复习分析：2013年职称英语与2012年对比汇总(含综合、理工、卫生附ABC级文章)

复习分析：2013年职称英语与2012年对比汇总

(含综合、理工、卫生附ABC级文章) 2013年职称英语考试用书于2012年12月20日正式发行。

2013年度全国专业技术人员职称外语等级考试报名工作已于2012年12月1日开始，为帮助广大专业技术人员学习外语，熟悉全国职称外语等级考试的方法，中国人事出版社根据人力资源和社会保障部专业技术人员管理司审定的《全国专业技术人员职称外语等级考试大纲》，组织编写了2013年版《全国职称外语等级考试用书》及《全国职称外语等级考试辅导用书》。2013年职称英语考试教材分为理工类、综合类、卫生类。

本文章中未加符号标注的文章难度相当于C级考试水平，标有‘＊’的文章相当于B级考试水平，标有‘+’的文章相当于A级考试水平。

2013年教材整体变化不大，每个类别变化6篇。具体变化如下：13年教材更加贴近生活，体现新闻、报纸热点，文章内容的专业倾向更明显。对12年新增的文章进行保留的同时，12年已考的文章依然被保留，如：综合类阅读“The Changing Middle Clas s”，“Going Her Own Way” ，理工类阅读“Small But Wise”。另外也有类别调整的文章，如，2012年综合类阅读“Eat to Live”调整为2013年卫生类阅读文章。

2013年职称英语新增文章列表：

职称英语-综合类

第二部分阅读判断（变化了2篇）

第三部分概括大意与完成句子（变化了2篇）第四部分阅读理解（变化了2篇）

具体名称如下：

阅读判断：https://www.360docs.net/doc/e214654446.html, 第一篇：Taking Picture of the World

*第十二篇：Starting a New Tradition

概括大意与完成句子

第五篇：US Signs global tobacco treaty 第八篇：how we form first impressiom

阅读理解：

第三篇：Shark Attack! https://www.360docs.net/doc/e214654446.html, 第五篇：The Travels of IBn Battuta

职称英语-理工类

第四部分阅读理解（变化了3篇）

第六部分完形填空（变化了3篇）

具体名称如下：

阅读理解：

第十一篇：When Our Eyes Serve Our Stomach

第十九篇：Musical Robot Companion Enhances Listener

Experience

+第四十八篇：Researchers Discover Why Humans Began

Walking Upright

完型填空：https://www.360docs.net/doc/e214654446.html,

第三篇：Giant Structures

第八篇：Why India Needs Its Dying Vultures

+第十三篇：Better Solar Energy Systems: More Heat, More

Light

职称英语-卫生类

第四部分阅读理解（变化了3篇）

第六部分完形填空（变化了3篇）

具体名称如下：

阅读理解：https://www.360docs.net/doc/e214654446.html,

第十六篇：Eat to Live

*第二十九篇：“Don't Drink Alone” Gets New Meaning

+第三十九篇：Sauna

完型填空：https://www.360docs.net/doc/e214654446.html,

第二篇：A Biological Clock

*第九篇：The Case of the Disappearing Fingerprints

+第十四篇：Young Adults Who Exercise Get Higher IQ

Scores

2013年职称英语考试理工类教材新增内容：第十一篇When Our Eyes Serve Our Stomach

Our senses aren?t just delivering 汪strict view of what?s going on in the world; they?re affected by what?s going on in our heads. A new study finds that hungry people see food-related words more clearly than people who?ve just eat en.

Psychologists have known for decades that what?s going on,inside our head affects our senses. For example, poorer children think coins are larger than they are, and hungry people think pictures of food are brighter. Remi Radel of University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis，France，wanted to investigate how this happens. Does it happen right away as the brain receives signals from the eyes or a little later as the brain?s high-level thinking processes get involved.

Radel recruited 42 students with a normal body mass index. On the day of his or her test, each student was told to arrive at the lab at noon after three or four hours of not eating. Then they were told there was a delay. Some were told to come back in 10 minutes; others were given an hour to get lunch first. So half the students were hungry when they did the experiment and the other half had just eaten.

For the experiment, the participant looked at a computer screen. One by one, 80 words flashed on the screen for about l/300th of a second each. They flashed at so small a size that the students could only consciously perceive. A quarter of the words were food-related. After each word，each person was asked how bright the word was and asked to choose which of two words they?d seen — a food-related word like cake or a neutral word like boat. Each word appeared too briefly for the participant to really read it.

