汽车HID灯中UCC2305的应用研究

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车灯也疯狂——氙气车灯(HID)的应用

这种大灯增亮的方法安装简单、价
格较低。是，于只是有限的对线路进但由
行了改进。以增亮的效果有限。果想所如要有更好的效果，是需要安装大功率的还灯泡，而降低了车灯的寿命和增大了汽从
灯泡提高亮度的方法一般是加大瓦数，其
额定功率一般要求在６Ｗ左右，超过额０
定功率容易烧断保险丝，因卤素灯泡发且散的热量很大，容易引起灯罩中心过热，致使普通的灯罩老化、龟裂。一般说来，卤素车灯的价格较为合理，明度还算充照
车线路的风险。
图２为氙气灯的工作流程示意图。目前全
球３％的汽车制造商已经把氙气前照灯０作为车辆的原配套设备。国产车中只有少
造型，钻石头灯等。近，换大瓦卤如最更素灯泡、安装增光器和改装氙气车灯
数中高档车如奥迪Ａ６和帕萨特２８等安．
装了纯正的氙气大灯，其他车型还需改
装。
分，乎所有的车型都可以适用，受中几深低档车车主的青睐。
目前，在市场上氙气灯的品牌繁多，
二、大灯增光器
现在，还有一部分汽车加装了大灯
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ

卤钨灯在机动车辆中安全警示灯照明中的应用与可见度评估

卤钨灯在机动车辆中安全警示灯照明中的应用与可见度评估随着城市化的不断发展，机动车辆越来越多地融入到我们生活中，提高交通安全已经成为社会各界关注的焦点。

在机动车辆安全中，警示灯的作用举足轻重。

卤钨灯作为一种常见的光源类型，被广泛应用于机动车辆的安全警示灯照明中。

本文将探讨卤钨灯在机动车辆中的应用，并评估其可见度。

卤钨灯是一种高亮度、高可见度的光源，具有广泛的应用潜力。

在机动车辆中，卤钨灯可以被用作车辆的前后灯光、刹车灯、转向灯等警示装置，将车辆的行驶状态和意图传达给其他道路使用者。

与传统的普通灯泡相比，卤钨灯具有更高的亮度和更长的寿命，提供了更清晰、更可见的警示信号。

在恶劣天气条件下，如雨雪天气或夜间驾驶，卤钨灯的高亮度优势更加明显，可以帮助行人、自行车和其他车辆更好地注意到警示信号，增加交通安全。

然而，尽管卤钨灯具有明显的优势，其可见度仍然受到一些因素的影响。

首先，光源的位置和安装方式对可见度有重要影响。

例如，将卤钨灯安装在与其他车辆相同的高度和位置处，可以提高可见度，使其他车辆更容易辨认。

其次，卤钨灯的光束方向和角度也会影响可见度。

将光束引导到一个适当的角度，可以确保光线能够辐射到需要被警示的范围，并降低灯光对其他用路人产生干扰的可能性。

此外，卤钨灯的光色也是一个重要的因素，需要选择能够在各种环境条件下都能清晰可见的光色。

除了上述因素，卤钨灯的可见度还受到车辆自身的状况和周围环境的影响。

例如，车辆外观的设计和颜色对可见度有一定影响。

明亮、醒目的外观可以提高车辆的警示效果，使其更容易被其他道路使用者注意到。

此外，路面状况、周围建筑物和道路照明等因素也会影响卤钨灯的可见度。

在设计和选择卤钨灯系统时，需要考虑这些因素，并做出相应的调整，以提高可见度和交通安全性。

为了评估卤钨灯在机动车辆中的可见度，可以进行一系列实验和测试。

首先，可以使用光度计测量卤钨灯的亮度和光束角度，以确定最佳的光源设计和位置安装方式。

P LC在流水灯中的应用自主创新实践报告

目录第一章绪论 (2)1.1引言 (2)1.2采用流水灯的意义和目的 (2)1.3 本次设计的主要内容 (2)第二章主要硬件设备的介绍 (3)2.1可编程控制器的发展历史 (3)2.1.1 可编程控制器的定义 (4)2.1.2 可编程控制器的特点 (4)2.1.3 PLC的基本结构和工作原理 (5)2.2西门子S7-200的硬件组成 (8)第三章电路及软件设计 (10)3.1硬件电路设计 (10)3.1.1流水灯分布图 (10)3.1.2控制系统I/O点及地址分配 (10)3.2软件设计 (10)3.2.1梯形图 (10)3.2.2指令表 (19)第四章系统调试 (21)4.1 系统的连接与运行 (20)4.2 流水灯闪烁 (20)4.3 流水灯的调试 (22)总结 (22)第一章绪论1.1引言随着改革的不断深入,社会主义市场经济的不断繁荣和发展,各大中小城市都在进行亮化工程。

企业为宣传自己企业的形象和产品,均采用广告手法之一:流水灯广告屏来实现这一目的.当我们夜晚走在大街上,马路两旁各色各样的广告灯均可以见到,一种是采用流水灯管做成的各种形状和多中彩色的灯管,另一种为日光等管或白炽灯管作为光源,另配大型广告语或宣传画来达到宣传的效果。

这些灯的亮灭,闪烁时间及流动方向等均可以通过PLC 来达到控制的要求。

可编程控制器PLC：英文全称Programmable Logic Controller ,中文全称为可编程逻辑控制器，是一种数字运算操作的电子系统，专为在社会环境应用而设计的。

它采用一类可编程的存储器，用于其内部存储程序，执行逻辑运算,顺序控制，定时，计数与算术操作等面向用户的指令，并通过数字或模拟式输入/输出控制各种类型的机械或生产过程.作为自动控制装置的核心,它具有功能强,可靠性高等诸多优点。

该装置可以完成各种指令系统训练以及多种控制对象的程序设计训练。

1.2采用流水灯的意义和目的随着社会市场经济的不断发展，各种装饰流水灯，广告流水灯越来越多的出现在城市中。

一款基于MCU控制的高性能汽车HID灯电子镇流器

第19卷第5期重庆邮电大学学报(自然科学版)Vol.19　No.5 2007年10月Jo urnal of Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications(Natural Science)Oct.2007一款基于MCU控制的高性能汽车HID灯电子镇流器*帅欣1,董会宁1,李秋俊1,曾家黔2(1.重庆邮电大学光电工程学院,重庆400065;2.中国电子科技集团公司第二十四研究所,重庆400060)摘　要:设计了一款基于单片机(M CU)控制的高性能汽车高强度气体放电灯(HID)灯电子镇流器。

