FE Simulation for Internal Inversion of Aluminium Alloy Tube
sfFeatureList
Simufact.forming 8.0New featuresTable of Contents1. Meshes and Remeshing (4)1.1. Refinement boxes (4)1.2. Meshing control: Creating and saving FE meshes on-the-fly (6)1.2.1. Basics (6)1.2.2. Toolbar (7)1.2.3. Advanced parameters (7)1.3. Added Curve division parameter to MOM mesher Advanced (8)1.4. Remeshing of imported STL surfaces with the MOM mesher (8)1.4.1. Advanced parameters (10)2. Solver (11)2.1. Rotating dies for FE (11)2.2. Carry over results (like die-wear and die-temperature) during multistage (12)2.3. FE contact table (15)2.4. Boundary conditions for diestress simulations (18)2.4.1. Restrictions (18)2.4.2. Defining boundaries (18)2.4.3. Defining model surfaces (19)2.4.4. Boundary wizard (21)2.4.5. Defining overlaps (23)2.4.6. Reinforcement process (25)2.4.7. Deformable dies (26)2.5. Mirror models (27)2.6. Long process and component names for FV (28)2.7. New FE process type: Trimming (28)2.8. Special Solver executable for a process (29)2.9. Bilinear friction approach (30)2.10. Matilda Phasetransformation (30)2.11. Load controlled bodies (31)3. Moving and Positioning (31)3.1. Translate/Align To (32)3.2. Align BoundingBox (32)3.3. Positioning displacements (33)3.4. Automatic positioning during multistage (34)4. Helpful Stuff (35)4.1. Keyboard shortcuts for display helpers and external applications (35)4.2. Keyboard shortcuts for component display modes (36)4.3. Save components/processes without results (36)4.4. Add more than one die to a process at once (37)4.5. User defined logos (38)4.6. Running stage controls from the tool bar (38)4.7. Saving previews as image from the toolbar (39)4.8. Delete unused inventory items (39)4.9. Tool button for OUT file (39)4.10. User defined Text viewer (39)4.11. Display process/component name in a preview window (40)5. Enhancements and Redesigns (42)5.1. Improved/corrected selection of single components (42)5.2. Enhanced color selection (42)5.3. Enhanced PointToPoint stroke dialog (43)5.4. Delete all defined points (43)5.5. Improved color legends for results (43)5.6. Enhanced symmetry dialog (45)5.7. Enhanced check data dialog (47)5.8. Redesign of the Stroke dialog (48)5.9. Redesign of the Step Control for FE (48)5.10. Improved Rotation axis definition (49)5.11. Display of FE loadcases for the single result steps (50)5.12. SpaceDevice support (50)This text shortly lists all the changes and new features that have been integrated to Simufact.forming since the MaintenancePack 1 of the version 2005 (released 2005-06-20 under the application's fomer name SuperForge). Although it contains a lot of hints, tips and remarks it is not meant to be a full manual or even tutorial for the program. Descriptions and facts may be missing, incomplete, misleading or plainly wrong.1. Meshes and Remeshing1.1. Refinement boxesThe Properties dialog for remesh iconsnow offers a new button Refinement boxes (lower right corner) for all 3D types. This includes the HexMesher and PatranTetra for FE, as well as MOM and RET refinement during the analysis for FV.In the Refinement boxes dialog an arbitrary number of boxes can be defined, however only 10 at a time can be activated (=checked). Use Add to insert a new box and select the created entry to display its values in the lower half of the dialog. In order to distinguish the single boxes from each other, the default color can be replaced for each entry.The defined and activated refinement boxes can be visualized in the preview dialog. Either check/uncheck the according tool bar buttonor press CTRL-R to toggle box display on/off (see also Section 4.1, “Keyboard shortcuts for display helpers and external applications”). In the following example the refinement box is displayed in bright green.Important•The combo boxes for the reference bodies remain empty until the Remesh icon is actually attached toa component. Only then it knows which bodies are available in the current process and offers themfor selection.•Refinement boxes can now also be defined for the RET technology (like for FE and MOM). Please notethat they do not support different reference bodies for the two corners! One can attach the box to asingle contact body to let the box move around, but it always has the same size (no expansion/shrinkingduring the analysis).1.2. Meshing control: Creating and saving FE meshes on-the-flyIn all FE processes the deformable bodies (including workpieces and dies with heat conduction) have a Mesh symbolthat can be used to create and store the mesh for this body. In contrast to FV processes, where only a surface description is needed, you always have to create full 2D/3D meshes for an FEM analysis. On the start of a process the GUI will try to perform this task automatically, but this may fail sometimes or you may need very specific settings for the meshes you want to use.In these cases you can create an FE mesh for the component in an interactive manner. A right-click on the symbol Mesh and selecting Show/Create Meshevokes the Mesh dialog which has been partly redesigned.1.2.1. BasicsIn the upper left corner you can select which component you would like to mesh.NoteWhen you have opened the Mesh dialog via the entry Show Mesh of the Process' right-click popup, also the dies in the process are selectable but can not be meshed unless they are of type deformable (see also Section 2.4.7, “Deformable dies”).If you have never before meshed the selected component, the element size is set to 0. This means that the GUI will automatically derive a length from the volume of the model. When you enter a number of Elements in the middle line edit, Simufact.forming tries to guess which edge length would be needed to divide the volume of the model into the given count of elements. However, you can also directly type in a reasonable value for the element size at any time.On the right side, the type of mesher can be selected. For 3D processes/meshes you can choose between the Overlay Hex and the Patran Tetra mesher. For 2D, only the Advancing Front Quad type is provided. When the 3D mesher Patran Tetra is selected you can check/uncheck the option Volumemesh directly on STL. If active, the surface of the model is kept as it is during the meshing procedure. This is the default setting for this mesher type. Else the surface gets remeshed too, which may result in a volume difference between the model and its mesh.These are the basic parameters that you should check and adjust for every meshing. After clicking the Create New Mesh button at the upper right corner, the selected mesher is called and starts its work. For the 3D meshers, a separate Log dialog appears, showing the current progress like for the MOM surface remeshing (see Section 1.4,“Remeshing of imported STL surfaces with the MOM mesher”).On a successful run, the created mesh is shown in the view window. As an additional feature, Advancing Front Quad and Overlay Hex meshes are now displayed correctly in the preview (The surface elements do not get split into triangles anymore.). In the Elements line edit the created number of elements for the mesh is displayed.By clicking on Close you accept the current settings and the mesh. This predefined mesh is then used unchanged for the following analysis. You can also decide to restore the old mesh and its settings by leaving the dialog with the Cancel button.Your third option is to change some of the parameters and then mesh the component anew by clicking on Create New Mesh again.1.2.2. ToolbarApart from the Create New Mesh button, four other options are available at the top of the dialog (from left to right):1.Show Mesh: Displays the current mesh in the preview. This option is On by default.2.Show model: This toggle button blends in the original model geometry on top of the created mesh and thus canhelp in comparing the states before and after. If no meshing was done or the current mesh has been deleted (see4.) you will only see the original geometry. This can also be used to enforce the display of dies in the preview...3.Import new mesh: A file dialog opens where you can select a FEM DAT file with an Overlay Hex, PatranTetra or Advancing Front Quad mesh. The data, created by Simufact.forming SFM for example, is read in and displayed and stored as the current mesh.4.Delete mesh: Simply deletes the current mesh. Be very careful with this button, if you delete a mesh it is goneand you can not get it back!1.2.3. Advanced parametersIf changing the element size is simply not enough for getting a mesh, you can try to adjust some of the Advanced parameters that are available for the two 3D meshers. This feature will call the same dialogs as for the Advanced button in the Remesh object Properties and offers a lot of settings for the expert.Additionally, you can define Refinement boxes for the Overlay Hex and Patran Tetra mesher. Again, the dialog and its usage are identical to the RefineBoxes dialog of the Remesh objects (see also Section 1.1, “Refinement boxes”). The option Create remesh object creates a new remesh item in the inventory, based on the current settings.Finally, a new button Element size -> Process is available in the lower left corner of the Mesh window. On a click, the currently displayed element size for the mesh is set as basic element size for the whole process in the FormingControl.1.3. Added Curve division parameter to MOM mesh-er AdvancedFor the MOM remesh icon properties a new Advanced parameter was added. With curve divisions, the user can control the granularity of refinement for bended surfaces (see also Section 1.4, “Remeshing of imported STL surfaces with the MOM mesher”).1.4. Remeshing of imported STL surfaces with the MOM mesherIt is now possible to interactively remesh model surfaces in the Simufact.forming GUI. On a right-click with the mouse on a model, one can select Surface remeshA dialog pops up that shows the model and sets a default element size for the remeshing.On clicking Remesh the model is remeshed with the specified settings. A small log dialog keeps track of the mesher output while it is running.You can abort the mesh procedure at any time with the Cancel button, for example if the mesher seems to have given up and the process hangs. If the mesher succeeds, the result is automatically displayed.Now you can either change some settings and try to Remesh again, or click on OK to save the created mesh asa new model with the name extension -F.1.4.1. Advanced parametersIf no remesh is possible with the default element size, try to increase/decrease it in a first try. If this strategy does not help, you can use the buttons Advanced parameters and Refinement boxes. The first shows the same dialog box as for the MOM Remesh icon properties (see also Section 1.3, “Added Curve division parameter to MOM mesher Advanced”).It offers a set of different approaches for getting a new surface:1.Restricting the Minimum and Maximum