Hungry people saw the food-related words as brighter and were better at identifying food- related words. Because the word appeared too quickly for them to be reliably seen, this means that the difference is in perception ,not in thinking processes, Radel says.

“This is something great to me. Humans can really perceive what they need or what they strive for. From the experiment, I know that our brain can really be at the disposal of our motives and needs,” Radel says.

第十九篇Musical Robot Companion Enhances Listener Experience

Shimi, a musical companion developed by Georgia Tech?s Center for Music Technology, recommends songs, dances to the beat and keeps the music pumping based on listener feedback. The smartphone-enabled, one-foot-tall robot is billed as an interactive “musical friend”.

“Shimi is designed to change the way that people enjoy and think about their music，” said Professor Gil Weinberg, t he robot?s creator. He will unveil the robot at the June 27th Google I/O conference in San Francisco. A band of three Shimi robots will perform for guests, dancing in sync with music created in the lab and composed according to its movements.

Shimi is ess entially a docking station with a “brain” powered by an Android phone. Once docked, the robot gains the sensing and musical generation capabilities of the user?s mobile device. In other words, if there?s an “app” for that, Shimi is ready. For instance, by using the phone?s

camera and face-detecting software，Shimi can follow a listener around the room and position its “ears”，or speakers, for optimal sound. Another recognition feature is based on rhythm and tempo. If the user taps a beat, Shimi analyzes it, s cans the phone?s musical library and immediately plays the song that best matches the suggestion. Once the music starts，Shimi dances to the rhythm.

“Many people think that robots are limited by their programming instructions, said Music Technology Ph. D. candidate Mason Bretan. “Shimi shows us that robots can be creative and interactive. ??Future apps in the works will allow the user to shake their head in disagreement or wave a hand in the air to alert Shimi to skip to the next song or increase/decrease the volume. The robot will also have the capability to recommend new music based on the user?s song choices and provide feedback on the music play list.

Weinberg hopes other developers will be inspired to create more apps to expand Shimi?s creative and int eractive capabilities. “I believe that our center is ahead of a revolution that will see more robots in homes.” Weinberg said.

Weinberg is in the process of commercializing Shimi through an exclusive licensing agreement with Georgia Tech. Weinberg hopes to make the robot available to consumers by the 2013 holiday season. “If robots are going to arrive in homes, we think that they will be this kind of machines一small, entertaining and fun，，，Weinberg said. “They will enhance your life and pave the way for mo re intelligent service robots in our lives.”

第四十八篇Researchers Discover Why Humans Began Walking Upright

Most of us walk and carry items in our hands every day. These are seemingly simple activities that the majority of us don?t question. But an internat ional team of researchers, including Dr. Richmond from GW?s Columbian College of Arts and Sciences，have discovered that human walking upright, may have originated millions of years ago as an adaptation to carrying scarce, high- quality resources. The team of researchers from the U. S., England, Japan and Portugal investigated the behavior of modern-day chimpanzees as they competed for food resources，in an effort to understand what ecological settings would lead a large ape — one that resembles the 6 million-year old ancestor we shared in common with living chimpanzees — to walk on two legs.

“These chimpanzees provide a model of the ecological conditions under which our earliest ancestors might have begun walking on two legs, "，said Dr. Richmond.

The research findings suggest that chimpanzees switch to moving on two limbs instead of four in situations where they need to monopolize a resource. Standing on two legs allows them to carry much more at one time because it frees up their hands. Over time，intense bursts of bipedal activity may have led to anatomical changes that in turn became the subject of natural selection where competition for food or other resources was strong.

Two studies were conducted by the team in Guinea. The first study was conducted by the team in Kyoto University?s “ outdoor laboratory ” in a natural clearing in Bossou Forest.

Researchers allowed the wild chimpanzees access to different combinations of two different types of nut — the oil palm nut，which is naturally widely available, and the coula nut, which is not. The chimpanzees? behavior was monitored in three situations:(a) when only oil palm nuts were available,(b)when a small number of coula nuts were available，and(c) when coula nuts were the majority available resource.

When the rare coula nuts were available only in small numbers, the chimpanzees transported more at one time. Similarly, when coula nuts were the majority resource, the chimpanzees ignored the oil palm nuts altogether. The chimpanzees regarded the coula nuts as a more highly-prized resource and competed for them more intensely.

In such high-competition settings，the frequency of cases in which the chimpanzees started moving on two legs increased by a factor of four. Not only was it obvious that bipedal movement allowed them to carry more of this precious resource, but also that they were actively trying to move as much as they could in one go by using everything available 一even their mouths.