利用M CU实现HI D灯分段启动控制、恒电流控制、恒功率控制以及各种异常状态保护。

采用软开关变频控制方案使反激式变换器在额定输入工作电压下,始终处于临界导通状态,达到减小噪声和损耗并提高效率的目的。

关键词:电子镇流器;单片机;高强度气体放电灯;临界导通状态中图分类号:TM923.61;T M571 文献标识码:A文章编号:1673-825X(2007)05-0602-04 MCU-based electronic ballast for automotive high intensity discharge lampSH UAI Xin1,DONG H ui-ning1,LI Qiu-jun1,ZENG Jia-qian2(1.S chool of Optoelectronics Engineering,Ch ongqing Univers ity of Posts and Telecom munications,Chongqing400065,P.R.C hina;2.S ichu an Institute of Solid-S tate Circuits,China Electronics Technology G rou p Corpo ration,C hongqing400060,P.R.China)A bstract:A high-perfo rmance ballast sy stem co ntrolled by micro co ntrolle r unit(M CU)w as desig ned for automo tiv ehigh intensity discharg e(H ID)lam p.T he propo sed ballast using micr ocontro ller unit achieves the contro lling objec-tives of star t-up process,constant cur rent process,co nstant pow er process and abnor ma l sta tes pr otectio n step by step.In o rder to reduce the noise and impro ve the efficiency,a so ft-sw itching scheme using a variable f requency con-trol make s the fly back DC-DC conver ter opera ting in critical conduction mode(CCM)when input vo ltage is ty pical.Key wo rds:electr onic ballast;microco ntr oller unit(M CU);high intensity dischar ge;critical co nduction mode (CCM)0　引　言高强度气体放电灯(high intensity discharge, H ID)具有光效高、显色性好、长寿命等优点,在泛光照明中得到了广泛的应用,特别是金属卤化物灯同时具备上述优点而被称为最理想的光源[1]。

基于UCC2305在汽车HID灯中的应用研究

基于UCC2305在汽车HID灯中的应用研究高强度气体放电(HID：HighintensityDischarge)灯实际上包括了一大类采用小型高内压弧光管发光的照明产品，基本上有三种类型：水银蒸气(MV)灯，金属卤化物(MH)灯和高、低压钠(HPS或LPS)灯。

HID 灯全都按与日光灯相似的放电原理工作：当灯管里充填的气体，如被镇流器提供的电流激活时便会发光。

车用金卤灯镇流器系统主要由包括从9-16V汽车硫酸铅电池输入的直流-直流变换器，高压点火器，200-400Hz全桥逆变器以及保证稳态功率输出的控制电路4部分组成(图2)。

DC/DC变换器须满足在9-16V输入电压范围内能输出直流电60-500V的压，并具有输入过压、输出短路/开路和过流保护功能。

点火器的功能是产生瞬间高压20-30KV的击穿灯管放电。

全桥逆变器提供200-400Hz全桥功率开关管的驱动信号，完成DC-AC逆变，实现灯管两端电压极性反转，防止灯管单端发黑，延长灯管寿命。

控制电路起到保证向灯稳态时提供恒功率输出。

稳压时灯管两端的压降约为60-110V，如35W灯管稳态时其功率必须保证在35W±2W范围之内，功率太高的会损坏灯管，缩短灯管使用寿命;功率过低则会降低输出亮度，造成驾车安全隐患。

1 UCC2305简介UCC3305是德州仪器公司一款针对车用HID灯应用设计的集成电路驱动控制芯片，UCC3305集成了控制和驱动HID灯所需全部功能，既能配合快速打开汽车前灯的要求，也适用其他选择HID灯的照明设备。

具有下列符合车用HID镇流器设计的性能要求：²全桥驱动输出²具有输入过压、输出过流及过压保护²针对不同灯管电压的恒功率输出控制²频率高达300KHz的电流型PWM控制器²灯冷、热启动电流可调与正常工作电流控制²9-16V输入电压宽工作范围及低至6V的快速启动特性²符合汽车电子要求的40°-105°C宽温度工作范围典型应用电路分析外引脚图，简要说明如下：5VREF—内部5V基准，UCC3305用于设定电流和门限。

