商志 2018考研英语完形填空25篇全精讲

精练精讲1

Could a hug a day keep the doctor away? The answer may be a resounding ―yes!‖1 helping you feel close and 2 to people you care about, it turns out that hugs can bring a 3ofhealthbenefitstoyourbodyandmind.Believeitornot,awarmembracemightevenhelpyou 4 getting sick thiswinter.

In a recent study 5 over 400 healthy adults, researchers from Carnegie Mellon UniversityinPennsylvaniaexaminedtheeffectsofperceivedsocialsupportandthereceiptof hugs 6 the participants’ susceptibility to developing the common cold after being 7 to the virus. People who perceived greater social support were less likely to come 8 with acold, and the researchers 9 that the stress-reducing effects of hugging10 about 32 percent ofthatbeneficialeffect.11amongthosewhogotacold,theoneswhofeltgreatersocial support and received more frequent hugs had less severe 12 .

―Hugging protects people who are under stress from the 13 riskfor colds that’susually 14withstress,‖notesSheldonCohen,aprofessorofpsychologyatCarnegie.Hugging―isa marker of intimacy and helps 15 the feeling that others are there to help 16 difficulty.‖Some experts17 the stress-reducing, health-related benefits of hugging to therelease of oxytocin, often called ―the bonding hormone‖ 18 it promotes attachment inrelationships, including that between mother and their newborn babies. Oxytocin is made primarily in thecentral lower part

of the brain, and some of it is released into the bloodstream. But some of it 19 in the brain, where it 20 mood, behavior andphysiology.

1. [A]Unlike [B]Besides [C]Despite [D]Throughout

2. [A]connected [B]restricted [C]equal [D]inferior

3. [A]choice [B]view [C]lesson [D]host

4. [A]recall [B]forget [C]avoid [D]keep

5. [A]collecting [B]involving [C]guiding [D]affecting

6. [A]of [B]in [C]at [D] on

7. [A]devoted [B]exposed [C]lost [D]attracted

8. [A]across [B]along [C]down [D]out

9. [A]calculated [B]denied [C]doubted [D]imagined

10. [A]served [B]required [C]restored [D]explained(*)

11. [A]Even [B]Still [C]Rather [D]Thus

12. [A]defeats [B]symptoms [C]tests [D]errors

13. [A]minimized [B]highlighted [C]controlled [D]increased

14. [A]equipped [B]associated [C]presented [D]compared

15. [A]assess [B]moderate [C]generate [D]record

16. [A] in the faceof [B] in the formof [C] in the wayof [D] in the nameof

17. [A]transfer [B]commit [C]attribute [D]return

18. [A]because [B]unless [C]though [D]until

19. [A]emerges [B]vanishes [C]remains [D]decreases

20. [A]experiences [B]combines [C]justifies [D]influences

精练精讲2

Thinner isn’t always better. A number ofstudies have 1 that normal-weight people are in fact at higher risk of some diseases compared to those who are overweight. And there arehealth conditions for which being overweight is actually 2 .For example, heavier women are less likely to develop calcium deficiency than thin women. 3 , among the elderly, beingsomewhat overweight is often an 4 of goodhealth.

Ofevengreater5 isthefactthatobesityturnsouttobeverydifficulttodefine.Itis often defined 6 body mass index, or BMI. BMI 7 body mass divided by the square of height. An adult with a BMI of 18 to 25 is often considered to be normal weight. Between 25 and

30 is overweight. And over 30 is considered obese. Obesity,8 , can be divided into moderately obese, severely obese, and very severelyobese.

While such numerical standards seem 9 , they are not. Obesity is probably less a matterof weight than body fat. Some people with a high BMI are in fact extremely fit, 10 others withalowBMImaybeinpoor11.Forexample,manycollegiateandprofessionalfootball players 12as obese, though their percentage body fat is low. Conversely, someone with a small frame may have high body fat but a 13 BMI.

Todaywehavea(n) 14 tolabelobesityasadisgrace.Theoverweightaresometimes 15 in the mediawith their faces covered. Stereotypes 16 with obesity includelaziness, lack of will power, and lower prospects for success. Teachers, employers, and healthprofessionals have been shown to harbor biases against the obese. 17 very young children tend to look down on the overweight, and teasing about body build has long been a problem inschools.

Negative attitudes toward obesity, 18 in health concerns, have stimulated a numberof anti-obesity 19 . My own hospital system has banned sugary drinks from its facilities.Many employers have instituted weight loss and fitness initiatives. Michelle Obama has launcheda high-visibility campaign 20 childhood obesity, even claiming that it represents ourgreatest national securitythreat.

1. [A]denied [B]concluded(*) [C]doubted [D]ensured

2. [A]protective [B]dangerous [C]sufficient [D]troublesome

3. [A]Instead [B]However [C]Likewise [D]Therefore

4. [A]indicator [B]objective [C]origin [D]example

5. [A]impact [B]relevance [C]assistance [D]concern

6. [A] in termsof [B] in caseof [C] in favorof [D] in respectsof

7. [A]measures [B]determines [C]equals [D]modifies

8. [A] inessence [B] incontrast [C] inturn [D] inpart

9. [A]complicated [B]conservative [C]variable [D]straightforward

10. [A]so [B]while [C]since [D]unless

11. [A] shape [B]spirit [C]balance [D]taste

12. [A]start [B]qualify [C]retire [D] stay

13. [A]strange [B]changeable [C]normal [D]constant

14. [A]option [B]reason [C]opportunity [D]tendency(*)

15. [A]employed [B]pictured [C]imitated [D]monitored

16. [A]compared [B]combined [C]settled [D]associated

17. [A]Even [B]Still [C]Yet [D]Only

18. [A]despised [B]corrected [C]ignored [D]grounded

19. [A]discussions [B]businesses [C]policies [D]studies

20. [A]for [B]against [C]with [D]without

精练精讲3

AncientGreekphilosopherAristotleviewedlaughteras―abodilyexercise precious tohealth‖. But 1 some claims to the contrary, laughing probably has little influence on physicalfitness. Laughter does 2short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, 3

heart rate and oxygen consumption. But because hard laughter is difficult to 4 , a good laugh is unlikely to have 5 benefits the way, say, walking or joggingdoes.