The second study, by Kimberley Hockings of Oxford Brookes University, was a 14-month study of Bossou chimpanzees crop-raiding, a situation in which they have to compete for rare and unpredictable Resources. Here, 35 percent of the chimpanzees activity involved some sort of bipedal movement, and once again, this behavior appeared to be linked to a clear attempt to carry as much as possible at one time.

2013年职称英语考试理工类教材新增内容：

第三篇Giant Structures

It is an impossible task to select the most amazing wonders of the modem world since every year more __1__ constructions appear. Here are three giant structures which are worthy of our __2__ although they may have been surpassed by some more recent wonders.

The Petronas Twin Towers

The Petronas Towers were the tallest buildings in the world when they were completed in 1999. With a __3__ of 452 metres, the tall twin towers, like two thin pencils, dominate the city of Kuala Lumpur. At the 41st floor, the towers are linked by a bridge, symbolizing a gateway to the city. The American __4__ Cesar Pelli designed the skyscrapers.

Constructed of high-strength concrete, the building provides around 1，800 square metres of office space __5__ every floor. And it has a shopping centre and a concert hall at the base. Other __6__ of this impressive building include double-decker lifts, and glass and steel sunshades.

The MiUau Bridge

The Millau Bridge was opened in 2004 in the Tam Valley，in southern France. __7__ the time it was built，it was the world?s highest bridge, __8__ over 340m at the highest point. The bridge is described as one of the most amazingly beautiful bridges in the worl D. It was built to __9__ Millau's congestion problems. The congestion was then caused by traffic passing from Paris to Barcelona in Spain. The bridge was built to withstand the __10__ extreme seismic and climatic conditions. Besides, it is guaranteed for 120 years!

The Itaipu Dam

The Itaipu hydroelectric power plant is one of the largest constructions of its kind in the worl D. It consists of a series of dams across the River Parana, __11__ forms a natural border between Brazil and Paraguay. Started in 1975 and taking 16 years to complete, the construction was carried out as a joint project between the two __12__. The dam is well-known for both its electricity output and its size. In 1995 it produced 78% of Paraguay?s and 25%of Brazil?s __13__ needs. In its construction, the __14__ of iron and steel used was equivalent to over 300 Eiffel Towers. It is a __15__ amazing wonder of engineering.

第八篇Why India Needs Its Dying Vultures

The vultures in question may look ugly and threatening, but the sudden sharp __1__ in three species of India?s vultures is producing alarm rather than celebration, and it presents the world with a new kind of environmental __2__ The dramatic decline in vulture numbers is causing widespread disruption to people living in the same areas as the __3__ . It is also causing serious public health problems __4__ the Indian sub-continent.

While their reputation and appearance may be unpleasant to many Indians，vultures have __5__played a very important role in keeping towns and villages all over India clean. It is

__6__they feed on dead cows. In India, cows are sacred animals and are __7__ left in the open when they die in their thousands upon thousands every year.

The disappearance of the vultures has __8__ an explosion in the numbers of wild dogs feeding on the remains of these dead animals. There are fears that rabies may __9__ as a result. And this terrifying disease may ultimately affect humans in the region, since wild dogs are its main carriers. Rabies could also spread to other animal species, causing an even greater problem in the __10__.

The need for action is __11__, so an emergency project has been launched to __12__ a solution to this serious vulture problem. Scientists are trying to identify the disease causing the birds，deaths and, if possible, develop a cure.

Large-scale vulture __13__ were first noticed at the end of the 1980s in India. A population survey at that time showed that the three species of vultures had declined __14__ over 90 per cent. Al l three species are now listed as “critically endangered”. As most vultures lay only single eggs

and __15__ about five years to reach maturity, reversing their population decline will be a long and difficult exercise.

第十三篇Better Solar Energy Systems: More Heat, More Light

Solar photovoltaic thermal energy systems, or PVTs, generate both heat and electricity, but __1__ now they haven?t been very good at the heat-generating part compared to a stand-alone solar thermal collector. That?s because they operate a t low temperatures to cool crystalline silicon solar cells, which lets the silicon generate more __2__ but isn?t a very efficient way to gather heat.

That?s a problem of __3_ . Good solar hot-water systems can harvest much more energy than a solar-electric system at a substantially lower __4__. And it，s also a space problem：photovoltaic cells can take up all the space on the roof, leaving little room for thermal applications.