UCC3305资料

UCC2305UCC3305SLUS297B - SEPTEMBER 1995 - REVISED APRIL 2004•Regulates Lamp Power •Compensates For Lamp Temperature•Fixed Frequency Operation •Current Mode Control •Overcurrent Protected •Overvoltage Shutdown •Open and Short Protected •High Current FET Drive Output•Operates Over Wide Battery Voltage Range: 5V to 18VThe UCC3305integrates all of the functions required to control and drive one HID lamp.The UCC3305is tailored to the demanding,fast turn-on requirements of automobile headlamps,but is also applicable to all other lighting applications where HID lamps are selected.HID lamps are ideal for any lighting applications that can benefit from very high efficiency,blue-white light color,small physical lamp size, and very long life.The UCC3305contains a complete current mode pulse width modulator,a lamp power regulator,lamp temperature compensation,and total fault mp temperature compensation is critical for automobile headlamps,because without compensation,light output varies dramatically from a cold lamp to one that is fully warmed up.The UCC2305is tested for full performance with ambient temperature from –40°C to +105°C while the UCC3305is tested with ambient temperature from 0°C to +70°C.The UCC3305is available in a 28pin small-outline,surface mount plastic package (SOIC).HID Lamp ControllerFEATURESDESCRIPTIONABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGSVCC Supply Voltage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8.0V BOOST Supply Voltage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12.0V PWMOUT Current, Peak............................±1.0A PWMOUT Energy, Capacitive Load. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.0µJ Input Voltage, Any Input. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .–0.3V to +10.0V Output Current,QOUT,QOUT,FLT. . . . . . . . . . . . . .±10.0mA Output Current, 5VREF,LPOWER,COMP. . . . . . . . .±10.0mA ISET Current. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .–1.0mA Storage Temperature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .−65°C to +150°C Junction Temperature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .−55°C to +150°C Lead Temperature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+300°CCONNECTION DIAGRAMELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS Unless otherwise stated, VCC = 6.6V, ISET = 100kΩto GND, ADJ = 100kΩto GND, OSC = 200pF to GND, BAT = 4V, LOADISENSE connected to LPOWER, VOUTSENSE = 0.666V, BOOST = 10.5V, COMP connected to FB through a 100kΩresistor, –40°C<T A<+105°C for the UCC2305, 0°C<T A<+70°C for the UCC3305, and T A=T J.PARAMETER TEST CONDITIONS MIN.TYP.MAX.UNITS Overall SectionVCC Supply Current0.1 1.0mA BOOST Supply Current 3.0 5.0mA BOOST Threshold to PUMP Stop9.19.610.2V BOOST Threshold to PUMP Start9.29.710.3V BOOST Threshold to PWMOUT 4.7 5.4 6.1V Battery SectionBAT Threshold to PWMOUT Stop 4.7 5.0 5.3V BAT Threshold to PWMOUT Start 4.15 4.8 5.0V BAT Input Current BAT = 4V–11µA Oscillator & Divider SectionOSC Frequency80100120kHz OSC Pull-Up Current OSC= 1.5V−70−50−40µA DIVPAUSE Threshold to Pause 1.1 1.5 1.9V DIVPAUSE Threshold to Divide0.8 1.2 1.6V DIVPAUSE Input Current0V <DIVPAUSE< 6V–8–5–1µA Reference Section5VREF Voltage 4.85 5.0 5.1V ISET Voltage 4.8 4.8 5.2V Error Amplifier SectionFB Voltage 2.4 2.5 2.6V FB Input Current–101µA FB Sink Current VOUTSENSE= 4V, FB = 4V0.3 1.5mA FB Release Delay VOUTSENSE Step from 4V to 1V153043ms COMP Source Current FB = 2V,COMP= 4V–3.0–0.2mA COMP Sink Current FB = 3V,COMP= 1V0.2 1.0mAELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (cont.)Unless otherwise stated,VCC= 6.6V,ISET= 100kΩto GND,ADJ= 100kΩto GND,OSC= 200pF to GND, BAT = 4V,LOADISENSE connected to LPOWER,VOUTSENSE= 0.666V, BOOST = 10.5V, COMP connected to FB through a 100kΩresistor, –40°C<T A<+105°C for the UCC2305, 0°C<T A<+70°C for the UCC3305, andT A=T J.PARAMETER TEST CONDITIONS MIN.TYP.MAX.UNITS Load Power Amplifier SectionLOADISENSE Input Current–2.5–0.1 2.5µA LPOWER Source Current LPOWER= 0V–8.0–0.4mA LPOWER Sink Current LPOWER= 1V0.4 1.3mA LPOWER Voltage VOUTSENSE= 0.0V0.320.400.48VVOUTSENSE= 0.45V0.320.400.48VVOUTSENSE= 0.65V0.410.460.51VVOUTSENSE= 0.88V0.430.510.59VVOUTSENSE= 2.0V0.430.510.59VVOUTSENSE= 0.7V,SLOPEC= 0V0.290.340.41V Input Current Sense SectionISENSEIN Threshold COMP= 5V,WARMUPC= 0V0.160.210.28VCOMP= 5V,WARMUPC= 10V0.100.190.27VCOMP= 1V,WARMUPC= 0V0.070.100.2V ISENSEIN Bias Current OSC= 0V–15–5–2µAOSC= 2V–80–40–15µA VOUTSENSE SectionVOUTSENSE Threshold to PWMOUT 4.2 5.0 5.2V VOUTSENSE Threshold to FB 1.7 1.9 2.1V VOUTSENSE Threshold to NOTON0.0350.0830.140V VOUTSENSE Input Current–11µA OUTPUTS SECTIONPWMOUT High Voltage I PWMOUT= –100mA9.1510.0V PWMOUT Low Voltage I PWMOUT= 100mA0.30.5V PUMPOUT High Voltage I PUMPOUT= –10mA 5.3 5.8V PUMPOUT Low Voltage I PUMPOUT= 10mA 1.0 1.8V PUMPOUT Frequency BOOST = 9.5V355060kHz NOTON High Voltage I NOTON= –1mA 5.0 6.3V NOTON Low Voltage I NOTON= 1mA0.10.3V QOUT,QOUT High Voltage I QOUT= –1mA or I QOUT= –1mA 5.0 6.3V QOUT,QOUT Low Voltage I QOUT= 1mA or I QOUT= 1mA0.10.45V QOUT,QOUT Frequency150200250Hz FLT High Voltage I FLT= –1mA 6.0 6.3V FLT Low Voltage I FLT= 1mA0.10.3V Timing Capacitor SectionFLTC Discharge Current FLTC= 2.5V3560100nA FLTC Charge Current FLTC= 2.5V–430–300–220nA FLTC Threshold to FAULT 4.65 4.9 5.1V SLOPEC Charge Current SLOPEC= 0.5V–165–90–60nASLOPEC= 2.2–105–60–40nASLOPEC= 4.2–50–30–10nA SLOPEC Voltage I SLOPEC= –125nA 1.3 1.5 1.7VI SLOPEC= –50nA 2.8 3.0 3.2VPARAMETERTEST CONDITIONSMIN.TYP.MAX.UNITSTiming Capacitor Section (cont.)SLOPEC Discharge Current SLOPEC = 2.2V,VCC = 0V, BOOST = 0V,BYPASS = 8V 40100200nA WARMUPC Charge CurrentWARMUPC = 0V –525–375–275nA WARMUPC = 2V –525–375–300nA WARMUPC = 6V–200–120–75nA WARMUPC Voltage, Charging I WARMUPC = –250nA3.39 3.84.1V WARMUPC Discharge CurrentWARMUPC = 5V,VCC = 0V, BOOST = 0V,BYPASS = 8V2350126nA WARMUPC = 1V,VCC = 0V, BOOST = 0V,BYPASS = 8V51034nA WARMUPC Voltage, Discharging I WARMUPC = 25nA,VCC = 0V, BOOST = 0V,BYPASS = 8V 1.5 1.9 2.3V ADJ Bias Current V ADJ = 0V −38−20−12µA WARMUPV VoltageWARMUPC = 1V 0.050.1250.25V WARMUPC = 2V 0.09 1.00 1.5V WARMUPC = 3V 2.3 2.48 2.66V WARMUPC = 5V 4.5 4.8 5.25V WARMUPC = 10V4.5 4.85.25V BYPASS Voltage VCC = 0V8.89.6V BYPASS CurrentVCC = 0V, BOOST = 0V, BYPASS = 