6 , instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does, laughterapparently accomplishes the

7 . Studies dating back to the 1930s indicate that laughter

8 muscles, decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the laugh diesdown.

Such bodily reaction might conceivably help 9the effects of psychological stress. Anyway,theactoflaughingprobablydoesproduceothertypesof 10 feedbackthatimprove an individual’s emotional state. 11one classical theory of emotion, our feelings are partially rooted 12 physical reactions. It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry 13 they are sad but that they become sad when the tears begin toflow.

Although sadness also 14 tears, evidence suggests that emotions can flow 15 muscularresponses.Inanexperimentpublishedin1988,socialpsychologistFritzStrackofthe University of Würzburg in Germany asked volunteers to 16 a pen either with their teeth—thereby creating an artificial smile—or with their lips, which would produce a(n)17 expression. Those forced to exercise their smiling muscles 18 more enthusiastically tofunny cartoonsthandidthosewhosemouthswerecontractedinafrown,19thatexpressionsmay influenceemotionsratherthanjusttheotherwayaround.20 ,thephysicalactoflaughter could improvemood.

1.［A］among ［B］except ［C］despite(*) ［D］like

2.［A］reflect ［B］demand ［C］indicate ［D］produce(*)

3.［A］stabilizing ［B］boosting ［C］impairing ［D］determining

4.［A］transmit ［B］sustain ［C］evaluate ［D］observe

5.［A］measurable ［B］manageable［C］affordable ［D］renewable

6.［A］Inturn ［B］Infact ［C］Inaddition ［D］Inbrief

7.［A］opposite ［B］impossible ［C］average ［D］expected

8.［A］hardens ［B］weakens ［C］tightens ［D］relaxes

9.［A］aggravate ［B］generate ［C］moderate ［D］enhance

10.［A］physical ［B］mental ［C］subconscious［D］internal

11.［A］Exceptfor ［B］Accordingto［C］Dueto ［D］As for

12.［A］with ［B］on ［C］in ［D］at

13.［A］unless ［B］until ［C］if ［D］because

14.［A］exhausts ［B］follows(* ［C］precedes(* ［D］suppresses

15.［A］into ［B］from ［C］towards ［D］beyond

16.［A］fetch ［B］bite ［C］pick ［D］hold

17.［A］disappointed［B］excited ［C］joyful ［D］indifferent

18.［A］adapted ［B］catered ［C］turned ［D］reacted

19.［A］suggesting ［B］requiring ［C］mentioning［D］supposing

20.［A］Eventually ［B］Consequently［C］Similarly ［D］Conversely

精练精讲4

As many people hit middle age, they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity arenot what they used to be. We suddenly can’t remember 1 we put the keys justa momentago,oranold acquaintance’s name,orthenameofanoldbandweusedtolove.Asthe

brain 2 _, we refer to these occurrences as ―senior moments.‖ 3 seeminglyinnocent, this loss of mental focus can potentially have a(n) 4 impact on our professional, social, and personal 5 .

Neuroscientists, experts who study the nervous system, are increasingly showing that there’s actually a lot that can be done. It 6 out that the brain needs exercise in much the sameway our musclesdo, and the right mental 7 can significantly improve our basiccognitive

8 . Thinking is essentially a 9 of making connections in the brain. To a certainextent, our ability to 10 in making the connections that drive intelligence is inherited. 11 , because these connections are made through effort and practice, scientists believe thatintelligence can expand and fluctuate 12 mentaleffort.

Now, a new Web-based company has taken it a step 13 and developed the first―brain training program‖ designed to actually help peo ple improve and regain theirmental 14 .

The Web-based program 15 you to systematically improve your memory and attention skills. The programkeeps 16 of your progress and provides detailed feedback

17 your performance and improvement. Most importantly, it 18 modifies and enhances the games you play to 19 on the strengths you are developing—much like a(n)

20 exercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscleuse.

1. [A]where [B]when [C]that [D]why

2. [A]improves [B]fades [C]recovers [D]collapses

3. [A]If [B]Unless [C]Once [D]While(*)

4. [A]uneven [B]limited [C]damaging [D]obscure

5. [A]wellbeing [B]environment [C]relationship [D]outlook

6. [A]turns [B]finds [C]points [D]figures

7. [A]roundabouts [B]responses [C]workouts [D]associations

8. [A]genre [B]functions [C]circumstances [D]]criterion

9. [A]channel [B]condition [C]sequence [D]process

10. [A]persist [B]believe [C]excel [D]feature

11. [A]Therefore [B]Moreover [C]Otherwise [D]However

12. [A] accordingto [B] regardlessof [C] apartfrom [D] insteadof

13. [A]back [B]further [C]aside [D]around

14. [A]sharpness [B]stability [C]framework [D]flexibility

15. [A]forces [B]reminds [C]hurries [D]allows

16. [A]hold [B]track [C]order [D]pace

17. [A] to [B]with [C]for [D]on

18. [A]irregularly [B]habitually [C]constantly [D]unusually

19. [A]carry [B]put [C]build [D]take

20. [A]risky [B]effective [C]idle [D]familiar

精练精讲5

Thehumannoseisanunderratedtool.Humansareoftenthoughttobeinsensitivesmellers compared with animals, 1 this is largely because, 2 animals, we stand upright. This means that our noses are 3 to perceiving those smells which float through the air, 4the majority of smells which stick to surfaces. In fact5 , we are extremely sensitive to smells, 6 we do not generally realize it. Our noses are capable of 7 human smellseven when these are 8 to far below one part in onemillion.