In a pair of studies, Joshua Pearce, an associate professor of materials science and engineering, has devised a __5__ in the form of a better PVT made with a different kind of silicon. His research collaborators are Kunal Girotra from ThinSilicon in California and Michael Pathak and Stephen Harrison from Queen?s University, Canada."

Most solar panels are made with crystalline silicon，but you can also make solar cells out of amorphous silicon, __6__ known as thin-film silicon. They don?t create as much electricity, but they are lighter, flexible, and cheaper. And, because they __7__ much less silicon, they have a greener footprint. Unfortunately，thin-film silicon solar cells are __8__ to some bad-news physics in the form of the Staebler-Wronski effect.

“That means that their efficiency __9__ when you expose them to light — pretty much the worst possible effect for a solar cell,” Pearce explains，which is one of the __10__ thin- film solar panels make up only a small fraction of the market.

However, Pearce and his team found a way to engineer around the Staebler-Wronski effect by incorporating thin-film silicon in a new __11__ of PVT. You don?t have to cool down thin-film silicon to make it work. In fact，Pearce?s group discovered that by heating it to solar-thermal operating temperatures，near the boiling __12__ of water, they could make thicker cells that largely __13__ the Staebler-Wronski effect. When they applied the thin-film silicon directly to a solar thermal energy __14__ , they also found that by baking the cell once a day，they __15__ the solar cell?s electrical efficiency by over 10 pe rcent.

2013年职称英语考试综合类教材新增内容：

第三篇Shark Attack!

Craig Rogers was sitting on his surfboard，scanning the distance for his next wave，when his board suddenly stopped moving.He looked down and was terrified to see a great white shark

biting the front of his boar d.“I could have touched its eye with my elbow.”says Craig.The shark had surfaced so quietly that he hadn?t heard a thing.

In his horror and confusion，he waved his arms and accidentally cut two of his fingers on the shark?s teeth1.He then slid off the oppos ite side of his surfboard into the water.Then, with Craig in the water and blood flowing from his fingers，the five-meter-long shark simply swam away，disappearing into the water below.

Although sharks are often categorized as killers that hunt and eat as many humans as they can, this is factually inaccurate.Sharks very rarely kill humans.A person has a greater chance of being struck by lightning or drowning in a bath than of being killed by a shark.2 Only 74 people have been reported killed by great whites in the Iast century.But great white sharks Can reach six meters in length and weigh 2，200 kilograms or more.with frightening jaws that can hold up to 3，000 teeth arranged in several rows.they could very easily kill and eat a helpless human in the water.Why is it，then，that most people survive attacks by great whites? Shark researchers are trying to comprehend the reasons that allow people to escape without being eaten.

The most common explanation is that great whites don?t see well.It has been thought that they mistake people for the seals or sea lions which make up a large part of their diet.There is reason to doubt this, however.Recent information shows that great whites can actually see very well.Also, when attacking seals.great whites shoot up to the surface and bite with great force.When approaching humans，however，they most often move in slowly and bite less hard.They soon discover that humans are not a high—fat meal.“They spit us out because we?re too bony.”says Aidan Martin，director of Reef Quest Center for Shark Research.

Shark researchers like Martin hypothesize that great whites are actually curious animals that like to investigate things.It?s possible that they use their bite not only to kill and eat，but also to gather information.Although such an experience is unlucky for people like Craig Rogers，when sharks bite surfboards or other objects or people，they are likely just trying to learn what they are.

第五篇The Travels of Ibn Battuta

“I left Tangier, my birthplace, the 13th of June 1325 with the inten tion of making the pilgrimage [ to Mecca]... to leave all my friends both female and male, to abandon my home as birds abandon their nests. ” So begins an old manuscript in a library in Paris—the travel journal of Ibn Battuta.

Almost two centuries before Columbus, this young Moroccan set off for Mecca, returning home three decades later as one of history?s great travelers. Driven by curiosity, he journeyed to remote comers of the Islamic world, traveling through 44 modem countries, three times as far as Marco Polo. Little celebrated in the West2, his name is well known among Arabs. In his hometown of Tangier, a square, a hotel, a cafe, a ferry boat, and even a hamburger are named after him.