8V2.57µAELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (cont.)Unless otherwise stated,VCC = 6.6V,ISET = 100k Ωto GND,ADJ = 100k Ωto GND,OSC = 200pF to GND, BAT = 4V,LOADISENSE connected to LPOWER,VOUTSENSE = 0.666V, BOOST = 10.5V,COMP connected to FB through a 100k Ωresistor, –40°C<T A <+105°C for the UCC2305, 0°C<T A <+70°C for the UCC3305, and T A =T J .5VREF :Circuitry in the UCC3305uses the internal 5V reference to set currents and thresholds.This reference can also be used for other functions if required.ADJ :The ratio of cold lamp peak current to warmed-up lamp peak current is controlled by the voltage on ADJ.To select this voltage, connect a resistor from ADJ to GND.BAT :This input is used to detect excessively high input voltage and shut down the IC if the input exceeds a pre-determined level.Connect BAT to a voltage divider across the input supply.The UCC3305shuts down when this input voltage exceeds 5V .To protect the IC in the event of very high or negative inputs,keep divider imped-ance higher than 10k.BOOST :Although the UCC3305is powered from the VCC input,most functions of the device operate from a supply voltage of approximately 10V connected to BOOST.This 10V supply can be generated by a voltage doubler using PUMPOUT as an AC signal and external diodes as switches.BYPASS :The UCC3305compensates for lamp tempera-ture changes by changing the voltage on the SLOPEC and WARMUPC capacitors.These voltages rise as the lamp warms up.An internal calculation determines what When the HID lamp is turned off,power to the lamp and the controller is removed,leaving these two critical ca-pacitors charged to specific voltages.Also,with power off,the lamp will cool down at a controlled rate.It is es-sential that the two capacitors discharge at a similarly controlled rate so that if the lamp is restarted before the lamp is fully cooled,the controller will have an estimate of new lamp temperature,and can again command the correct power for the lamp.Power to control the discharge of these capacitors comes from energy stored in a large capacitor connected to BY-PASS.The value of the capacitor required can be esti-mated assuming a maximum BYPASS current of 5µA,a discharge time of 60s,and a maximum allowable droop of 5V by:C =I t V =5A 60s5V=60F ••∆∆µµCOMP :Differences between commanded lamp powerand desired lamp power are amplified by an error ampli-fier.This amplifier senses the difference between the voltage at FB and 2.5V ,and drives COMP with an ampli-fied error voltage.A capacitor is normally connected from COMP to FB to compensate the overall feedback loop so PIN DESCRIPTIONSDIVPAUSE:The QOUT and QOUT outputs can be used to switch lamp polarity in an AC ballast.It is important to stop polarity switching when the lamp is being lit,so that the arc across the electrodes can form in the correct place.Pulling high on DIVPAUSE stops the internal di-vider which generates the QOUT and QOUT signals,and thereby freezes the QOUT and QOUT signals.To stop the divider when the lamp is being lit and start af-ter the lamp has lit,connect a resistor from NOTON to DIVPAUSE and a capacitor from DIVPAUSE to GND. FLTC:The voltage on VOUTSENSE is proportional to lamp voltage.If that voltage is too high or too low,the lamp is either open,shorted,or not yet running.During normal operation,there is a capacitor connected to FLTC,and this capacitor is discharged to0V by a current source inside the UCC3305.The UCC3305monitors the voltage on VOUTSENSE and compares it to an internal83mV lower threshold and a2V upper threshold.If the voltage is outside this win-dow,then the IC will pull up on FLTC with a current of ap-proximately250nA.If the fault remains long enough to charge the external FLTC capacitor over5V,the control-ler declares a catastrophic fault and shuts the IC down. The IC will stay shut down until power is removed from BOOST.If the fault clears before the FLTC capacitor reaches5V, the capacitor discharges down to0V.This discharge cur-rent is approximately50nA,representing a five times lon-ger discharge rate than charge rate.FLT:If the voltage on the FLTC pin exceeds5V,indicat-ing a severe fault,then a latch in the UCC3305sets and PWM drive is halted.In addition,the FLT output goes high to VCC, indicating a serious system fault.FB:Differences between commanded lamp power and desired lamp power are amplified by an error amplifier. This amplifier senses the difference between the voltage at FB and2.5V,and drives COMP with an amplified error voltage.GND:Ground for all functions is through this pin. ISENSEIN:The power regulating algorithm in the UCC3305HID Controller computes a function of lamp current and lamp voltage and commands the appropriate battery current to keep lamp power constant.This appro-priate battery current is sensed by a connection from I-SENSEIN to a current sense resistor.This current sensed pulse width modulation scheme is often referred to as current mode control.In addition to this current regulation,the UCC3305con-tains peak input current limiting.This limiting is set to 0.2V across the ISENSEIN resistor during normal opera-to normal operation is accomplished by the rise of the WARMUPC capacitor.Current mode control has an advantage over voltage mode control in that a current mode loop is easier to compensate.Current mode control has a disadvantage compared to voltage mode control in that the loop can enter into chaotic oscillations at high duty cycles.These chaotic oscillations can be prevented using slope com-pensation.The UCC3305contains internal slope com-pensation in the form of a current proportional to OSC voltage on ISENSEIN.This current combined with an ex-ternal resistor from ISENSEIN to the current sense resis-tor creates a voltage drop proportional to OSC voltage, which gives slope compensation.ISET:Many functions inside the UCC3305require pre-cise currents to give well controlled performance.These controlled currents are programmed by a resistor from ISET to GND.A resistor of100k programs the IC to nor-mal operating current.Lower resistor values increase the internal currents.Some of the functions which are influ-enced by this resistor are WARMUPC charging and dis-charging,SLOPEC charging and discharging,FLTC charging and discharging, and error amplifier bandwidth LOADISENSE:Just as ISENSEIN