英语句子成分及基本句型

2014高三英语语法专题复习（衔接部分）

句子成分分析及基本句型

一、主语(Subject)是全句谈论的中心话题

找出下列句子的主语，并说出由什么词来充当？

1. Mr. Chen is a well-known scientist.

2. He works very hard at school

3. To go to a good university is his first goal.

4. Doing morning exercise is good for your health.

二、谓语(Predicate)

是回答主语做什么,怎么了，位于主语后

1. We love China.

2. We have finished reading this book.

3. He can speak English.

4. She seems tired.

1）简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。

如：He practices running every morning.

2、复合谓语：由情态动词或助动词加动词相应形式构成。

如：You may keep the book for two weeks.

He has caught a bad cold.

三、宾语(object)是动作的对象,目标;位于及物动词后

英语中那些成分可以充当宾语？

1. We often help him.

2. He likes to play basketball.

3. We enjoy listening to the music.

4. She said that he felt sick.

5. They are talking about the new student.

注意:位于介词之后的成分也被称之为宾语.

四、宾语补足语是对宾语进行补充说明宾语和宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语

1. They elected John monitor.

2. We call him Iron Ox.

3. The doctor told me to do more exercise.

4. They made her happy.

5. He is going to have hair cut.

6. They saw a bird flying in the sky.

哪些动词后需接复合宾语？

ask/ tell/ teach/ help/order sb to do

let / make / have sb do

五、英语中有一类词叫系动词,与系动词连用的叫系表结构,说明主语的状态,性质等.

1. I am a teacher.

2. They are on the playground.

3. My job is teaching English.

4. It gets cold.

5. It sounds interesting.

连系动词

"存在"类:表示存在或具有某种特征或状态.这类连系动词强调"存在"。常见的有: be(是),look(看起来),feel(摸上去),seem(似乎是),appear(似乎、显得),prove(证明是),smell(闻起来),taste(尝起来),sound(听起来)等。

"持续"类:表示某种情况或状态的持续。这类连系动词强调"持续"。常见的有:

remain(依然),keep(保持),stay(保持),continue(继续、仍旧),stand(处于某状况或情形)等 "变化"类:表示由一种情况或状态变化成另一种情况或状态。这类连系动词强调"变化"后的情况或状态.常见的有:become(变成), turn(变成), grow(变得), go(变得)等。

六、定语是用来说名名词或代词性质特点的词

找出下列句子的定语，并说出由什么词来充当？

1. The black bike is mine.

2. She is a chemistry teacher.

3. The man in blue is my brother.

4. The girl playing the piano is my younger sister.

5. The lady who is wearing red dress is our new teacher.

七、状语则说明动词何如何.

1. We often help him.

2. I really don’t like the food.

3. He did his homework carefully at home.

4.Her mother goes out to do some shopping on Sunday.

5. When I grow up, I am going to be a doctor.

五种基本句型

一、主谓结构

本结构是由主语加不及物的谓语动词构成, 常用来表示主语的动作。

如：The sun rises. Tom has already left.

主语可有修饰语-定语，谓语可有修饰语-状语。

1. The red sun rises in the east.

2. So they had to travel by air or boat.

3.We got up early so as to catch the first bus.

4. She sat there alone, reading a novel.

5. He came back when we were eating.

6.Weak buildings will fall down in an earthquake, but strong ones may stay up.

【巩固练习】

1．她昨天回家很晚。

2．会议将持续两个小时。

3．在过去的十年里，我的家乡已经发生了巨大变化

4．每天八时开始上课。

5．这个重五公斤。

6．五年前我住在北京。

二、主谓宾结构

本结构是由主语+及物的谓语动词+宾语构成。宾语成分的多样化使得这一结构异常复杂。

1. Tom made a hole in the wall.

2. I don’t know if he can come tomorrow.

3. They haven’t decided where to go next.

4. She stopped teaching English two years ago.

5. It took them ten years to build the dam.

6. Mother promises to give me a present.

【巩固练习】

1．昨晚我写了一封信。

2．这本书他读过多次了。

3．他们成功地完成了计划。

4．我们大家都相信Jack 是一个诚实男孩。

5. 他不知道说什麽好。

6. 我开窗户你在意吗？

三、主语+系动词+表语( S + V + C )

1.我的兄弟都是大学生。

2. 她的工作是在幼儿园里照看儿童。nursery

3. 树叶已经变黄了。

4. 这个报告听起来很有意思。

5. 布朗夫人看起来很健康。

6. 十五岁他就成为有名的钢琴家了。pianist

四、英语基本句型4 双宾语结构

此结构由“主语+及物谓语动词+间接宾语（人）+直接宾语（事物）”组成。如：

He brings me cookies every day.但若要先说出直接宾语（事物），后说间接宾语（人），则要借助于介词to或for。如：

He brings cookies to me every day.