Edge Length or setting a limit for the Maximum number ofelements during remeshing. This keeps the MOM mesher from refining infinitely or forces him to use more elements in order to cope with certain problem areas.2.Varying the Edge angle can help a lot, but might result in the loss of too many edges and bends if values ofmore than 30-40 degrees are chosen. Edges that meet at an angle smaller than the specified Edge angle get rounded by cutting off the tip. This loss of information often leads to meshes that look a bit ugly. But you havea start and can then continue to refine it step by step, if needed. You may also improve your results by varyingthe Vertex angle, which will keep all nodes that meet at the specified angle.3.By setting the Curve divisions the user can influence the refinement in the area of bended surfaces. Theparameter gives the degree of refining as subdivisions within a quarter circle. This refinement is applied to the whole model, except the areas where a hard edge or a hard vertex was detected due to the Edge angle and Vertex angle settings. Reasonable values for the Curve divisions usually lie in the range of 5-15.Another option, that can also be combined with the latter three, is the definition of Refinement boxes which works as described in Section 1.1, “Refinement boxes”.2. Solver2.1. Rotating dies for FEAll the features for using rotating dies in a simulation have been enabled for FE, too. As for FV you can now attach a die to a tabular pressand add a rotation, e.g. in a rolling process. Do not forget to specify a rotation axis for the die (see also Section 5.10,“Improved Rotation axis definition”), else the Z axis (0,0,1) is the default.ImportantThe usage of table presses requires that the FE analysis is done quasistatic. This means only substage 3 (Forming) is activated and no automatic positioning of the workpiece can be performed (see Section 3.4,“Automatic positioning during multistage”).2.2. Carry over results (like die-wear and die-tempera-ture) during multistageWhile importing a model from results, the user can select the Pick variables button that opens a special selection dialog.Here, the variables that should be remapped to the next stage for the dies/workpieces can be checked/unchecked.All of the imported die/workpiece models get the same settings at first.ImportantThe Diewear variable is set for dies only! After import, the remap vars for the single dies/workpieces can be changed as needed via the Remap variables entry.The Remap variables dialog then shows only the available result variables, either for diesor for workpiecesThis remap feature is also available for multistage simulations using a StageControl.For this you have to open the properties of the single stage (here 3dfvfv) by a right-click on the icon and selecting Properties:On selecting a die or workpiece in the upper left list (here LowerDie) you can click on Pick variables to edit the list of remap variables:This list always contains all possible result values because at the very moment no results exist for this body/stage. So it is not clear yet which variables will be available at import time....2.3. FE contact tableThe user can now insert a contact table for FE processes:By a double-click on the contact table iconor selecting Properties from the popup menu (right-click on the icon)the contact table dialog pops up:The left list displays all contact bodies (workpieces and dies) that are available in the current process. After se-lecting one of them, the user can click on Activate contacts to select with which bodies a contact exists.Here, also the symmetry and constraint planes are shown (only contacts die->plane are allowed but not the other way round!).With the Contact options some advanced features for the experts are available.The button is only enabled when you have selected a contact pair, i.e. an entry in the left and middle list.If boundary conditions of type Overlap (see Section 2.4.5, “Defining overlaps” below) are available for a contact pair, they can be activated via Activate overlaps:In the selection dialog all overlaps, assigned to one of the two contact bodies, are shown and can be selected/des-elected. This does not activate the overlaps (attaching the boundary condition to a die is sufficient for this)! On closing the selection dialog, all activated overlap distances are added and the contact tolerance is set to this sum as a default value.The user can then still decide to edit the tolerance manually, if required.2.4. Boundary conditions for diestress simulations2.4.1. Restrictions1.Boundary conditions can be applied to 3D FE processes of type Reinforcement only. As an exception from thisrule, the conditions Fixed displacement, Apply force and Apply stress are also available for Diestress simulations of a single die after a FV process.2.The deformable dies that have a boundary condition attached (overlap excluded), need to be meshed with thePatranTatra mesher, using the option Directmeshing on STL. This is enforced by the GUI automatically during DAT file writing.3.If a Reinforcement is computed and results/loads from a previous stage are to be mixed with overlap stresses,the previous stage must be a FV process.2.4.2. Defining boundariesBoundary conditions are defined like other properties (friction, material) by a right-click in the inventory and selecting Boundary condition/Manual:In the evoked dialog the type of boundary condition can be selected:According to the made selection a sub-dialog shows up, where additional settings---like the force and its direc-tions---can be specified. After closing the dialog with Ok, a new property iconis created in the inventory that can be attached to the die of an FE process (see Section 2.4.4, “Boundary wizard”below).Currently two groups of conditions exist:1.Conditions that apply to a predefined surface (set of surface elements)•Fix displacement•Apply force•Apply stress2.Conditions that apply to the whole model•Overlaps (physical and virtual)For the first type, one or several model surfaces have to be defined on which the boundary is applied.2.4.3. Defining model surfacesA right-click on a model in the inventory and selecting Define surfacesopens the Surface view for the selected geometry.In the upper right corner an arbitrary number of surfaces can be defined. For a start, simply Add a new surface. After selecting the new surface Surface1 and switching the view mode from Camera modeto Pick modeif necessary, a special cursor symbol in the form of a triangle is shown. By clicking on elements in the model preview to the left, single elements are picked for the current surface:The set of selected surface elements is displayed in the current highlight colour, additionally their count is shown in the right middle. In the same manner, elements can be removed from the current surface by switching the Picking mode to Deselect and clicking at the unwanted faces. With Size mode not only single faces can be processed but also small to large areas of adjacent elements or all elements at once. Finally, the number of elements to pick can be set by the user directly when switching to User defined.After confirming the made definitions with Ok, the defined surfaces are saved together with the model.2.4.4. Boundary wizardWhen a boundary condition is dropped onto the die of an FE process, an additional symbol is shown in the process tree:The Boundary Wizard has two main tasks:1.Managing the list of boundary conditions for a single component2.Linking/attaching boundary conditions to predefined surfacesAfter opening its properties by a right-click on the wizard symbol and selecting Propertiesthe special Wizard view for the current component is shown:After selecting one of the boundary conditions that are attached to the wizard/die, the surfaces activated for it are listed at the lower right. By selecting Edit surface list a dialog shows up, where all defined element sets can be switched on/off for the current boundary:When a surface entry is selected in the Wizard view, its set of elements is displayed with the current highlight colour in the model view to the left:2.4.5. Defining overlapsOverlaps are not linked to a predefined surface, which is why they do not show in the Wizard view. They get activated by simply attaching the condition to a die. The current implementation of an Radial overlap supports only axisymmetrical models in 3D. It is useful for reinforcement processes, where initial stresses are created by letting the single rings overlap by a certain amout. In the sub-dialog for Overlaps, two different types can be selected:1.PhysicalIf the physical type is defined, the analysis assumes that the single rings of the reinforcement do already overlap in the process setup. The Contact tolerance value should be set to the overlap measure then.2.VirtualFor a virtual overlap the rings can be positioned/created such that they touch face-to-face. By attaching a virtual overlap, e.g. to the inner ring, it gets expanded in radial direction automatically while writing the geometry of the model to the DAT file.If a positive Overlap distance is given, the set of points at the outer radius of the model are moved away from the centre.For a negative virtual overlap, the points at the inner radius are moved inwards by the given amount:Both can be combined by attaching a positive and a negative overlap to a die.Often the rings that are used for reinforcements have a slightly conical shape. This means that one can not simply expand all points exactly at the maximum outer or minimum inner radius. A certain interval of allowed radii has to be specified which is ruled by the parameter Relative radius tolerance. For a positive virtual overlap all points in [r1-r1*t, r1] are expanded, where r1 is the maximum outer radius of the model and t the relative radius tolerance.The same holds for negative virtual overlaps and the minimum inner radius r s. All points in [r s, r s-r s*t], get moved towards the centre of the model (= Z axis).2.4.6. Reinforcement processFor the special requirements of reinforcement simulations a new process type named Reinforcement has been added:Like Trimming, a reinforcement is possible with the FE solver only. Since it is processed as a series of quasistatic loadcases no element sizes or stepping procedure has to be defined for the process. As a consequence, only a subset of the usual tabs shows under the Forming Control:The first tab Reinforcement can be used to specify from which process the die results (= loads) should be imported for the diestress analysis. In the upper right corner the previous process is selected firstthen the list of available result steps get updated. By checking an entry, the single step can be activated and gets an own result increment for the FE analysis.ImportantThe die for the result import has to carry the same name in both processes, the previous one and the current reinforcement