is normally connected to a current sense resistor which monitors battery cur-rent,LOADISENSE is normally connected to a resistor which monitors lamp mp current is then regu-lated by the controller such that the correct lamp power is supplied at every lamp temperature,in conjunction with the lamp voltage sensed by VOUTSENSE.LPOWER:LOADISENSE directly drives one input of an op amp in the UCC3305.This amplifier amplifies the dif-ference between the desired load current and the actual load current,and generates an output signal on LPOWER which feeds the error amplifier.NOTON:While the lamp is in a fault condition,such as excessively high or low lamp voltage,NOTON is pulled high to VCC,indicating that the arc is not yet correct. When the voltage on VOUTSENSE is within the83mV to 2V window,NOTON is pulled low.OSC:The fixed frequency PWM in the UCC3305oper-ates at the frequency programmed by the OSC pin. Typically,a a200pF capacitor from OSC to GND pro-grams the PWM frequency at100kHz.In addition,this programs the charge pump at50kHz and the QOUT and QOUT signals at192Hz.The actual oscillator frequency is a function of both the capacitor from OSC to GND and the resistor from ISET to GND.PUMPOUT:Although the UCC3305is powered from the VCC input,most functions of the device operate from a supply voltage of approximately10V connected toPIN DESCRIPTIONS (cont.)UCC3305ated by a voltage doubler using the PUMPOUT pin as an AC signal and external diodes as switches. PUMP-OUT is a square wave which swings from VCC to GND at half of the OSC frequency.PWMOUT:The output of the pulse width modulator is a command signal to a power MOSFET switch.This sig-nal appears on PWMOUT.In normal systems, PWM-OUT can be directly connected to the gate of an N-channel power MOSFET such as the IRF540.If the lead between the UCC3305and the MOSFET is longer than a few cm,a10ohm resistor from PWMOUT to gate may be required to dampen overshoot and under-shoot.QOUT:The UCC3305is immediately configured for DC HID lamps.To operate with AC HID lamps,it is neces-sary to add a power H-bridge which will toggle lamp voltage.A practical switching frequency for this toggle function is the OSC frequency divided by512,or192Hz for a 100kHz oscillator.The QOUT pin is a logic output which toggles at the OSC frequency divided by512,180degrees out of phase with the QOUT pin.QOUT:The QOUT pin is a logic output which toggles at the OSC frequency divided by512,180degrees out of phase with the QOUT pin.SLOPEC:To track lamp warm-up and cool down,two capacitors connected to the UCC3305charge and dis-charge.One is connected to SLOPEC.The other is con-nected to WARMUPC.The capacitor connected to SLOPEC charges up to5V with a rate controlled by the resistor from ISET to GND.With a nominal100k ISET resistor the charging current into SLOPEC is equivalent to the current from a 50Meg resistor to 5V.When power is removed from VCC,SLOPEC dis-charges at a constant current, nominally 100nA.VCC:VCC is the main supply input to the UCC3305. Many functions in the UCC3305are powered by VCC, while others are powered by BOOST.VCC should be clamped to6.8V by an external zener diode and kept as close to6.8V as practical with a low value resistor to the input supply.VOUT-SENSE:The VOUTSENSE input is used to sense lamp voltage,commonly through a120:1voltage divider.For a normal,running HID lamp,the voltage across the lamp is between60V and110V.It takes higher than300V to break down the lamp,and it is de-sirable to limit the voltage on the starter input to600V maximum.A lamp voltage less than10V is indicative of a shorted lamp.The UCC3305regulates lamp power by commanding the correct lamp current for a given lamp voltage.In ad-dition,a comparator in the UCC3305terminates a PWM cycle if VOUTSENSE reaches5V,corresponding to 600V on the lamp.This regulates lamp voltage at600V when the lamp is not parators in the UCC3305 also compare VOUTSENSE to83mV corresponding to 10V lamp voltage and2V,corresponding to a240V lamp voltage.When the VOUTSENSE voltage is out-side this window,the lamp is either not lit,shorted,or open.WARMUPC:In addition to the capacitor from SLOPEC to GND,lamp temperature is estimated by the voltage on a capacitor from WARMUPC to GND.This capacitor is charged by a200nA current source to4.2V and by a 100nA current source from4.2V to10V when the lamp is on,and discharged by39nA current sink to2.5V and 11nA current sink to GND when the lamp is off. WARMUPV:The voltage on WARMUPC is used to modulate the signal fed to the error amplifier through FB.However,the impedance on WARMUPC is too high to be directly used.The UCC3305contains a buffer am-plifier which buffers the voltage on WARMUPC and pro-cesses it to WARMUPV,making a signal appropriate for driving FB.PIN DESCRIPTIONS (cont.) APPLICATIONS INFORMATIONTypical ApplicationThis circuit shows the UCC3305HID Lamp Controller IC in a flyback converter.The output of the converter is reg-ulated at constant power,so that lamp intensity is rela-tively constant regardless of small lamp manufacturing variations.Full Bridge Output StageThe output of the flyback converter is directed to the AC lamp through a full bridge inverter.The full bridge is switched at a low frequency(typically195Hz),so that the average lamp voltage is zero.The low frequency switch-ing is derived from the PWM oscillator.It is desirable to switch lamp polarity when running,but switching lamp polarity can interfere with clean starting.The UCC3305 has a logic output called NOTON which is high when the lamp is not running(Not On)and low when the lamp is running.This output is connected to the DIVPAUSE input so that the low frequency switching stops until the lamp is fully lit.The UCC3305HID Controller IC has two low frequency outputs,QOUT and QOUT.These outputs are capable of driving low-side MOSFETs directly at195Hz,but high-side MOSFETs require a level-shifted drive.ThisAPPLICATIONS INFORMATION (cont.)can be as simple as a high voltage transistor and a resis-tor pull-up, combined with the correct choice of phases. Regulated Lamp Input Power GivesConstant IntensityThe LPOWER output of the UCC3305is a voltage roughly proportional to lamp input power.The UCC3305 regulates constant lamp power over a wide range of lamp voltages.The range of lamp voltages which produce con-stant