Strangely, some people find that they can smell one type of flower but not another, 9 othersaresensitivetothesmellsofbothflowers.Thismaybebecausesomepeopledonothave the genes necessary to generate 10smell receptors in the nose. These receptors are the cells whichsensesmellsandsend11tothebrain.However,ithasbeenfoundthatevenpeople insensitivetoacertainsmell 12 cansuddenlybecomesensitivetoitwhen 13 toit oftenenough.

Theexplanationforinsensitivitytosmellseemstobethatbrainfindsit 14tokeepall smell receptors working all the time but can 15 new receptors if necessary. This may 16 explainwhywearenotusuallysensitivetoourownsmellswesimplydonotneedtobe.Weare not 17of the usual smell of our own house but we 18 new smells when we visit someone else's. The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors 19 for unfamiliar and emergency signals 20 the smell of smoke, which might indicate the danger offire.

1. ［A］although ［B］as ［C］but ［D］while

2. ［A］above ［B］unlike ［C］excluding ［D］besides

3. ［A］limited ［B］committed ［C］dedicated ［D］confined

4. ［A］catching ［B］ignoring ［C］missing ［D］tracking

5. ［A］anyway ［B］though(*) ［C］instead ［D］therefore

6. ［A］evenif ［B］ifonly ［C］onlyif ［D］asif

7. ［A］distinguishing ［B］discovering ［C］determining ［D］detecting

8. ［A］diluted ［B］dissolved ［C］dispersed ［D］diffused

9. ［A］when ［B］since ［C］for ［D］whereas

10. ［A］unusual ［B］particular ［C］unique ［D］typical

11. ［A］signs ［B］stimuli ［C］messages ［D］impulses

12. ［A］atfirst ［B］atall ［C］atlarge ［D］attimes

13. ［A］subjected ［B］left ［C］drawn ［D］exposed

14. ［A］ineffective ［B］incompetent ［C］inefficient ［D］insufficient

15. ［A］introduce ［B］summon ［C］trigger ［D］create

16. ［A］still ［B］also ［C］otherwise ［D］nevertheless

17. ［A］sure ［B］sick ［C］aware ［D］tired

18. ［A］tolerate ［B］repel ［C］neglect ［D］notice

19. ［A］available(*)［B］reliable ［C］identifiable ［D］suitable

20. ［A］similarto ［B］suchas ［C］alongwith ［D］asidefrom

精练精讲6

People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when makingindividual decisions. At first glance thismight seem like a strength that 1 the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by 2 factors. But Dr.Uri Simonsohn speculated thatan inability to consider the big 3 was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with. 4 , he theorised that a judge 5 of appearing toosoft 6 crimemightbemorelikelytosendsomeonetoprison 7 hehadalreadysentencedfiveor six other defendants only to forced community service on thatday.

To 8this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the 9ofan applicant should not depend on the few others 10 randomly for interview during the sameday, but Dr. Simonsohn suspected the truth was 11 .

He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews 12 by 31 admissions officers.The interviewershad 13applicantsonascaleofonetofive.Thisscale 14numerousfactors into consideration. The scores were 15 used in conjunction with an applicant’s score onthe Graduate Management Admission Test, orGMAT, a standardized exam which is 16 out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him orher.

Dr.Simonsohnfoundifthescoreofthepreviouscandidateinadailyseriesofinterviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one 17that, then the score for thenext applicant would 18 by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to 19 the effectsofsuchadecreaseacandidatewouldneed30moreGMATpointsthanwouldotherwise have been 20.

1. [A]grants [B]submits [C]transmits [D]delivers

2. [A]minor [B]external [C]crucial [D]objective

3. [A]issue [B]vision [C]picture [D]moment

4. [A] Aboveall [B] Onaverage [C] Inprinciple [D] Forexample

5. [A]fond [B]fearful [C]capable [D]thoughtless

6. [A]in [B]for [C] to [D]on

7. [A]if [B]until [C]though [D]unless

8. [A]test [B]emphasize [C]share [D]promote

9. [A]decision [B]quality [C]status [D]success

10. [A]found [B]studied [C]chosen [D]identified

11. [A]otherwise [B]defensible [C]replaceable [D]exceptional

12. [A]inspired [B]expressed [C]conducted [D]secured

13. [A]assigned [B]rated [C]matched [D]arranged

14. [A]put [B]got [C]took [D]gave

15. [A]instead [B]then [C]ever [D]rather

16. [A]selected [B]passed [C]marked [D]introduced

17. [A]below [B]after [C]above [D]before

18. [A]jump [B]float [C]fluctuate [D]drop

19. [A]achieve [B]undo [C]maintain [D]disregard

20. [A]necessary [B]possible [C]promising [D]helpful

精练精讲7

Research on animal intelligence always makes us wonder just how smart humans are. 1the fruit-fly experiments described by Carl Zimmer in the Science Times. Fruit flies whowere taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 2 to live shorter lives. This suggests that 3 bulbs burn longer, that there is a(n) 4 in not being toobright.

Intelligence,it 5,isahigh-pricedoption.Ittakesmoreupkeep,burnsmorefuelandis slow 6the starting line because it depends on learning—a(n) 7 process—insteadof instinct. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one o f the things they’ve apparentlylearned is when to 8 .

Is there an adaptive value to 9 intelligence? That’s the question behind this newresearch. Insteadofcastingawistfulglance10atallthe specieswe’veleftinthedustI.Q.-wise,it implicitly asks what the real 11 of our own intelligence might be. This is 12 themind of every animal we’ve ever met.

Research on animal intelligence also makes us wonder what experiments animals would 13 on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner 14 , is running a small-scalestudy in operant conditioning. We believe that 15 animals ran the labs, they would test us to 16thelimitsofourpatience,ourfaithfulness,ourmemoryforlocations.Theywouldtrytodecide whatintelligenceinhumansisreally 17,notmerelyhowmuchofitthereis. 18 ,they would hope to study a(n) 19 question: Are humans actually aware of the world they livein? 20 the results areinconclusive.