analysis!2.4.7. Deformable diesA new die type has been added for the support of deformable dies that can be used in reinforcement processes. It is displayed by the usual die icon in green colorand requires a mesh, like a normal workpiece. The die type can be switched via a right-click on a die and then selecting Die type/Deformable DieDies that are inserted to a reinforcement process are deformable by default.As already mentioned in Section 2.4.1, “Restrictions”, the deformable dies that have a boundary condition attached (overlap excluded), need to be meshed with the PatranTatra mesher, using the option Directmeshing on STL. This is enforced by the GUI automatically during DAT file writing.2.5. Mirror modelsResult Models can now be mirrored along the X, Y or Z axis with the Mirror entry in the right-click menu of the model.In the Mirror dialog, the user can select the direction (X, Y or Z) and an offset from the origin for the Mirror Plane. This offset can also be computed automatically by clicking on Calculate. On Preview, the surface is mirrored with the given settings and the result is shown in the lower view. It can be saved by clicking Ok.This function can be useful for rather large symmetric processes, where the first stages may exploit the symmetry but in the end (FE rolling for example) a full 3D analysis needs to be performed.2.6. Long process and component names for FVThe FV solver has been extended such that you can use Process and component names of up to 35 characters in the GUI now, for FE as well as for FV:2.7. New FE process type: TrimmingA new process type Trimming was added to the process’ properties dialog. It is available for FE processes only.For setting up a Trimming, all you have to do is to:•move the cutting die to its end position and•make sure that the die is attached to a normal press.Then you can start the analysis and the workpiece is cut wherever it overlaps with the cutting die.NoteFor a Trimming, the stroke in the FormingControl is not taken into account and can be 0 as well. 2.8. Special Solver executable for a processApart from the general Solver executable settings in the Tools/Options/Environment), a special solver can be used for a single process. Under FormingControl/Advanced/Solver an entry Solver executable exists (here shown for FV only)that can be used to overrule the global settings. (Set it to sfDytran.exe for FV or the sfMarc.exe for FE processes.)2.9. Bilinear friction approachUnder FormingControl for FE a new Advanced tab called Friction was added. The user can now select between the classical Arctan and the Bilinear approach.2.10. Matilda PhasetransformationThe Matilda Phasetransformation option for FE has been enabled under Forming Control, Output Results2.11. Load controlled bodiesThe DieInserts now support the fixing of translational movements, as well as rotations around the X/Y/Z axis. They work for FV as well as for FE, in the latter case they are equivalent to the so-called Load controlled bodies.3. Moving and PositioningFor all contact bodies (dies/workpieces) the position can be manipulated via the entries Translate, Align Bound-ingBox, and Positioning in the middle of the right-click popup menuThese options are shortly explained in the next three sections, followed by the feature Section 3.4, “Automatic positioning during multistage”.3.1. Translate/Align ToThe Translate dialog offers three possibilities for moving the wp/die around:1.Translate by moves the body by the given lengths, relative from its current position.2.Move to directly sets the coordinates of the bodies center. It can be used to center cylindrical models to aspecific position, this however requires that the geometry of the cylinder was symmetrically constructed around the origin.3.Align to moves the body such that its bounding box starts/stops at the given position. Very helpful to positiontools/wp in general such that they touch face-to-face, or to ensure that the workpiece is positioned exactly on the Z axis for axisymmetrical processes.3.2. Align BoundingBoxWhile the Translate function from before helps when you want to position a component to a specific coordinate, Align BoundingBox assists you in stacking workpieces and dies relative to each other.For each of the three axis (X, Y and Z) you can specify whether you•want to keep the current position, or•would like to align the center (=middle), min (=left edge) or max (=right edge) of the BoundingBox to the box of another component.For the other wp/die that you select with the combo box in the middle of the dialog, you also have to give a Position different than Keep. With the buttons to the right you can set all Positions to the same value at once.3.3. Positioning displacementsIn the right-click menu of the single components, two new entries have been added under the menu item Posi-tioning. With Save current position the position of the current component is stored as a reference. Then the component can be translated freely, for example by using the Positioner.Once the positioning is complete, a difference vector between the saved reference position and the new current position exists. By clicking on Apply displacement to, this displacement can be added to other components in the process. This helps in positioning several dies at once by a specific amount.3.4. Automatic positioning during multistageFE stages, where the workpiece is not positioned correctly (this can happen a lot during multistage operation)are automatically corrected, if the substages 1+2 of the process are activated. The following result screenshot shows that the workpiece gets moved upwards, such that it hovers above all dies.The FEM solver then takes care about approaching the workpiece (substage 1) and the die (substage 2) until it reaches contact. Afterwards, the actual forming (substage 3) starts.。
Fusion Simulation 专家培训教程说明书
Become a Fusion Simulation expert in 60 minutesDr. Shekar SubSr.Principal Engr/ArchitectContents•Introduction •Simplification •Studies •Materials •Constraints •Loads •Contacts •Meshing•Pre-check/Solve •ResultsAbout the speaker•Currently working on ANSYS collaboration •21 years @ Autodesk•Lead for Inventor and Fusion Sim •Many times @ AU presenting class •Inventor and Fusion community forums •Volunteer for FIRST robotics•Co-author of “Mastering Inventor….”•Lost ~$5 billion•Easy to use•Local & Cloud solve•Meshing (Tetrahedral)•Industry acclaimed Nastran, Explicit Solvers •Multi-threaded•Multi-platformSimplify CreateStudiesEditmaterialsApplyL&C Contacts Mesh Solve ResultsSimplificationSimplify workspace•“What-if”workspace (Simplify)•Remove unneeded geometryo Featureso Bodies/Components•Multiple variants of the base production modelSimulation ModelsSM1 ArrayBaseModelSM2What to Remove ? What to Use ?•Small featureso Removed from critical stress regionso No impact on overall stiffnesso Does not alter mass for frequency analysis•Screws and bolts. Use connectors•Lifting eyes or handles •Name plates, panel switches or indicator lights. Use point masses.Tip: Keep these internal fillets•Split body + Remove•Model is statically stable•Tip: Do symmetry changes in Simplify workspace. Results have slight variations.•Tip: Avoid modeling with symmetry when performing Modal Frequencies or Structural Buckling simulations. Even symmetrical structures have asymmetrical vibration modes, such as when the structure is twisting.Sy m metryDemo•Tip:In some fillet over fillet/complex fillet cases it is difficult/impossible to remove the fillet. Add Spheres at the intersections and then use Remove faces.•Simplify toolsStudies•Tip: No geometry creation •Setup->Mesh->Solve->Results •Fully associative•Has Compare workspace •Sibling of Generative DesignworkspaceFusion Simulation UI3. Browser4. Marking menu5. Overflow menu1. QAT2. ToolbarStudy types•8•Help with “Choose a study type” available•Tip:Create & then Edit.Studies areinterchangeable •Clone, Delete, Properties available•Tech Preview: EventSimulationMain Study typesModel response to L&C Small displacement,Linear responseLocal/Cloud Large deformation, motion.Non-linear materialStepsCloud onlyTemp distributionHeat flowTip: 1 thermal load is mustLocal/CloudLightweightingStress, displacement objectivesCloud onlyTip: Use fine mesh sizeMaterialsMaterials•Material cannot be used for solve•Value missing or not allowable•Non-linear material for Linear solveMaterials•You can define a stress-strain curve for a non-linear material.Bring in from MatWeb website.•Tip: Ctrl to add rows in Study Materials dialog. Shift to select a bunch of rows•Tip:RMB on a material in the browser to access the Study Materials command, all components that use the same material are automatically preselectedConstraintsConstraints•Goal: Limit translational, rotational motion•Need at least a few•Entities: Faces, Edges, Vertices•Tip: In some situations partially constrain the model and use the Remove rigid body modes option. Solver will apply an acceleration load to keep model statically stable.Constraint typesDOF Ux Uy UzUnselect to unfix FixedPin FrictionlessConnector Uniformly distributed Always NormalRadial Axial TangentialMultiple entities Bolt Rigid No geometry is createdNo movement normal to surfaceLoadsLoads•Goal: Specify load magnitude and type accurately •causes displacements•Forceo Limit Targeto Per entityo Normal, Angle, VectorsMain Load typesNormal/Any directionLimit targetForce per entityMultiple entities ForceUniformly distributed Always Normal Multiple entities Centroid of faces Axis passes centroidMultiple entitiesLoad Cases•Load Case 1: Effects of gravity •Load Case 2: Effects of L&C•Not unique to a load caseo Suppressed componentso Materialso Contactso Mesh settingso Local mesh controlo Tip:Double-click activates a loadcase. Cannot have 0 LCsPoint Masses -Auto•Effects of components not present in the model •Reduces file size, element count and processing time •Existing solid bodies will be hiddenPoint Masses -Manual•Not based on existing geometry. Specify point for centroid.Tip:Which input field corresponds to which offset direction? Drag a manipulator arrow.Then, notice which Distance field has a changing value while you are dragging the arrow.Gravity•Global load, affects point masses•ON/OFF•Gravity directiono Face: Normalo Edge: Average vector of normal vectors @ edgeo Vertex: Average vector of all faces @ vertexo Tip: When you apply a Hydrostatic Pressure load to any face of the model, the program automatically activates gravity. The direction of gravity controls thedirection of increasing pressure for this type of load.ContactsContacts•Specify how 2 bodies are connected•Has no relation to joints in assembly•Use Contacts, Manage Contacts to edit contactsContact typesWelded Offset allowedSliding RoughNo penetrationPartial or full separationSlide freelyNo penetrationNo separationSliding allowedNo penetrationPartial or full separationNo slidingContactsType What DOF of 2entitiesSeparation Frictionless Penetration Sliding OtherBonded"weldedtogether“. Same No No No No Treated as singlebody. Same equaldeformation foradjacent nodesSeparation Separates andslides Separate In normaldirectionYes No Yes, intangentialdirectionTip: Furtherconstraints maybe required tomodify the DOF’sfor each body.Sliding No separationbetween parts Separate No Yes No Yes, intangentialdirectionRough Similar toseparation butno sliding Separate No gaps orseparationsYes No NoMeshingMesh quality•How large is your mesh element? Tip: For Shape Optimization use a small mesh size to get reasonable results.