Ibn Battuta stayed in Mecca as a student for several years, but the urge to travel soon took over. In one adventure, he traveled to India seeking profitable employment with the Sultan of Delhi.3 On the way, he described his group being attacked in the open country by 80 men on foot, and two horsemen：“we fought ... killing one of their horsemen and about twelve of the foot soldiers ….I was hit by an arrow and my horse by another, but God in his grace preserved me .... We carried the heads of the slain to the castle of Abu Bak, har ... and suspended them from the wall. ” In Delhi, the sultan gave him the position of judge, based on his prior study at Mecca. But the sultan had an unpredictable character, and Ibn Battuta looked for an opportunity to leave. When the sultan offered to finance a trip to China, he agreed. Ibn Battuta set off in three ships, but misfortune struck while he was still on the shore. A sudden storm grounded and broke up two ships, scattering treasure and drowning many people and horses. As he watched, the third ship, with all his belongings and slaves一one carrying his child—was carried out to sea and never heard from again.

After a lifetime of incredible adventures, Ibn Battuta was finally ordered by the Sultan of Morocco to return home to share his wisdom with the world. Fortunately, he consented and wrote a book that has been translated into numerous languages, allowing people everywhere to read about his unparalleled journeys.

第一篇Taking Pictures of the World

Meet Annie Griffiths Belt, a National Geographic photographer. Belt has worked for National Geographic since l978，and has taken pictures on almost every continent in the world.In fact，Antarctica is the only continent Belt hasn?t seen yet.

Belt?s photographs are well known for their beauty and high quality.They also reflect very different cultures and regions of the world.Belt has photographed the ancient city of Petra，Jordan，as well as the green landscapes of the Lake District in England.Recently，her pictures appeared in a book about undeveloped natural places in North America.

Everywhere that Belt goes，she takes pictures of people.Belt has found ways to connect with people of all ages and nationalities even when she does not speak their language.“The greatest privilege of my job is being allowed into people?s lives.”she has said.“The camera is like a passport，and I am often overwhelmed by 1 how quickly people welcome me!”

Knowing how to break the ice has helped to make Belt a successful photographer.but experts say that anyone can learn to connect with new people.When people speak the same language，greetings and small talk can make strangers feel more comfortable with each other.When people don?t speak the same language，a smile is very helpful.Having something in common can also help break the ice 2.For example，Belt has traveled with her two children，so when she takes pictures of children or their parents，they all have that family connection in common.Even bad weather can help people to connect when they are experiencing it together.

Belt has some advice if you are thinking about a career in photography.You can volunteer to take pictures for a local organization that can?t afford to hire a professional photographer.You can also take a good，honest look at your best photographs.If you?re a real photographer，your photos are good because of your personal and technical skills.Belt also recommends studying and learning from photos taken by professional photographers.

Remember，the next time you look at a beautiful photograph，you might be looking at the work of Annie Griffiths Belt.And the next time you meet a new person，don?t be afraid to break the ice.The connection you make could be very rewarding.

*第十二篇Starting a New Tradition

Shantelle Davis is a nine-year-old girl in New York.On a cold night in December.her family is standing around the kitchen table while she lights a candle.The table is decorated with baskets of fruits and vegetables and ears of corn for Shantelle and her two brothers.

“This candle represents umoja，an African word that means being together，”Shantelle says.“That?s the most important thing for a family.”

Tonight is the first night of Kwanzaa，and Shantelle is spending the holiday with her family. More than 5 million African Americans celebrate Kwanzaa every year from December 26 until January l.It?s a time when they get together with their fa milies to think about their history and their ancestors in Africal.

Kwanzaa is very unusual because it was started by one man.In l966,an American named Maulana Karenga wanted a holiday for African.Americans to honor their culture and traditions.So he used words and customs from Africa to create a new celebration.He took the name Kwanzaa from the words for “first fruits” in Swahili, an African language.At first, a few American families had small celebrations at home.Now there are also Kwanzaa events in schools and public places，and Kwanzaa has spread to other countries like Canada and Jamaica.

The main symbol of Kwanzaa is a candleholder with seven candies, one for each of the principles of Kwanzaa.Each night，a family member lights one of the candles and talks about the idea it represents：being together，being yourself，helping each other，sharing，having a goal，creating，and believing.The candles are red，black，and green，the colors of Kwanzaa.The parents also pour drinks to honor family members who have died.On the last night of Kwanzaa，there is a big dinner with African food, and children receive small presents.

Today people can buy Kwanzaa greeting cards and special Kwanzaa clothes.Stores sell Kwanzaa candles and candleholders.Some people don?t believe that Kwanz aa is a real holiday, because it?s so new.But other people say that customs and celebrations are always changing and that Kwanzaa shows what is important in people?s lives 2.

Shantelle Davis says she likes Kwanzaa because it?s fun.“But I also learn new thi ngs every year,” she says.