1. ［A］Suppose ［B］Consider ［C］Observe ［D］Imagine

2. ［A］tended ［B］feared ［C］happened ［D］threatened

3. ［A］thinner ［B］stabler ［C］lighter ［D］dimmer

4. ［A］tendency ［B］advantage ［C］inclination ［D］priority

5. ［A］insistson ［B］sumsup ［C］turnsout ［D］putsforward

6. ［A］off ［B］behind ［C］over ［D］along

7. ［A］incredible ［B］spontaneous ［C］inevitable ［D］gradual

8. ［A］fight ［B］doubt ［C］stop ［D］think

9. ［A］invisible ［B］limited ［C］indefinite ［D］different

10.［A］upward ［B］forward ［C］afterward ［D］backward

11. ［A］features ［B］influences ［C］results ［D］costs

12.［A］outside ［B］on ［C］by ［D］across

13.［A］deliver ［B］carry ［C］perform ［D］apply

14. ［A］bychance ［B］incontrast ［C］asusual ［D］forinstance

15. ［A］if ［B］unless ［C］as ［D］lest

16. ［A］moderate ［B］overcome ［C］determine ［D］reach

17. ［A］at ［B］for ［C］after ［D］with

18. ［A］Aboveall ［B］Afterall ［C］However ［D］Otherwise

19. ［A］fundamental ［B］comprehensive ［C］equivalent ［D］hostile

20. ［A］Byaccident ［B］Intime ［C］Sofar ［D］Betterstill

精练精讲8

The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one ofthose hypothesesthatdarenotspeakitsname.ButGregoryCochranis 1 tosayitanyway.Heis that 2 bird,

a scientist who works independently 3 any institution. Hehelped popularize the idea that some diseases not 4 thought to have a bacterial cause wereactually infections, which aroused much controversy when it was firstsuggested.

5 he, however, might tremble at the

6 of what he is about to do. Together with another two scientists, he is publishing a paper which not only

7 that one group of humanity

is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about. Thegroup

in 8 are a particular people originated from central Europe. The process is natural selection.

This group generally do well in IQ tests, 9 12~15 points above the 10 value of 100, and have contributed 11 to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the 12 of their elites, including several world-renowned scientists, 13 . They also suffer moreoften than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases, such as breast cancer. These facts, 14,havepreviouslybeenthoughtunrelated.Theformerhasbeen 15 tosocialeffects,such as a strong tradition of 16 education. The latter was seen as a (an) 17 of geneticisolation. Dr. Cochran suggests that the intelligence and diseases are intimately 18. His argument isthat theunusualhistoryofthesepeoplehas 19themtouniqueevolutionarypressuresthathave resulted in this 20 state ofaffairs.

1. ［A］selected ［B］prepared ［C］obliged ［D］pleased

2. ［A］unique//*［B］particular//*［C］special//*［D］rare

3. ［A］of ［B］with ［C］in ［D］against

4. ［A］subsequently ［B］presently ［C］previously ［D］lately

5. ［A］Only ［B］So ［C］Even ［D］Hence

6. ［A］thought ［B］sight ［C］cost ［D］risk

7. ［A］advises//*［B］suggests ［C］protests ［D］objects

8. ［A］progress ［B］fact ［C］need ［D］question

9. ［A］attaining ［B］scoring ［C］reaching ［D］calculating

10.［A］normal ［B］common ［C］mean ［D］total

11.［A］unconsciously［B］disproportionately［C］indefinitely ［D］unaccountably

12.［A］missions ［B］fortunes ［C］interests ［D］careers

13.［A］affirm ［B］witness ［C］observe ［D］approve

14.［A］moreover ［B］therefore//*［C］however ［D］meanwhile

15. ［A］givenup ［B］gotover ［C］carriedon ［D］putdown

16. ［A］assessing ［B］supervising ［C］administering ［D］valuing

17. ［A］development ［B］origin ［C］consequence ［D］instrument

18. ［A］linked ［B］integrated ［C］woven ［D］combined

19. ［A］limited ［B］subjected*［C］converted ［D］directed

20. ［A］paradoxical ［B］incompatible ［C］inevitable ［D］continuous

精练精讲9

In1924America’s NationalResearchCouncilsenttwoengineerstosuperviseaseriesofexperiments at a large telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. Ithoped they would learn how shop-floor lighting 1 workers productivity. Instead, the studies ended 2 giving their name to the ―Hawthorne effect‖, the extremely influential idea that the very 3to being experimented upon changed subjects’behavior.

The idea arose because of the 4 behavior ofthe women in the plant. According to 5of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when itwas dimmed. It did not 6 what was done in the experiment; 7 something waschanged, productivity rose. A(n) 8 that they were being experimented upon seemed to be 9 to alter workers’ behavior 10 itself.

After several decades, the same data were 11 to econometric analysis. TheHawthorne experiments has another surprise in store. 12 the descriptions on record, no systematic 13 was found that levels of productivity were related to changes inlighting.

It turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may have led to 14 interpretations of what happened. 15 , lighting was always changed on a Sunday. Whenwork started again on Monday, output16 rose compared with the previous Saturday and 17 to rise for the next couple of days. 18 , a comparison with data for weeks when there wasno experimentation showed that output always went up on Mondays. Workers 19 to be diligentforthefirstfewdaysoftheweekinanycase,before 20 aplateauandthenslackeningoff.This suggests that the alleged ―Hawthorne effect‖ is hard to pindown.