•Linear:•Parabolic:•Tip: Good mesh extremely important for good results. Video Link•Aspect ratio•Maximum turn angle •Tip: Lower the turnangle smoother the circleLocal Mesh control•Mesh needs to be fine in localized regions •Faces, edges or bodies•Adaptive mesh refinement•Static, Modal, Thermal and Thermal Stress•Maximum # of mesh refine ments Tip: <8 gives good results •Results Convergence Tolerance:% change between 2 iterations <= tolerance it stops•Portion of elements to refine(%)o X%: Top X% w.r.t critical result are refined•Frequency Mode: Modal frequencies only. Basis for refinementAdaptive mesh refinement examplePre-Check, SolvePre-CheckIcon What it means Studycan besolved?ExamplesSerious issues, missing inputs.No Missing loads,constraints, materialsPotential issues. Solvemay issue warningsYes Unconstrained fullyAll inputs are supplied Yes Tip: Desired stateTip:Error v/s Warning: Missing loads v/s using non-linear material for linear analysisSolve dialog•Local only 1 study. Synchronous•Cloud: Multiple. Asynchronous•Studies that cannot be solved can be hidden•Tip:To resolve a solved study, uncheck and check the checkbox next to a load or constraint •Tip:Even though you solve locally, your results are automatically uploaded to cloud after the solve.Cloud CreditsTip: No CC charged for cancelled solves. You can only cancel 1 job at a time.ResultsResults for baseline accuracy•Static Stresso Von Miseso1st principalo3rd principalo Displacement, total•Thermalo Heat flux, temperature•Thermal stress: All previously listed•Tip:You can specify the desired result on which to base the convergence test regardless of whether you are using a refinement preset or custom settings. Use displacement for faster analysisResults•3D graphical results•Legend•Result type •Units •Convergence plot。
时移航空磁法在煤矿火烧区探测中的应用研究
时移航空磁法在煤矿火烧区探测中的应用研究于永宁1， 李雄伟2， 石磊1， 柳凯元1， 郭建磊2， 马国庆3（1. 中国神华能源股份有限公司 神东煤炭分公司，陕西 榆林 719315；2. 中煤科工西安研究院（集团）有限公司，陕西 西安 710077；3. 吉林大学 地球探测科学与技术学院，吉林 长春 130026）摘要：煤层自燃后导致上覆地层中的矿物质形成磁性矿物，呈现高磁异常特征，为磁法探测火烧区提供了物性前提。
航空磁法在煤矿火烧区探测取得了良好效果，但无法有效探测煤层火烧区发展趋势。
针对上述问题，在航空磁法的基础上，提出了时移航空磁法，即在一定时间间隔内开展2次航空磁法探测，根据2次航磁反演结果之间的差值，判断煤矿火烧区随时间的变化特征，达到有效探测煤矿火烧区分布范围及发展趋势的目的。
为兼顾起伏地区的地形拟合效果和反演计算效率，采用规则与非规则复合网格剖分方法，即在地表起伏的地方采用四面体非规则网格剖分，在地表以下的地方采用六面体规则网格剖分。
结果表明，规则与非规则复合网格剖分方法不仅满足起伏地形条件下对反演精度的要求，而且反演计算效率较四面体非规则网格剖分方法提升了近6倍。
基于实际地质情况建立了数值模型，并利用无人机和航空光泵磁力仪进行实际测试。
数值模拟和实测结果表明，时移航空磁法能够准确探测火烧区分布范围及火烧区随时间变化的发展趋势，可为煤矿开展防灭火工作提供依据。
关键词：煤自燃；火烧区；时移航空磁法；网格剖分；磁异常反演中图分类号：TD752 文献标志码：AResearch on the application of time shifting aeromagnetic method in detecting coal mine burning areasYU Yongning 1, LI Xiongwei 2, SHI Lei 1, LIU Kaiyuan 1, GUO Jianlei 2, MA Guoqing 3(1. Shendong Coal Branch, China Shenhua Energy Company Limited, Yulin 719315, China ；2. CCTEG Xi'an Research Institute (Group) Co., Ltd., Xi'an 710077, China ；3. College of Geo-Exploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, China)Abstract : The spontaneous combustion of coal seams leads to the formation of magnetic minerals in the overlying strata, exhibiting high magnetic anomaly features, providing a physical prerequisite for the magnetic method to detect the burning area. The aeromagnetic method has achieved good results in detecting coal mine burning areas, but it cannot effectively detect the development trend of coal mine burning areas. In order to solve the above problems, based on the aeromagnetic method method, a time-shifting aeromagnetic method is proposed.It involves conducting two aeromagnetic detections within a certain time interval. Based on the difference between the two aeromagnetic inversion results, the features of the coal mine burning area over time are determined. It achieves the goal of effectively detecting the distribution range and development trend of the coal mine burning area. In order to balance the terrain fitting effect and inversion calculation efficiency in undulating areas, a composite mesh generation method of regular and irregular grids is adopted. The tetrahedral irregular grid generation is used in undulating areas on the surface, and hexahedral regular grid generation is used in areas below收稿日期：2022-11-07；修回日期：2023-08-26；责任编辑：盛男。
一些专有名词的翻译
simulation 仿真；模拟simulation algorithm 仿真算法simulation algorithm libray 仿真算法库simulation block diagram 仿真（方）框图simulation centre 仿真中心simulation clock 仿真时钟simulation data base 仿真数据库simulation environment 仿真环境simulation equipment 仿真设备simulation evaluation 仿真评价simulation experiment 仿真实验simulation experiment modelibrary 仿真实验模式库simulation expert system 仿真专家系统simulation graphic library 仿真图形库simulation information library 仿真信息库simulation job 仿真作业simulation knowledge base 仿真知识库simulation laboratoryt 仿真实验室simulation language 仿真语言simulation methodology 仿真方法学simulation model 仿真模型simulation model library 仿真模型库simulation process 仿真过程simulation process time 仿真过程时间simulation program 仿真程序simulation result 仿真结果simulation run 仿真运行simulation software 仿真软件simulation support system 仿真支持系统simulation system 仿真系统simulation technique 仿真技术simulation type 仿真类型simulation velocity 仿真速度simulation work station 仿真工作站simulator 仿真器simultancous comparison method 同时比较法simultaneous technique 同时联用技术；同时并用技术sing around method 声环法sing-around velocimeter 环鸣声速仪single acting positioner 单作用定位器single arm measurement 单臂测量single beam spectrum radiator 单光束光谱辐射计single board microcomputer 单片微（型）计算机single bounce technique 一次反射法single-channel FSK system 单通道FSK系统single channel recorder 单通道记录仪single core typy current transformer 单铁心型电流互感器single ended transducer 单端换能器single field lens 单场透镜single focusing 单聚焦single-focusing mass spectrograph 单聚焦质谱仪single-focusing mass spectrometer 单聚焦质谱计single function(measuring)instrument 单功能（测量）仪表single gauge measurement 单计[片]测量single grain layer varistor 单颗粒层电压敏电阻器single-idler electronic belt conveyor scale 单托辊电子皮带秤single input single output control system;SISO control system 单输入单输出控制系统single-jet water meter 单流束水表single-junction SQUID 单结量子干涉器single junction temperature transducer [sensor] 单结温度传感器single level process 单级过程single loop control 单回路控制single loop control system 单回路控制系统single loop controller 单回路控制器single magnet galvanometer 单磁式振动子single-pass internal reflection element 单通内反射元件single-path diagonal-beam flowmeter 单声道斜束式流量计single-path ratio thermometer 单通道比色温度计single piston pressure-vacuum gauge 单活塞压力真空计single-plane (static) alancing 单面（静）平衡single-plane (static)balancing machine 单面（静）平衡机single probe technique 单探头法single range (measuring) instrument 单范围[量限]（测量）仪表single sheet apparatus for measuring specific total losses of magnetic sheet and strip 单片电工钢片[带]比总损耗测量装置single scintillation radioactive logger 单道闪烁辐射测井仪single-speed floating action 单速无定位作用single-speed floating controller 单速无定位控制器single-tube manometer 单管压力计single tube mercury manometer 单管水银压力表single value nonlinearity 单值非线性single variable control system 单变量控制系统sinker （浮子流量计）浮子sintered gas sensor 烧结式气敏元件sinusoidal quantity 简谐波siphon action 虹吸作用siphon barometer 虹吸气压表siphon pipe [tube] 虹吸管siphon rainfall recorder 虹吸式雨量计six component balance 六分力天平Six's thermometer 最高最低温度表；西克斯温度表skip distance 跨距点slant visibility 斜能见度slave operation 从动工作slave station 从站slaved system 受役系统slaving principle 役使原理silding vane rotary flowmeter 刮板流量计sling psychrometer 手摇干湿表sling thermometer 手摇温度表slip bezel ring 滑动盖环slope error over 10% 10%段的斜率误差slope factor 斜率slope over 10% 10%段斜率slope/temperature factor adjustment of pH meter pH计的斜率/温度系数校准器slurry packing 匀浆填充small focus X-ray tube 小焦点X射线管Smith-McIntyre mud sampler 史密斯—麦金太尔取泥器snaking motion value of specimen stage 样品台调节蛇行量snap ring 开口环snapper grab sampler 表层采样器snow density meter 积雪密度计snow measuring plate 积雪板snow-stake 测雪桩snow-storm 雪暴snow storm meter 雪暴测定仪snowfall 雪量snowfall totalizer 累计雪量计snowgauge 量雪器snowsampler 雪取样器；取雪器snubber 限制器soap-film burette 皂膜量管soft bearing balancing machine 软支承平衡机soft ionization 软电离soft keyboard 软键盘"soft" X-rays 软X射线software 软件software compatibility 软件兼容性software cost 软件成本software design procedure 软件设计过程software development library 软件开发库software development plan 软件开发计划software development process 软件开发过程software documentation 软件文件software engineering 软件工程software environment 软件环境software library 软件库software maintenance 软件维护software monitor 软件监督程序software package 软件包software package of computer aided disign 计算机辅助设计软件包software portability 软件可移植性software product 软件产品software psychology 软件心理学software quality 软件质量software reliability 软件可靠性software testing plan 软件测试计划software testing 软件测试software tool 软件工具soil evaporimeter 土壤蒸发仪soil moisture 土壤水分soil moisture content analyser 土壤水份测定仪soil oven 烘土箱soil thermometer 直管地温表solar constant 太阳常数solar radiation 太阳辐射solarigraph 总日射计solarimeter 总日射表solenoid 螺线管solenoid coil 电磁线圈solenoid valve 电磁阀solenoid valve for freon 氟里昂用电磁阀solenoid valve for gas 煤气电磁阀solenoid valve for steam 蒸气电磁阀solenoid valve for water 水用电磁阀solid electrolyte oxygen analyzer 固体电解质氧分析器solid front case with pressure relief at back 后部带泄压装置的前封式外壳solid scanning length measuring instrument 固体扫描式测长仪solid scanning transducer 固体扫描传感器solid scanning width meter [gauge] 固体扫描式宽度计solid-stage electrolyte gas transducer [sensor] 固体电解质气体传感器solid-state electrolyte humidity transducer [sensor] 固体电解质湿度传感器Solid-state electrolyte oin transducer [sensor] 固体电解质离子传感器solid-state (X-ray) detector 固态（X射线）检测器solid-stem liquid-in-glass thermometer 棒式玻璃温度计solo 单独布置；单独检测solvent removable dye penetrant testing method 溶剂去除着色渗透探伤法solvent removable penetrant 溶剂去除性渗透液sonar 声纳sonar dome 声纳导流罩sone 宋（响度单位）sonic [critical] Venturi nozzle 音速[临界]文丘里喷嘴sonic logger 声速测井仪sonic nozzle 音速喷嘴sound daffle 声障板sound energy density 声能量密度sound field 声场sound intensity 声强sound intensity level 声强级sound level 声级sound level calibrator 声级校准器sound level meter 声级计sound power 声功率sound power level 声功率计sound pressure 声压sound pressure level 声压级sound pressure transducer [sensor] 声压传感器sound radiation 声辐射sound ray tracking plotter 声线轨迹仪sound reflector 声反射器sound source 声源sound spectrum 声谱sounding 探测source language 源语言source of electron gun grid bias 电子枪栅偏压电源source of radiation 辐射源source program 源程序source slit 离子源狭缝space byte 空格字节space remote sensing 航天遥感space telemetry 航天遥测spacelab 太空实验库spacer 衬圈；垫片spaceship 宇宙飞船span 量程span calibration gas 量程校准气span drift 量程漂移span error 量程误差span of impact specimen supports 冲击试样支座跨距span shift 量程迁移[偏移]spark-proof instrument 安全火花型仪器spark source 火花电离源sparker 电火花震源spatial filter 空间滤波器spatial resolution 空间分辨率special