第五篇US Signs Global Tobacco Treaty

1 The United States has taken the first step toward approving a global tobacco treaty that promises to help control the deadly effects of tobacco use throughout the world l.Health and Human Services Secretary Tommy Thompson signed the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control(FCTC)this week at the United Nations.The Senate must still approve the treaty before the US call implement its provisions.

2 The FCTC was developed by the World Health Organization and approved by members of the World Health Assembly，including the United States，last year.Countries that ratify it would be required to enact strict tobacco control policies2.

3 For instance.cigarettes sold in those countries would have to have health warnings on at least 30%of the front and back of every pack3.The treaty calls for higher tobacco taxes, restrictions on smoking in public places，and more promotion of tobacco prevention and cessation programs.It also requires bans on tobacco advertising，though there are some exceptions for countries like the United States.where the Constitution prohibits such an outright ban.

4 The impact of the treaty could be huge.The World Health Organization estimates that tobacco use kills nearly

5 million people worldwide every year.In the US alone，about 440，000 people die each year from tobacco-related illnesses;about one-third of all cancels in the US are caused by tobacco use.If current trends continue.WHO estimates.by 2025 tobacco will kill l0 million people each year.

5 The treaty must be ratified by at least 40 countries before it can take effect.So far.109 countries have signed it,and l2 have ratified it.

第八篇How We Form First Impression

l We all have first impression of someone we just met.But why? Why do w e form an opinion about someone without really knowing anything about him or her-aside perhaps from a few remarks or readily observable traits.

2 The answer is related to how your brain allows you to be aware of the world.Your brain is so sensitive in picking up facial traits，even very minor difference in how a person?s eyes，ears，nose.or mouth ale placed in relation to each other makes you see him or her as different1.In fact，your brain continuously processes incoming sensory information-the sights and sounds of your world.These incoming “signals” are compared against2 a host of “memories” stored in the brain areas called the cortex system to determine what these new signals “mean”.

3 If you see someone you know and like at school3,your brain says “familiar and safe.” If you see someone new, it says，“new-potentially threatening” .Then your brain starts to match features of this stranger with other “known” memories. The height，weight，dress，ethnicity，

gestures，and tone of voice are all matched up.The more unfamiliar the characteristics.the more your brain may say，“This is new.I don?t like this person”.0r else，“I?m intrigued”. Or your

brain may perceive a new face but familiar clothes，ethnicity，gestures-like your other friends;so your brain says：“I like this person.”But these preliminary “impressions” can be dead wrong4.

4 When we stereotype people, we use a less mature form of thinking(not unlike the immature thinking of a very young child)that makes simplistic and categorical impressions of others.Rather than learn about the depth and breadth of people-their history，interest, values，strengths，and true character-we categorize them as jocks，geeks，or freaks.

5 However, if we resist initial stereotypical impressions, we have a chance to be aware of what a person is truly like.If we spend time with a person，hear about his or her life, hopes, dreams, and become aware of the person?s character, we use a different，more mature style of thinking—and the most complex areas of our cortex, Which allow us to be humane.

2013年职称英语考试卫生类教材新增内容：

第十六篇Eat to Live

A meager diet may give you health and long life, but it?s not much fun — and it might not even be necessary. We may be able to hang on to most of that youthful vigor even if we don?t start to diet until old age.

Stephen Spindler and his colleagues from the University of California at Riverside have found that some of an elderly mouse?s liver genes can be made to behave as they did when the mouse was young simply by limiting its food for four weeks. The genetic rejuv enation won?t reverse other damage caused by time for the mouse, but could help its liver metabolize drugs or get rid of toxins.

Spindler?s team fed three mice a normal diet for their whole lives, and fed another three on half-rations3. Three more mice were switched from the normal diet to half-feed3 for a month when they were 34 months old — equivalent to about 70 human years.

The researchers checked the activity of 11,000 genes from the mouse livers, and found that 46 changed with age in the normally fed mice. The changes were associated with things like inflammation and free radical production一probably bad news for mouse health. In the mice that had dieted all their lives,27 of those 46 genes continued to behave like young genes. But the most surprising finding was that the mice that only started dieting in old age also benefited from 70 per cent of these gene changes.

"This is the first indication that these effects kick in pretty quickly,” says Huber Warner from the National Institute on Aging near Washington D. C.

No one yet knows if calorie restriction works in people as it does in mice, but Spindler is hopeful. “There?s attracting and tempting evidence out there that it will work,” he says.