She made a beautiful dress for me.

用to侧重指动作的方向，表示朝着，向着，对着某人。用for 侧重指动作的受益者，表示为了某人，替某人。常跟双宾语的动词有：（需借助to的）bring, give, lend, hand, offer, pass, pay, promise, return, send, show, teach, tell, write, ask等；（需借助for 的）buy, call, cook, choose, draw, find, get, make, order, sing, save, spare等。

【巩固练习】

1．Johnson 先生去年教我们德语。

2．请把那本字典递给我好吗？

3．我替你叫辆出租汽车好吗？

4．新式机器将会为你节省许多劳动。

5．他用他的第一个月工资给他妈妈买了一件毛衣。

五、英语基本句型5 复合宾语结构

说明: 此结构由“主语+及物的谓语动词+宾语+宾语补足语”构成。宾语与宾语补足语之间有逻辑上的主谓关系或主表关系，若无宾语补足语，则句意不够完整。可以用做宾补的有：名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，动词不定式，分词等。如：

The sun keeps us warm.

I heard him singing.

You must get your hair cut.

They made Tom monitor.

He used to do his homework with his radio on.

用it 做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面，以使句子结构平衡，是英语常用的句型结构方式。即：主语+谓语+it+宾补+真正宾语。如：

I found it very pleasant to be with your family.

【巩固练习】

1．我们叫她Alice.

2．我们大家都认为他是诚实的。

3．我要你把真相告诉我。

4. 每天早晨我们都听到他大声朗读英语。

5．他每个月理一次发

6．我们不会让她在晚上外出的。

六、英语基本句型6 There be 句型

说明：此句型是由“there+be+主语+状语”构成，用以表达存在关系可以称“……有……”。它其实是倒装的一种情况，主语位于谓语动词be 之后，there 仅为引导词，并无实际语意。

此句型有时不用be动词，而用live, stand, come, go, lie, remain, exist, arrive等。如：

There stands a hill in the middle of the park.

Once upon a time there lived an old king in the town.

Be 与其后的主语在人称和数量上一致，有时态和情态变化。如：

现在有there is/are …

过去有there was/were…

将来有there will be…；there is /are going to be...

现在已经有there has/have been…

可能有there might be...

肯定有there must be …/there must have been...

过去曾经有there used to be …

似乎有there seems/seem/seemed to be …

碰巧有there happen/happens/happened to be …

【巩固练习】

1．这个村子过去只有一口井。

2．灯亮着，办公室里肯定有人。

3．战前这儿一直有家电影院的.

4．恰好那时房里没人。

5．从前，在海边的一个村子里住着一位老渔夫。

6．公共汽车来了。

【链接高考】

请根据你对以下两幅图的理解, 以“Actions Speak Louder than Words”为题, 用英语写一篇作文。

参考词汇: banner (横幅)

stump (树桩)

你的作文应包括以下内容:

1. 简要描述两幅图的内容;

2. 概述你对两幅图中不同做法的理解;

3. 举例说明两幅图对你的启示。

注意:

1. 可参照图片适当发挥;

2. 作文词数150 左右;

3. 作文中不得提及有关考生个人身份的任何信息,如校名、人名等。

Actions Speak Louder than Words

People celebrate Earth Day differently. In Picture 1, a man is trying to put up a banner on a lonely tree surrounded by stumps, but in vain, while Picture 2 shows a couple happily planting trees.

The message conveyed here is clear: “Actions speak louder than words.” Our earth is suffering severe damage. Should we just pay lip service or take practical measures to protect it? The answer is definitely the latter. Immediate actions should be taken, like stopping cutting down trees, to better the environment.

Actions are important in other fields, too. Instead of shouting empty slogans, it is more meaningful to donate books and sports goods to children in need. We should strictly and voluntarily follow traffic rules, stopping at the red light rather than complaining about traffic jams. Only when we match our words with actions can we make a difference in whatever we hope to accomplish.(150 words)