1.［A］affected ［B］achieved ［C］extracted ［D］restored

2.［A］at ［B］up ［C］with ［D］off

3.［A］truth ［B］sight ［C］act ［D］proof

4.［A］controversial ［B］perplexing ［C］mischievous ［D］ambiguous

5.［A］requirements ［B］explanations ［C］accounts ［D］assessments

6.［A］conclude ［B］matter ［C］indicate ［D］work

7.［A］as faras ［B］for fearthat ［C］in casethat ［D］so longas

8.［A］awareness ［B］expectation ［C］sentiment ［D］illusion

9.［A］suitable ［B］excessive ［C］enough ［D］abundant

10.［A］about ［B］for ［C］on ［D］by

11.［A］compared ［B］shown ［C］subjected** ［D］conveyed

12.［A］contraryto ［B］consistentwith ［C］parallelwith ［D］peculiarto

13.［A］evidence ［B］guidance ［C］implication ［D］source

14.［A］disputable ［B］enlightening ［C］reliable ［D］misleading

15.［A］Incontrast ［B］Forexample ［C］Inconsequence ［D］Asusual

16.［A］duly ［B］accidentally ［C］unpredictably ［D］suddenly

17.［A］failed ［B］ceased ［C］started ［D］continued

18.［A］Therefore ［B］Furthermore ［C］However** ［D］Meanwhile

19.［A］attempted ［B］tended** ［C］chose ［D］intended

20.［A］breaking ［B］climbing ［C］surpassing ［D］hitting

精练精讲10

Though not biologically related, friends are as ―related‖ as fourth cousins, sharing about 1%

of genes. That is 1 a study, published from the University of California and Yale University

in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has 2 .

The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted 3 1,932 unique subjects which 4 pairs

of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both 5 .

While 1% may seem 6 , it is not so to a geneticist. As James Fowler, professor ofmedical genetics at UC San Diego, says, ―Most people do not even 7 their fourth cousins butsomehow manage to select as friends the people who 8 ourkin.‖

The study 9found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends butnot genes for immunity. Why this similarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain, for now.10 , as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more 11 it.There could be many mechanisms working together that 12 us in choosing geneticallysimilar friends 13 ―functional kinship‖ of b eing friends with 14 !

Oneoftheremarkablefindingsofthestudywasthatthesimilargenesseemtobeevolving 15 than other genes. Studying this could help 16 why human evolution picked pace inthe last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major 17 factor.

The findings do not simply explain people’s 18to befriend those of similar 19 backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a populationof European extraction, care was taken to 20 that all subjects, friends and strangers, were taken from the samepopulation.

1. [A]what [B]why [C]how [D]when

2. [A]defended [B]concluded [C]withdrawn [D]advised

3. [A]for [B]with [C]by [D]on

4. [A]separated [B]sought [C]compared [D]connected

5. [A]tests [B]objects [C]samples [D]examples

6. [A]insignificant [B]unexpected [C]unreliable [D]incredible

7. [A]visit [B]miss [C]know [D]seek

8. [A]surpass [B]influence [C]favor [D]resemble

9. [A] again [B]also [C]instead [D]thus

10. [A]Meanwhile [B]Furthermore [C]Likewise [D]Perhaps

11. [A]about [B] to [C] from [D]like

12. [A]limit [B]observe [C]confuse [D]drive

13. [A] accordingto [B] ratherthan [C] regardlessof [D] alongwith

14. [A]chances [B]responses [C]benefits [D]missions

15. [A]faster [B]slower [C]later [D]earlier

16. [A]forecast [B]remember [C]express [D]understand

17. [A]unpredictable [B]contributory [C]controllable [D]disruptive

18. [A]tendency [B]decision [C]arrangement [D]endeavor

19. [A]political [B]religious [C]ethnic [D]economic

20. [A]see [B]show [C]prove [D]tell

精练精讲11

TheoutbreakofswinefluthatwasfirstdetectedinMexicowasdeclaredaglobalepidemic on June 11, 2009. It is the first worldwide epidemic 1 by the World Health Organization in 41years.

The heightened alert2 an emergency meeting with flu experts in Geneva that assembledafterasharpriseincasesinAustralia,andrising3inBritain,Japan,Chileand elsewhere.

But the epidemic is ― 4‖ in severity, according to Margaret Chan, the organization’s director general, 5 the overwhelming majority of patients experiencing only mildsymptoms and a full recovery, often in the 6 of any medicaltreatment.

Theoutbreakcametoglobal 7inlateApril2009,whenMexicanauthoritiesnotedan unusually large number of hospitalizations and deaths 8 healthy adults. As much of Mexico City shut down at the height of a panic, cases began to 9 in New York City, the southwestern United States and around theworld.

In the United States, new cases seemed to fade 10 warmer weather arrived. But inlate September2009,officialsreportedtherewas11fluactivityinalmosteverystateandthat virtually all the 12 tested are the new swine flu, also known as (A) H1N1, not seasonal flu. IntheU.S.,ithas 13morethanonemillionpeople,andcausedmorethan600deathsand more than 6,000hospitalizations.

Federal health officials 14 Tamiflu for children from the national stockpile and began 15ordersfromthestatesforthenewswinefluvaccine.Thenewvaccine,whichisdifferent from the annual flu vaccine, is 16 ahead of expectations. More than three million doseswere to be made available in early October 2009, though most of those 17 doses were of the FluMist nasal spray type, which is not 18 for pregnant women, people over 50 or thosewith breathing difficulties, heart disease or several other 19 . But it was still possible to vaccinate

people in other high-risk groups: health care workers, people 20 infants and healthy young people.