If it does work in people,there might be good reasons for rejuvenating the liver. As we get older, our bodies are less efficient at metabolizing drugs, for example. A brief period of time of dieting, says Spindler, could be enough to make sure a drug is effective.

But Spindler isn?t sure the trade-off is worth it. “The mice get less disease, they live longer, but they?re hungry,” he says. “Even seeing what a diet does, it?s still hard to go to a restaurant and say: …I can only eat half of that,. ”

Spindler hopes we soon won?t need to diet at all. His company, Lifespa n Genetics in California, is looking for drugs that have the effects of calorie restriction.

第二十九篇“Don’t Drink Alone” Gets New Meaning

In what may be bad news for bars and pubs，a European research group has found that people drinking alcohol outside of meals have a significantly higher risk of cancer in the mouth and neck than do those taking their libations with food. Luigino Dal Maso and his colleagues studied the drinking patterns of 1,500 patients from four cancer studies2 and another 3，500 adults who had never had cancer.

After the researchers accounted for the amount of alcohol consumed, they found that individuals who downed a significant share of their alcohol outside of meals3 faced at least a 50 to 80 percent risk of cancer in the oral cavity, pharynx, and esophagus, when compared with people who drank only at meals. Consuming alcohol without food also increased by at least 20 percent the likelihood of laryngeal4 cancer. “ Roughly 95 percent of cancers at these four sites5 traced to smoking or drinking6 by the study volunteers，” Dal Maso says. The discouraging news, his team reports, is that drinking with meals didn?t eliminate cancer risk at any of the sites.

For their new analysis，the European scientists divided people in the study into four groups，based on how many drinks they reported having in an average week7. The lowest-intake group included people who averaged up to8 20 drinks 狂week. The highest group reported downing at least 56 servings of alcohol weekly for an average of eight or more per day.9 Cancer risks for the mouth and neck sites rose steadily with consumption even for people who reported drinking only with

meals. For instance, compared with people in the lowest-consumption group, participants who drank 21 to 34 alcohol servings a week at least doubled their cancer risk for all sites other than the larynx10. If people in these consumption groups took some of those drinks outside meals, those in the higher consumption group at least quadrupled their risk for oral cavity and esophageal cancers.

People in the highest-consumption group who drank only with meals had 10 times the risk of oral cancer, 7 times the risk of pharyngeal cancer, and 16 times the risk of esophageal cancer compared with those who averaged 20 or fewer drinks a week with meals. In contrast, laryngeal

cancer risk in the high-intake, with-meals-only group11 was only triple that12 in the low-intake consumers who drank with meals.

“Alcohol can inflame tissues. Over time, that inflammation can trigger cancer. ” Dal Maso says. He suspects that food reduced cancer risk either by partially coating digestive-tract tissues or by scrubbing alcohol off those tissues. He speculates that the reason laryngeal risks were dramatically lower for all study participants traces to the tiss ue?s lower exposure to alcohol.

第三十九篇Sauna

Ceremonial bathing has existed for thousands of years and has many forms, one of which is the sauna. The Finns have perfected the steam bath，or sauna, which may be taken, usually in an enclosed room, by pouring water over hot rocks or as a dry heat bath. The Japanese, Greeks, Turks and Russians as well as Native Americans have forms of the sweat bath in their bathing rituals. Dry heat and steam baths had advocates in ancient Rome and? pre-Columbian Americans used sweat lodges.

The earliest saunas were probably underground caves heated by a fire that naturally filled with smoke as chimney making was unknown at that time. A fire kept in a fire-pit would heat the rock walls of the cave. After reaching full heat, the smoke was let out of the cave and the stones would retain heat for several hours. A few people today say that the smoke sauna, “ savusauna”，is the only true sauna experience and that all saunas should have at least a background odor or smoke. Today most saunas use electric stoves, although gas and wood-burning stoves are available.

Saunas are relaxing and stress relieving, Those with muscle aches or arthritis may find that the heat relaxes muscles and relieves pain and inflammation. Asthma patients find that the heat enlarges air passageways of the lung and facilitates breathing. Saunas do not cure the common cold but they may help to alleviate congestion arid speed recovery time. The body?s core temperature usually rises a 1-2 degrees while in the sauna, thus imitating a slight fever. The sauna could be considered to follow the old saying “feed a cold，starve a fever? The regular use of a sauna may decrease the likelihood of getting a cold in the first place.