simulation technique 特殊仿真技术specific acoustic impedance 声阻抗率specific gravity 比重specific humidity 比湿specific permeability 比渗透率specific resistance 电阻率specific retention volume 比保留体积specific service (pressure) gauge 特殊用途压力表specific viscosity 比粘specific weight 专用砝码specification 规格specified characteristic curve 规定特性曲线specified sensitivity 规定灵敏度specimen 试样；样品specimen chamber 样品室specimen cooling holder 致冷样品台specimen heating holder 加热样品台specimen holder 样品杯；样品杆；试样架specimen-holder assembly 样品（支持）器组件specimen rotating holder 旋转样品台specimen tensile holder 拉伸样品台spectral background 光谱背景spectral bandwidth 光谱带宽spectral characteristic curve 光谱特性曲线spectral density 谱密度spectral distribution curve 光谱分布曲线spectral distribution of energy 光谱能量分布spectral emissivity 光谱发射率spectral half width 光谱半宽度spectral line 光谱线spectral position 光谱位置spectral radiance 光谱辐射亮度spectral radiation exitance 光谱辐（射）出（射）度spectral range 光谱范围spectral resolution 光谱分辨率spectral slit width 光谱狭缝宽度spectro chemical analysis 光谱化学分析spectrofluorophotometer 荧光分光光度计spectrograph 摄谱仪spectrometer 光谱仪spectrometer channel 分光波道spectrophotometer 分光光度计spectrophotometric titration 分光光度滴定法spectropolarimeter 旋光仪spectroscopy 看谱镜；能谱法spectrum 光谱；谱spectrum analyzer 频谱分析仪spectrum radiator 光谱辐射计speech recognition 语音识别speed characteristic 转速特性speed control system 调速系统speed effect 速度效应spherical aberration 球差spherical phranometer 球形总日射表spherical phrgeometer 球形地球辐射表spherical phrradiometer 球形全辐射表spin axis 旋转轴spin decoupling 自旋去耦spin test (of a current-meter) （流速计的）旋转试验spinning magnetometer 旋转磁力仪spinning sidebands 旋转边带spin-sin coupling constant （核磁共振）自旋—自旋耦合常数spirit level 气泡式水准仪split-body valve 分体阀split core type current transformer 钳式电流互感器split range opoeration 分程操作split-ranging 分程split screen 分区屏幕split stream injector 分流进样器splitter 分流器spot radiation source 点辐射源spot recorder 光点记录仪SPOT satellite 斯波特卫星spot scanning 点扫描spot size 目标尺寸spray method 喷雾方法spraying device 喷雾装置spring-loaded regulator 弹簧型自力式调节阀spring-loaded variable-head flowmeter 弹性加载可变压头流量计spring plate 弹簧盘spring testing machine 弹簧试验机spurious echo 楔内反射波spurious errors 疏忽误差square-edged orifice plate 直角边缘孔板square frame of magnetic needle 方框罗针square profile (pressure) gaege 矩形压力表square-wave polarogyaph 方波极谱仪stability 稳定性；稳定度stability analysis 稳定性分析stability condition 稳定（性）条件stability criterion 稳定（性）判据；稳定（性）准则stability error 稳定性误差stability limit 稳定（性）极限stability margin 稳定裕度；稳定裕量stability method 稳定法stability of towed body 拖曳体稳定性stability theory 稳定性理论stabilizability 可稳性；能稳性stabilization 镇定；稳定stabilized load characteristic 稳定负载特性stabilized supply apparatus 稳定电源stabilized voltage varistor 稳压电压敏电阻器stabilizing network 镇定网络stabilizing period 稳定过程stable region 稳定域stable system 稳定系统stable type gravimeter 稳定型重力仪stack 栈stacking test 堆码试验stadia line 视距线stadia rod 视距尺stadia wave gauge 视距测波仪staff tide gauge 验潮杆；水尺stagnation pressure 滞止压力stain sync 应变同步standard 标准standard acceleration transducer 标准加速度传感器standard accelerometer 标准加速度计standard buffer solution 标准缓冲溶液standard calorimeter 标准型热量计standard capacitor 标准电容器standard cell 标准电池standard deviation of a single measurement in a series of measurments 测量列中单次测量的标准（偏）差。
Finite Element Simulations with Ansys Workbench
Finite Element Simulations with ANSYS Workbench 12 Theory – Applications – Case StudiesHuei-Huang LeeSDCPUBLICATIONSSchroff Development CorporationBetter Textbooks. Lower Prices.Visit the following websites to learn more about this book:46 Chapter 2 Sketching Chapter 2SketchingA simulation project starts with the creation of a geometric model. T o be pro0cient at simulations, an engineer has to be pro0cient at geometric modeling 0rst. In a simulation project, it is not uncommon to take the majority of human-hours to create a geometric model, that is particularly true in a 3D simulation.A complex 3D geometry can be viewed as a collection of simpler 3D solid bodies. Each solid body is often created by 0rst drawi ng a sketch on a plane, and then the sketch i s used to generate the 3D soli d body usi ng tools such as extrude, revolve, sweep, etc. In turn, to be pro0cient at 3D bodies creation, an engineer has to be pro0cient at sketching 0rst.Purpose of the ChapterThe purpose of this chapter is to provide exercises for the students so that they can be pro0cient at sketching using DesignModeler. Five mechanical parts are sketched in this chapters. Although each sketch is used to generate a 3D models, the generation of 3D models is so trivial that we should be able to focus on the 2D sketches without being distracted. More exercises of sketching will be provided in later chapters.About Each SectionEach sketch of a mechani cal part wi ll be completed i n a secti on. Sketches i n the 0rst two secti ons are gui ded i n a step-by-step fashion. Section 1 sketches a cross section of W16x50; the cross section is then extruded to generate a solid model in 3D space. Section 2 sketches a triangular plate; the sketch is then extruded to generate a solid model in 3D space.Secti on 3 does not mean to provi de a hands-on case. It overvi ews the sketchi ng tools i n a systemati c way, attempting to complement what were missed in the 0rst two sections.Sections 4, 5, and 6 provide three cases for more exercises. Sketches in these sections are in a not-so-step-by-step fashion; we purposely leave some room for the students to 0gure out the details.2.1-2 Start Up <DesignModeler>25".628".380"7.07"R.375"[4] Detail dimensions[2] After a while, the <Workbench GUI> shows up.[3] Click the plus sign (+) to expand the <Component Systems>. Note that the plus sign become minussign.[4] Double-click <Geometry> to place a system in the<Project Schematic>.[6] Double-click <Geometry> tostart up DesignModeler.[5] If anything goes wrong, click here to show message.[1] From Start menu, click to launch the Workbench.Notes: In a step-by-step exercise, whenever a circle is used with a speech bubble, it is to indicate that mouse or keynoard ACTIONS must be taken in that step (e.g., [1, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9]). The circle may be small or large, ;lled with white color or un ;lled, depending on whichever gives more information. A speech bubble without a circle (e.g., [2, 7]) or with a rectangle (e.g., [5]) is used for commentary only, no mouse or keyboard actions are needed.2.1-3 Draw a Rectangle on <XYPlane>[9] Click <OK>. Note that, after clicking <OK>, the length unit connot be changed anymore.[8] Select <Inch> as the length unit.[7] After a while, the DesignModeler [1] <XYPlane> is already the current sketchingplane.[2] Click <Sketching> to enter the sketching mode.[4] Click <Rectangle> tool.[3] Click <Look At> to rotate the coordinate axes, so that you face the <XYPlane>.[5] Draw a rectangle (using click-and-drag) roughly like this.Impose symmetry constraints...Specify dimensions...[6] Click<Constraint>toolbox.[8] Click<Symmetry>tool.[9] Click the verticalaxis and then twovertical lines on bothsides to make themsymmetric about thevertical axis.[10] Right-clickanywhere on the graphicarea to open the contextmenu, and choose<Select new symmetryaxis>.[11] Click thehorizontal axis andthen two horizontallines on both sidesto make themsymmetric aboutthe horizontal axis.[7] If you don'tsee <Symmetry>tool, click here toscroll down toreveal the tool.[12] Click<Dimensions>toolbox.[13] Leave<General> as the default tool.[17] In the<Detai ls Vi ew>, type 7.07 (in) for H1 and 16.25 (in)for V2.[14] Click this line,move the mouseupward, and click againto create H1.[15] Click this line,move the mouserightward, and clickagain to create V2.[17] Click<Zoom to Fit>.[16] The segments turn toblue color. Colors are usedto indicate the constraintstatus. The blue color meansthat the geometric entitiesare well constrained.The ruler occupies space and is sometimes annoying; let's turn it off...Let's display dimension values (in stead of names) on the graphic area...[2] The ruler disappears. It creates more space for the graphic area. For the rest of the book, we always turn off the ruler to make more space in the graphic area.[1] Pull-down-select <View/Ruler> to turn the ruler off.[3] If you don't see <Display> tool, click here to scroll all the way down to the bottom.[4] Click <Display> tool.[5] Click <Name> to turn it off. The <Value> automatically turns on.[6] The di mensi on names are replaced by the values. For the rest of the book, we always display values instead of names, so that the sketching will be more ef8cient.Draw a polyline; the dimensions are not important for now...Copy the newly created polyline to the right side, ;ip horizontally...2.1-6 Copy the Polyline[1] Select <Draw> toolbox.[2] Select <Polyline> tool.[3] Click roughly here to start the polyline. Make sure a <C> (coincident) appearsbefore clicking.[4] Click the second point roughly here. Make sure an <H> (horizontal) appearsbefore clicking.[5] Click the third point roughly here. Make sure a <V> (vertical) appears before clicking.[6] Click the last point roughly here. Make sure an <H> and a <C> appearbefore clicking.[7] Right-click anywhere on the graphic area to open the context menu, and select <Open End> to end the <Polyline> tool.[4] Right-click anywhere on the graphic area to open the context menu, and select <End/Use Plane Origin asHandle>.[1] Select <Modify> toolbox.[2] Select <Copy> tool.[3] Control-click (see [11, 12]) the three newly created segments one by one.Context menu is used heavily...Basic Mouse OperationsAt this point, let's look into some basic mouse operations [10-16]. Skill of these operations is one of the keys to be pro<cient at geometric modeling.[8] Right-click anywhere to open the context menu again and select <End> to end the <Copy> tool. An alternative way (and better way) is to press ESC to end a tool.[9] The horizontally =ipped polyline has been copied.[6] Right-click anywhere to open the context menu again and select <Flip Horizontal>.[5] The tool automatically changes from <Copy> to<Paste>.[7] Right-click anywhere to open the context menu again and select <Paste at PlaneOrigin>.[10] Click: singleselection[11] Control-click: add/remove selection [12] Click-sweep: continuous selection.[13] Right-click: open context menu.[14] Right-click-drag:box zoom.[15] Scroll-wheel: zoom in/out.[16] Middle-click-drag:rotation.rim Away Unwanted Segments2.1-8 Impose Symmetry Constraints[3] Click this segment to trim it away.[4] And click this segment to trim it away.[1] Select <T rim>tool.urn on <Ignore Axis>. If you don't turn it on, the axes will be treated as trimming tools.[2] Select <Symmetry>.[3] Click thishorizontal axis and then two horizontal segments on both sides as shownto make them symmetric about the horizontal axis.[1] Select <Constraints> toolbox.[4] Right-click anywhere to open the context menu and select <Select new symmetryaxis>[5] Click this vertical axis and then two vertical segments on both sides as shown to make them symmetric about the vertical axis. They seemed already symmetric before we impose this constraint, but the symmetry is "weak" and may be overridden (destroyed)by other constraints.