1. [A]criticized [B]appointed [C]commented [D]designated

2. [A]proceeded [B]activated [C]followed [D]prompted

3. [A]digits [B]numbers [C]amounts [D]sums

4. [A]moderate [B]normal [C]unusual [D]extreme

5. [A]with [B] in [C] from [D]by

6. [A]progress [B]absence [C]presence [D]favor

7. [A]reality [B]phenomenon [C]concept [D]notice

8. [A]over [B]for [C]among [D]to

9. [A] stayup [B] cropup [C] fillup [D] coverup

10. [A]as [B] if [C]unless [D]until

11. [A]excessive [B]enormous [C]significant** [D]magnificent

12.[A]categories [B]examples [C]patterns [D]samples**

13. [A]imparted [B]immersed [C]injected [D]infected

14. [A]released [B]relayed [C]relieved [D]remained

15. [A]placing [B]delivering [C]taking [D]giving

16. [A]feasible [B] available** [C]reliable [D]applicable

17. [A]prevalent [B]principal [C]innovative [D]initial

18. [A]presented [B]restricted [C]recommended* [D]introduced

19. [A]problems [B]issues [C]agonies [D]sufferings

20. [A] involvedin [B] caringfor [C] concernedwith [D] wardingoff

精练精讲12

Comparisons were drawn between the development of television in the 20th century andthe diffusionofprintinginthe15thand16thcenturies.Yetmuchhadhappened (21).Aswas discussedbefore,itwasnot(22)the19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominant pre-electronic (23) ,followinginthewakeofthepamphletandthebookandinthe (24)of the periodical. It was during the same time that the communications revolution ( 25 )up, beginning with transport, the railway, and leading ( 26 ) through the telegraph, thetelephone, radio,andmotionpictures (27) the20th-centuryworldofthemotorcarandtheairplane. Not everyone sees that process in ( 28 ) . It is important to doso.

It is generally recognized, ( 29 ) , that the introduction of the computer in the early20th century, (30) bytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitduringthe1960s,radicallychanged theprocess,(31)itsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediately(32).Astimewentby, computers became smaller and more powerful, and they became ―personal‖ too, as wellas ( 33 ) , with display becoming sharper and storage ( 34 ) increasing. They were thoughtof, like people, ( 35 ) generations, with the distance between generations much ( 36 ) .

It was within the computer age that the term ―information society‖ began to be widely usedto describethe(37) withinwhichwenowlive.Thecommunicationsrevolutionhas (38) bothworkandleisureandhowwethinkandfeelbothaboutplaceandtime,buttherehavebeen

(39)viewaboutitseconomic,political,socialandculturalimplications."Benefits"havebeen weighed ( 40 ) ―harmful‖ outcomes. And generalizations have proveddifficult.

21.［A］between ［B］before ［C］since ［D］later

22.［A］after ［B］by ［C］during ［D］until

23.［A］means ［B］method ［C］medium ［D］measure

24.［A］process ［B］company ［C］light ［D］form

25.［A］gathered ［B］speeded ［C］worked ［D］picked

26.［A］on ［B］out ［C］over ［D］off

27.［A］of ［B］for ［C］beyond ［D］into

28.［A］concept ［B］dimension ［C］effect ［D］perspective

29.［A］indeed ［B］hence ［C］however**［D］therefore/*

30.［A］brought ［B］followed ［C］stimulated ［D］characterized

31.［A］unless ［B］since ［C］lest ［D］although

32.［A］apparent ［B］desirable ［C］negative ［D］plausible

33.［A］institutional[B] universal ［C］fundamental ［D］instrumental

34.［A］ability ［B］capability ［C］capacity ［D］faculty

35.［A］by means of［B］in termsof ［C］with regardto ［D］in linewith

36.［A］deeper ［B］fewer ［C］nearer ［D］smaller

37.［A］context ［B］range ［C］scope ［D］territory

38.［A］regarded ［B］impressed ［C］influenced ［D］effected

39.［A］competitive ［B］controversial ［C］distracting ［D］irrational

40.［A］above ［B］upon ［C］against ［D］with

精练精讲13

The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech.But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has 1 across theWeb.

Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly 3 ?

Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyber-czar, offered the federal government a 4 to make the Web a safer place —a ―voluntary trusted identity‖ system that would be thehigh-tech

5 of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled

6 one. The system might use

a smart identity card, or a digital credential 7 to a specific computer, and would authenticate users at a range of onlineservices.

The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identity systems. User could9 which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticatedcould navigatethosesystems.TheapproachcontrastswithonethatwouldrequireanIn ternetdriver’s

license 10 by thegovernment.

Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these ―single sign-on‖systems that make it possible for users to 11 just once but use many differentservices.

12 ,the approach would create a ―walled garden‖ in cyberspace, with safe ―neighborhoods‖ and bright ―streetlights‖ to establish a sense of a 13 community.

Mr. Schmidt described it as a ―voluntary ecosystem‖ in which ―individuals andorganizations can complete online transactions with 14 , trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure 15 which the transactionruns‖.

Still, the administration’s plan has 16privacy rights activists. Some applaudthe approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push towardwhat would 17 be a compulsory Internet ―drive’s license‖mentality.

The plan has also been greeted with 18 by some computer security experts, who worry thatthe―voluntaryecosystem‖envisionedby Mr.SchmidtwouldstillleavemuchoftheInternet

19 . They argue that all Internet users should be 20 to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on publicroads.

1．[A]swept [B]skipped [C]walked [D]ridden

2．[A]for [B]within [C]while [D]though

3．[A]careless [B]lawless [C]pointless [D]helpless

4．[A]reason [B]reminder [C]compromise [D]proposal

5．[A]information [B]interference [C]entertainment [D]equivalent

6．[A] by [B]into [C] from [D]over

7．[A]linked [B]directed [C]chained [D]compared

8．[A]dismiss [B]discover [C]create [D]improve

9．[A]recall [B]suggest [C]select [D]realize

10．[A]released [B]issued [C]distributed [D]delivered

11．[A] carry on [B] lingeron [C] setin [D] login

12．[A] Invain [B] Ineffect [C] Inreturn [D] Incontrast 13．[A]trusted [B]modernized [C]thriving [D]competing 14．[A]caution [B]delight [C]confidence [D]patience

15．[A]on [B]after [C]beyond [D]across

16．[A]divided [B]disappointed [C]protected [D]united

17．[A]frequently [B]incidentally [C]occasionally [D]eventually 18．[A]skepticism [B]tolerance [C]indifference [D]enthusiasm 19．[A]manageable [B]defendable [C]vulnerable*** [D]invisible

20．[A]invited [B]appointed [C]allowed [D]forced

精练精讲14

Inourcontemporaryculture,theprospectofcommunicatingwith–orevenlookingat–a stranger is virtually unbearable. Everyone around us seems to agree by the way they cling totheir phones, even without a 1 on asubway.