Sauna is good for your skin as the blood flow to the skin increases and sweating occurs. Adults sweat about 2 lbs8 of water per hour on average in a sauna. A good sweat removes dirt and grime from pores and gives the skin a healthy glow. The loss in water weight is temporary as the body?s physiological mec hanisms will quickly restore proper volumes. The cardiovascular system9 gets a work out10 as the heart must pump harder and faster to move blood to the surface for heat exchange. Heart rate may increase from 72 beats per minute on average to 100-150 beats per minute.

A normal heart can handle these stresses but those with heart trouble wishing to begin to use a sauna should seek a doctor?s advice. The elderly and those with diabetes should check with their doctor prior to beginning to take saunas. Pregnant women should not take saunas, particularly in

the first three months. Indeed, everyone just starting out should take short sessions11 at first to become accustomed to this type of bath.

第二篇 A Biological Clock

Every living thing has what scientists call a biological clock that controls behavior. The biological clock tells __1__ when to form flowers and when the flowers should open. It tells __2__ when to leave the protective cocoons and fly away，and it tells animals and human beings when to eat，sleep and wake.

Events outside the plant and animal __3__ the actions of some biological clocks. Scientists recently found，for example，that a tiny animal changes the color of its fur __4__ the number of hours of daylight. In the short __5__ of winter，its fur becomes white. The fur becomes gray brown in color in the longer hours of daylight in summer.

Inner signals control other biological clocks. German scientists found that some kind of internal clock seems to order birds to begin their long migration __6__ twice each year. Birds __7__ flying become restless when it is time for the trip，__8__ they become calm again when the time of the flight has ended.

Scientists say they are beginning to learn which __9__ of the brain contain biological clocks. An American researcher，Martin Moorhead，said a small group of cells near the front of the brain __10__ to control the timing of some of our actions. These __11__ tell a person when to __12__ ，when to sleep and when to seek food . Scientists say there probably are other biological clock cells that control other body activities.

Dr. Moorhead is studying __13__ our biological clocks affect the way we do our work. For example，most of us have great difficulty if we must often change to different work hours.

__14__ can take many days for a human body to accept the major change in work hours. Dr. Moorhead said industrial officials should have a better understanding of biological clocks and how they affect workers. He said __15__ understanding could cut sickness and accidents at work and would help increase a factory?s production，

第十四篇Young Adults Who Exercise Get Higher IQ Scores

Young adults who are fit have a higher IQ and are more __1__ to go on to university，reveals a major new study carried out at the Sahlgrenska Academy and Sahlgrenska University Hospital.

The results were recently published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS). The study involved 1.2 million Swedish men doing military service who were born between 1950 and 1976. The research group analyzed the __2__ of both physical and IQ tests the youngsters took right after they started serving the army.

The study shows a clear link __3__ good physical fitness and better results for the IQ test. The strongest links are for __4__ thinking and verbal comprehension. But it is only fitness that plays a __5__ in the results for the IQ test，and not strength. “Being fit means that you also have good heart and lung __6__ and that your brain gets plenty of __7__ ，” says Michael Nilsson, professor at the Sahlgrenska Academy and chief physician at the Sahlgrenska University Hospital. “This may be one of the reasons __8__ we can see a clear link with fitness, but not with muscular __9__. We are also seeing that there are growth factors that are important. ”

By analyzing data for twins, the researchers have been __10__ to determine that it is primarily environmental factors and not genes that explain the link between fitness and a __11__ IQ.

“We have also shown that those youngsters who __12__ their physical fitn ess between the ages of 15 and 18 increase their cognitive performance,” says Maria Aberg, researcher at the Sahlgrenska Academy and physician at Aby health centre. “This being the case6, physical __13__ is a subject that has an important place in schools, and is an absolute must if we want to do well in maths and other theoretical subjects.”

The researchers have also compared the results from fitness tests __14__ national service with the socio-economic status of the men later in __15__. Those who were fit at 18 were more likely to go into higher education, and many secured more qualified jobs.

2013年职称英语考试报名时对照片的要求

职称英语报名照片的格式如下：

职称英语报名照片背景应无任何装饰，背景色用白色和蓝色或红色；照片必须是近期相片，显示头部的正面，并且不能佩戴帽饰。照片文件类型为JPG或GIF，大小不能大于2M。必须是相机拍摄的相片，不可是扫描的相片。照片尺寸规格：分辨率不小于72pixels/inch，长580px、宽420px。请大家注意，上述照片格式是职称英语网上报名电子照片的格式，而现场报名或现场确认要用到的照片为1寸证件照。