lamp power is set by the limiting amplifier on VOUTSENSE.For inputs to VOUTSENSE below0.5V,such as would occur with a shorted lamp,the loop regulates constant load current.For inputs to VOUTSENSE greater than 0.82V,as might occur with a lamp that is open or not yet lit,the loop also regulates constant load current,but at a lower current than for a shorted lamp.In between those two voltages,the amplifier driving the LPOWER pin will sum the load current and load voltage and produce a sig-nal roughly proportional to load power.The summing am-plifier approximates power well enough to hold power within±10% over a factor of two in lamp voltage.The UCC3305HID Controller contains a current mode PWM similar to the industry standard UC3842and UCC3802circuits.This controller uses a high gain op amp to regulate the output of the LPOWER circuit.This op amp drives a high speed PWM comparator,which compares converter input current to the output of the op amp and uses this signal to set duty cycle.Slope CompensationIn addition to a complete current mode PWM,the UCC3305HID Controller contains internal slope com-pensation,a valuable function which improves current loop stability for high duty cycles.Slope compensation is accomplished with an on-chip current ramp and an off-chip resistor rger values of RSL give more slope compensation and a more stable feedback loop. Powering The UCC3305Conventional power MOSFETs require at least8V of gate drive to ensure high efficiency and low on resis-tance.Despite this requirement,the UCC3305HID Con-troller can be used to build a ballast that will drive power MOSFETs well with input supplies as low as5V!The UCC3305 does this using a charge pump.In this typical application,power for the UCC3305HID Controller IC is derived from a6.8V zener supply.This zener regulated supply gives the application overvoltage protection,reverse battery protection,low parts count, and low cost.The output of the6.8V zener supply drives the VCC pin of the UCC3305.VCC is the input to the UCC3305charge pump.The charge pump generates a regulated10V supply on the BOOST output.This10V supply drives all other functions on the UCC3305. Protection From Over VoltageThe most significant stresses in an automotive environ-ment are the overvoltage conditions which can occur dur-ing load dump and double-battery jump start.At these times,the voltage into the ballast can go so high that even the most overdesigned power stage will be dam-aged.The UCC3305is inherently immune to damage from this when operated with a zener regulated supply.In addition,the UCC3305will protect the ballast compo-nents by shutting down the PWM in the presence of ex-cessive voltage on the BAT input.This typical application shows a voltage divider consist-ing of a270k resistor and a100k resistor driving the BAT input.The threshold of the BAT input is approximately5V, so this divider sets the shutdown voltage at approxi-mately 18.5V.Programming the UCC3305All circuitry on the UCC3305HID Lamp Controller is op-erated from a bias current set by the resistor from ISET to ground.For best operation,this resistor(RSET)should be between 75k and 150k.Oscillator FrequencyThe UCC3305 HID Lamp Controller PWM oscillator is set by the resistor from ISET to ground and by the capacitor from OSC to ground.Oscillator frequency can be esti-mated by the equation:FOSC=2RSET COSC•For operation at100kHz,RSET should be100k and C OSC should be 200pF.The PWM oscillator also determines the low frequency lamp switching rate for AC lamps.The exact lamp switch-ing rate is the PWM frequency divided by 512.Lamp Temperature CompensationAutomobile headlights must come up to full intensity very quickly,but HID lamps require many minutes to stabilize. The UCC3305HID Controller contains sophisticated in-ternal circuitry to anticipate lamp temperature and also to compensate for lamp temperature.The circuits anticipate lamp temperature by monitoring charge on capacitors which charge when the lamp is on and discharge when the lamp is off.The UCC3305HID Controller compensates for lamp temperature by driving the lamp with a higher lamp power when the lamp is cold and reducing the power to a normal operating level when the lamp is warmed up.The capacitors which set thesetime constants are external film capacitors CS and CW, and are connected to SLOPEC and WARMUPC.CS and CW are critical capacitors and must be selected to match the time-temperature relationship of the lamp.In addition to changing the power regulation point,the WARMUPC capacitor voltage also changes the short cir-cuit lamp current.The ratio of cold short circuit current to warmed-up short circuit current is set by the resistor from ADJ to ground.When power is removed from the ballast,CS and CW must discharge at a controlled rate.The discharge cur-rents are programmed by current sources on the UCC3305HID Controller.These current sources are powered by the power supply connected to BYPASS.In a typical application,a non-critical electrolytic capacitor from BYPASS to ground stores energy when the ballast is on and uses this energy to control the discharge rate when the ballast is off.APPLICATIONS INFORMATION (cont.)IMPORTANT NOTICETexas Instruments Incorporated and its subsidiaries (TI) reserve the right to make corrections, modifications, enhancements, improvements, and other changes to its products and services at any time and to discontinue any product or service without notice. Customers should obtain the latest relevant information before placing orders and should verify that such information is current and complete. All products are sold subject to TI’s terms and conditions of sale supplied at the time of order acknowledgment.TI warrants performance of its hardware products to the specifications applicable at the time of sale in accordance with TI’s standard warranty. T esting and other quality control techniques are used to the extent TI deems necessary to support this warranty. Except where mandated by government requirements, testing of all parameters of each product is not necessarily performed.TI assumes no liability for applications assistance or customer product design. Customers are responsible for their products and applications using TI components. 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hid光源的发光原理及应用场景