It’s asadreality–ourdesiretoavoidinteractingwithotherhumanbeings–because there’s2 to be gained from talking to the stranger standing by you. But you wouldn’t know it, 3 into your phone. This universal protection sends the 4 : ―Please don’t approachme.‖

What is it that makes us feel we need to hide 5 ourscreens?

One answer is fear, according to Jon Wortmann, an executive mental coach. We fearrejection, orthatourinnocentsocialadvanceswillbe 6 as―weir d.‖We fearwe’llbe 7 .Wefear we’ll bedisruptive.

Strangers are inherently 8 to us, so we are more likely to feel 9

when communicating with them compared with our friends and acquaintances. To avoidthis uneasiness, we 10 to our phones. ―Phones become our security blanket,‖ Wortmann says. ―They are our happy glasses that protect us from what we perceive is going to be more 11 .‖

But once we rip off the band-aid, tuck our smartphones in our pockets and look up, itdoesn’t 12 so bad. In one 2011 experiment, behavioral scientists Nicholas Epley and JulianaSchroeder asked commuters to do the unthinkable: Start a 13 . They had Chicago train commuters talk to their fellow 14 . ―When Dr. Epley and Ms. Schroeder asked other people in the sametrain station to 15 how they would feel after talking to a stranger, the commuters thought their 16 would be more pleasant if they sat on their own,‖ The New York Times summarizes. Though the participants didn’t expect a positive experience, after they 17with the experiment, ―nota single person reported having beenembarrassed.‖

18 , these commutes were reportedly more enjoyable compared with thosewithoutcommunication, which makes absolute sense, 19 human beings thrive off ofsocial connections. It’s that 20 :Talking to strangers can make you feelconnected.

1. [A]signal [B]permit [C]ticket [D]record

2. [A]nothing [B]little [C]another [D]much

3. [A]beaten [B]plugged [C]guided [D]brought

4. [A]message [B]code [C]notice [D]sign

5. [A]under [B]beyond [C]behind [D]from

6. [A]misapplied [B]misinterpreted [C]misadjusted [D]mismatched

7. [A]judged [B]fired [C]replaced [D]delayed

8. [A]unreasonable [B]ungrateful [C]unconventional [D]unfamiliar

9. [A]comfortable [B]confident [C]anxious [D]angry

10. [A]attend [B]turn [C]take [D]point

11. [A]dangerous [B]mysterious [C]violent [D]boring

12. [A]bend [B]resist [C]hurt [D]decay

13. [A]lecture [B]debate [C]conversation [D]negotiation

14. [A]trainees [B]employees [C]researchers [D]passengers

15. [A]reveal [B]choose [C]predict [D]design

16. [A]voyage [B]flight [C] walk [D]ride

17. [A] wentthrough [B] didaway [C] caughtup [D] putup

18. [A] Inturn [B] Infact [C] Inparticular [D] Inconsequence

19. [A]unless [B]whereas [C] if [D]since

20. [A]funny [B]simple [C]logical [D]rare

精练精讲15

Giventheadvantagesofelectronicmoney,youmightthinkthatwewouldmovequicklyto the cashless society in which all payments are made electronically. 1 , a true cashlesssociety is probably not around the corner. Indeed, predictions of such a society have been 2 fortwo decadesbuthavenotyetcometofruition.Forexample,BusinessWeek predictedin1975that electronic means of payment ―would soon revolutionize the very 3 of m oney itself,‖ only to4 itself several years later. Why has the movement to a cashless society been so 5 in coming?

Although electronic means of payment may be more efficient than a payments systembased on paper, several factors work 6 the disappearance of the paper system. First, it is very 7 to set up the computer, card reader, and telecommunications networks necessary to make electronic money the 8 form of payment. Second, paper checks have the advantage thatthey 9 receipts, something that many consumers are unwilling to 10 . Third, the use of paperchecks gives consumers several days of ―float‖ — it takes several days 11 a check is cashed and funds are 12 from the issuer’s account, which means that the writer of the check can earninterestonthefundsinthemeantime.13electronicpaymentsareimmediate,they eliminatethefloatfortheconsumer.Fourth,electronicmeansofpayment14securityand privacy concerns. We often hear media reports that an unauthorized hacker has been able toaccess a computer database and to alter information 15 there.

The fact that this is not an 16 occurrence means that dishonest persons might be ableto access bank accounts in electronic payments systems and 17 from someone else’s accounts. The 18 of this type of fraud is no easy task, and a new field of computer science is developingto19securityissues.Afurtherconcernisthattheuseofelectronicmeansof payment leaves an electronic 20 that contains a large amount of personal data. There are worriesthatgovernment,employers,andmarketersmightbeabletoaccessthesedata,thereby violating ourprivacy.

1. [A]However [B]Moreover [C]Therefore [D]Otherwise

2. [A]off [B]back [C]over [D]around

3. [A]power [B]concept [C]history [D]role

4. [A] reward [B] resist [C]resume [D]reverse

5. [A]silent [B]sudden [C]slow [D]steady

6. [A]for [B]against [C]with [D]on

7. [A]imaginative [B]expensive [C]sensitive [D]productive

8. [A]similar [B]original [C]temporary [D]dominant

9. [A]collect [B]provide [C]copy [D]print

10. [A] giveup [B] takeover [C] bringback [D] passdown

11. [A]before [B]after [C]since [D]when

12. [A]kept [B]borrowed [C]released [D]withdrawn

13. [A]Unless [B]Until [C]Because [D]Though

14. [A]hide [B]express [C]raise [D]ease

15. [A]analyzed [B]shared [C]stored [D]displayed

16. [A]unsafe [B]unnatural [C]uncommon [D]unclear

17. [A] steal [B]choose [C]benefit [D]return

18. [A]consideration [B]prevention [C]manipulation [D]justification

19. [A] copewith [B] fightagainst [C] adaptto [D] call for

20. [A]chunk [B]chip [C]path [D]trail

精练精讲16

InCambodia,thechoiceofaspouseisacomplexonefortheyoungmale.Itmayinvolvenot only his parents andhis friends, 1 those of the young woman, but also a matchmaker.A young man can 2 a likely spouse on his own and then ask his parents to 3 themarriage negotiations,ortheyoung man’s parentsmaymakethechoiceofaspouse,givingthechildlittle to say in the selection. 4 , a girl may veto the spouse her parents have chosen. 5 a spouse has been selected, each family investigates the other to make sure its child is marrying 6 a goodfamily.