[2] Leave <General> as default tool.<Dimensions> toolbox.[4] Select <Horizontal>.[3] Click this segment and move leftward to create a vertical dimension. Note that the entity isblue-colored.[5] Click these two segments sequentially and move upward tocreate a horizontal dimension.[6] T ype 0.38 for H4 and 0.628 for V3.2.1-11 Move Dimensionstoolbox.[2] Select <Fillet> tool.[3] T ype 0.375 for the :llet radius.[4] Click two adjacent segments sequentially to create a :llet. Repeat this step for other three corners.[2] Select <Move>.[3] Click a dimension value and move to a suitable position as you like. Repeat this step for other dimensions.[1] Select <Dimensions> toolbox.[5] The greenish-blue color of the :llets indicates that these :llets are under-constrained. The radius speci:ed in [3] is a "weak" dimension (may be destroyed by other constraints). Y ou could impose a <Radius> (which is in <Dimension> toolbox) to turn the :llets to blue. We, however, decide to ignore the color. We want toshow that an under-constrained sketch can stillbe used. In general, however, it is a good practice to well-constrain all entitiesin a sketch.[9] Click <Zoom to Fit> whenever needed.[10] Click <Display Plane> to switch off the display of sketching plane.[11] Click all plus signs (+) to expand the model tree and examine the <T ree Outline>.[6] Active sketch is shown here.[5] The active sketch(Sketch1) is automatically chosen as <Base Object> you can change to other sketch if needed.[2] The model is now in isometricview.[4] Note that the <Modeling> mode is automatically activated.[7] T ype 120 (in) for <Depth>[1] Click the little cyan sphere to rotate the model in isometric view for a better visual effect.[3] Click <Extrude>.[8] Click <Generate>[1] Click <SaveProject>. T ype"W16x50" as projectname.[2] Pull-down-select<File/CloseDesignModeler> toclose DesignModeler.[3] Alternatively youcan click <SaveProject> in the<Workbench GUI>.[4] Pull-down-select<File/Exit> toexi t Workbench.riangular Platemm30 mm300 mm2.2-2 Start up <DesignModeler>[1] From Start menu, launch the <Workbench>[2] Double-click tocreate a <Geometry>system.[3] Double-click tostart up<DesignModeler>.[1] Thehas threeplanes ofsymmetry.[2] Radii ofthe 7lletsare 10 mm.[3] Forces areapplied oneach side face.2.2-3 Draw a T riangle on <XYPlane>[6] Select <Sketching> mode.[7] Click <Look At> to look at <XYPlane>.[5] Pull-down-select <View/Ruler> to turn the ruler off. For the rest of the book, we always turn off the ruler to make more space in the graphicarea.[4] Select <Millimeter> as length unit.[2] Click roughly here to start a polyline.[3] Click the second point roughly here. Make sure a <V> (vertical) constraint appears beforeclicking.[4] Click the third point roughly here. Make sure a <C> (coincident) constraint appears before clicking. <Auto Constraints> is an important feature of DesignModeler and will be discussed in Section 2.3-5.[5] Right-click anywhere to open the context menu and select <Close End> to close the polyline andend the tool.[1] Select <Polyline> from <Draw> toolbox.Before we proceed, let's spend a few minutes looking into some useful tools for 2D graphics controls [1-10]; feel free to use these tools whenever needed. The tools are numbered according to roughly their frequency of use. Note that more useful mouse short-cuts for <Pan>, <Zoom>, and <Box Zoom> are available; please see Section 2.3-4.2.2-4 Make the T riangle Regular2.2-5 2D Graphics Controls[1] Select <Equal Length> from <Constraints> toolbox.[2] Click these two segments one after the other to make their lengths equal.[3] Click these two segments one after the other to make their lengths equal.[9] <Undo>. Click this tool to undo what you've just done. Multiple undo is possible. This tool is [10] <Redo>. Click this tool to redo what you've just undone. This tool is [2] <Zoom to Fit>. Click this tool to Bt the entire sketch in the graphic area.[4] <Box Zoom>. Click to turn on/off this mode. Y ou can click-and-drag a box on the graphic area to enlarge that portion of graphics.[5] <Zoom>. Click to turn on/off this mode. Y ou can click-and-drag upward or downward on the graphic area to zoom in or out.[1] <Look At>. Click this tool to make current sketching plane rotate towardyou.[6] <Previous View>. Click this tool to go to the previous view.[7] <Next View>. Click this tool to go to the next view.[8] These tools work in both <Sketching> or <Modeling> mode.[3] <Pan>. Click to turn on/off this mode. Y ou can click-and-drag on the graphic area tomove the sketch.2.2-7 Draw an Arc[2] Select <Horizontal>.[6] Select <Move> and thenmove the dimensions as you like (Section2.1-11).[1] Click <Display> in the<Dimension> toolbox. Click <Name> to switch it off and turn <Value> on. For the rest of the book, we always display values instead of names.[3] Click the vertex on the left and the vertical line on the right sequentially, and then move the mouse downward to create this dimension. Before clicking, make sure the cursor changes to indicate that the point or edge has been"snapped."[4] Click the vertex on the left and the vertical axis, and then move the mouse downward to create this dimension. Note thatthe triangle turns to blue, indicating they are well de =nednow.[5] In the <Details View>, type 300 and 200 for the dimensions just created. Click <Zoom to Fit>(2.2-5[2]).[2] Click this vertex as the arc center. Make sure a <P> (point) constraint appears before clicking.[3] Click the second point roughly here. Make sure a <C> (coincident) constraint appears before clicking.[4] Click the third point here. Make sure a <C> (coincident) constraint appears before clicking.[1] Select <Arc by Center> from <Draw> toolbox.2.2-6 Specify Dimensions[2] Click thearc.[1] Select <Replicate> from <Modify> toolbox. T ype 120 (degrees) for <r>. <Replicate> is equivalent to <Copy>+<Paste>.[7] Whenever you have dif<culty making <P> appear, click <Selection Filter: Points> in the toolbar. The <Selection Filter> also can be set from the context menu,see [8].Handle> in the context menu.[8] The <Selecti on Filter> also can be set from the contextmenu.[5] Right-click-select<Rotate by r Degrees> from the context menu.[6] Click this vertex to paste the arc. Make sure a <P> appears before clicking. If you have dif<culty making <P> appear, see [7, 8].For instructional purpose, we chose to manually set the paste handle [3] on the vertex [4]. We could have used plane origin as handle. In fact, that would have been easier since we wouldn't have to struggle to make sure whether a <P> appears or not. Whenever you have dif ;culty to "snap" a parti cular poi nt, you should take advantage of <Selecti on Filter> [7, 8].2.2-9 T rim Away Unwanted Segments[10] Click this vertex to paste the arc. Make sure a <P> appears before clicking (see [7, 8]).[9] Right-click-select<Rotate by r Degrees> in the context menu.[11] Right-click-select <End> in the context menu to end <Replicate> tool. Alternatively, you may press ESC to end atool.[3] Click to trim unwanted segments as shown, totally 6 segments are trimmed away.[1] Select <T rim> from <Modify> toolbox.[2] T urn on <Ignore Axis>.2.2-11 Specify Dimension of Side FacesAfter impose dimension in [2], the arcs turns to blue, indicating they are well de ;ned now. Note that we didn't specify the radii of the arcs; after wellde ;ned, the radii of the arcs can be calculated from other dimensions.Constraint StatusNote the arcs have a greenish-blue color, indicating they are not well de ;ned yet (i.e., under-constrained). Other color codes are: blue and blackcolors for well de ;ned entities (i.e., ;xed in the space); red color for over-constrained entities; gray to indicate an inconsistency.[1] Select <Equal Length> from <Constraints> toolbox[5] Click the horizontal axis as the line of symmetry.[4] Select <Symmetry>.[2] Click this segment and the vertical segment sequentially to make theirlengths equal.[3] Click this segment and the vertical segment sequentially to make theirlengths equal.[6] Click the lower and upper arcs sequentially tomake them symmetric.[1] Select <Dimension> toolbox and leave <General> as default.[2] Click the vertical segment and move the mouse rightward tocreate this dimension.[3] T ype 40 for the dimension just created.2.2-10 Impose Constraints[1] Select <Offset> from <Modify> toolbox.[2] Sweep-select all the segments (sweep each segment while holding your left mouse button down, see 2.1-6[12]). After selected, the segments turn to yellow. Sweep-select is alsocalled paint-select.[4] Right-click-select <End selection/Place Offset> in the context menu.[6] Right-click-select <End> in the context menu, or press ESC, to close <Offset>tool.[5] Click roughly here to place theoffset.[3] Another way to select multiple entities is to switch the<Select Mode> to <Box Select>, and then draw a box to select all entities inside the box.2.2-13 Create Fillets[1] Select <Fillet> in <Modify> toolbox. T ype 10 (mm) for the<Radius>.[7] Select <Horizontal> from <Dimension> toolbox.[8] Click the two left arcs and move downward to create this dimension. Note the offsetturns to blue.[9] T ype 30 for the dimension just created.[10] It is possible that these two point become separate now. If so, impose a <Coincident> constraint on them, see [11].[11] If necessary,impose a <Coincident> on the separate points.[2] Click These two segments sequentially to create a 7llet. Repeat this step to create the other two 7llets. Note that the 7llets are in greenish-blue color, indicating they are notwell de7ned yet.2.2-14 Extrude to Create 3D Solid[4] Select <Radius> from <Dimension> toolbox.[3] Dimensions speci6ed in a toolbox are usually regarded as "weak"dimensions, meaning they may be changed by imposing other constraints or dimensions.[5] Click one of the 6llets and move upward to create this dimension. This action turns a "weak" dimension to a "strong" one. The 6lletsturn blue now.[2] Click <Extrude>.[1] Click the little cyan sphere to rotate the model in isometric view, to have a better view.[3] T ype 10 (mm) for <Depth>.[4] Click <Generate>.[5] Click <Display Plane> to turn off the display ofsketching plane.[6] Click all plus signs (+) to expand and examine the <T ree Outline>.[1] Click <SaveProject>. T ype"T riplate" as projectname.[2] Pull-down-select<File/CloseDesignModeler> toclose DesignModeler.[3] Alternatively youcan click <SaveProject> in the<Workbench GUI>.[4] Pull-down-select<File/Exit> toexi t Workbench.reeree Outline> contains an outline of the model tree , the tree representation of the geometric model. Each leaf of the tree is called an object . A branch is an object containing one or more objects under itself. A model tree consists of planes , features , and a part branch. The parts are the only objects that are exported to <Mechanical>. ng an object and select a tool from the context menu, you can operate on the object, such as delete, rename, duplicate, etc.