HID光源的发光原理及应用场景1. HID光源简介HID（High-Intensity Discharge）光源是一种高强度放电光源，主要由气体放电管和电子镇流器组成。

它在工作时产生的光谱广，亮度高，能效较高，因此在许多应用场景中得到了广泛的应用。

2. HID光源的发光原理HID光源的发光原理是基于气体放电产生的。

当电流通过气体放电管时，气体内的原子或离子被激发，发生电子能级的跃迁，从而释放能量并发出光线。

HID光源的发光主要包括以下几个步骤：•激励阶段：电流通过气体放电管，激发气体中的原子或离子。

•电离阶段：激发的原子或离子再次激发周围的原子或离子，形成一个电离的链式反应。

•复合阶段：电离的原子或离子通过复合反应，重新回到基态并释放能量。

•发光阶段：基态的原子或离子释放出的能量以光的形式辐射出来，形成可见光。

3. HID光源的应用场景3.1 汽车照明HID光源在汽车照明方面得到了广泛的应用。

其高亮度和宽光谱特性使其成为汽车前照灯和远光灯的理想选择。

此外，HID光源还可以用于汽车雾灯、室内照明等。

3.2 舞台照明HID光源在舞台照明领域被广泛应用。

其高亮度和饱和度可提供明亮、多彩、动感的光效，能够满足舞台表演的需要。

HID光源可以作为舞台主灯、聚光灯和灯带等。

3.3 室外照明由于HID光源的高亮度和宽光谱特性，它常被用于室外照明场景，如广场、公园、体育场等。

其强大的照明能力可以保证夜间的照明效果，并提供安全、舒适的环境。

3.4 植物生长灯HID光源的光谱特性适合植物生长，因此它也被广泛应用于农业和植物栽培。

在室内种植中，HID光源可以提供植物所需要的光补给，促进植物的生长和发育。

3.5 其他应用场景除了上述领域，HID光源还被用于投影仪、航空航天、医疗设备、印刷等领域。

其高亮度、高可靠性和长寿命等特点使其成为许多应用场景的首选。

结论HID光源以其高亮度、宽光谱和大功率等特点，在各行业的不同应用场景中发挥着重要作用。

HID氙气灯工作原理

HID氙气灯工作原理：
HID是High Intensity Discharge 高压气体放电灯的英文缩写，通常称为氙气灯，其发光原理是：在UV-cut抗紫外线水晶玻璃管内，填充了多种化学气体，其中大部分惰性气体为氙气，通过安定器把车上直流电12伏（或24伏）瞬间增加到23000伏，使玻璃管内的氙气被高压激发电离，并在两极间产生一束高色温超强的电弧光。

HID氙气灯的八大特点：
※独有的特殊安全设计：短路保护、无负载保护、反接保护、高电压保护和微电脑控制，大大提高了车照明的安全性；
※光线好：采用UV-cut抗紫外线水晶玻璃，永保车灯晶莹剔透，HID不会产生散光，开车时不会影响他人的视觉；
※色温性好：HID的色温在4300K——12000K左右，光芒白中带蓝，接近正午日光的颜色，人眼的接受度及舒适度最高；
※超亮度：亮度是普通卤素灯的4倍；
※寿命长：HID两电极互不接触，能将尽量多的电能转化为光能，使用寿命超过3000小时，即在正常的用车条件下能用上6年多；
※节能性强：HID耗电量仅为35W时能产生3500流明度（Lumen）的强光，HID耗电量仅为55W时能产生4800流明度（Lumen）的强光，可节约近40%的电能，从而节约燃油消耗；
※应急性强：当蓄电池供电出现问题时，HID会延长几秒才熄灭，以便让车主有一定时间处理紧急情况；
※安装方便：只需要把氙气灯插入原有灯孔，固定安定器接上电源即可，不需要改变原车辆的任何部件，适用于多种车型。

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汽车HID灯中UCC2305的应用研究引言高强度气体放电(HID：HighintensityDischarge)灯实际上包括了一大类采用小型高内压弧光管发光的照明产品，基本上有三种类型：水银蒸气(MV)灯，金属卤化物(MH)灯和高、低压钠(HPS或LPS)灯。

HID灯全都按与日光灯相似的放电原理工作：当灯管里充填的气体，如被镇流器提供的电流激活时便会发光。

DC/DC 变换器须满足在9-16V输入电压范围内能输出直流电60-500V的压，并具有输入过压、输出短路/开路和过流保护功能。

点火器的功能是产生瞬间高压20-30KV的击穿灯管放电。

全桥逆变器提供200-400Hz全桥功率开关管的驱动信号，完成DC-AC逆变，实现灯管两端电压极性反转，防止灯管单端发黑，延长灯管寿命。

控制电路起到保证向灯稳态时提供恒功率输出。

稳压时灯管两端的压降约为60-110V，如35W灯管稳态时其功率必须保证在35W±2W 范围之内，功率太高的会损坏灯管，缩短灯管使用寿命;功率过低则会降低输出亮度，造成驾车安全隐患。

具有下列符合车用HID镇流器设计的性能要求：·全桥驱动输出·具有输入过压、输出过流及过压保护·针对不同灯管电压的恒功率输出控制·频率高达300KHz的电流型PWM控制器·灯冷、热启动电流可调与正常工作电流控制·9-16V输入电压宽工作范围及低至6V的快速启动特性·符合汽车电子要求的40°-105°C宽温度工作范围典型应用电路分析外引脚图，简要说明如下：5VREF—内部5V基准，UCC3305用于设定电流和门限。

也可用于其他功能。

ADJ—该管脚的电压可调整控制冷灯峰值电流与暖灯峰值电流之比。

此电压由从ADJ到GND连接的电阻确定。

BAT—用于检测过份高的输入电压并当输入超出某预定电平时关闭集成电路。

该管脚与跨接在输入电源与“地”的分压器相连接应。

当输入电压超出5V，UCC3305即关闭。

非常高或负输入情形下要保护集成电路，分压器阻抗须保持高于10k。

BOOST—尽管UCC3305由输入VCC供电，但器件的多数功能却依赖与BOOST连接近似10V的电源电压。

10V电源电压可利用PUMPOUT作AC信号，外接二极管作开关的倍压器产生。

BYPASS—管脚外接储能大电容，提供SLOPEC和WARMUPC管脚处电容器的充、放电。

通过SLOPEC和WARMUPC管脚电容器上的电压改变来补尝灯温变化。

假定流过BYPASS管脚的最大电流为5μA，放电时间60s，最大许可压降为5V，则BYPASS外接电容可按下式估算：COMP—通常该端口经电容连接到FB端。

当灯的指令功率和期望功率之间存在差异时，误差放大器便将次放大。

放大器传感到FB和2.5V之间的差别，并以被放大的误差电压驱动COMP对整体反馈环路补偿，以保持系统稳定。

DIVPAUSE—UCC3305的QOUT和QOUT是AC镇流器用于灯极性切换的端口。

为使电弧在电极间正确的地方形成，灯点燃后停止极性开关非常重要。

抬高DIVPAUSE电位可停止内部分压器产生QOUT和QOUT信号，从而使QOUT和QOUT信号冻结。

为此可从NOTON接一电阻至DIVPAUSE和从DIVPAUSE接一电容至GND。

FLTC—因为VOUTSENSE管脚的电压正比于灯电压，故该电压太高或太低，灯将开路，短路或者不工作。

正常运行期间，FLTC接有电容并通过UCC3305内部电流源放电至0V。

UCC3305监测VOUTSENSE处的电压并与内部低阈83mV和高阈2V比较。

只要管脚VOUTSENSE处的电压超出内部高、低阈值窗口，便有约250nA电流拉动FLTC。

如故障存在较久，FLTC外部电容充电出超过5V，则表明控制器遭遇灾难性故障而关闭，此状态一直维持到BOOST端去电。

FB—UCC3305内部误差放大器对灯指令功率和期望功率间的差异放大后，传感到FB 与2.5V的差并以误差电压驱动COMP。

ISENSEIN—丛该管脚接入电流传感电阻对电池电流做出传感，UCC3305控制器中的功率调整算法对灯的电流和电压进行计算并发出电池电流适合指令以维持灯的功率恒定。