The traditional wedding is a long and colorful affair. Formerly it lasted three days, 7 by the 1980s it more commonly lasted a day and a half. Buddhist priests offer a short sermon and8 prayers of blessing. Parts of the ceremony involve ritual hair cutting, 9 cotton threads soaked in holy water around the bride’s and groom’s wrists, and 10 a candle around a circle ofhappilymarriedandrespectedcouplestoblessthe 11 .Newlywedstraditionallymovein withthe wife’s parentsandmay 12 withthemuptoayear, 13 theycanbuildanew housenearby.

Divorce is legal and easy to 14 , but not common. Divorced persons are 15 with some disapproval. Each spouse retains 16 property he or she 17 into the marriage,and jointly-acquired property is18 equally. Divorced persons may remarry, but a gender prejudice 19 up: the divorced male doesn’t have a waiting period before he canremarry

20 the woman must wait tenmonths.

1. [A] by wayof [B] on behalfof [C] as wellas [D] with regardto

2. [A] adaptto [B] providefor [C] competewith [D] decideon

3. [A]close [B]renew [C]arrange [D]postpone

4. [A] Aboveall [B] Intheory [C] Intime [D] Forexample

5. [A]Although [B]Lest [C] After [D]Unless

6. [A]into [B]within [C] from [D]through

7. [A]since [B]but [C]or [D]so

8. [A]copy [B]test [C]recite [D]create

9. [A]folding [B]piling [C]wrapping [D]tying

10. [A]passing [B]lighting [C]hiding [D]serving

11. [A]meeting [B]collection [C]association [D]union

12. [A]grow [B]part [C]deal [D]live

13. [A]whereas [B]until [C] if [D]for

14. [A]obtain [B]follow [C]challenge [D]avoid

15. [A]isolated [B]persuaded [C]viewed [D]exposed

16. [A]whatever [B]however [C]whenever [D]wherever

17. [A]changed [B]brought [C]shaped [D]pushed

18. [A]withdrawn [B]invested [C]donated [D]divided

19. [A]breaks [B]warns [C]shows [D]clears

20. [A] sothat [B]while [C]once [D] inthat

精练精讲17

Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed byyoung people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. Theories (21) on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior (22) theywere not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminalbehavior through (23) with others. Theories focusing on the role of society suggest that children commit crimes

in (24) to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status (25) asa rejection of middle-classvalues.

Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families, (26) thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommit crimes (27) lack of adequate parental control. All theories, however, are tentative and are(28)

tocriticism.

Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirectly(29)juvenilecrimerates.Forexample, changes in the economy that (30) to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment (31) make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. Theresulting discontent may in (32) lead more youths into criminalbehavior.

Families have also (33) changes these years. More families consist of oneparent households

or two working parents; (34) , children are likely to have less supervision athome

(35) was common in the traditional family (36) . This lackof parental supervision is

thoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other(37) includefrustrationorfailureinschool,theincreased(38)

causes of offensiveacts of drugs and alcohol, and the

growing(39) ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasethe probability of a child committing a criminal act,(40)

beenestablished.

a direct causal relationship has notyet

21.[A]acting [B]relying [C]centering [D] commenting

22.[A]before [B]unless [C]until [D] because

23.[A]interactions [B]assimilation [C]cooperation [D] consultation

24.[A]return [B]reply [C]reference [D]response

25.[A]or [B] butrather [C]but [D] orelse

26.[A]considering [B]ignoring [C]highlighting [D] discarding

27.[A]on [B] in [C]for [D] with

28.[A]immune [B]resistant [C]sensitive [D] subject

29.[A]affect [B]reduce [C]chock [D]reflect

30.[A]point [B] lead [C]come [D]amount

31.[A] ingeneral [B] onaverage [C] bycontrast [D] atlength

32.[A] case [B]short [C]turn [D]essence

33.[A]survived [B]noticed [C]undertaken [D] experienced

34.[A]contrarily [B]consequently [C]similarly [D] simultaneously

35.[A]than [B]that [C]which [D]as

36.[A]system [B]structure [C]concept [D] heritage

37.[A]assessable [B]identifiable [C]negligible [D] incredible

38.[A]expense [B]restriction [C]allocation [D] availability

39.[A]incidence [B]awareness [C]exposure [D] popularity

40.[A]provided [B]since [C]although [D] supposing

精练精讲18

The homeless make up a growing percentage of America’s population. 1 ,homelessness has reached such proportions that local government can’t possibly 2 . Tohelp homeless people 3 independence, the federal government must support job training programs, 4 the minimum wage, and fund more low-costhousing.

5 everyone agrees on the numbers of Americans who are homeless. Estimates

6 anywherefrom600,000to3million.7thefiguremayvary,analystsdoagreeonanother matter: that the number of the homeless is 8 . One of the federal government’s studies 9 that the number of the homeless will reach nearly 19 million by the end of thisdecade.

Finding ways to 10this growing homeless population has become increasinglydifficult. 11 when homeless individuals manage to find a 12that will give them three meals a day andaplacetosleepatnight,agoodnumberstillspendthebulkofeachday13 thestreet. Partoftheproblemisthatmanyhomelessadultsareaddictedtoalcoholordrugs.Anda significant number of the homeless have serious mental disorders. Many others, 14not addicted or mentally ill, simply lack the everyday 15 skills needed to turn their lives 16 .