[1] Pull-down menusand toolbars.ree Outline>, in <Modeling> mode.[6] <Details View>.[5] Graphics area.[7] Status bar[4] <Sketching T oolboxes> in <Sketching> mode.[2] Mode tabs.[8] A separator allow you to resize the window panes.A sketch consists of points and edges ; edges may be straight lines or curves. Along with these geometric entities, there are dimensions and constraints imposed on these entities. As mentioned (Section 2.3-2), multiple sketches may be created on a plane. T o create a new sketch on a plane on whi ch there i s yet no sketches, you si mply swi <Sketching> mode and draw any geometric entities on it. Later, if you want to add a new sketch on that plane, you need to click <New Sketch> [3]. Only one plane and one sketch is active at a time [1, 2]: newly created sketches are added to the active plane, and newly created geometric entities are added to the active sketch. In this chapter, we only work wi th a si ngle sketch whi ch i s on the <XYPlane>. More on creati ng sketches wi ll be di scussed i n Chapter 4. 2.3-3 Sketchesactive plane is <XYPlane> <New Plane> to create a new plane.[3] Y ou can choose many ways of creating a newplane.Sketch> to create a sketch on the active sketching plane.active sketchingplane.active sketch.[4] Active sketching plane can be changed using the pull-down list, or by selection from the<T ree Outline>.[5] Active sketch can be changed using the pull-down list, or by selectionfrom the <T ree Outline>.toolbox.[3] <Dimensions>toolbox.toolbox.[5] <Settings>toolbox.[1] By default,DesignModeler is in<Auto Constraints> mode, both globally andlocally. Y ou can turnthem off whenevercause troubles. [1] <Draw>toolbox.[2] Right-click andselect one of theoptions to complete the<Spline> tool.[1] <Modify>toolbox.[2] Contextmenu for<Split> tool.[3] Contextmenu for <SplineEdit>.toolbox. [1] <Constraints>toolbox.the grid display.References1. ANSYS Help System>DesignModeler>2D Sketching>Auto Constraints2. ANSYS Help System>DesignModeler>2D Sketching>Constraints3. ANSYS Help System>DesignModeler>2D Sketching>Draw4. ANSYS Help System>DesignModeler>2D Sketching>Modify5. ANSYS Help System>DesignModeler>2D Sketching>Dimensions6. ANSYS Help System>DesignModeler>2D Sketching>Constraints7. ANSYS Help System>DesignModeler>2D Sketching>Settings toolbox.[3]the snap capability.[4] If you turn onthe grid display, youcan specify the gridle the nut has i nternal threads. Thi sd body for a porti on of the bolt [1] In Section 3.2, we will use this sketch again to generate a 2D solid model. The 2DExternal threads (bolt)Internalthreads(nut)H 8pMinor diameter of internal thread d1Nominal diameter d 60o[1] The threaded boltcreated in thisexercise.[1] Draw ahorizontal linewith dimensionsas shown.ons (30o, 60o, 60o, 0.541, and 2.165) as shown below. Note that, to avoid confusion, we explicitly specify all the dimensions. Y ou may apply constraints instead. For example, using <Parallel> constraint in stead of specifying an angle dimension [1].[1] Y ou may impose a<Parallel> constrainton this line instead ofspecifying the angle.rim Unwanted Segments2.4-6 Replicate 10 TimesSelect all segments except the horizontal one (totally 4 segments), and replicate 10 times. Y ou may need to manually<Selection Filter: Points> [2].[1] T angentpoint. [1] Set Paste Handle at thispoint.[1] The sketch after trimming.The Finite Element Method in Machine Design , Prentice-Hall, 1992; Chapter 7. Threaded Fasteners.Machine Design: Theory and Practice , Macmillan Publishing Co.,[1] Create this segment by using <Replicate>.[2] Draw this segment, which passes through the origin.[4] Draw this vertical segment. Y ou can trim it after next step.[5] Draw this horizontal segment.The 8gure below shows a pair of identical spur gears in mesh [1-12]. Spur gears have their teeth cut parallel to the axis of the shaft on which the gears are mounted. Spur gears are used to transmit power between parallel shafts. In o, they must sati sfy the fundamental law of point of contact between two teeth This 8xed point is called the pitch point [6].for a mechanical engineer. However, if you are not concerned about these geometric details for now, you may skip the 8rst two subsections and jump directly to Subsection 2.5-3.[7] Common tangent of the pitch circles.[6] Contact point (pitch point).[3] Pitch circle [9] Addendum vi ng gear rotates clockwise.[4] Pitch circle of the driving gear.[5] Line of centers.[12] The has a radius of[11] The shaft has a radius of 1.25 in.dimensions as shown (the vertical dimensions are measured down to the X-axis). Note that the dimension values display three digits after decimal point, but we actually typed with @ve digits (refer to the above table). Impose a <Coincident> constraint on the Y-axis for the-coordinate of 2.500.Connect these six points using <Spline> tool, keeping <Flexible> option on, and close the spline with <Open End>. Note that you could draw <Spline> directly without creating <Construction Points> @rst, but2.5-4 Draw CirclesDraw three circles [1-3]. Let the outermost construction point [3]. Specify radii for the circle of shaft (1.25 in) and the dedendum circle 2.5-5 Complete the Pro4leDraw a line starting from the lowestconstruction point, and make it perpendicular to the dedendum circle [1-2]. Note that, when drawing the line, avoid a <V> auto-constraint. Draw a 4llet [3] of radius 0.1 in to [3] Let addendum circle "snap" to the outermost construction point.[1] The circle ofshaft.[2] Dedendumcircle.This segment is a straight line and perpendicular to the dedendum circle.[3] This 4llet has a radius of 0.1 in.[1] Dedendum circle.[1] Replicatedpro:le.Times Project>Section 2.5 Exercise: Spur Gears 85References1. Deutschman, A. D., Michels, W . J., and Wilson, C. E., Machine Design: Theory and Practice , Macmillan Publishing Co.,Inc., 1975; Chapter 10. Spur Gears.2. Zahavi, E., The Finite Element Method in Machine Design , Prentice-Hall, 1992; Chapter 9. Spur Gears.2.5-8 Trim Away Unwanted Segments2.5-9 Extrude to Create 3D SolidExtrude the sketch 1.0 inch to create a 3D solid as shown. Save the project and exit from <Workbench>. We will resume this project again in Section 3.4.T rim away unwanted portion on the addendum circle and the dedendum circle.。
相控地质统计学反演在薄层灰岩油藏精细描述中的应用
173在薄层灰岩油藏的评价与开发过程中，落实储层的厚度及物性空间分布非常重要。
与常规砂岩油藏不同，灰岩油藏的非均质性更强、物性空间分布更复杂。
目前常用的储层预测技术主要为地震属性分析和确定性反演，前者用于半定量预测储层分布，具有一定的不确定性，而后者受地震频率的限制，一般识别厚度小于10m的储层有一定难度。
地质统计反演结合了地震反演与储层随机模拟的优势，不仅充分利用地震数据横向密集的特点，而且提高了地震资料的垂向分辨率，有利于油藏的的精细描述[1-4]。
针对L油田礁灰岩沉积复杂，储层超薄，井控稀疏等，地质统计学反演采用相控约束，优化统计学变程及概率密度函数，综合指导储层岩性物性的预测，进一步提高薄层灰岩油藏的描述精度。
1 问题的提出L油田灰岩地层厚度不足40m，从浅至深按照沉积特征分为三段：A段为ZJ10A生物礁灰岩，隔夹层发育，储层单层厚度2m～8m，物性相对较差；B段为ZJ10B上部的生物滩灰岩，储层厚度约7m，物性较好；C段为ZJ10B下部的致密碳酸盐岩台地。
其中灰岩B段为油田主要的储层，A段次之，地震资料难以精细描述仅2m～8m优质储层及其夹层展布特征。
图1为探井实测纵波阻抗和常规反演波阻抗曲线的对比，可以看到A段灰岩实测阻抗值要大于B段灰岩储层的实测值，但后者的反演阻抗值要大于前者的反演值，从而导致无法落实优质灰岩B段的厚度以及空间展布。
图1 探井测井曲线与反演曲线对比图2 研究思路与技术实践相控地质统计反演结合了地震反演和随机模相控地质统计学反演在薄层灰岩油藏精细描述中的应用 郭飞 刘南 董政 中海石油（中国）有限公司深圳分公司 广东 深圳 518000 摘要：针对礁灰岩油田储层超薄，非均质性强，油藏描述难度大，本文提出多级相控地质统计学反演的技术对策。
纵向上相控利用生物礁地质模式及测井韵律指导储层概率变化，平面上相控采用确定性反演波阻抗与地震属性融合得到反映储层的变化规律。
在纵向一维和平面二维联合相控基础上，结合地震反演和随机模拟的优势，能确保反演结果与测井数据吻合度高，灰岩超薄储层及其夹层在空间变化得到精细描述，为薄层灰岩油藏开发提供指导。
FEM Dynamic Simulation of the Drill with Indexable Inserts
The FEM Dynamic Simulation in the Drilling process withIndexable InsertsZhengJian Ying1, a, LiPing Zhou2, b1,2School of Mechanical Engineering & Automation, Xinhua University, Cheng Du, SiChuan, Chinaa yingzhengjian2008@,b zhoulp523@ Keywords:DEFORM-3D, drilling simulation, equivalent stress,radial force, tool wearAbstract.This paper was based on the platform of the FEM software deform-3D, using numerical simulation technology, the FEM model of drilling No.45 steel is established; we can obtain the equivalent stress and temperature of the workpiece through the dynamic simulation of the drilling process with indexable inserts. Moreover，the paper analysis and forecast cutting force ,radial force of carbide too and torque suffered by the two blades during the drilling process, and evaluate the wear of the blade.IntroductionThe Drill with Indexable Inserts is a kind of cutting tool which is usual processing hole with medium diameter between 3 and 5. we can manufacture the Drill with Indexable Inserts with the hard alloy with highly wear resistance by the mean of choosing appropriate blades and coating which can work under the environment in high speed and high temperature, so that it can improve the drilling efficiency greatly, and can improve quality of processing hole (mainly is surface roughness and cylindricity of the hole), also can reduce tool costs. The Drill with Indexable Inserts generally consists of two blades with hard alloy; the two blades are distributed on radial asymmetric, and overlapped each other, respectively, which can cut a metal to form the processing holes. Because of the blades asymmetric decorating, resulting in produce the radial force when the tool is working, thus affecting the stress of the machine tool result in causing the deformation, and then affecting the quality of the hole and restricting the widely used efficient of the tool. In order to solve the above problem, this paper with the research object NO.45 steel which the Drill with Indexable Inserts to drill with the software Deform3D that can analyze the effect of the drilling process on the various parameters with the FEM dynamic simulation, such as analyzing surface temperature, cutting force of processing metal material and evaluate the wear of the blade.Deform3D is a processed simulation software which is based on the finite element analysisand is developed by SFTC (Scientific Forming Technologies Corporation), the software can analyze various molding, heat treatment process , the shear deformation ,the cutting temperature, and the stress analysis of machining workpiece on the machining process that is caused by different workpiece materials, cutting-tool material, cutting-tool angle and cutting speed accord to the complex metal Forming process, so that we can choose correct cutter materials, cutter Angle ,cutting dosages and analysis material machining.1 the key technology of the drilling simulation1.1 knife crumbs contact and frictionM Shada and T Atan [1] use the friction model as shown in figure 1 in the finite element analysis, the contact area of knives and scraps consists of the two parts between p τ ( cohesive contact zone) and c τ( sliding contact zone). The key to ensure the right calculation results is to select an appropriate p τ (length of cohesive area) and μ(friction coefficient). The friction model has been debated by the researchers, but they think that the reasonable friction coefficient value should be choosed between 0. 