿轮或齿轮组和皮带轮使主轴旋转。主轴有可装夹并转动工件的附件。主轴有多级转速。主轴箱由3~5个支座支承。由于车床上工件的加工精度取决于夹持工件的主轴旋转轴的精度，故必须十分仔细地制造和安装主轴及其所有附件。主轴本身有一个通孔，这个孔的前端是一锥孔，可用来安装带锥柄的刀具。安装主轴箱活顶尖时，用一锥套配入主轴的锥孔内。主轴箱顶尖可随工件旋转，故可称活顶尖。它是一个带尖端的锥金属件。工件旋转时可用来支承工件，所有车床顶尖均为60°角。在主轴上安装附件，常使用三种通用的主轴头： 1. 螺纹主轴头车床上最常用的是螺纹主轴头。将安装的附件拧到主轴上，直到与主轴法兰盘紧密相配。螺纹主轴头的主要缺点是不能进行反向车削，因有些附件（例如卡盘）反向时会松开。 2. 凸轮锁紧主轴头凸轮锁紧主轴头有一个非常短的锥体，她可以配入花盘或卡盘背面的锥槽内。从花盘或卡盘背面伸出许多凸轮锁紧短轴，这些短轴可配入主轴头的孔内。转动这些凸轮就可将它们锁紧在规定位置。 3. 长锥键传动主轴头它有一个很长的锥体。锥体带一附加键和一内螺纹套爪。花盘或卡盘必须与其锥度相同并带有外螺纹键槽。这种正向锁紧型主轴在中型车床中最为普遍。它允许主轴在正向或反向旋转时均能切削。驱动主轴的动力由一电动机供给，从电动机将动力传递给主轴有四种常用的方法：

平皮带传动在大多数皮带传动的车床中，直接驱动动力通过皮带传递给附在主轴的塔轮上。把皮带移动到塔轮的不同位置，就可改变主轴速度。为获得较低速和较大动力，可使用背轮。背轮的工作原理见图2-3。齿轮F紧固在主轴上，常称齿轮F 为大齿轮。塔轮的小端有一小齿轮E。塔轮转动时，齿轮E总是转的。塔轮的小齿轮通过一个称作大齿轮锁紧销的滑动销与大齿轮相连。床头箱背面有两个安装在同一轴上的齿轮。它们间隔排开，与大齿轮F和小齿轮E相啮合。这些齿轮叫背轮。为了使背轮啮合，要推出大齿轮销子（此销子推出时，塔轮和小齿轮转动而主轴不转）。向前推背轮手柄，使背轮与大齿轮F和小齿轮E相啮合。接通电源时，决不能用手转动塔轮使其啮合。啮合时，动力直接由背轮传递给大齿轮F和主轴。床头箱左端有一反向进给杆。它用于丝杠的反向运动。此杆有三个位置。在上自动进给位置时，床鞍将向床头箱方向（即向左）移动，横进给向外运动。三角皮带传动每个皮带轮的圆周上都开有一个V型槽。三角皮带将精确地嵌入槽内。三角皮带不能碰到皮带轮的底部。这种传动方式也有一个与平皮带传动相似的背轮装置。无级变速传动这种装置不用停车就可以改变主动轮和从动轮间的速度。实际上只有在机床运行时才需变速。无级变速传动的传动皮带轮由二个V型侧面的半轮组成。皮带轮的一侧可以是打开的，即与另一侧脱开。在脱开时，皮带就向里移动到较小直径，使从动轮产生较低速度。当皮带轮两侧合在一起时，就迫使皮带轮向外移动到较大直径，使从动轮速度增大。可以用手动或液压进行变速。采用液压方式时，床头箱顶部的控制盘可使液压系统精确动作。电动机停止时，不要转此控制盘。直接传动的转速范围为300~1600转/分。 4. 齿轮传动变速箱这种床头箱包括齿轮和变速机构，可获得许多不同的转速。操作者可使用附在床头箱上的速度分度盘来选择所需的速度。移动两个或三个手柄或摇手就可调节速度。

暖通空调专业-毕业设计外文翻译

Refrigeration System Performance using Liquid-Suction Heat Exchangers S. A. Klein, D. T. Reindl, and K. BroWnell College of Engineering University of Wisconsin - Madison Abstract Heat transfer devices are provided in many refrigeration systems to exchange energy betWeen the cool gaseous refrigerant leaving the evaporator and Warm liquid refrigerant exiting the condenser. These liquid-suction or suction-line heat exchangers can, in some cases, yield improved system performance While in other cases they degrade system performance. Although previous researchers have investigated performance of liquid-suction heat exchangers, this study can be distinguished from the previous studies in three Ways. First, this paper identifies a neW dimensionless group to correlate performance impacts attributable to liquid-suction heat exchangers. Second, the paper extends previous analyses to include neW refrigerants. Third, the analysis includes the impact of pressure drops through the liquid-suction heat exchanger on system performance. It is shoWn that reliance on simplified analysis techniques can lead to inaccurate conclusions regarding the impact of liquid-suction heat exchangers on refrigeration system performance. From detailed analyses, it can be concluded that liquid-suction heat exchangers that have a minimal pressure loss on the loW pressure side are useful for systems using R507A, R134a, R12, R404A, R290, R407C, R600, and R410A. The liquid-suction heat exchanger is detrimental to system performance in systems using R22, R32, and R717. Introduction Liquid-suction heat exchangers are commonly installed in refrigeration systems With the intent of ensuring proper system operation and increasing system performance.Specifically, ASHRAE(1998) states that liquid-suction heat exchangers are effective in: 1) increasing the system performance 2) subcooling liquid refrigerant to prevent flash gas formation at inlets to expansion devices 3) fully evaporating any residual liquid that may remain in the liquid-suction prior to reaching the compressor(s) Figure 1 illustrates a simple direct-expansion vapor compression refrigeration system utilizing a liquid-suction heat exchanger. In this configuration, high temperature liquid leaving the heat rejection device (an evaporative condenser in this case) is subcooled prior to being throttled to the evaporator pressure by an expansion device such as a thermostatic expansion valve. The sink for subcooling