ISET—UCC3305的许多功能都需要对电流精确控制，该管脚连接电阻至GND可对手空电流进行调节。

UCC3305的正常工作电流对应的电阻约100k。

LOADISENSE—恰如ISENSEIN接传感电阻监测电池电流，LOADISENSE接传感电阻监测灯的电流。

结合VOUTSENSE传感到的灯电压。

控制器将给出不同温度下向灯提供的功率。

LPOWER—LOADISENSE直接驱动UCC3305中一个运放的输入，对负载电流预期和实际值之差放大并在LPOWER产生馈送给误差放大器的输出信号。

NOTON—灯处于错误条件之下，如灯电压过份高或低时，NOTON管脚电位将被抬高至VCC。

当VOUTSENSE管脚电压在83mV到2V窗口之内时，NOTON电位则被拉低。

OSC—该管脚接电容至GND设定UCC3305中PWM的频率。

典型200pF电容的频率为100kHz。

PUMPOUT—虽然UCC3305由VCC供电，但器件的多数功能均从与BOOST连接的近似10V的电源电压取得。

该10V电源电压采用PUMPOUT作交流信号与外接二极管作开关的倍压器产生。

PUMPOUT输出为摆幅从VCC至GND，频率为OSC频率之半的方波。

PWMOUT—脉宽度调制器的输出。

正常系统中，PWMOUT可与N沟功率MOSFET栅极直接连接。

QOUT—振荡器频率的逻辑输出与QOUT相位差180度。

SLOPEC—为跟踪灯的升温和冷却，UCC3305须连接充电和放电两个电容。

其一连接SLOPEC，以由ISET接GND电阻控制的速率充电至5V。

VCC去电，SLOPEC以标称100nA恒定电流放电。

另一连接WARMUPC。

VCC—为UCC3305的主供电电源。

一般应通过外接zener二极管钳位于6.8V。

VOUTSENSE—该管脚用于通过120:1分压器传感灯电压，正常运行的HID灯，灯的端电压在60V和110V之间。

高于300V灯将击穿，故须限制起辉器输入电压到达600V最大值。

灯电压低于10V则表示灯已短路。

WARMUPC—该管脚到GND所接电容的电压可估计灯的温度。

灯点亮时，电容先由200nA电流源充电至4.2V，再由100nA电流源从4.2V充电至10V;灯熄灭时，电容先由39nA 电流阱放电至2.5V，再由11nA电流阱放电至GND。

WARMUPV—WARMUPC端口的电压用于调制通过FB馈送到误差放大器的信号。

但是，直接地使用阻抗太高。

UCC3305内含缓冲放大器对WARMUPC电压进行缓冲处理后送至WARMUPV，以使信号适合驱动FB。

2 典型应用电路分析镇流器的输出系全桥逆变结构。

反激变换器的输出直流通过全桥逆变结构输出级导向交流灯管。

该全桥输出级以从PWM振荡器获得的典型195Hz低频切换工作，故平均灯电压为零。

UCC3305有一个称NOTON的逻辑输出，灯不运行(NotOn)时为高电平，灯运行时为低电平。

因该输出与DIVPAUSE输入相连，故当灯充分点亮后此低频切换便即终止。

UCC3305控制集成电路有二个低频输出：QOUT和QOUT，均具有直接以195Hz驱动低端MOSFET的能力。

高端MOSFET 则需要电平位移驱动。

UCC3305的LPOWER输出是一个大致与灯的输入功率成比例的电压。

UCC3305能在灯电压的较大范围内对灯实施恒功率调控。

产生灯恒功率的灯电压范围通过对VOUTSENSE端口放大器作限定的方法来设定。

当VOUTSENSE的输入低于0.5V，恰如灯已短路，环路调控负载电流使之恒定。

当VOUTSENSE 的输入高于0.82V，灯开路或未点燃时发生，环路也对负载电流调控，但小于短路状态。

在上述情况之间，驱动LPOWER管脚的放大器将相加负载电流和负载电压并产生大致与负载功率成比例的信号。

UCC3305除包含完整电流型PWM外，内部还包含率斜报偿，一种改进电流环稳定性非常有价值的功能。

率斜报偿通过芯片内的锯齿电流和芯片外RSL电阻实现，RSL值越大，给出的斜率补偿越大，反馈环路越稳定。

该典型应用中，UCC3305从6.8V齐纳管取得供电。

齐纳管还能以较少元件和加低成本提供过压保护，电池反接保护。

齐纳管的输出驱动UCC3305的VCC管脚。

VCC输入到UCC3305电荷泵。

电荷泵在BOOST输出产生10V已调整电源电压驱动UCC3305的其它所有功能。

考虑到汽车环境里最显着的应力是发生在负载转换和双电池突然启动期间的过压，因为此时进入镇流器的电压可能高得足以使特意设计的功率级受损。

采用齐纳管调整的供电电压UCC3305对此种损伤有固有免疫力。

另外，当BAT输入处出现过压时，UCC3305还能通过关闭PWM保护镇流器元件。

UCC3305所有电路系统的偏置电流都由ISET到地的电阻设定，该电阻在最佳条件下应在75k至150k间。

HID灯控制器UCC3305中振荡器频率由从ISET到地的电阻和电容设定，振荡器振荡频率可以由下式估算：振荡频率100kHz时，RSET和COSC分别为100k和200pF。

汽车前灯的光强度必须非常迅速达到全亮，但HID灯需要几分钟才稳定。

UCC3305控制器含处理和补尝灯温的复杂内部电路。

电路通过监测灯打开时充电，灯关闭时放电的电容器上的电压预测灯温，UCC3305通过以较高的功率驱动冷灯，当灯升温变暖后便将驱动功率减少到正常工作水平的方式补尝灯温。