5 and 0.6.Figure 1 the model of stressing distribution on the contact area of knife crumbs1.2 Usui wear model [2]We choose the usui model on the tool wear models which can be fit for metal cutting in DEFORM - 3D software to establish the FEM equations with the U.L method, the tool wear calculation formula for the type:⎰-=dt apve T b /ω, ωfor the wear depth, p for the positive pressure, v for the sliding speed of the workpiece relative to the tool, dt for the time incremental, T for the contact temperature, and a ,b for test coefficient [4]. We usual set a to 0.000001, set b to 855.1.3 The selection of material failure criteriaOne of the key problems of the FEM drilling simulation is to confirm a standard of the appropriate grid separation, during drilling simulation; we generally use the shear failure model and the tension failure model. The Shear model is based on the average value of the plastic strain in the unit nodes; if the damage parameter ω≥1, the failure was occurred. The damage parameter is definited for:ω=∑⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛∆PL PL εεPL ε∆is the average increment of the plastic strain, PL εis the failure strain. When the node stress reaches to the shear failure standard, the corresponding materials on this node will fail [3].1.4 scraps basic separation standards [4]The key of realizing the FEM simulation is the separation of the scraps and the materials. The separated mechanism which has been happened is a very important key technology on the unstable state simulation. The Separate criterion uses the geometry criterion on this paper. Geometric criterion [5] which is based on the distance changes between the unit nodes before and the tip point to judge separation. As shown in figure 2, the node would be divided into two nodes when their distance less than a critical, one of the nodes moves up along the rake face , another will be retained in the processing surface. The separated lines between the cutting layer and materials will be established in the geometric standards of the FEM model, the grid between workpieces and the cutting layer will be separated . The actual distance of the cutting edges and the separated point in the actual cutting process almost is 0. But in the analog, the “d ” can not set to 0, we will choose the appropriate “d ” value which will affect the convergence of the simulative calculation.Figure 2 the model of geometric separation standards2 the drilling simulation based on the Deform3D software with the Drill with Indexable Inserts2.1 The 3D modelingAs shown in figure 3, the 3d drawings of entity assembly of the drill withIndexable Inserts will be drawed in the Solidworks software, they will be coaxial assembled and saved for STL files so that guaranteetheir position unchanged after import in the processorof the DEFORM 3D software2.2 setting working conditions and material modelAdopting international standards unit SI and settingthe simulation model to heat transfer and deformation,the deformation solver use Conjugate -Gradient method.The Speed set for 320r/min, which can be change into33.5 rad/sec, the Feeding set for 0.16 mm/r, which canbe change into 0.85 mm/secThe two blades adopt the WC in the Simulation,the physical attributes of the WC as shown in the table1. Workpiece materials have been selected for 45 steel,its basic physical attributes as shown in chart 2.Table 2 the basic physical attributes of the NO.45 steel2.3 The grid partitionThe drilling simulation is a problem of the highly nonlinear numerical calculation, the meshing has extremely high requirements in the simulation, the enough small grids can fully describe the interaction of the force and the thermal among tools, workpiece and scraps in the drilling process, so that can satisfy with nonlinear calculation requirements. In the meshing, sometimes we need local gridin order to the convenient of improvingcalculation accuracy, and the rest of the gridshould be dividing coarse, so it can reduce unitquantity and improve precision.In simulation of the metal cutting process,the DEFORM system will produce dozens ofand hundreds of times even adaptive gridmeshing which are followed with materials andgrid distortions. The quality of the new griddepends on the grid parameter. We can set thesize of the maximum unit and minimum unit.For drilling, the smallest grid unit of workpiece set to the feed of the every tooth approximately; it would keep thescraps contain one unit at least. The feed set for0.16 mm/r in this paper. The feed of the pertooth set for 0.08 mm /r, so the smallest unitsize should be setted for 0.06 mm/r. the gridtype set for absolute unit types. The unit sizeproportion decide to the size of the largest unitwhen the system is running, the large size ratiowould increases time of generating grid. Weusual use unit size ratio 7 in the metal cuttingsimulation. The drill should set for rigid. Thegrid would be used only in temperaturecalculation, so the meshing requirements arelax.2.4 The simulation controlIn DEFORM software; the deformatedprocess is divided into thousands of time step.The time step set the program to a calculatingthe time length. If the value is too big, thesimulation system will automatically reducedtime step in order to meet the needs ofsimulation. For drilling, we hope the drill rotatea circle each time step. Therefore, we set a circlefor 360 time step. The rotate speed set for320r/min, so a circle turns the approximately0.0005 seconds. Setting drill depth for 4mm(need 4.8 sec), namely the total steps for 9600steps and storage incremental every 25feet save time.2.5 Settings boundary condition and other parametersSetting the speed of the workpiece side in the x, y, z directionand the workpiece underside in z direction is 0, all the surface of theworkpiece and tool set for heat transfer with the outside world. Weset the environment temperature for 20 °, the heat transfercoefficient for 45n/sec/mm/c, the friction coefficient for 0.6 and thefriction type for the shear friction.3 the result analysis3.1 The drilling forceThe cutting force and the torque of the cutting tool will havecorresponding change with the process of simulation. As inthe Figure 4 shows, the cutting force (mainly vertical axis)have the variation rules along with the time (the horizontalaxis): with the tool gradually cut the workpiece, the cuttingforces have a gradually rise, but the overall relatively stable.The feed of the paper set bigger, so result in drilling force inthe simulation get larger and appear twice larger fluctuationamong. From the graph, we can see the cutting force of thetwo blades almost overlap; it consistent with the theorybasically. as in the Figure 5 shows, the variation of the radialforce over time, the cutting force of the two blades grow rapidly along with the tool gradually cut pieces, the radialforce of the two blades has the difference value, it accountfor that the radial force of the two blades cannot fullyoffset each other. It is because of asymmetric decoratingof the two blades.3.2 torqueFigure 6 shows, you can see the different torque ofthe drill with indexable inserts in the process of drilling indifferent drilling speed, as can be seen from the graph, thetorque values have been raising. In fact, the simulationprocess has set to the friction condition, because of theinfluence of friction, the torque values have beenon the rising state with the increase ofdrillingFigure 8 the 119 step inside blade Figure 9 the 119 step outside blade weardepth. From the local perspective, the torques’s values are also a certain degree of fluctuate; because the grid again partition to simulate the deformation of scraps or the fracture scraps. From the graph still can see that the torque sent of the two blades have very great, so it is very important to optimize the drill with indexable inserts.3.3 The drilling temperatureAs shown in the figure 7, it shows that the highest temperature which is concentrate on the local deformation area of the cutting edges nearby, because it is the place of centralizing on the plastic deformation and knife - crumbs friction. On the 119 time steps, the highest surface temperature of the contact of the scraps and the tool for 675℃, we can see from the graph that the underside scraps has a high temperature.3.4 The tool wearAs shown in the figure 8 and the figure 9, you can see the wear area of the two blades, which near by the main cutting edge, namely the contact of the scraps and blades near by the cutting edges, the maximum worn parts in the place of the cutting edges. Because the contact have the higher cutting temperature than the normal cutting speed, and the high temperature area of the workpiece nearby the cutting edge in the high-speed machining process. Another, the knife surface after of the inside blade is also having great worn, possibly because the actual back angle of the inside blade is larger.4 closing(1) The paper is an attempt drilling research with the drill with Indexable Inserts, to which the numerical simulation method was applied. On this basis, we can further study the temperature distribution; we also can analysis cutting parameter in the influence of the drilling force and the torque.(2) Establishing the FEM model with the Drill with Indexable Inserts of drilling the NO.45 steel, we can dynamic simulate the drilling process. We also can forecast the drilling strength, torque and the wear quantity of the blade in the machining process. References[1] M Shatla，T Altan: analytical modeling of drilling and ball end Milling．Journal of Materials Processing Technology，V01．98，2000，pp．125—133．[2] Shirakashi T, Usui E: Simulation analysis of orthogonal metal cutting process [J]. J. Japan Soc. Prec. Eng., 1976, 42 (5).[3]Lei Wang, Guicheng Wang, Lijie Ma:the research progress of the FEM drilling simulation. Tool Engineering，2007(1)：8—12．[4]Liping zhou，Nenzhuang Wu: the prediction research of the cutting force Based on FEM．Tool Engineering，2006(6)：14—17．[1][5]Haixia Zhao:the FEM simulation of the Metal cutting force. school of mechanical & Xian industrial university ,xi an，2007：83—86．[1]。
板带轧制过程刚塑性有限元求解的初速度场设定
200812JOURNAL OF JIANGSU TEACHERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY（Natura l S cience Edition）Dec.,2008板带轧制过程刚塑性有限元求解的初速度场设定陈伟1，梅瑞斌2, 李长生2, 刘相华2（1.江苏技术师范学院学生工作处，江苏常州213001；2.东北大学轧制技术及连轧自动化国家重点实验室，辽宁沈阳110004）摘要：在保证计算精度的情况下，以减少迭代步数和提高计算效率为目标，提出基于工程法和细分单元法设定初始速度场。
依据某钢厂轧制过程数据，通过自行开发的刚塑性有限元程序模拟板带轧制过程。
结果表明：轧制力计算值和实测值吻合良好，计算误差控制在5％之内；和工程法相比该方法设定的初始速度场更加接近真实速度场，明显减少了迭代求解步数，提高了求解稳定性，迭代步数基本控制在30 次以内，单道次计算时间少于150 m s。
研究结果可为板带轧制过程刚塑性有限元法快速求解提供一定的理论指导。
关键词：刚塑性有限元；板带轧制；工程法；初始速度场；迭代步数中图分类号：TG335.5；TP391.9文献标识码：A文章编号：1674- 2222（2008）04- 0006- 07引言刚塑性有限元法能够有效求解各种金属大变形问题，如：轧制、挤压、锻造、拉拔和板料成型等[1]。
随着轧制技术和计算机技术的发展，刚塑性有限元法越来越广泛应用于轧制过程速度场、温度场和应力场求解，宽展、前滑和裂纹分析以及提高板形控制精度等方面。
刘相华等[2- 7]研究了刚塑性有限元变分原理和泛函极值唯一性并求解了平板轧制、型钢轧制、板坯立轧和纵筋板轧制等轧制过程。
熊尚武等[8]通过划分薄层单元法有效解决了第一类奇异点问题，提高了收敛速度和计算精度。
姜正义等[9- 10]利用三维刚塑性有限元研究了摩擦模型对平板轧制过程的影响规律。
对板材轧制来说，轧制参数在线设定模型直接影响轧制效率、板形控制精度和板带质量。